摘要:

AbstractFour complete amino acid sequences of hemoglobin β chains were determined for the swamp and the river types of the Asiatic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and two species of the subgenusAnoainBubalus; B. (A.) depressicornis(H. Smith, 1827), the lowland anoa, andB. (A.) quarlesi(Ouwens, 1910), the mountain anoa. The two types of thebubaliswere identical in the 145 amino acid residues of the β chains and, compared to this sequence, the two residues were substituted in thedepressicornis(β49Thr → Ser and 134Ala → Thr) and the five were in thequarlesi(β53Val → Ile, 74Met → Ile, 111Val → Ile, 115Arg → His and 134Ala → Thr). While bothAnoaspecies diverged from thebubalisby the β134Ala → Thr, they differed from each other by the five substitutions. TheAnoaspecies are endemic to Sulawesi of Indonesia. Their speciation and the present coexistence were discussed with reference to probable immigrations of two ancestralAnoaspecies to Sulawesi at so long interval that had caused a reproductive isolation between the two wild animals. The earlier immigrants were postulated to be ancestral to thequarlesiand the later ones

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1994.tb00466.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBanded karyotypes of 50 species belonging to 23 genera were analyzed. The diploid chromosome numbers ranged from 26 to 50. For karyotypic comparison we used a 44 chromosomes karyotype, consisting of 4 metacentric and 17 acrocentric autosomes, as “basic karyotype”. Almost all of its 25 autosomal arms could be identified in each individual karyotype. In 8 chromosomes, i. e. 1/2, 7, 11, 12, 13, 15, 23 and X, small inversions were detected. As a result, each of the chromosomes mentioned occurs in two states which differ slightly in their banding patterns. These were used as character states in the cladistic analysis together with other chromosomal rearrangements.The implications drawn from the cladogram obtained are: The Miniopterinae clearly belong to the Vespertilionidae but are the first to branch off from the common stem. The tribe Myotini should be raised to the rank of a subfamily. Within the largest subfamily Vespertilioninae, one autapomorphic chromosomal character was found for each of the tribes Vespertilionini and Pipistrellini. In addition, both tribes are distinguished from the other Vespertilioninae tribes by two synapomorphic features. These results allow for the first time an unequivocal classification of the systematically difficult “pipistrelloid” species. The species of the genusPipistrellus(sensu Hilland Harrison1987) are spread over the Pipistrelllni and Vespertilionini. We therefore suggest the splitting of this heterogenous genus into at least four genera. Only the members of the previous subgenusPipistrellusconstitute the genusPipistrellusand belong to the Pipistrellini. The previous subgeneraHypsugo, VespadelusandFalsistrellus, given generic rank in some recent studies, belong to the tribe Vespertilionini and are not closely related toPipistrellus.For the generaEptesicusandHesperoptenus, which belong neither to the Vespertilionini nor to the Pipistrellini, the tribe Eptesicini was established. The phylogenetic relations of this tribe and the status of the presumably polyphyletic tribe “Nycticeiini” could no

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1994.tb00467.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe allozyme variation among water frogs of the speciesR. balcanica, R. levantinaandR. ridibunda, all formerly considered as one species (R. ridibundaPallas, 1771), was studied using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Blood samples (N # 63) of frogs were collected from five populations in Greece and Israel. Samples (N = 9) of the hybrid frogR. esculentacollected from a locality in Germany were used as an outgroup for phylogenetic analyses. Fifteen enzymes controlled by twenty presumptive loci were identified. Thirteen loci were polymorphic within or among the studied populations. Genetic differentiation among the species was considerably greater than among populations of the same species. Even at Nestos River whereR. ridibundaandR. balcanicaoccur in the same habitats, individuals could be assigned to either species due to characteristic differences of the genotypes (GPI1). This indicates reproductive isolation among these species. The reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships among the three species based on the allozyme data corroborated the model presented on the basis of bioacoustic data:R. ridibundaandR. balcanica(Nei'sgenetic distance D = 0.0820) are sibling species pertaining to an Eurasian lineage, whereasR. levantina(distance to the European species D = 0.1780 ‐ 0.1955) together withR. perezirepresent an independent afroasian lineag

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1994.tb00468.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Palaearctic speciesDrosophila subobscurahas recently colonized a large area of North America where it coexists withDrosophila pseudoobscura. The viability and developmental rate of these species were studied at 13 d̀C, 18d̀C and 23 d̀C and at densities of 10, 50, 100 and 200 eggs per vial. The two species were differently affected by density and temperature in the ranges studied. Both intra‐ and interspecific cultures showed thatD. pseudoobscurawas best adapted to 23 d̀C, where it was clearly the dominant species. On the other hand, at 18 d̀C and especially at 13 d̀C, althoughD. subobscurawas less viable thanD. pseudoobscura, its developmental time was shorter, which may give advantage to this species. Results reported here agree with the observed distribution of these species in North

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1994.tb00469.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the outskirts of Santiago, Chile (La Florida), collections of drosophilids were performed every month from 1984 to 1991. Some of the species are cosmopolitan, likeD. melanogasterandD. simulans, or subcosmopolitan, likeD. subobscura. A few others are endemics, likeD. pavaniand some Scaptomyza. The population sizes of all the species show annual and monthly periodic fluctuations, detected by autocorrelations analyses, exceptingD. melanogaster, that exhibits very weak monthly correlations. This seems to indicate thatD. melanogasteris weakly coupled to periodic phenomena that are acting on the rest of the drosophilid fauna. Furthermore, biogeographic categories, like cosmopolitan, or subcosmopolitan, or endemic species, are of very little importance when applied to single localities, since species cluster irrespective of them being endemic or cosmopolitan.

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1994.tb00470.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTen Indian geographical populations ofD. melanogasterwere assayed electrophoretically forAdhgenic variation. The Indian geographical populations ofD. melanogasterrevealed significant clinal variation (3 % for 1 d̀ latitude) at Adh locus andAdhFallelic frequency correlated significantly with increase in latitude. It was suggested that the abundance of secondary alcohols in the southern Indian tropical and humid environment might exert selective pressure favouring higher frequency ofAdhSallele. Patterns of ethanol utilization as well as ethanol tolerance were analyzed in larval and adult individuals of six geographical populations ofD. melanogaster.Latitudinal variation in ethanol tolerance was observed inD. melanogasterpopulations from India. The parallel occurrence of latitudinal variation itAdhlocus as well as ethanol tolerance in Indian geographical populations ofD. melanogastercould be maintained by balancing natural selection varying spatially along the north‐south axis of the Indian sub‐conti

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1994.tb00471.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInterracial hybridization betweenD. n. nasuta(2 n = 8) andD. n.albomicana(2 n = 6) resulted in the formation of two new karyotypic strains denoted Cytorace I and Cytorace II. The karyotypes of each of these Cytoraces include chromosomal elements from both parental races (Ramachandraand Ranganath1986a). The parental strains and the newly formed Cytoraces I and II were subjected to interspecific competition. The results reveal that all four experimental strains were competitively superior to theD. melanogastertested strain. The study indicates certain degree of Cytogenetic divergence between parental and newly evolved genomes.

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1994.tb00472.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Stephan, H.; Baron, G.; Frahm, H. D.: Comparative Brain Research in Mammals.Suzuki, D. T.; Griffiths, A. J. F.; Miller, J. H.; Lewontin, R. C.: Genetik.Übersetzt von S. Achtenund P. Böhm.Kämpfe, Lothar(ed.): Evolution und Stammesgeschichte der Organismen. Bearbeitet von 5 Fachwissenschaftlem. 3., neubearbeitete und erweiterte Aufla

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1994.tb00473.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY