ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA fairly detailed mathematical analysis is presented of the generally accepted theory that the formation of large hailstones is due to the capture of under‐cooled water drops which lie in their path. It is shown that the principal factors which determine the ultimate size of a hailstone are its average density, the height at which its nucleus is formed, the average upward velocity of the air and the concentration of condensed water in the region of the atmosphere where the temperature is below 0°C. The interrelation between these various factors is shown by means of a number of curves.It is further demonstrated that the values of water content of the clouds and of upward air velocities, measured or deduced independently, are sufficient to account for the formation of hailstones at least 8 cm. in diameter.The matter of the disposal of the latent heat of the water which solidifies on the surface of the hailstone is also examined in some detail, and it is shown that this heat is disposed of quite effectively, partly by conduction to the surrounding atmosphere and partly by evaporation from the surface of the hailstone. Only in the case where the surface temperature of the hailstone approaches 0°C. does its incapability to get rid of its surplus heat act as a factor retarding its rate of growth, and consequently its ultimate s

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe year was remarkable for sunlessness generally, and also for wetness in England and Wales, b u t temperature after a cool winter remained close to normal. The result was a rather gloomy and inclement year due to lack of sunshine and excess of rain rather than to low temperature. Plants generally flowered late, all in the Midlands, nearly all in England SE., SW., and Ireland S., but were earlier in Scotland, especially in Scotland W. Floral isakairs show a late strip across southern Ireland and Wales, the Midlands and England NE., with slight earliness over a wide area in NE. Ireland, the Scottish Lowlands and East Coast. Insects were nearly all late in appearing in England, but were very erratic in Scotland and in Ireland N. Spring migrants were generally late, save in Scotland, but the earliest arrivals were early as they just escaped the cooling of April. Spring migrant isophenes show a restriction of the usual early landing areas, with a rather slow advance afterwards. The autumn migrants were mostly early in moving.

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper summarises the general criteria for the stability of a particle and of a layer in the atmosphere under conditions when condensation may bring the latent heat of water vapour into play. It discusses briefly the relationship between “Feucht‐Labilitat” (Refsdal), latent instability (Normand) and convective instability (Rossby), and gives the reasons for the introduction in India 01 the classification based on latent instability. The conditions for latent instability are defined with the aid of the tephigram, and an example is given to show how by generating latent instability within a closed system, e.g., by raising the wet‐bulb temperature in the lower layers and leaving all else unchanged, the energy available for transformation into kinetic energy may rise from zero to the equivalent of a wind of 50 mi./hr. throug‐hout the system, without taking account of the energy that may become available from the evaporation of rain‐drops, in descending air. If, however, cvaporation from rain‐drops takes place in the descending air in a thermodynamically efficient manner, the available energy in the closed system of the chosen example is nearly trebled, i.e., the equivalent average velocity rises to more t

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractKinetic energy is released when an unstable super‐adiabatic layer of constant lapse‐rate ϵΣ rights itself (where Σ is the adiabatic lapse‐rate and ϵ>I). The average kinetic energy can be computed analytically by Margules's method or graphically on the tephigram. By Margules's method a good approximate formula for the resulting average velocity is shown in this paper to bev= constant × Ap/II {(ϵ‐I)Θ)½, where II and Θ are the mean pressure and temperature of the column and Δp is the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the column. The method of the tephigram gives the average energy to be equivalent to one‐sixth the area of a parallelogram of which the diagonals are the initial and final temperature curves of the column. Some examples are numerically evaluated by these methods and the results show close agreement with values previously calculated by a longer and more laboriou

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe problem discussed is that of the mechanism for the eviction of air from tropical revolving storms. By the examination of the equations of motion it is found that this eviction could be explained by the up How of air from layers of greater velocity to those of less velocity.A proposition which may have important applications to many other problems is enumerated.

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAttention is called to certain serious gaps and obscurities in our understanding of the birth and development of the depression. The paper concludes with a discussion of the effect of isobaric curvature on wind speeds in different parts of the depression, and the resulting convergence and divergence.

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427310

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427311

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY