ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1994.11.1

年代:1994

数据来源: MAL

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1994.11.5

年代:1994

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTEastman Kodak Company owns and operates a hazardous waste incinerator at the Kodak Park Site facility, located in Rochester, New York. The incinerator consists of a rotary kiln followed by a secondary combustion chamber. Particulate and HCl control is provided by a quench chamber and a venturi scrubber. In May, 1991, a Trial Burn Plan was submitted for the incinerator as part of the NYS Hazardous Waste Management Facility Permit Application process. A key requirement of the Trial Burn was to demonstrate the hazardous waste incinerator's ability to control heavy metal emissions. To achieve this, an aqueous metals test protocol was developed to evaluate the incinerator's metals control capability under worst case conditions. Prior to the actual Trial Burn, an extensive metals pretest program was conducted at the facility to evaluate the incinerator metals control capability as a function of metal species, metals feedrate, waste chlorine content and combustion chamber temperatures. As a result of this program it was demonstrated that the high pressure differential venturi scrubber effectively controls emissions of heavy metals to levels prescribed in USEPA Guidance. Also, the program demonstrated the impact that combustion chamber temperatures and waste chlorine content have on incinerator metals control capability.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1994.11.31

年代:1994

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTRecent trial- and test-burn data from five rotary kiln incinerator facilities were analyzed for combustion performance and metal emissions. The incinerator facilities examined included: DuPont's Gulf Coast Regional Waste Incinerator in Orange, Texas; Chemical Waste Management's Incinerator in Port Arthur, Texas; Rollins Environmental Service's Incinerator in Deer Park, Texas; Martin Marietta's TSCA Incinerator in Oak Ridge, Tennessee; and EPA's Incineration Research Facility in Jefferson, Arkansas. The analysis involved the use of a PC-based computer program capable of performing material and energy balance calculations and predicting equilibrium compositions based on the minimization of system free energy. For each analysis, the feed data of waste and fuel and the corresponding operating parameters associated with incinerator and/or afterburner operation were input to the program and the program simulated the combustion performance under equilibrium conditions. In the analysis, the field-recorded performance data were compared with the simulated equilibrium results and the incinerator performance, including the quality of the field data, the combustion efficiency, the percent excess air, the heat loss, and the amount of air inleakage, was evaluated. In addition, the field-obtained metal data were analyzed for emission rate and metal balance.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1994.11.53

年代:1994

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTIncineration is an effective way of treating municipal solid wastes; however, the emission of toxic metal compounds is an issue of concern. An algorithm has been developed to relate waste feed and incineration operating parameters to the ultimate exposure to metallic emissions. The different aspects considered are waste characteristics, operating conditions of the incinerator, operating conditions of the pollution control devices, atmospheric dispersion and exposure to these metallic emissions. The model predictions are validated by comparison to data reported in the literature. The model is also applied to mass burn and RDF incinerators to compare relative exposures of metallic emissions. Sensitivity analyses are performed to determine the effect of various parameters.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1994.11.71

年代:1994

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn conjunction with a performance test series used to develop trial burn test conditions, supplementary sampling and analysis were performed to study the behavior of metals in an incinerator's combustion system and the control of metals in the incinerator's air pollution control equipment (APCE) train. The test incinerator was a Nichols Monohearth primary chamber with an afterburner; APCE consisted of a spray dryer, a cooler/condenser, a venturi scrubber, a baffle-absorber, and a mist eliminator. Multiple metals stack sampling was performed at the inlet to the APCE system, concurrent with incinerator feed and stack sampling. Analysis of these additional samples allowed evaluation of metals partitioning in the combustion system as well as APCE removal efficiencies as a function of chlorine feed concentration and venturi differential pressure. X-Ray diffractometry was applied to selected samples to speciate any crystalline phases present, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to study the morphology, size, and composition of particles captured via conventional sampling techniques. Arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, and lead compounds were spiked at known rates, and additionally, several nontoxic metals natively present in the feeds were evaluated as potential surrogates, including copper, iron, titanium, and zinc.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1994.11.93

年代:1994

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTCertain designs of hazardous waste incinerator systems include emergency safety vents (ESVs). ESVs (also called dump stacks, vent stacks, emergency by-pass stacks, thermal relief valves, and pressure relief valves) are regarded as true emergency devices. Their purpose is to vent combustion gases directly from the combustion chambers to the atmosphere in the event of a failure of other system components. This is done for operator safety as well as to protect the incinerator and other downstream equipment from damage. ESVs are typically required for rotary kiln and hearth incinerators which process a portion of their waste load as bulk solids or contained liquids introduced continuously or in batch charges. Research has been performed at the U.S. EPA on a 73 kW (250,000 Btu/hr) rotary kiln incinerator simulator examining optimum settings of kiln operating parameters so as to minimize emissions during an ESV opening event. Experimental results are interpreted in the light of previous research results on transient "puffs." Mechanisms governing both the release of volatile matter during an ESV event and the subsequent pyrolysis and oxidation in the residual sorbent bed are identified. From a practical point of view, results indicate that alteration of operator-controllable kiln parameters during the onset of certain ESV opening events can have a significant effect on emissions of both organics and hydrogen chloride (HCl). A low air flow rate results in lower emissions of both organics and HCl. This hypothetical low air flow rate could possibly be equal to the flow rate induced by the natural draft coupled with air in-leakage. Rotational speed (RPM) appears to have slightly different effects on organics and HCl. Whereas emissions of HCl are minimized at a very low or non-existent RPM, emissions of organics exhibit a minimum at a low (but non-zero) RPM, with increasing emissions at both zero and high RPM. The use of a small afterburner to simulate an in-stack flare during an ESV event dramatically reduced organic emissions.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1994.11.111

年代:1994

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe control of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) from industrial processes can be accomplished in various ways. Control technologies abound and seemingly offer the answer to all emission problems. The overall effectiveness of the control is measured in removal efficiency of the contaminant as well as the economic and operational impacts the control will have on the facility as a whole. When selecting a control technology, careful consideration must be given to the characteristics of the emission. These characteristic include not only the emission's chemical composition but also operational fluctuations in flow, pressure and temperature. Selection of the proper control technology for a given emission comes as the result of combing a thorough understanding of the technology with a defined operational profile of the process emission.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1994.11.129

年代:1994

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTSufficient evidence exists to suggest that there is some PCDD formation in electrostatic precipitators attached to municipal solid waste incinerators. This paper deals with the possible effect of the corona discharge in an electrostatic precipitator on PCDD formation from chlorophenols in the gas phase. The corona discharge may cause an increase in O and OH present in the system which in turn may lead to an increase in the concentration of chlorophenoxyl radicals. Preliminary modeling studies indicate that increases in PCDD can be explained by electric field effects.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1994.11.145

年代:1994

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTAs a result of the Boiler and Industrial Furnace Regulations (BIF) many cement manufacturers must address the issue of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions that are greater than the regulatory levels of 100 ppm and 20 ppm respectively (corrected to 7% oxygen). EPA's intent of limiting these emissions at the above levels was to provide an indication of the combustion efficiency of the BIF unit when burning hazardous waste.[1] The cement manufacturing process has the potential, however, to produce CO and, in some cases, HC byproducts during the normal chemical reactions that occur as the raw materials are processed into clinker. The purpose of the study described in this paper is as follows: 1) to demonstrate that the source of elevated CO and HC emissions from a wet process cement kiln is the raw materials, and 2) to determine a relationship between operating parameters and the emission rate of CO and HC which is capable of being used to either control the emissions or to determine their source at any given time from poor combustion. Observations have indicated the presence of unique combustion conditions in the kiln related to the natural organic constituents in the raw materials. The trends exhibited by test results indicate the existence of two modes of combustion in the kiln; one related to fuel and one related to the raw materials. The characteristics of the HC, CO and operating parameters relationships, rather than the emission rates themselves, have the potential to identify the existence of poor combustion conditions.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1994.11.157

年代:1994

数据来源: MAL