摘要:

SummaryA higher category is the result of a population's breaking‐throuh into a new adaptive zone (attaining a new grade), and the subsequent adaptive radiation tiere. The taxonomic level of the new group is determined by the amount (quantitative and ualitative) of radiation that occurs; and tgis amount in turn is determined by the number of open sub‐zones in the new zone and by the genetic plasticity of the new population.The more the new adaptive zone differs from the old one, the less likely a new population can survive in it. Should such survival occur, however, adaptations of the new population to the new zone will appear quickly. The new population will rapidly become quite different from the old one, minimizing the likelihood of finding intermediate forms, i. e., “missing links.” In addition, the intermediate population – the early entrants into the new zone – will be less well adapted to it than their descendents, and will become extinct. The combination of rapid extinction and an ephemeral transitional population explains the apparent gaps between higher‐category taxa.These ideas do not help in solving such dilemmas of taxonomists as equivalence of taxa in different groups, and the taxonomic level at which to place a given group of species. But a higher taxonomic category itself is the result of a very real biological phenomenon, and that fact must influence s

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1976.tb00513.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryPhylogenese of Phoronida. Lophophorata and the Archimerata conceptThe main phylogenetic characteristics of Phoronida and other Lophophorates are discussed: 1. Archimeric segmentation of the body; 2. Egg cleavage of radial (or biradial) type, coeloblastula and gastrulation by invagination (emboly); 3. Mesoderm formation by a derived enteroccelous method (primitive stage of enterocœ ly); 4. Bringing of the anus anteriorly to lie rocoelous method (primitive stage of enterocoely); 4. Bringing of the anus anteriorly to lie sence of a true lophophore; 6. Larva not of trochophoral type, but actinotroch related to Tornaria‐Dipleurula; 7. Nervous system basi‐epithelial with primitive neurulation inPhoronopsis, without any orthogons; 8. Adult nervous ganglion neo‐formed, not issuing from the apicale plate; in Phoronida this ganglion is located in the prosome and not in the mesosome; 9. Lack of cephalization. All these characteristics are closely related to that of the primitive phyla of the Chordata assemblage. The only exception is the presence of protonephridia with solenocytes in actinotroch, but such organs are also described in Cephalochordata.The Lophophorata (Phoronida, Brachiopoda, Bryozoa) are undoubtedly a primitive group on the Chordata trend and the Phoronida appear to be the most phylogenetically evolved phylum of this group with predominating position. The validity of placing the Lophophorata within the Echinoderm‐Hemichordata assemblage is demonstrated. The term Archicœlomata appears not suitable and its substitution by Archimerata, assemblage at the base of the Chordata, is here proposed.The Archimerata concept brings together the Lophophorata, Echinodermata and Hemidiordata and is considered as a phylogenetic stage and a natural system

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1976.tb00514.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary1. Available evidence on butterfly family‐level relationships is re‐examined according to the principles of phylogenetic (cladistic) systematics.2. The assumption of a sister‐group relationship between the Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea seems a reasonably substantiated working hypothesis.3. The Papilionoid families Papilionidae, Pieridae and Lycaenidae sensu Ehrlich(1958) are definable as monophyletic entities; of Ehrlich's two remaining families, Nymphalidae and Libytheidae, the former is paraphyletic in terms of the latter.4. The interrelationships between the Papilionoid families may be presented as Papilionidae + (Pieridae + [Lycanidae + Nymphalidae]).5. In a phylogenetic system any given arrangement of taxa is either correct or not: Contrary to the pheneticists' view (Ehrlichand Ehrlich1967) phylogenetic systematists cannot accept the existence of a multitude of valid classifica

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1976.tb00515.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe development of the olfactory organ of oviparous and viviparous cyprinodonts is described. Differences between both groups referring mainly to the sequence of formation of the nasal openings are discussed. These differences are thought to be related to ontogenetic characteristics not common to both groups (e. g. the formation of an extra‐embryonic pericardium).RésuméLe Développement de l'Appareil olfactif des Cyprinodontes ovipares et vivipares (Teleostei)Le développement de l'appareil olfactif des cyprinodontes ovipares et vivipares est décrit. Les différences entre Ies deux groupes concernant en particulier l'ordre de la formation des narines font l'objet d'une discussion. On suppose que ces différences ont un rapport avec des caractéristiques ontogénétiques qui ne sont pas communes aux deux groupes (p. e. formation du pericard extraembryonaire).ZusammenfassungDie Entwicklung des Geruchsorgans von oviparen and viviparen Zahnkarpfen (Teleostei)Die Entwicklung des Geruchsorgans von oviparen and viviparen Zahnkarpfen wird besdtrieben. Untersdsiede zwisdlen beiden Gruppen, die hauptsächlich die Reihenfolge in der Ausbildung der Riedloffnungen betreffen, werden diskutiert. Es wird angenommen, daβ diese Untersdtiede im Zusammenhang mit ontogenetisdlen Merkmalen stehen, die nidu beiden Gruppen gemeinsam sind (z. B. der Ausbildung eines extraembryonal

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1976.tb00516.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Zusammenfassung1. Auf mehreren Reisen in verschiedene Gebiete des Mittelmeeres wurden Exemplare der speleophilen SchieimfischartigenTripterygion melanurusundT. minorgesammelt. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß– nach den bisher angewandten Merkmalsschlüsseln – beide Formen sich geographisch vertreten:minorim nördlichen,melanurusim südlichen Mittelmeer (Abb. 6).2. In Nordsizilien sowie in Marmaris (Türkei) und Rhodos wurden „Übergangspopulationen„ gefunden (Abb. 7), die hinsichtlich der Zeichnungs‐ und einiger meristischer Merkmale deo Charakter von Bastardpopulationen zeigten; dabei konnten deutliche Kline festgestellt werden.3. Für die Strahlenzahl der 2. Dorsalis, die auch bei anderenTripterygion‐Arten jeweils konstant ist, bestehen zwischen den beiden Formen keine Unterschiede, ebenso in den ökologischen Ansprüchen.4. Aus diesen Gründen wird es als gerechtfertigt erachtet,minornur node als Unterart des zuerst beschriebenenT. melanuruszu führen. Die dieser Subspeziation zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen konnten zwar nidit geklärt werden, es wird aber vermutet, daβ sie auf geographisch getrennte Isolate innerhalb des Mittelmeeres während der Nacheiszeit zurück‐zuführen sind.5. Es werden neue Beobachtungen an dem verwandten und ebenfalls speleophilenBlennius nigricepsgeschildert und auf die sehr wahrscheinlich parallel zuT. melanurusverlaufende Subspeziation hingewiesen.6. Beginnende Differenzierungen in morphologischen Merkmalen konnten auch beiTripterygion tripteronotusaus Israel und dem Libanon gegenüber Populationen aus dem westlichen Mittelmeer nachgewiesen werden.7. Es wird erneut die Evolution der GattungTripterygionim Mittelmeer diskutiert, da vonxanthosomaneue Funde aus dem Atlantik vorliegen und die Funde anderer Autoren aus diesem Gebiet offensichtlich mittripteronotusverwechselt worden waren. Aufgrund dieser Tatsache und der dort im Gegensatz zum Mittelmeer beobachteten weiten photischen Potenz wird nunmehrT. xanthosomaals Stammform aller mediterranenTripterygion‐Arten angesehen.SummaryMorphological and ecological investigations on the blenny‐like fish Tripterygion melanurus Guichenot, 1850 and T. minor Kolombatovic, 1892 (Perciformes, Blennioidei, Tripterygiidae)1.Tripterygion melanurusandT. minor(Blennioidei, Tripterygiidae) have been studied in situ during several trips to different regions of the Mediterranean Sea. It has been demonstrated that these two forms, which had previously been considered as separate species, are in fact allopatric subspecies.Minoroccurs on the northern coasts whereasmelanuruscan be found on the eastern and southern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 6).2. On the coasts of northern Sicily, at Marmaris/Turkey and Rhodos Island, “transitional populations” have been found (Fig. 7). Their patterns and some of their meristic characters indicate an hybridization with clearly established clines.3. There is no difference between the two forms in the number of rays of the 2nd dorsal fin, which is also constant in all the otherTripterygionspecies, and in their ecological requirements.4. For these reasons, it seems justified to considerminoras a subspecies ofTripterygion melanurusto which priority has to be given. The mechanisms of this subspeciation are not yet elucidated, but it is suggested that it may be explained by geographical isolation during the postglacial period within the Mediterranean Sea.5. New observations onBlennius nigricepswhich is closely related toTripterygion melanurusand also speleophil, are reported which indicate a probably similar process of subspeciation in this species.6. InTripterygion tripteronotusspecimens of Israel and Lebanon, beginning differentiations in morphological characters in comparison with populations of the western Mediterranean Sea have also been observed.7. The phylogenetic problems concerning the genusTripterygionin the Mediterranean Sea are discussed again since new captures ofxanthosomahave been made recently in the Atlantic Sea which suggest that this species may in the past have been mistaken fortripteronotus. In consideration of this fact and of the large photic potency ofxanthosomain the Atlantic in contrast with the Mediterranean Sea, it appears that this species might be the ancestor of all mediterraneanTripterygionspecies.RésuméRecherches morphologiques et éologiques sur deux Blennioidei spéléophiles: Tripterygion melanurus Guichenot, 1850 et T. minor Kolombatovic, 1892 (Perciformes, Tripterygiidae)1. Au cours de plusieurs voyages dans divers pays méditerranéens, nous avons effectué des recherches in situ surTripterygion melanurusetT. minor(Blennioidei, Tripterygiidae). Nous avons constaté que les deux formes, jusqu'alors considérées comme espèces distinctes, ont une répartition allopatrique;minorpeuple les côtes nord‐méditerranéennes etmelanurusse trouve sur les cötes est et sud (Fig. 6).2. Sur les côtes de la Sicile du Nord, prés de Marmaris en Turquie et dins les eaux de l'Ile de Rhodes, nous avons trouvè des „populations de transition (Fig. 7). Ces individus sont, selon leur coloration et selon leurs caractéres mèristiques, des représentants d'une population hybride à l'intérieur de laquelle un cline a été observé.3. Par contre, le nombre de rayons de la deuxiéme nageoire dorsale qui est constant pour chaque espéce du genreTripterygion, ne permet pas de montrer une différentiation spécifique entre les deux formes. Par ailleurs, leurs exigences écologiques sont absolument identiques.4. Il est concevable de considérer les deux formesminoretmelanuruscomme deux sousespéces gèographiques en Méditerranée dont le nom spécifique doit être melanurus par priorité. II ne nous a pas été possible d'éclaircir les mécanismes d'une telle subspéciation, mais nous supposons qu'elle est due à des mécanismes d'isolement postglaciaire à l'intérieur de la Méditerranée.5. Nous discutons de nouvelles données surBlennius nigriceps, un Blenniidae chez lequel on observe des phénomènes paralléles de subspéciation allopatrique (Bath1972).6. Des ébauches de différentiation des caractéres morphologiques chezTripterygion tripteronotusdes côtes d'Israél et du Liban ont été démontrées par rapport aux populations de la Méditerranée occidentale (Fig. 8 et 9).7. Nous discutons de nouveau des problèmes phylogénétiques du genreTripterygionen Méditerranée, compte tenu de nouvelles données de l'Atlantique (Teneriffa) surT. xanthosoma(Zanderet Heymer1970). Cette espèce a probablement été confondue naguère par d'autres auteurs avectripteronotusqui semble manquer en Atlantique. Compte tenu de ces faits et de la grande potentialité photique par rapport aux conditions écologiques en

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1976.tb00517.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1976.tb00518.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Riedl, R.:Die Ordnung des Lebendigen. Systembedingungen der Evolution. Hamburg and Berlin: Paul PareyKummer, H.:Sozialverhalten der Primaten. Übersetzt von K.deSousaFerreira. Berlin–Heidelberg–New

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1976.tb00519.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY