摘要:

ABSTRACTBayer AG is one out of three leading chemical manufacturers in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). In Germany the company employes about 62,000 people at five different production sites.The task of a chemical company is well defined: raw materials are to be converted into products to be sold. However, chemical reactions almost never lead only to the desired products, rather complex reaction mixtures are generated.Therefore measures have to be taken to control emissions in order to avoid possible damage to the environment. This paper deals with hazardous waste incineration at Bayer AG in general and in more detail with two selected special applications: PCB-incineration and incineration of brine solutions containing organic compounds.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1985.2.1

年代:1985

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the operation of the two rotary kiln incinerator systems at Kommunekemi. Preparation and control of the waste to ensure proper kiln operation is described. Special attention is placed on factors influencing the combustion and emissions at the plants. Emphasis is also placed on the insrumentation used to control the incineration, and to provide security in connection with the waste supply to the rotary kilns. Operational experience and problems are discussed and the main factors influencing the costs are mentioned.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1985.2.7

年代:1985

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn order to assess the potential health impact of a hazardous waste disposal site, the parents of Love Canal and control children were interviewed about their children's health. The study population consisted of 523 Love Canal and 440 control children. The Love Canal population was composed of two groups. The homeowner group was primarily white and middle class. The renter group was primarily black and lived in low income housing. The two Love Canal groups were matched with two control groups from the same city for income, race, and education. The mean age of Love Canal children was 117.6 ± SE 2.2 months compared to 98.0 ± 2.4 months for control children.Interviewers questioned parents concerning children's health problems which were diagnosed by a physician. Seven health problems were more prevalent in Love Canal children after controlling for age, race, sex, household size, income and education. Adjusted odds ratios were: seizures, 2.45; learning problems, 1.51; hyperactivity (homeowners only), 2.95; eye irritation, 1.96; skin rashes, 2.25; abdominal pain, 2.09; and incontinence, 3.27. No health problem was identified as more common in controls.Intensity of exposure was defined in two ways: (1) distance of the home from the canal and (2) proximity of homes to possible paths of chemical migration (wet homes). Six of seven problems that were found elevated in Love Canal children showed a gradient with distance from the canal and six were more prevalent in wet homes. The fact that these health problems showed a dose response strengthens the association of these problems with residence in the Love Canal neighborhood.The problems of respondent bias, recall bias and stress in a community alarmed by exposure to toxic chemicals are discussed. The problems of asssessing health impact by survey methods in such a community are discussed, and methods that could help to reduce bias are suggeste

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1985.2.23

年代:1985

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with the use of low pressure reverse osmosis membranes for the removal and concentration of hazardous constituents from selected industrial wastes. Low pressure operation significantly reduces the capital cost and energy consumption. The results of an extensive experimental investigation involving the simultaneous removal of organics and inorganics from synfuel wastes are presented. Membrane experiments also included treatment of phenolic wastes, organic acid wastes, and pesticide wastes. The extent of separation with thin-film composite membranes (at 2.1 × 106N/m2) was evaluated with raw and pretreated oil shale retorting wastewater

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1985.2.45

年代:1985

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTEPA Methods 8240, 8270 (GC/MS), and 8330 (HPLC) from SW-846 were evaluated at three prominent laboratories for a select list of 36 compounds that were spiked into a relatively simple groundwater matrix. Sample preparation was designed to simulate a groundwater contamination problem at an abandoned waste site and samples were prepared as blind triplicates to facilitate statistical analyses for precision and bias. Results from the assessment of bias (accuracy, recovery) indicated that the three laboratories that took part in the study were not able to meet EPA's quality assurance criteria for a large percentage of the 36 compounds included in the study. The assessment for precision revealed precision varies from laboratory to laboratory, for different methods, and for specific compounds. A large number of false positive and negative observations resulted at all laboratories to varying degrees. The list of Appendix VIII compounds reportedly amenable to Methods 8240 and 8270 was found to be somewhat less than reported by EPA. Method 8330 was found to be completely inadequate for the detection and quantification of the three compounds included in the study. The statement by EPA that SW-846 contain the analytical methods for all (375) Appendix VIII compounds (excluding exotics and water reactive compounds)could not be verified.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1985.2.67

年代:1985

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTQuantities of Hazardous Waste materials in liquid, sludge or solid form can be disposed on or near the soil surface. A common disposal operations uses surface impoundments for aqueous waste. Proper design and operation procedures can result in significantly reduced emissions of hazardous volatile species to the surrounding air.Surface impoundments usually consist of shallow earthen basins lined to prevent liquid leakage and leachate formation. Aqueous and non-aqueous waste are placed in these open top basins for treatment of selected waste or for storage. Volatiles escape to the air boundary layer but significant reduction in emissions rate is possible by the use of perimeter fences and network fences. Forty percent reduction was achieved with liquid-phase controlled volatiles using solid perimeter fences. Seventy eight percent reduction was achieved with solid fence networks. The above results were performed on a pilot scale apparatus using ethyl ether as the model chemical.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1985.2.99

年代:1985

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study deals with the neutralization and detoxification of a spent ferric chloride etching solution from the manufacture of nickel alloy heating elements. In the manufacture of these elements some surface metal is removed by means of a ferric chloride solution that gradually loses its effectiveness due to an excessive build up of nickel and chromium salts. Although the etching waste is not a hazardous waste according to the United States EPA criteria, the state of Missouri includes all etching solutions as hazardous waste. In order to change this spent ferric chloride etching solution from a hazardous waste to an industrial solid waste classification, neutralization tests were performed using three alkaline sources; sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and sludge from a municipal water treatment plant. Neutralization of the liquid etching waste solution precipitates relatively insoluble metal hydroxide sludges. These sludges were tested according to the EPA Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity test. Passage of the EP toxicity test allows a waste generator to petition the regulatory agencies for a delisting of the hazardous waste. Results indicate that calcium hydroxide is the most effective and economic means of neutralizing the spent ferric chloride etching solution. A calcium hydroxide addition of the 0.7 kg per liter of waste will neutralize the acidic waste, allow passage of the EP toxicity test for hazardous waste delisting, and produce a solid with a suitable solids content to permit it to be landfilled.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1985.2.107

年代:1985

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTSignificant amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA") that will substantially tighten controls on the handling and disposal of hazardous waste were enacted late in 1984. The RCRA reauthorization bill, formally titled the "Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984," was passed by the House of Representatives on October 3, 1984, by the Senate on October 5, 1984, and was signed into law by President Reagan on November 8, 1984. Controversial changes made by the amendments include provisions which will require the regulation of a substantial number of generators of relatively small quantities of hazardous waste and establish a regulatory program covering underground storage tanks containing petroleum products.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1985.2.113

年代:1985

数据来源: MAL

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1985.2.x

年代:1985

数据来源: MAL