摘要:

ABSTRACTExperiments were performed using landfill simulators to evaluate the effectiveness PVC film as an organic vapor barrier. Vapor emission rates were studied for three chemicals: methanol, methylcyclohexane (MCH), and 1,2-dichloropropane (DCP). Emission rates were determined by monitoring the simulator system weight loss as a function of time. The results indicate that PVC will not have practical applications as an organic vapor barrier in landfill covers.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1989.6.1

年代:1989

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development supported a waste minimization research program in 1986-1988 for small and medium sized generators to develop and promote the use of innovative technologies and management practices to reduce the generation of hazardous wastes. This program was established in response to the needs of small quantity hazardous waste generators in the areas of waste management, regulatory compliance, and waste reduction. Waste reduction is seen as one key way to help small businesses improve waste management by reducing liability, product costs, disposal costs, and environmental, health, and safety concerns. At the time, the program consisted of two efforts with the State of Minnesota and the Governmental Refuse Collection and Disposal Association (GRCDA). Results from these two cooperative research efforts are being used to assist small and medium sized businesses work toward waste reduction, improve waste management, and achieve regulatory compliance. Results from these two efforts are presented in this paper.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1989.6.17

年代:1989

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo types of batch studies, the Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) and the Anaerobic Toxicity Assay (ATA), were performed on ozonated and unozonated 2,4-dinitrophenol to evaluate the anaerobic biodegradability and toxicity of this refractory priority pollutant induced by ozone. Both acetic acid and phenol supplemented cultures were used to allow an independent evaluation of toxicity toward the specific bacterial groups in a mixed methanogenic culture. The ozonation products were well biodegradable to methane after about 80% COD reduction was achieved by ozonation. However, the toxicity of ozonation products to the methanogenic culture was reduced as ozone doses were increased. The toxicity of ozonation products formed with 40 - 60% COD reduction decreased rapidly independent of both the pH during the ozonation reaction and the substrate used in the ATA tests.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1989.6.33

年代:1989

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTLaboratories which perform organic chemical analysis of samples from hazardous waste sites, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques, are required to report the identity of significant unknown compounds (those not present in the calibration mixture, whose GC retention times are therefore not measured). Such "tentatively identified compounds" (TIC's) are identified by the GC/MS data system by comparison of their mass spectra to the 40,000 spectra in the EPA/NIH mass spectral library. A recent article pointed out that the identification of many TIC's is incorrect for a variety of reasons. One of the authors' recommendations to reviewers of TIC data was to compare the boiling points of the spectral library matches to the boiling points of calibrated compounds with similar GC retention times. Experimental studies have shown boiling points to be strongly correlated to GC retention times for semivolatile (bp>170°C) GC/MS methods. Other parameters, principally molecular connectivity indices, have also been shown to be strongly correlated to GC retention times (and retention indices). These studies have been conducted on single or closely related classes of compounds, whereas the calibration mixture for a typical semivolatile analysis method has compounds from many different chemical classes. The purpose of this article is to: (a) demonstrate how well a single, widely published chemical property (boiling point) may be predicted given the GC retention times and boiling points of a typical heterogeneous calibration mixture, and (b) demonstrate how the predicted boiling point may be used in the initial review of TIC data to eliminate incorrect computer matches and serve as a starting point for more sophisticated retention index analysis

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1989.6.43

年代:1989

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn innovative new re-refining process has evolved from existing commercial petroleum refinery technology providing an economic means of treating and recycling potentially hazardous waste oils. Direct Contact Hydrogenation (DCH) eliminates the need for burdensome pretreatment steps such as dewatering, light ends removal and vacuum evaporation that require considerable volume of intermediate product storage capacity and present hazardous by-product disposal problems. By treating the entire waste oil in a heated hydrogen-rich atmosphere, the yield of recyclable high quality products is increased by up to 30% while at the same time eliminating the co-production of hazardous distillate fractions. The additional yield combined with a completely integrated continuous processing scheme results in an economic scenario that is competitive with the production of virgin derived lubricating oil products. The availability of this technology under license from UOP offers the industry an opportunity for increased profits from the recycle of lubricating oils.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1989.6.51

年代:1989

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTThere are many simple techniques available for source reduction of wastes from metal plating operations. They may be grouped into eight categories: reactive rinsing, counterflow rinsing, dragout minimization, dragout recovery, process modifications/operational changes, material substitutions, waste exchange opportunities and housekeeping improvements. A technical assistance project and financial incentive programs offered by Environment Canada are also described.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1989.6.67

年代:1989

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTPrior to CERCLA, litigation under existing tort law was widely perceived as an ineffective means of imposing penalties on dischargers of hazardous waste. In drafting CERCLA, Congress created a cause of action for state and federal trustees against a broad class of defendants, and introduced the concept of natural resource damages. The intent was clearly to insure compensation for all injury, past and future, regardless of the identity of the victim. This is consistent with conventional economic analysis, which defines damage as the net diminution in the present value of all services provided by a natural resource.When the regulations implementing the Act were issued, however, they conflicted with economic theory on several grounds, misapplying some concepts and omitting others. As they now stand, the regulations severely constrain both the scope and reach of natural resource damages.

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1989.6.79

年代:1989

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTA catalytic process is being developed at Pacific Northwest Laboratory for destroying hazardous organics in aqueous waste streams. Experiments have been conducted in a batch reactor and a bench-scale continuous reactor system. The batch experiments showed that a wide variety of organics and chlorinated organics can be destroyed by thermocatalytic treatment at 350°C to 400°C and 3000 to 4000 psig. This paper presents the results of experiments in a bench-scale continuous reactor system to determine the kinetic parameters for the process. The information obtained in this study was used to design larger-scale reactors and to develop a conceptual process design. Cost estimates for larger-scale facilities have been prepared by Onsite*Ofsite, Inc., who is working with Pacific Northwest Laboratory to transfer the technology to industr

ISSN:0882-5696    

DOI:10.1089/hwm.1989.6.87

年代:1989

数据来源: MAL