摘要:

ABSTRACT:The agricultural revolution occurred because the un‐managed environment was not providing food in either the quantity or quality that society desired. The “environmental revolution” is developing because the unmanaged environment is clearly not capable of assimilating societal wastes without being seriously degraded. Effective environmental management will require regional and site‐specific modification of general principles and practices that can be used at a national or international level. An environmental management system can be operated in the same manner as any industrial quality control system with three basic components: (a) sensors at appropriate locations, (b) rapid generation and feedback of information, and (c) a quality control group capable of taking immediate effective action when system performance is outside predetermined boundary conditions. This discussion focuses primarily on three areas: (a) management options available to regulate intrusion of societal wastes into natural systems, (b) types of methods available for predicting and validating effects on natural systems, and (c) modifications of present legislation that would permit the most flexibility in selecting from the various management options. Also considered are multispecies toxicity tests using species with cosmopolitan distribution in test systems with a high degree of environmental realism. Among the many values of such tests is the ability to exchange information from all parts of the world effectively because the test organisms are not restricted to a particular geographic

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb05344.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHEC1F is a computer program for making short‐ to medium‐term forecasts of uncontrolled flood runoff. The program employs unit hydrographs and hydrologic routing to simulate runoff from a subdivided basin. Estimates of future rainfall can be accommodated. Runoff parameters for gaged headwater subbasins can be estimated (optimized) in real time. Blending of calculated with observed hydrographs can be performed. HEC1F is a component of an on‐line software system that includes capability for data acquisition and processing, precipitation analysis, streamflow forecasting, reservoir system analysis, and graphical display of data and simulation results. The conceptual framework for HEC1F is described, and application of the program is illust

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb05345.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Similar groundwater problems associated with the Ogallala in western Oklahoma are beginning to affect aquifers much farther east. A rapid decline in the water table has been detected in Caddo County, Oklahoma. Ninety‐six percent of the groundwater resources used in Caddo County are used for irrigation. Severe consequences for farmers, especially peanut growers, are possible in the near futur

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb05346.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Institutional innovation is central to many water resource problems. (In this context “institutions” refers to the laws and regulations governing water allocation and use.) Yet, typically, economic analyses treat institutions as exogenous and fixed. Unfortunately, this conventional assumption does not allow economists to address many modern problems. This paper develops an economic framework in which institutions are treated as endogenous. The model accounts for (1) factors that stimulate calls for formal institutional change, (2) the role of interest groups in policymaking, and (3) actual institutional change as it impacts choice domains and thus economic performance. The model is compared to a specific case of change in Colorado's water institutions, namely, instream water rights legislation in the 1970's. The empirical evidence is generally consistent with model hypotheses. The model promises to be useful to scholars and policymakers interested in institutional innovat

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb05347.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Although droughts are a frequent occurrence over much of the United States, response by state and federal government has been ineffective and poorly coordinated. Recently, several states have recognized the value of drought emergency planning and have developed plans to assist them in responding more effectively to prolonged periods of water shortage. These states have created an organizational structure to coordinate the assessment and response activities of state and federal agencies. Each state's drought response plan is unique since each state's water supply and management problems, and their consequent impacts, are unique. The drought response plans developed by Colorado, South Dakota and New York are reviewed here in detail. We recommend that other states affected by frequent and severe water shortages also develop drought emergency plans. These plans will enhance state government's ability to implement effective measures in a timely manner and, ultimately, may provide added incentive for the federal government to develop the national drought response plan called for by the General Accounting Office in 1979.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb05348.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Variability in bedload‐transport rates during constant water discharge is an inherent part of the bedload‐transport process. Although this variability has been measured extensively in the laboratory, similar information generally is not available from field measurements. During a four‐day period of nearly constant water discharge, four sets of consecutively collected bedload samples, ranging from 43 to 120 samples, were obtained at the same cross channel location using a standard 65‐pound Helley‐Smith bedload sampler. When the measured transport rates are converted to dimensionless rates and plotted as cumulative frequency distributions, they show good agreement with a theoretical probability distribution function of rates derived for the case of ripples on dunes. The distributions show that during constant water discharge individual measured rates at a fixed point vary from near zero to four times the mean rate, and 60 percent of the sampled rates will be less than the mean. Because of the large variation in transport rates that occurs at every location in the cross section, many observations are required to establish an accurate estimate of the mean rate at any given

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb05349.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Static 96‐hour median lethal concentrations were determined for the water‐soluble fraction (WSF) of both petroleum‐derived and shale‐derived avaiation fuels (JP‐4 and JP‐8) using fathead minnows. JP‐8 was more toxic than JP‐4 except for one shale JP‐4 sample that was as toxic as the JP‐8. Petroleum and shale JP‐8 were similar in toxicity. The toxicity of shale JP‐4 was less clear. Shale JP‐4 from three vendor sources revealed differing toxicity values. One shale JP‐4 sample was more toxic and one less toxic than its petroleum analogue, with the third being equally toxic. Toxicity of the fuels may be enhanced by compounds in the WSF that correspond to chemicals contain

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb05350.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This analysis relates physical‐process, ecological, and economic models to: (1) analyze the instream water temperatures with respect to existing and proposed riparian vegetation under natural conditions; (2) use these water temperatures to determine salmon and steel‐head fish populations that were based upon actual field count and known temperature preference data; and (3) determine the economic worth based upon the estimated carrying capacity of the river, the estimated number of return spawners, and the economic value of commercially caught and sport‐caught salmon and steelhead. The economic evaluations are in accordance with procedures outlined by the U.S. Water Resources Council (

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb05351.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A stochastic dynamic programming model is applied to a small hydroelectric system. The variation in number of stage iterations and the computer time required to reach steady state conditions with changes in the number of storage states is investigated. The increase in computer time required to develop the storage probability distributions with increase in the number of storage states is reviewed. It is found that for an average of seven inflow states, the largest number of storage states for which it is computationally feasible to develop the storage probability distributions is nine. It is shown that use of the dynamic program results based on a small number of storage states results in unrealistically skewed storage probability distributions. These skewed distributions are attributed to “trapping” states at the low end of the storage ra

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb05352.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Efficient operation of a city water supply system is an important goal of all municipalities. Efficient operation should result in minimum operation cost through reduction in total energy use and/ or reduction in on‐peak energy consumption. An optimization model was designed for operating the water supply systems of cities using groundwater. The Newton‐Raphson pipe network was used for network analysis and a dynamic programming optimization algorithm was used for determining a schedule for pump operation in the pipe network system. The model is most suitable for use in small cities with up to 45,000 in population, but with large‐scale disintegration techniques may also be used for larger cities. The savings in operation costs are a function of energy cost and energy use pattern and water use pattern in the

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb05353.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY