ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00535.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe parameters and the measurement procedures described in this paper are seen as being part of the first stage in development of the human environment assessment process. Additional parameters need to be identified, and methods of measuring impacts reflected by the parameters must be developed and refined. Considerations of the human environment and those elements of the natural environment that are of importance to people must be included as an integral part of the environmental impact assessment process. Therefore, there is a need for continuing to identify parameters of the human environment and to develop methods of measuring impacts so that these considerations will become a well‐integrated part of the environmental impact assessment proces

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00536.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSinkholes and subsidence in areas subject to dewatering of carbonate formations have been documented in several geologic and hydrologic investigations. Excessive ground‐water pumpage has been cited as a causative factor in areas of increased sinkhole activity. Subsurface erosion of unconsolidated materials underlain by carbonate rocks is one cause of the collapses. Infiltrating water from retention basins may cause subsurface erosion and eventual failure by collapse of the structure. The resulting ground‐water contamination would be great as the pollutants spread throughout the solution‐cavity s

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00537.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe extensive pumping of an aquifer to remove a significant proportion of the stored water is considered. A numerical method is described which permits the analysis of radial flow to a well in an unconfined aquifer and allows for the reduction in the saturated depth. The feasibility of removing large quantities of water is examined by considering a typical example.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00538.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBy creating the 459,000 kW Bay d'Espoir h.e.p. scheme, the Newfoundland government hoped that the consequent doubling of the island's electricity supply would not only eliminate a deficite situation but provide power for industrial development. These hopes have not been fulfilled, and only one company, producing elemental phosphorus, was attracted to the island by the government's ‘cheap power’ policy. In addition to the continuing power subidy, this company received considerable federal and provincial incentives by locating its plant in Newfoundland. To these direct financial costs have to be added the environmental destruction and deterioration stemming from the h.e.p. development and the haste with which its construction was undertaken, and the catastrophic pollution problem created by effluent from the phosphorus plant. The costs of the ‘cheap power’ policy have been, and continue to be, massive for Newfoundland, Canada's poorest province. Further, the policy has made little or no impact on the small job market and the very large unemployment

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00539.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we discuss how user fees and congestion tolls can be used to improve the efficiency and equity with which the inland waterway system is managed. The advantages and disadvantages of various types of user fees (fuel taxes, segment tolls, and license fees) are presented. The rationale for the employment of congestion tolls on congested waterways is discussed. A segment toll that is equated to average variable cost is recommended for uncongested existing waterwyas. When existing waterways are congested, congestion tolls, in addition to the segment tolls, are recommended, A two‐part tariff, consisting of segment tolls and an annual license fee, is recommended for “new” uncongested waterways. A three‐part tariff, consisting of the first two parts plus congestion tolls, is recommended for “new” congeste

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00540.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe effect of hydrologic and chemical processes on salinization of stored waters was determined for two small floodwater‐retarding structures located in western Oklahoma. One structure, already designed to accommodate a large influx of sediment, was further overdesigned hydrologically by upstream diversion of approximately one‐half the inflow. Over a 2‐year period, the total salinity of stored waters increased approximately 22 times and the stored water volume decreased to 1/33 its initial volume in the overdesigned structure, while both volume and salinity of stored waters remained comparatively stable in the other structure. The lack of sufficient dilution by better quality surface runoff and the increased residence time of water in the impoundment apparently caused most of the salinity increase. The bulk of the salt load entering the over‐designed structure, to be concentrated later by evaporation, was associated with base rather than storm inflow. After base inflow ceased, substantial losses of salt load and stored water occurred concurrently. The loss was not adequately explained by chemical precipitation in association with evaporation. Seepage and evaporation‐associated variables appeared to account for much of the hydrologically unexplained loss of stor

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00541.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTNumerical and analytical solutions are developed for the distribution of a contaminant within an adsorbing porous medium in a unidirectional flow field subject to a step function for input concentration. The medium is considered to be homogeneous, isotropic, and areally finite. As a by‐product, solutions are also obtained for the case of a non‐absorbing porous medium. An example that demonstrates the applicability of the solutions is presen

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00542.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article reports information on the economic costs not covered by resettlement procedures to forced migrants from a flood‐control reservoir. Data come from a sample of 200 families relocated due to construction of the Carr Fork Reservoir in the Coal Regions of Eastern Kentucky (Knott County). Responses indicated that economic costs were greater than the monetary settlement provided by the Corps of Engineers and that economic loss was not randomly distributed among the relocated persons. Analysis showed that persons who were more likely to be victims of greater economic costs due to relocation were landowners, older families with one or two members, persons with lower incomes and persons who were long time residents of the area. It is suggested that change angencies not only include property purchased by necessity in the cost‐benefit ratio, but also other costs that have a direct affect on the welfare of the target population. In addition, it is suggested that case workers visit migrants during and after the relocation process to assist in solving various adjustment probl

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00543.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe reduction of the liability of pollution to urban water resources is considered as one of the common goals of all elements of our society. To approach the challenge with a sense of realism the probabilistic nature of the performance of pollution control facilities as well as environmental responses must not be ignored and cannot be eliminated. Reliability is defined herein as the measure of effectiveness for the attainment of water quality managerial goals. The objective of this paper is to develop an optimization model for the determination of the best pollution control policies for each treatment facility in terms of the minimization of total regional cost requirements, the quality control requirements, and the reliability desired. A chance‐constrained quadratic programming technique coupled with parametric analysis is utilized as the basic solution approach. A practical problem based on the situation existing in the San Antonio River Basin Region of Texas was used for the illustration of this application. The implications resulting from the sensitivity analysis of this model will be discusse

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00544.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY