摘要:

AbstractWe review the involvement of two groups of genes, oncogenes and onco‐suppressor genes, in malignant transformation. Approximately 40 oncogenes have been described mainly through studies on retroviruses and byin vitrofunctional analyses such as transfection of transforming genes into ‘normal’ cells. Because they are more difficult to identify, only a handful of onco‐suppressor genes have been described so far, but potentially they could number as many as oncogenes. Where these genes have been isolated and sequenced, they have been shown to be highly conserved among species, suggesting that these genes play an essential role in the normal cell. Although some properties of oncogenes have been identified, we do not know in detail the role these genes play in normal cells or how genetic damage contributes to malignancy. The effect of oncogene expression on a cell depends both on the cell type and on the oncogene, and in some circumstances oncogenes act as onco‐suppressor genes and vice versa. The elucidation of the mechanism of action of oncogenes and onco‐suppressor genes will not only increase our understanding of these important genes but might also provide the framework for a biological approach to the treatmen

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711570102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe distribution of amyloid P component in normal human testes from fetal life to old age was studied by a direct immunofluorescent technique on frozen sections. Amyloid P is readily and invariably detected in association with elastic fibres around seminiferous tubules and in blood vessels from the age of 30 years upwards. The same is true for most cases during the twenties, but in no case below the age of 18 was its presence demonstrable.

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711570103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe cutaneous innervation is now known to contain neuropeptides including substance P (SP) and calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP) in sensory nerves, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), principally in autonomic nerves. Skin biopsies from 100 leprosy patients and equivalent areas from 50 non‐leprosy controls were fixed inp‐benzoquinone solution for immunofluorescence staining, and in Bouin's fluid for classification of leprosy type. Antisera to the neural markers, neurofilaments, and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), and to neuropeptides were used. Cutaneous nerves and nerve endings immunoreactive for neuropeptides, neurofilaments, and PGP 9.5 were seen in all non‐leprous control cases. In leprosy, PGP 9.5‐ and neurofilament‐immunoreactive nerve fibres were seen in all 14 cases of the indeterminate (early) type and in the majority (33/43) of lepromatous cases, but in a smaller proportion (15/43) of tuberculoid cases. Neuropeptide immunoreactivity was seen in only 2/14 of the indeterminate leprosy specimens and was completely absent in other types. This early disappearance may be of diagnostic significance. Thus, cutancous sensory and autonomic dysfunctions in leprosy are well reflected by changes in nerve fibres and neur

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711570104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have studied the nuclear DNA content of histologically favourable (n= 82) or unfavourable (n= 117) non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) diagnosed between 1957 and 1978 in the Tampere University Central Hospital. The DNA analysis was done by applying a trypsin digestion method to archival tumour samples. DNA aneuploidy was seen in 40 per cent of the unfavourable cases and in 10 per cent of the favourable cases, but varied considerably between different histological subtypes. The unfavourable cases showed high proliferative activity (S‐phase fraction, SPF), while considerable variation in the SPF among the favourable NHLs was noted. Among the unfavourable NHLs, cases with DNA‐aneuploid tumours had significantly (P<0.01) worse prognosis than stage and treatment matched cases with DNA‐diploid tumours. In general, survival of the patients who had high SPF tumours was significantly lower compared with patients with low SPF tumours (P<0.01). However, SPF was not related to the prognosis in the unfavourable NHLs. We conclude that the flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed characteristic features in the favourable and unfavourable NHLs and may be useful in predicting the clinical outcome of p

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711570105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCareful ultrastructural studies of the rat model of nephrotic syndrome induced by puromycin aminonucleoside have demonstrated morphological features which are only seen in proteinuric glomeruli fixed without interruption of the blood pressure. These consist of balloon‐like swellings bounded by attenuated epithelial cell cytoplasm, with an area of bare basement membrane at the base. A theory of the mechanism of proteinuria was proposed on the basis of these findings. To test the proposed wide validity of that theory, we improved the method of surface fixation and performed similar studies in sequential manner, using chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis in the rat as a model of proteinuria. Glomeruli were studied by light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The findings were correlated with the level of proteinuria in the 24 h preceding death and with the duration of serum sickness.Epithelial cell ‘balloons’ are also demonstrated in this model, correlating with the presence of proteinuria, but with slightly different configurations from those seen in puromycin nephrosis. Surface fixation revealed similar balloons in two other models of proteinuria: a graft versus host induced model of systemic lupus erythematosus in the mouse, and chronic streptozotocin‐induced diabetes in the rat.A lengthy search failed to find bare basement membranes in any of these models of proteinuria. We conclude, therefore, that the mechanism of proteinuria proposed in puromycin nephrosis does not apply in these models, and we suggest an alternative mechanism by which the ‘balloons’ may develop, as a further manifestation of the epithelial cell dysfunction which causes foot process

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711570106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationship between the immune complex deposits of mesangial IgA nephropathy and the basement membrane components, type IV collagen and fibronectin, has been investigated by an indirect immunogold technique in four cases of mesangial IgA disease. Using paraformaldehyde‐fixed, Lowicryl K4M resin‐embedded kidney, IgA, IgM and C3 were localized in the mesangial electron‐dense deposits with 10 and 20 nm gold‐labelled secondary antibodies. In the same glomeruli, type IV collagen and fibronectin were rarely present within the electron‐dense deposits, although both were distributed throughout the remainder of the mesangial matrix with the exception of the subepithelial regions. These two components were also present within the glomerular basement membrane and localized mainly on the endothelial aspect. A similar distribution of the basement membrane components was seen in a control kidney processed in the same way.This technique gives reproducible results and has demonstrated for the first time the relationship between the mesangial immune complex deposits of mesangial IgA nephropathy and the basement membrane components of the matrix in which they

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711570107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMast cells were stained deeply in human lung tissue with acidic toluidine blue to obtain maximum numbers possible in paraffin sections. One hundred high‐power fields were counted per section, and mean and median values summarized as mast cells per mm2.Immersion‐fixed samples of fresh lung tissue (not bronchi) were taken as controls from seven patients after surgery, and showed mean values of 44.7 mast cells per mm2after formalin fixation, and 51.9 per mm2after Carnoy's fixative. Mast cell heterogeneity may explain these differences, but so could random variation between counts.In two patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis), fresh lung tissue from open lung biopsies showed raised values of 90.8 and 101.9 mast cells per mm2, matching the high mast cell counts reported in bronchopulmonary lavage fluid in the condition.Control post‐mortem lung tissue from two patients dying of non‐pulmonary diseases showed mean values of 26.1 and 50.6 mast cells per mm2. Post‐mortem lung tissue from three patients dying of asthma showed very low mean values of 4.7, 5.7, and 5.9 mast cells per mm2. Low mast cell counts due to severe degranulation have been reported before in the bronchi in asthma deaths, but not, to our knowledge, in the lung parenchyma. This finding implies a wider area of mediator release, and helps to explain the severity of the acute attack, and the fata

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711570108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMice with solid Meth A sarcoma in the skin received an intravenous or intralesional injection of graded doses of recombinant human tumour necrosis factor (rTNF). Local treatment caused red discolouration and necrosis of the central portion of the tumour within 24 h over a larger range of doses than intravenous treatment. Effects showed a limited dose dependence and no significant correlation with subsequent cures, which were far more frequent after local treatment. A dose of rTNF that induced about equal macroscopic necrosis by both routes caused much more pronounced microscopic effects after local administration. Effects included mitotic arrest, granulocyte margination, endothelial damage, hyperaemia, congestion, oedema, and tumour cell necrosis. rTNF did not affect the Meth A cellsin vitro. Locally injected skins showed moderate vascular effects which were more marked in tumour‐bearing mice, but skin necrosis was absent.Data show that quantitative histology rather than macroscopically visible necrosis correlates with cure rates. A broad interference of rTNF with tumour blood supply seems to be a major cause of the induced necrosis. Granulocytes may be involved in vascular damage. The different effects of rTNF on skin and tumour indicate that tumour vasculature has enhanced susceptibility to rTNF and probably lesser repair capacit

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711570109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe argyrophil (AgNOR) staining technique for nucleolar organizer regions was applied to both cell imprint preparations and 3 μm sections of 40 specimens of lymphoid tissue (10 normal tonsil, 10 reactive follicular hyperplasia, and 10 low‐grade and 10 high‐grade non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas). The mean AgNOR count per nucleus was higher for imprint preparations than for 3 μm sections for each group of specimens (P<0.01). The difference was particularly evident for specimens with high AgNOR counts, that is, the high‐grade non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (pooled mean AgNOR count/cell 16.3 for imprints as opposed to 6.0 for 3 μm sections,P<0.0001). Furthermore, individual AgNOR dots were much more readily discerned in cell imprints than in sections, and this appears to be the method of choice if pathologists wish to at least approachabsoluterather than relative

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711570110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711570111

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY