摘要:

AbstractRegressive and reconstructive evolution in cave fishes ‐ two modes of especially rapid phylogenetic changeIf a characteristic loses its biological significance, it is no IonGer reulated by a stabilizing selection rocess. Its polygene system will be progressively inactivatecf by continual mutation, and the characteristic will degenerate by regressive evolution.However, if a system of modifying genes faces uncontrolled exposure to general mutation pressure and gradually loses its effectiveness, a derepression of fundamental genetic potencies can occur, bringing about the expansion of a trait that is already present, a reconstructive evolution. Both modes of evolution result in the extensive morphological and behavioral alterations of cave fishes before a reproductive separation from their surface‐dwelling ancestral forms has occurred, making them distinct spec

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1990.tb00359.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe three species investigated, the European eel,Anguilla anguilla(L.), the Mediterranean moray,Muraena helenaL., and the conger eel,Conger coner(L.), represent three different superfamilies of the suborder Anguilloidei (infradivision Elopomorpha). Their hemoglobin systems show peculiar structural properties, which distinuish them from all other teleost species studied. They present acidic and basic components differing greatly in their isoelectric points; the basic components have the highest isoelectric points detected in teleost hemoglobins. While there is one major basic component, multiplicity is present in the acidic components inMuraenaandConger. The polyeptides of the acidic comonents show the same electrophoretic mobility in 8 M urea. In the three species, the electroploretic mobility with urea‐SDS of the hemoglobin polypeptides shows a shorter β polypeptide in the basic components. These features had never been investigated among Elopomorpha, and are likely to be phylogenetically releva

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1990.tb00360.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractKaryological investigations of three birds:Surniculus lugubris dicruroides(Cuculidae, Cuculi‐formes),Orthotomus sutorius guzuratusandHippolais caligata caligata(Sylviidae, Passeriformes) were carried out. In the somatic male karyotype ofS. l. dicruroidesthe modal 2 n value was determined to be 78 with 14 macro and 64 microchromosomes. In the female karyotyps of, O.s.guzuratus(2n = 86) there were 18 macro and 68 microchromosomes and in that ofH.c. caligata (2n = 80) the number of macro and micros were 17 and 63 respectivel

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1990.tb00361.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDescribed: basic characteristics of reproduction and pre‐ and postnatal growth rate and development in Zambian mole‐rats,Crypromys hottentotus(Bathyergidae), and compared with the available data on other small subterranean hystricognathous rodents. It is demonstrated that C.hottentotusfrom relatively rnesic habitats are monoamous and eusocial. The animals in each colony may be divided into several cateories according to their body size and pelage colouration (polymorhim) and prevailing beiavioural pattern (polyethism). Particularly breeding animals are sexually dimorphic. Freuent sexual interactions can be noted in the breeding pair even outside the female's estrus. Growth and sexual behaviour are pheromonally suppressed in the offspring (subordinate animals by their mutual contact and, particularly, by the parents (dominant animals). Most eflicient supression of growth is accomplished by a lactating female.It is arued that eusociality of the naked mole‐rat,Heterocephalus glaber, is not qualitatively unique and has not evolved as an immediate response to aridity and dispersed food resources as generally considered. Evidence is presented that eusociality may have evolved as a direct consequence of decreasing the body size combined with retention of a long developmental time (phylogenetic constraint), limitations to store fat reserves, reduction of female's activit and consequent constraints of prenancy. Gestation had to be shortened at the cost of bearing altricial young and prolongation of tie postnatal development. Monogamy and establishment of a caste of helpers may be understood as energy‐saving mechanisms of breeding females. Eusociality may be useful for survival in arid habitats, yet reasons for origin should te distinguished from the current (manifold)

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1990.tb00362.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractElectrohoretically detectable enetic variation for 29 kinds of blood protein encoded by 33 loci was analyzed for 78 Asian eletants (Elephas maximus) which were collected from its four local populations: Sri Lanka, Souti India, Thailand and Nepal. Elehants in Sri Lanka are classified into the subspeciesE.m. maximus, and those from the other tlree localities into the subspeciesE. m. indicus. Six variable loci were detected, and one of them, the tetrazolium oxidase locus, was observed to show a complete allele substitution between the subspecies. Average heterozgosity within local populations were in a range of 0.0152 ˜ 0.0303. Whereas the Nei's genetic distance among three local populations of the subspeciesindicuswere 0.0013 ˜ 0.0031, the distance between the subspeciesindicusandmaximuswere 0.0328 ˜ 0.0370, indicating that the two subspecies were well differentiated genetical

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1990.tb00363.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMorphometric correlation matrices from 11 Mediterranean and European honey bee races have been compared. The degree of integration, measured by the eigenvalue variance of the correlation matrix or by Cheverud'sindex of integration, varies considerably between races but covaries neither with overall body size nor with the variance of the respective sample. Hence, the degree of morphological integration does not depend on body size or the level of variability The patterns of morphometric correlation are significantly similar among all races, but some minor differences in the patterns could be detected: The similarity between the correlation matrices is independent of the degree of phylogenetic relatedness between the respective races. In all races characters belonin to the same functional and/or developmental unit (leg, wing, abdominal characters) have Eiter correlations than the average. Most of the variation in the pattern of correlation can be expfained as a side effect of variation in the degree of integration. Races with high levels of integration tend to have hiher correlations between the main groups of characters, and races with low levels of integration tave smaller correlations between the main grous of characters, while the basic pattern remains undisturbed. In summary, the comparative analysis of morphometric correlation matrices reveals a picture of stability with respect to the pattern of integration and of variation in the degree of integration, which is random with respect to body size, degree of variability, and phylogeny.

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1990.tb00364.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReciprocal crosses were made between an Indian strain ofD. n. nasuta(2n=8) and the Thailand strain ofD. n. albomicana(2n=6). Hybrids were fertile. They were inbred for over four years. Later, the karyotypes of the hybrid populations were analysed. In the hybrid progeny of the cross betweenD. n. nasutafemales andD. n. albomicanamales, there were six types of kaotypes. Of these, only two types had a diploid content of chromosomes. They were males with 2n=7 and females with 2n=8, while others were aneuploids. This hybrid population is designated as Cytorace III. On the other hand, hybrid progeny of the reciprocal cross had 2n‐8 in both males and females; and there was no karyotypic variation. This hybrid population is named as Cytorace IV. The composition of these new karyotypes of Cytorace III and IV have been presented and compared with those of Cytorace I and II reported by Ramachandraand Ranganath(1986

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1990.tb00365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the Neotropical drosophilid seciesZygothrica disparthe males, many of which are hypercehalic, engage in territorial fights on mushrooms. In an attempt to see whether head width effects mating success, lek behavior was videorecorded.Most owners of a territory on the cap of a mushroom are broad‐headed, and usually defeat intruders, which in general have a narrower head. Escalation in confrontation to bodily contact is rare and mostly involves opponents of equal head width. Most contests between unequals end after a close head‐to‐head confrontation, and are thus purely ritual. Females appeared to be courted only on the lek. Although no female was observed to copulate, it can be supposed that male head width influences fitness through its effect on owning a territory on th

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1990.tb00366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Jessberger, R.: Kreationismus, Kritik des modernen Antievolutionismus., Biologic und Evolution interdisziplinär'. Berlin und Hamburg: Paul Parey 1990Mciver, T.: Anti‐Evolution. An Annotated Bibliography. Jefferson and LondonWallace, A.: A theory of the evolution of development. Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singap

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1990.tb00367.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY