摘要:

ABSTRACT:Dramatic changes in Utah's economy caused by urbanization, large scale energy developments, and other influences will significantly reorient water use patterns. Thus, state water management policies and programs which have evolved over many years should be reevaluated. Several factors have influenced Utah water project financing policy. Among these have been: 1) the prominence of agriculture in the settlement of Utah and the century following, 2) dry cycles and periodic severe droughts, 3) recurring periods of economic depression, and 4) allocation of Colorado River water among the basin states and Mexico, Three revolving funds have been established. The Revolving Construction Fund, created in 1947, provides money for irrigation projects; the Cities Water Loan Fund, created in 1975, provides money to communities for developing culinary systems and improving quality to meet the demands of exploding population growth; and the Water Resources Conservation and Development Fund, created in 1978, provides money for large scale multipurpose water projects costing $1 million or more. The justification for these financing programs seems to be a mixture of rectifying market imperfections and income redistribution. However, trends in the agricultural sector and the multipurpose nature of large scale projects now being funded suggest that earlier justifications may no longer be valid. Rigorous project evaluation procedures, lacking in the past, should be adopted.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02581.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Simulation models constructed to estimate the physical and economic performance of alternative river basin development configurations have been widely used since the start of the Harvard Water Program in the early 1960's. These models have proved useful in choosing from among several potential river basin configurations, since they can rapidly evaluate each configuration's expected performance. However, when dealing with large scale river basin development projects, in which over 50 or 100 alternative reservoirs, irrigation areas, and other components must be considered, it is sometimes quite difficult to effectively use a simulation model to rapidly identify those combinations of projects which best satisfy the development objectives. The purpose of this paper is to describe how a simulation model was used in the analysis of a complex river basin development project in Eastern Europe, and how the problems of scale were confronted and solved. The author's experience on this projet is used to derive a set of general guidelines which may be helpful in other simulation studies.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02582.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Recreation behavior can be examined by identifying characteristics of participants, activities, and places. Two distinct houschold types (social groups) were examined relative to their participation in water based recreation: households whose participation occurs exclusively in water based recreation, and those reporting participation in both water and nonwater activities. These households were compared in terms of preference for and specialization in water recreation, the relationship of water activity selected and resource (place) preference and intensity of participation in water activities. Attention by managers, planners, and social scientists to the interplay of participant group, activity, and place upon behavioral outcomes is important to the future development of recreation opportunities. It is one thing to design a facility for water based recreation; it is another to design a facility knowing the behavioral outcomes occurring and how they will be affected. Similarly, to implement a management strategy without knowing how behavior of participants will be modified as a result of the strategy can lead to failure of the management objective.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02583.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:TheIllinois v. MilwaukeeFederal District Court decision is the most far reaching application yet of the federal common law of nuisance to interstate water pollution conflicts. Although a Federal Appelate Court recently rescinded part of the district court decision, Milwaukee must still upgrade its metropolitan sewage system to a level beyond that required by federal and state regulations. The improvements must be completed with or without federal aid. The case points out the apparent inability of the Clean Water Act, the most comprehensive federal legislation affecting the nation's water quality, to deal with certain interstate water quality conflicts. The Milwaukee decision could set a precedent for similar settlements elsewhere which may in turn affect the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's water quality clean up program. A more integrated, ecosystem conscious approach to management of shared water resources (e.g., the Great Lakes) would help reduce the need for court decisions likeIllinois v. Milwaukee.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02584.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper discusses the consumptive water needs of the various energy conversion processes including oil shale retorting, coal gasification and liquefaction, electric power generation, and slurry pipelines. Projected energy development water needs in the upper Colorado River and Upper Missouri River basins are compared with projected agricultural needs and water available. The comparative cost and values of water to energy and agricultural development are discussed to emphasize this as well as the political and social factors entering into the picture.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02585.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:In urbanizing areas, the usual increase in flood flows also increases erosional capability of streams. In order to evaluate such tendencies quantitatively, 25 stream reaches were studied, and were classified as to whether erosion of the channel and banks was light, medium, or heavy. Analysis of characteristics indicated that (1) densely developed areas are correlated with greater erosion, (2) wide stream buffers of natural vegetation are correlated with lesser erosion, and (3) there is no definite correlation of erosion to slope or characteristics of soil.Erosional stream instability can be avoided by retention of storm water runoff, creating additional channel roughness or reducing channel slope during floods by drop structures, such as culverts, which restrict flow. Channel straightening and general bank protection should be minimized in such streams. Design of culverts should take such effects into consideration.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02586.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A review of literature pertaining to the relative rates of evaporation from vegetation covered and open water bodies is presented. The review indicates that the only reliable experiments capable of correctly addressing this question are those conductedin situ. Experiments of this nature show the ratio of vegetation covered (swamp) evaporation to open water evaporation to generally be less than unityover extensive surfacesand to only approach unity for vegetation that is young and vigorous. Recent experimental evidence presented within a theoretical context, however, indicates that even in the latter situation the ratio may never reach unity. Consequently, overlargelakes and reservoirs, the presence of vegetation may actually be a water conservation mechanism, with the eradication of the vegetation leading to significantly increased evaporative water losses.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02587.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:In estimating the costs of a reservoir project, it is difficult to produce accurate costs without performing a detailed design and quantity takeoff. The computerized procedure presented in this article provides a method for determining these planning level costs quickly and easily, while maintaining reasonable accuracy.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02588.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper examines the use of water by copper mines for treating low grade ores. The froth flotation process for treating sulphide ore and the heap leaching process for treating oxide ore are described, and ways of reducing the amount of water used in these processes are discussed. Estimates of the costs reducing water consumption are given. Finally, the circumstances in which it would be desirable for a copper mine to reduce its level of water consumption are considered.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02589.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A two‐dimensional mathematical model for the migration of ground water contamination was developed. The finite element method using isoparametric elements, based on the Galerkin formulation and on weighting functions of nonsymmetric form, was used to formulate the numerical description of the convective‐dispersive mass transport equation. A field application of the model to the leachate migration from the Babylon sanitary landfill in Long Island, New York, exemplify the calibration and verification of transport model paramt

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02590.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY