摘要:

AbstractMolecular taxonomy and evolution of the AnatidaeThe data available to date concerning the biochemical and molecularbiological taxonomy of the Anseriformes are compiled and discussed. These data deal with chemotaxonomy of uropygal gland waxes, electrophoretic characteristics of keratins, blood plasma proteins, egg‐white proteins and several other gene products; amino acid composition of ovalbumin and lactatdehydrogenase; amino acid sequences 8 phosphoserin peptides, several lysozymes, 15α‐hemoglobins and 14β‐hemoglobins. Based on amino acid composition and amino acid sequences several difference matrices and dendrograms were calculated. The taxonomic weight of the parameters above mentioned is quite different: Uropygial gland waxes and electrophoretic behaviour of proteins allow only the unequivocal discrimination of different avian families. Although amino acid compositions and amino acid sequences can be used for a refined classification, these data are not suitable for phylogenetic purposes without the basis of classical taxonomy. Thus, amino acid sequences per se are not useful for phylogenetic considerations concerning the Anatidae. It is concluded that only a synopsis composing all data dealing with descriptive biology of the Anatidae together with the genetic elements encoding the parameters and palaeontological investigations may result in a satisfying phylogeny. By developing the taxonomy of the Anatidae, all approaches suffer on difficulties by integrating several species. These difficulties are discussed in term of the hypothesis of a quickly developing adaptive radiation of the anatidal ancestor in small populations. This hypothesis can be supported by evidence obtained through the domestication of ducks.Of particular interest is the conclusion thatAnseranas semipalmata(Magpie goose) is markedly different from all other anatidal species on the basis of its uropygial gland waxes, feather keratins, egg‐white proteins and amino acid sequences of hemoglobins and phosphoserin peptides. According to its hemoglobin sequences,Anseranasis no more similar to the Anatidae than it is to the Galliformes. Thus, this species should be omitted from the basic type of the Anatidae (cf Schererand Hilsberg1982) and should at least be placed in a family of its own. Osteological and anatomical evidence further support t

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1986.tb00612.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Arthropda are a monolphyletic taxon sharing many synapomorphies. The alternative models of polyphyletic origins of the arthropods are shown to be the result of 1. wrong interpretation of data, e. g. interpretation of the tracheate mandible as a “whole limb mandible”, 2. typological thinking, defining taxa on the basis of their overall similarity, and 3. unscientific reasoning, postulation unkown palaeozoic taxa instead of known ones as closest relatives.The main controversy concerns the position of the Tracheata. Are they Mandibulata and the sister group of the Crustacea or are they “Uniramia” and the sister group of the Onychophora? Whereas the Tracheata and Onychophora share only symplesiomorphies, the Tracheata share convincing synapomorphies with the Crustacea. The most important of these are the transformation of the third head appendage to the principal part of the mouth apparatus – this would even be true if the tracheate mandible were a “whole lim mandible”–, and the identical composition of the compound eye ommatidia.The Chelicerata are used as an example, following Lauterbach'S considerations, to demonstrate how fossils enhance our understanling of the evolutionary histor

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1986.tb00613.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe morphology of the antenna cleaners of 175 species of bees representing more than 50 genera was investigated and described comparatively. An ancestral type of antenna cleaner was found in most short‐tongued bees (except Oxaeidae and Ctenoplectridae) as well as in Nomadinae, Ceratini, and some Megachilidae. A further ancestral character (shallow notch), however, was only found in some of these bees (but throughout Colletidae and Halictidae). A derived type of antenna cleaner was found inAnthophora, Euceraand related genera, as well as inMelecta, Ancyloscelis, andCtenoplectra. Several further (derived) types of antenna cleaners were found in Anthophoridae and Apidae. A large variety of antenna cleaners (ancestral as well as derived ones) were found in the Megachilidae. Possible phylogenetic consequences are suggested in Figure 3

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1986.tb00614.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA survey of 33 wild‐type strains ofD. melanogasterfor resistance to PTC and malathion has revealed a tendency for strains to be resistant to one, the other, or neither of these compounds. Similar inverse relationships have been reported previously for PTC and DDT, BHC, parathion, and phenylurea.D. simulansmay not exhibit similar inverse resistance pattern

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1986.tb00615.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA new term, “trophon”, has been introduced for the feeding and sexually propagating unit in the stolonate ctenostomes; the “stolon” and the “trophon” represent “sukzooids”, because they are homologous only to parts of the autozooids in the uniserially arranged ctenostomes. – The ontogeny of the muscles, especially the parietal muscles, has been studied in 17 species of ctenostomatous bryozoans belonging to different sub‐groups of this order; the main effort was directed toward the details of the differentiations in living animals (14 of the investigated species). In various species of the Ctenostomata two separate sets of parietal muscles develop – probably as a consequence of the elongation of the cystid; the functional parietal muscles in the trophons of the stolonial forms are homologous to the secondary parietal muscles found in several uniserial ctenostomes. Contrary to the supposition by Soule(1954) in the different families of the serially arranged forms the muscles appear in different sequences during the development of the zooid and partly have different ontogenetical fates. Neither the “Carnosa” nor the “Paludicellea” (s. 1.) nor the “Stolonifera” can be maintained as taxa with the argument of a similar ontogeny of the muscles. A detailed comparison regarding the fate of the parietal muscles (and the polypide anlage) showed similarities between certain of the uniserial to either some of the stolonial, the sheet like, or the cystid‐fusing forms suggesting a separate evolutionary origin of the advanced forms in those groups of the serially growing forms. – A new family, Pottsiellidae fam.

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1986.tb00616.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviews in this articlesHofbauer, J.; Sigmund, K.: Evolutionstheorie and dynamische Systeme. Mathematische Aspekte der Selektion.Simpson, G. G.Oxnard, Ch.Mayr, E.Hentschel, E.; Wagner, G.Renner, M.Gonick, L.; Wheelis, M.Robinson, G. S.Eldredge, N.; Stanlay, S. M. (eds.)Remane, A.; Storch, V.; Welsch, U.Ax, P.Regressive Evolution und Phylogenese.

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1986.tb00617.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY