摘要:

Nests and webs of female salticids released courtship from conspecific males (28 of 30 tested species). Males discriminated between conspecific and non-conspecific female nests and webs (28 of 30 species), between conspecific male and female nests and webs (16 of 16), and between conspecific subadult male and female nests (9 of 9). Draglines of conspecific females released male courtship in only 4 of 20 tested species, 3 of these species being considered primitive. Nests and webs with altered structure and masses of dragline silk crudely resembling nests were effective releasers of courtship. Draglines and, except for two species, nests and webs, became ineffective at releasing courtship after a few days. Polar, but not non-polar, solvents rendered nests ineffective, suggesting that a polar pheromone is bound to the silk. The evolutionary significance of pheromones is discussed.

ISSN:0301-4223    

DOI:10.1080/03014223.1987.10422676

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

I examine individual recognition of crowing calls in the pukeko (Porphyrio porphyrio melanotusTemminck). Qualitative and quantitative acoustic analyses show that crowing calls of individual males differ, but not females. These calls do not conform to a group signature. Both sexes respond selectively to the played-back crowing calls of different male pukeko. They respond most strongly to the calls of a stranger, less to those of neighbours, and less still to those of fellow group members. Males respond more strongly and move more often towards the sound than do females. This is explained by the greater role males play in territorial defence. Individuality in crowing calls is seen as being important in territorial advertisement and in identification of individuals within an interterritorial dominance hierarchy.

ISSN:0301-4223    

DOI:10.1080/03014223.1987.10422677

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Individuality of pukeko (Porphyrio porphyrio melanotusTemminck) calls is examined, using 10 recordings of n’yip contact calls from each of 15 birds. Field observations together with qualitative and quantitative sound analysis show that n’yip calls are individually distinct. The temporal patterning of n’yip calls also varies significantly between individuals. The relationship between temporal patterning of calls and hierarchical status is discussed.

ISSN:0301-4223    

DOI:10.1080/03014223.1987.10422678

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The intertidal spiderDesis marinalives in holdfasts of the kelpDurvillaea antarcticaat Kean Point, Kaikoura, New Zealand. It occupies holdfasts from +20 to -77 cm below Mean Sea Level (MSL). All holdfasts from < 100 to > 1000 cm2were used for nest building but spiders were more frequently found in small (< 400 cm2) holdfasts; 14.5% of holdfasts contained one or more spiders; and the mean number of spiders per colonised holdfast ranged from 1.1 to 2.5 spiders. Spiders were contagiously distributed but density was not related to holdfast area. In most months there were fewer males than females with an overall sex ratio of 1.36 females per male. Although lone spiders are encountered most frequently, the majority of the population lives with one or more conspecifics. Adult females show increased cohabitation (sharing the same nest) during spring and summer with males and females of similar size occurring together. Significant numbers of juveniles entered the population during February-May and their growth suggests that they may mature in 4–5 months and may live for a further 12–18 months. Females grew to a larger size than males. The percentage moult increment or Dyar’s Constant was 17.2% and it tended to decrease with increasing pre-moult size. The comparatively low value of Dyar’s Constant, the problems of mate location, and cohabitation as a mating strategy, are discussed.

ISSN:0301-4223    

DOI:10.1080/03014223.1987.10422679

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Rareness or percent occurrence for species is derived from presence/absence matrices (sites X species) and used to calculate a set of indices for ranking sites and species. The indices are designed to weight for sites with greater species richness and presence of rare species. New Zealand native freshwater fish distributions are used as an example. Map quadrants and catchment areas with high index values are identified. The ranks are compared with selections made by experts and found to agree closely. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed along with its place in reserve design.

ISSN:0301-4223    

DOI:10.1080/03014223.1987.10422680

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Invertebrates were studied with equal sampling intensity on sites in broadleaf-podocarp and hard beech (Nothofagus truncata) forests near Wellington, New Zealand for 13 months. Of the 107 species caught (72 500 individuals), 71 (41 931) occurred in broadleaf-podocarp and 78 (30 569) in hard beech forest. Mites (75.3% of individuals), Collembola (9.6%), insect larvae (4.9%), and beetles and weevils (3.6%) were most common. In broadleaf forest numbers were higher in summer than in other seasons and in hard beech forest numbers were higher in spring than in other seasons. The seasonal changes in numbers of many invertebrate species were correlated with temperature but only few with rainfall. Invertebrate diversity was similar in the two forests studied, but the density was greater in broadleaf than in hard beech.

ISSN:0301-4223    

DOI:10.1080/03014223.1987.10422681

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The vocal repertoire ofDiomedea bulledis described. A low croaking note given by both sexes was the commonest vocalisation and a loud wail uttered with wide open bill was used by male and female during conflicts and by the male in courtship. Four kinds of low frequency groaning noises and five sharp percussion sounds produced by contacts between bill or mandibles were also used. In preliminary experiments with models and sound playbacks, visual or vocal stimulation alone evoked very few responses from lone birds on nests but all tests made with an advanced model combined with playbacks induced a croaking response. It was concluded that the contagious nature of the croaking display resulted from both visual and vocal stimuli. Some comparisons showed that the repertoire of this albatross is similar to those of other medium-sized albatrosses and some apparently homologous vocalisations are also heard from the largeD. exulansandD. epomophora. The calls of the north Pacific speciesD. albatrus, D. immutabilisandD. nigripesare somewhat similar but these have more complex displays and vocal repertoires thatD. bulleri. Possible functions of some of the calls are discussed.

ISSN:0301-4223    

DOI:10.1080/03014223.1987.10422682

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Greenheaded leafrollers,Planotortrix excessana(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were reared for eight consecutive generations (total of 74 000 insects) on an artificial diet containing raspberry leaf powder. At 18± 1°C, 60 ± 5% RH and 18: 6 h L: D cycle (for eggs, larva, and pupa; 24 h dark for adults), the average life cycle parameters were as follows. Egg development, 11 days; larval period, ♂ 48, ♀ 54 days; pupal period, ♂ ♀ 18 days; adult life span, ♂ 20, ♀ 18 days; 90% eggs laid in 10 days; pupal wt, ♂ 40, ♀ 48 mg; survival from established neonate larva to adult 84%. This species is now in continuous culture and is currently in the sixteenth generation.

ISSN:0301-4223    

DOI:10.1080/03014223.1987.10422683

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

When field-collected larvae ofConoderus exsulandAgrypnus variabiliswere maintained in the laboratory on insect (Inopus rubriceps) larvae, plant (germinating wheat seeds), or mixed (both larvae and seeds) diets, mortality was higher and growth rate lower (inA. variabilis) on the insect diet than the other diets. Head capsule measurements indicated at least five larval instars inC. exsul.

ISSN:0301-4223    

DOI:10.1080/03014223.1987.10422684

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Chiton aorangin. sp. from offshore islands in northern New Zealand is described and illustrated. The known distribution of the species is from the Three Kings Islands in the north to the Alderman Islands in the south. Based on an examination of the relevant types,Chiton aorangiis differentiated from its nearest relative,Chiton themeropisIredale, 1914, and from two other New Zealand species,Chiton torriSuter, 1907 andChiton pelliserpentisQuoy & Gaimard, 1835.C. aorangibroods its young, and a brief description of its reproductive biology is given.

ISSN:0301-4223    

DOI:10.1080/03014223.1987.10422685

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor