ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49705824302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1932

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49705824303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1932

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe main part of the paper consists of a discussion of the daily and annual variations of the ozone content of the atmosphere in any latitude up to about 50°. The ozone is treated as if it were uniformly spread through a layer of air 10 km. thick, having the same density as the air at the level of maximum ozone density. Convection and diffusion of ozone are neglected. The thermal decomposition of ozone (2O5= 3O2) is discussed, and estimated to be negligible, except possibly in connection with an eleven‐year (sunspot) variation of ozone. The ozone is supposed formed and decomposed in the 10 km. layer; formation is attributed ultimately to dissociation of O2by ultra‐violet radiation (1300‐1800Å); the ozone is supposed decomposed by longer‐wave radiation (2300‐2900Å); the intensities of radiation in these bands are supposed to be not greatly different from those that would occur in the spectrum of a black body at 6000°; the photo‐electric efficiency of the radiations is supposednotto be very low. Then, day by day, the dissociation of ozone would seriously reduce its amount, were it not compensated by rapid reformation (O + O2= O3). The fact that the daily variation of ozone is inconspicuous is used to estimate a lower limit for the rate of this recombination.In so far as dissociation (O3= O + O2) and re‐formation (O + O2= O3) balance one another, they have no ultimate effect on the amount of ozone; but new O atoms are formed by dissociation of O2, and this tends to increase the amount of ozone. This rate of increase is supposed held in check by reactions which cause the reversion of some of the O (formed from O2and O3) and O3to O2, by the reactions 2O = O2, O+O3= 2O2. These reactions occur mainly by day; most of the O atoms then present have been formed from 03. It is shown that the varying rates of these reactions can explain the observed annual variation of ozone, provided that the coefficients of reaction hav

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49705824304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1932

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is shown that the high correlation coefficients between pressure‐and temperature high up in the troposphere are closely related to the constancy of the lapse‐rate of temperature. The correlations between the mean temperature of the column up to 9 km. and the temperatures at 3 and 6 km. are very high. Some factors tending to produce a constant lapse‐rate are discussed. It is previously shown that the observed pressure‐temperature correlations do not necessarily imply a “solid current” or “barotropic” motion, but are consistent with very large changes of wind with height, both in direction and velocity, provided that these are spread through most of the troposphere and are not concentrated at a surface of discontinuity.Groups of extreme cases show that when the barometer at sea level is very low or very high the troposphere contributes about half the deviation from the mean. Both cyclones and anticyclones can be grouped into systems largely confined to the troposphere, and systems extending to the stratosphere. The argument in favour of an advectional theory is developed. It is shown that the mean pressure at 8 km. over deep cyclones is no lower than over well marked

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49705824305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1932

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA survey of the 40 years since the late Edward Mawley reorganized the Society's phenological records shows that so satisfactory were his method and selection of events for observation that later developments have followed the lines he laid down. The chief increase has been in stations, which now total to thrice the average number previous to 1920.The year 1930 was officially characterised as “A Wet Year.” In fact it was the ninth in succession, giving a total rainfall excess of 90 per cent of an ordinary year. Abnormal December and January warmth and excess of sunshine in December, 1929, and November, 1930, make very partial amends for almost continuous adverse conditions in between, save only in June and the brief spell of glorious harvest weather which ended August. Hence, for farm and garden, conditions were as a rule bad. The result on the floral calendar was that no district records were early before the convolvulus in July. Spring flowers in southern parts were almost a week late. But the floral isophenes are naturally much nearer normal than in 1929. The corresponding isakairs are early mainly over southern Scotland and north‐west Ireland; they are latest in west Ireland, central Highlands and scattered English areas. Insects and birds were late; the 20 migrants by two days. A natural exception was the very early first song of the thrush. The spring isophenes can now be compared with the chart of return movements, a matter of decided interest.Three independent and unusual events are recorded, due apparently to a very exceptional diversion of the warm Atlantic current. Finally abnormalweeklydivergences in the three main meteorological factors (cf. monthlyvalues in Tables IA‐c) have been based on definite numerical values, thus permitting in future greater precision in comparing year wi

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49705824306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1932

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49705824307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1932

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49705824308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1932

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49705824309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1932

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49705824310

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1932

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49705824311

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1932

数据来源: WILEY