摘要:

ABSTRACT:“Nuclear winter,” more properly called “nuclear fall,” could be caused by injection of large amounts of dust into the atmosphere. Besides causing a decrease in temperature, it could be accompanied by “nuclear drought,” a catastrophic decrease in precipitation. Dry land agriculture would then be impossible, and municipal, industrial, and irrigation water supplies would be diminished. It has been argued that nuclear winter/fall poses a much greater threat to human survival than do fall out or the direct impacts of a conflict. However, this does not appear to be true, at least for the U.S. Even under the unprecedented drought that could result from nuclear fall, water supplies would be available for many essential activities. For the most part, ground water supplies would be relatively invulnerable to nuclear drought, and adequate surface supplies would be available for potable uses. This assumes that conveyance facilities and power supplies survive a conflict largely intact or can

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05661.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Hyalite Reservoir, Montana, was studied to determine properties of this small, montane, headwater, deep‐release reservoir relative to reservoirs at lower elevations. While retention times for waters were as brief as 12 d, the mean residency of 40 d from mid‐March to mid‐December was within the range reported for other reservoirs. No significant through‐reservoir gradients for suspended sediments were observed, contrasting to observations for most reservoirs. Thermal stratification, evident during the first part of the summer, was disrupted in August by cool, dense tributary inflows and strong wind‐induced mixing. Dissolved oxygen concentrations paralleled temperature patterns in the reservoir; lowest average values for both occurred in waters sampled nearest the outlet. Total phosphorus averaged greater than twice the total nitrogen concentrations; greatest average concentrations for both were found in the near‐bottom waters nearest the outlet. Enrichment of nitrogen concentrations in outflow over inflow waters is hypothesized to occur through nitrogen fixation byAphanizonwnon flos‐aquae. Despite the relatively high quality of waters from tributary inflows, an algal bloom, chlorophyll a concentrations, and primary productivity estimates suggested that the reservoir was mesotrophic. Circulation of waters within the reservoir was primarily influenced by wind‐induced mixing, thermal gradients, and currents produced by the de

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05662.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Drought is an interaction between physical processes and human activities. This study quantified the impacts of precipitation deficiencies on streamflow, reservoirs, and shallow ground water supplies. An in‐depth analysis of newspaper accounts of droughts between paired cities, one in drought and one not in drought, were used to measure the differences in the types of drought impacts, and in the time of onset of impacts as related to developing precipitation deficiencies. Precipitation deficiencies related to the onset and the magnitude of surface water supply adjustments, and to shallow ground water problems, were established. Thus, monitoring and prediction of the onset and magnitude of drought problems can now be done from readily available data on precipitation deficiencies. Newspapers were found to be reliable indicators for the timing of drought impacts and adjustments as precipitation deficiency develops. A review of local and state adjustments during two recent droughts revealed most decision makers lacked information and experience in dealing with drough

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05663.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:In addition to measuring the quantity of stormwater runoff generated during ten rainfall events from the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) area of Kennedy Space Center (KSC), historical rainfall records were also used for determining the feasibility of implementing a program of stormwater recycling to air conditioning cooling towers. It was projected that 0.182 million gallons per day (MGD) of runoff would be generated from the VAR area during a year of average rainfall (48 inches); only 0.117 MGD is required for coolant makeup water in the VAR area. Due to the seasonal variations in rainfall, stormwater recycling may not always meet all the cooling water demands.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05664.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Nebraska has abundant supplies of high quality surface and ground water. The U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1982, declaring ground water to be an article of commerce, is widely perceived as giving neighboring states easier access to Nebraska water. Some neighboring states, particularly Colorado and Wyoming, are in water short situations. Additionally, current legal restrictions on certain types of transfers within the State could be inhibiting the “highest and best use” of Nebraska's water. Thus, in 1987 the Nebraska Legislature called for the development of a new water policy for Nebraska that would promote the economically efficient use of water, yet protect the environment as well as the rights of individuals (for example, third parties) and the public.Through an interagency study employing an extensive public involvement process, a policy to be recommended to the Legislature in 1989 emerged. The policy revises the basic definition of water rights and transfers and eliminates most of the inconsistencies in the water allocation system by treating most types of water resources, most types of water users, and most locations of use similarly in the permitting process. (The principal exception is the individual irrigator using ground water on the overlying land where overlying land is one government surveyed section; such use is not defined to be a transfer nor is a permit required.) An impact assessment would be required of most new water uses except on site uses of ground water. Compensation measures could be specified as a condition of the permit where appropriate. The permit would be issued only if the benefits of the proposed transfer clearly outweigh adverse effects that could not be avoided or effectively compensated. The policy allows for the sale or lease of “salvaged” water. It calls for the State to facilitate transfers by acting as a clearinghouse for potential buyers and sellers, and it allows the State to sponsor water projects. An annual fee to be paid by many water users, in order to provide a fund for compensation and for state sponsored water projects, was proposed. However, it met with extensive opposition. Thus, the policy recommends only that the Legislature examine potential funding programs and equitable us

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05665.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Two sampling strategies designed to test for compliance with water quality objectives are examined. For objectives based on long‐term mean requirements, fixed frequency sampling at frequent intervals is most advantageous regardless of the underlying distribution of the data. For objectives that are based on maximum allowable concentrations, effective sampling strategies increase the likelihood of detecting noncompliance.If data are highly autocorrelated or sharply seasonal in distribution, an exceedance‐driven sampling strategy is more effective and efficient for detecting violations than fixed frequency sampling. However, data generated by exceedance‐driven sampling provide biased estimates of mean and standard devi

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05666.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A framework for estimating the water quality benefits from soil erosion was developed. The framework is based on the linkages between soil erosion and offsite damages. The linkages are: erosion on the field, movement of eroded materials to waterways, impact of discharged material on water quality parameters, impact of water quality changes on ability of water to provide economic services, and the economic value of the changes in water use. These linkages need to be modeled in order to estimate the water quality benefits from reductions in soil erosion. Methods for modeling each link on a geographic level, which enables the analyses of national soil conservation, were examined. Areas where data or models were found to be lacking include transport of sediment and nutrients to water systems, impact of discharged materials on water quality parameters, and impact of water quality on ability of water to provide economic services. An economic evaluation of 1983 soil conservation programs was presented as an example of how the framework could be used. A number of simplifying assumptions were made to represent links that could not be modeled with available data.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05667.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Over 700 community drinking water supplies were sampled for the pesticide Temik (aldicarb and its oxidative metabolites aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone) in Florida. All community supply wells sampled for Temik were located in counties where Temik was reported to have been used and approximately one‐half of the wells were located in counties where ground water was determined to be highly susceptible to contamination by Temik. Susceptibility was determined using ranking criteria that incorporated ground water recharge characteristics, water use, and Temik use patterns.Temik was not detected in any of the community supply wells sampled during the study. However, Temik was detected in shallow, private wells, as was the pesticide ethylene dibromide in counties with ground water characterized as highly susceptible to contaminatio

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05668.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Rainfall and runoff data from 485 storms during the summers of 1979–84 were evaluated to characterize storm runoff volumes (SF) and peak flows (QP) for 13 small watersheds in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon and to determine differences among grazing intensities and vegetation types. Storm hydrographs were separated by using watershed‐specific baseflow rise rates of 0.002–0.013 cfsm/hr. Median SF and QP were 0.0014 in and 0.43 cfsm, respectively, for all storms. Total storm rainfall (PPT) and initial flow (QI) were important stepwise regression variables in accounting for the variation in SF and peak flow above initial flow (QPI); 30‐ and 60‐mm rainfall intensities and rainfall duration were relatively unimportant. Two classes of vegetation were evaluated: (1) western larch‐Douglas‐fir (nine watersheds), and (2) other (four watersheds representing fir‐spruce, lodgepole pine, mountain meadow, and ponderosa pine). Mean SF and QP did not differ (P=0.05) among vegetation classes but significant differences were apparent in the relation of SF to PPT and QI, and QPI to PPT and QI. As PPT and QI increased, SF and QPI from larch‐Douglas‐fir watersheds increased at a slower rate than they did from the other watersheds. Four levels of grazing intensity had no eff

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05669.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:In the current forecasting practice, future water requirements of a growing urban area are often represented as the product of the number of people to be served by the water system and an assumed quantity of gross per capita water use. This paper describes a forecasting approach that differs from the per capita method in two important aspects. First, it disaggregates urban water use into a large number of categories, each consisting of a relatively homogeneous group of water users. Second, it links water use in each category to factors that determine both the need for water as well as the intensity of water use. This approach is incorporated into a computerized forecasting system referred to as IWR‐MAIN. The advantages of the IWR.MAIN model over the traditional per capita method are illustrated in a case study of Anaheim, Californi

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05670.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY