ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00906.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEighteen people with severe or profound learning disability and very serious challenging behaviour were tracked for four and a half years. Thirteen subjects moved to staffed houses in the community. A multiple time‐series design and direct observation were used to evaluate whether there was any change in staffing and staffcontact. The houses had higher staff ratios and proportionately even higher levels of assistance and other contact with clients, who showed significant improvement in engagement in meaningilil activity without overall increase in major problem behaviou

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00907.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChanges in adaptive fianctioning subsequent to a group home placement was assessed for deinstitutionalized and previously non‐institudonalized adults with mental retardation. Results indicated that both groups experienced a significant increase in overall adaptive functioning subsequent to group home placement. The results also indicated that neither group experienced a significantly greater increase in adaptive behaviour compared to the other. Additionally, it was found that the deinstitutionalized group functioned at a higher adaptive level overall than did the previously non‐institudonalized group. These results are consistent with previous research regarding the benefits of a group home placement on deinstitudonalized individuals. This research extends previous research by demonstradng that group home placements also have a signi‐ficant impact on the adapdve behaviour of previously non‐institudonalized indi

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00908.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractVisual function of an institutionalized population with intellectual disability, consisting of 70 subjects with a mean age of 70.1 (range 60–92) years at initial evaluation, was assessed during a 10‐year prospective longitudinal study. One subject had Down's syndrome and could not be assessed as a result of dementia. Lower visual acuity values were relatively overrepresented as compared to reported data from ageing populations without intellectual disability. In addition, the prevalence of moderate to severe visual impairment was distinctly higher (27.9% in the group studiedvs. 0.66% at age 60–69 years to 13% over age 80 in a population without intellectual disability). During follow‐up, visual function improved in three out of 61 subjeas (4.9%) after cataract surgery, and deteriorated in eight out of 61 subjeas (13.1%), even with optimal correction, as a result of cataract and macular degeneration. Causes of excess impairment were congenital or childhood conditions, too‐late diagnosis of glaucoma and suboptimal correction of refractive errors in non‐cooperative individuals. The present author concludes that it should be possible to reduce excess impairment by an active diagnostic and therapeutic attitude to subjects from a young

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00909.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHearing function of an institutionalized population with intellectual disability, consisting of 70 subjects with a mean age of 70.1 (range 60–92) years at initial evaluation, was assessed during a 10‐year longitudinal study. One subject had Down's syndrome and could not be assessed as a result of dementia. The total prevalence of mild to severe hearing loss (33.3% in the 60–70 age group and 70.4% in those over age 70) was comparable to reported data from an ageing populadon without intellectual disability in the United Kingdom (37%, respectively 60%), However, the proportion of moderate to severe losses might be higher (16.7%vs. 7% in the 60–70 age group and 33.3%vs. 18% in the older age group). Excess impairment was caused by severe congenital and childhood hearing impairment on one hand, and by conductive losses, probably caused by unrecognized chronic middle ear infections, superposed upon presbyacusis, on the other. Impacted ear wax was also a major problem. The incidence of new cases with hearing loss during follow‐up was 50%, After individual habituation training hearing aids were used without difiFiculdes by 20 out of 24 subjects. The importance of acdve screening and treatment of middle ear infections and hearing impairment from a

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00910.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Sexual Knowledge Interview Schedule (SKIS) is a 46‐item interview schedule with an abuse scale and knowledge scale. The knowledge scale includes feelings, body parts identification, body parts function and general sexual knowledge. The reliability of the SKIS is reported. Internal consistency for scales/subscales ranges from 0.78 to 0.96, Inter‐rater reliability was 95.3% agreement and test‐retest reliability was

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00911.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA total of 32 mentally retarded adults currently suffering from major depression were examined for the prevalence of typical and atypical depressive symptoms. In contrast to persons with severe mental handicap, all those with mild handicap could be assessed using almost all DSM‐III‐R diagnostic criteria, A depressive syndrome with increased irritableness and psychomotor agitation was found in more cases of severe than mild handicap. Both groups revealed atypical symptoms; these were more frequent amongst the severely handicapped. The atypical symptoms were mosdy emerged or increased behaviour problems, and rarely a loss of adaptive behaviour. The onset of new behaviour problems appeared equally in both groups, whereas an increase in existing behaviour problems seems typical for severe handicapped subjects. The diagnosis of major depression in mentally retarded adults should consider these featu

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00912.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA review of the life events studies relevant to people with leaming disabilities is discussed. Issues surrounding the collection of information by using a structured interview method as set out in the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule Manual and the adjustment of threat rating to accommodate the perspective of people with leaming disabilities are presented as a result of conducting a pilot study. The importance of using a probing interview style in contrast to a checklist method and eliciting the parents/carers’ perception of events is emphasize

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00913.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDweck (1991) distinguishes two different ways children can view their abilities. Children who have an ‘incremental theory’ of their ability believe that it is a changeable, increasable and controllable quantity. Those who have an ‘entity theory’ believe their ability represents a fixed, unchangeable trait. Children with an ‘incremental theory’ tend to display adaptive achievement behaviours such as pursuing challenging activities, whereas children with an ‘entity theory’ tend to avoid challenges. The present study examined the usefulness of this distinction in understanding the behaviour and affect of children with mental retardation in an achievement situation. Results from an attdbutional questionnaire showed that children with mental retardation were significantly less likely to possess an incremental theory of their abilities than children without retardation. However, experimental results showed that when the context highlighted an incremental theory of ability, children with mental retardation showed the same positive motivational response as children without retardation (i.e. they chose high levels of challenge and reported greater interest‐enjoyment). One unexpected finding emerged: children with mental retardation showed a tendency to choose lower challenge levels after no‐reinforcement condition, and actually showed the least productivity under conditions of externally imposed reinforcement. Thus, encouraging an incremental theory of ability and a capacity to provide self‐reinforcement would seem to be especially important among individuals with mental retardation, because it may help to break the cycle of dependency on the approval of others.The present authors' experimental design could have been improved by the inclusion of (i) manipulation checks, and (2) a second control group of children without mental retardation who were matched for chronological age with the children with mental retardation. The self‐report measures should have been expanded to include Dweck's measure of theories of intelligence, and perhaps, Haywood and Svitzky's Picture Motivation Scale. The level of challenge measure could have been made more sensitive by increasing the number of options available (e.g. a seven‐point rather than three‐point scale). Finally, multiple performance trials could have been used along with process measures of children's confidence in, and theories about, their ability. Such a design would allow us to more clearly identify the causal relations among the experimental manipulations, children's internal beliefs, and their sub

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00914.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe impact of a specialist community service on the lives of three people with challenging behaviour was assessed using single‐case studies. The outcome measures employed recorded changes in adaptive behaviours, challenging behaviours and staff sadsfaction with the interventions used. Improvements on the behavioural measures were observed for each client, and positive feedback was received from each of the staff groups concerned. The costs of providing these interventions in community settings were calculated and compared to the costs of alternative service option

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00915.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY