摘要:

In this paper, we introduce and initiate a formalism to represent syntactic and semantic features in logic‐based grammars. We also introduce technical devices to express feature‐checking and feature‐inheritance mechanisms. This leads us to propose some extensions to the basic unification mechanism of PROLOG. Finally, we consider the problem of long‐distance dependency relations between constituents in gapping grammars rules from the point of view of morphosyntactic features that may change depending on the position occupied by the moved constituents. What we propose is not a new linguistic theory about features, but rather a formalism and a set of tools that we think will be useful to grammar writers to describe features and their relations in gramma

ISSN:0824-7935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00066.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Situation semantics proposes novel and attractive treatments for several problem areas of natural language semantics, such as efficiency (context sensitivity) and prepositional attitude reports. Its focus on the information carried by utterances makes the approach very promising for accounting for pragmatic phenomena. However, situation semantics seems to oppose several basic assumptions underlying current approaches to natural language processing and the design of intelligent systems in general. It claims that efficiency undermines the standard notions of logical form, entailment, and proof theory, and objects to the view that mental processes necessarily involve internal representations. The paper attempts to clarify these issues and discusses the impact of situation semantics’ criticisms for natural language processing, knowledge representation, and reasoning. I claim that the representational approach is the only currently practical one for the design of large intelligent systems, but argue that the representations used should be efficient in order to account for the system's embedding in its environment. The paper concludes by stating some constraints that a computational interpretation of situation semantics should obey and discussing remaining problem

ISSN:0824-7935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00067.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Since Colmerauer's introduction of metamorphosis grammars (MGs), with their associated type‐O‐like grammar rules, there has been a desire to allow more general rule formats in logic grammars. Gap symbols were added to the MG rule by Pereira, resulting in extraposition grammars (XGs). Gaps, which are referenced by gap symbols, are sequences of zero or more unspecified symbols which may be present anywhere in a sentence or in a sentential form. However, XGs imposed restrictions on the position of gap symbols and on the contents of gaps. With the introduction of gapping grammars (GGs) by Dahl, these restrictions were removed but the rule was still required to possess a nonterminal symbol as the first symbol on the left‐hand side. This restriction is removed with the introduction of unrestricted gapping grammars. FIGG, a flexible implementation of gapping grammars, possesses a bottom‐up parser which can process a large subset of unrestricted gapping grammars. It can be used to examine the usefulness of unrestricted GGs for describing phenomena of natural languages such as free word order and partially free word/constituent order. Unrestricted gapping grammars, as implemented in FIGG, can also be used to describe grammars (or metagrammars) that utilize the gap concept, such as Gazdar's generalized phrase structure g

ISSN:0824-7935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00068.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reevaluates some of the contributions of Montague grammar in view of the increasing importance of computational considerations in linguistic theory and the demand for linguistic theories that can provide support in the design of natural language systems. It also considers Montague grammar in relation to work on lexical semantics and semantic nets. In this perspective the techniques of Montague grammar for systematically linking syntactic form and a model‐theoretic semantics emerge as the most significant feature of the theory, while a number of the specific semantic assumptions recede in importance. Yet, with different ways of thinking about the structure mapping between levels of linguistic form and interpretations (e.g., constraint systems), we can also implement this connection using different techniques from what Montague had at his disposa

ISSN:0824-7935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00069.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0824-7935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00070.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Researchers developing and validating educational products often expect the same field‐test activities to provide information on product improvement and product effectiveness. For effective and economical use of resources, these two goals, product improvement and product validation, must be stressed at different times and with different tools and strategies. This article identifies the difference in procedures and outcome between formative and summative evaluation practices and relates these practices to the development and validation of expert systems in educatio

ISSN:0824-7935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00071.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Most of the recent research on programming languages for education has been centered around the language Logo. In this paper we introduce another candidate language for learning environments, Nial, the nested interactive array language.Nial is a general‐purpose programming language based on a formal theory of mathematics called array theory. This paper introduces Nial as a language for learning programming and developing and using computer‐aided instruction tools. A comparison with Logo is provided to evaluate these two languages in terms of their strengths and weaknesses as programming environments for novice programmers. We also demonstrate that a programming environment can be both simple to leam at the novice level and extendible to a powerful and sophisticated langu

ISSN:0824-7935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00072.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The SCENT (Student Computing ENvironmenT) project is concerned with building an intelligent tutoring system to help student programmers debug their LISP programs. The major thrust of current SCENT investigations is into the design of the SCENT advisor which is meant to provide debugging assistance to novice students. Six conceptual levels constitute the advisor. At the lowest level is the “raw data,” consisting of the student's (possibly buggy) program. This can be interpreted by a “program behaviour” level which can produce traces, cross‐reference charts, etc. from the student's program. These traces, etc. can be analyzed by “observers” for interesting patterns. At the next level are “strategy judges” and “diagnosticians” which determine which strategy the student has used in his/her program and bugs in this strategy. A “task expert” provides task‐specific input into the process of analyzing the student's solution, and a “student‐knowledge component” provides student‐specific input into this process. Information from the six levels interacts in a variety of ways and control is similarly hierarchical. This necessitates a blackboard‐style scheme to coordinate information dissemination and control flow.This paper discusses the objectives of SCENT and focusses on organizing the process of debugging student programs. A complete example is given to illustrate how entities at the six levels interact and to indicate the kinds of information sharing that occur in the SCENT advisor. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of this approach to automated debugging, and suggestions abo

ISSN:0824-7935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00073.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes VP2, a system that has been implemented to tutor nonnative speakers in English. This system differs from many tutoring systems by employing an explicit grammar of its user's native language. This grammar enables VP2to customize its responses by addressing problems due to interference of the native language. The system focuses on the acquisition of English verb‐particle and verb‐prepositional phrase constructions. Its correction strategy is based upon comparison of the native language grammar with an English grammar. VP2is a modular system: its grammar of a user's native language can easily be replaced by a grammar of another language. The problems and solutions presented in this paper are related to the more general question of how modelling previous knowledge facilitates instruction in a new sk

ISSN:0824-7935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00074.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ELECTRE is a project to build an intelligent tutoring system for learning basic electricity. This paper describes a student model based on the student's cognitive processes. This model includes, for each student, his/her domain knowledge and the specific heuristics. Moreover, it uses meta‐knowledge of problem solving. This model is simulated by a knowledge‐based system that controls the solving processes by meta‐rules. A case study is pres

ISSN:0824-7935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00075.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY