ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708235102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA method is presented for calculating the energy changes involved in disturbing a layer of a dry atmosphere. The special case of complete mixing is considered in detail and it is shown that this can only occur spontaneously when the Richardson number is less than one‐half. The kinetic energy absorbed or released when a layer of any thickness and lapse rate is completely mixed can be estimated from a graph. A second graph gives the kinetic energy necessary to maintain a given temperature gradient when heat is added to or withdrawn from any given level within the layer. Application to frost prevention shows that the energy required to maintain mixing in a 100‐ft layer while heat is being lost at the base is only a small fraction of the input energy from the normal design of frost

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708235103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe upward and downward radiation flux and the heating and cooling rate in the atmosphere have been determined for the 9.6 μ band of ozone from the absorption measurements of Summerfield. Three different ozone distribution curves as well as three different temperature‐height curves have been used for these calculations. The radiations that interact with the 9.6 μ ozone band always act to cool the atmosphere from the earth's surface to a height of several kilometres and to heat the region from there to approximately 20 km. The heating or cooling rate is never larger than a few tenths of a degree Celsius per day in this region. On the other hand, from 35 to 60 km the usual order of magnitude of the cooling is 2 to 3°C/day, but the cooling rate can be considerably larger if the upper layers have a higher temperature than normal. An increase in the ozone amount at the lower altitudes may cause the surface temperature of the earth to rise several degrees Celsius in order to restore infra‐red equilibrium, if no other factors change that produce an effect upon the heat balance. The pressure broadening and overlapping of the spectral lines have been taken into account in these calculations together with all other physical phenomena that are known to be of importance to the problem. An estimate is given for the accuracy of the r

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708235104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe following paper describes some results of an investigation of local climate — based on a close network of meteorological stations — undertaken over an 18‐month period in the Reading area. Mean and extreme temperatures, and temperature distributions on selected occasions are examined in relation to the local factors involved: these are mainly the relief and the presence of the town. In particular, the relation between weather conditions and variations in minimum temperatures is considered. Diurnal temperature variations at different sites are compared. Although the local relief is slight and the urban area neither closely built up nor heavily polluted, temperature differences of up to 8°F can occur, and differences in minima of 4°–5° are common, during radiation nights. Maximum temperatures v

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708235105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCorrelation coefficients are evaluated between temperatures at 500 mb and at three levels in the lower stratosphere (highest 60 mb) and, respectively, the pressure at the tropopause and the height of the 300‐mb level for Larkhill and Lerwick for each month of the year. Similar coefficients are also given for Malta and (for different levels) for Arctic Bay for January, April, July and October. The Dines type of relationship is confirmed for those regions and seasons affected by travelling depressions and anticyclones. There is no significant correlation between similar parameters for Aden and tropical islands in the Pacific. The relation between temperature in the lower stratosphere and, respectively, the level of the tropopause and the height of the 300‐mb level decreases by a factor of 2 or more between the levels of 150 mb and 60 mb at Larkhill, Lerwick and Malta, indicating a marked decrease with height in the effect of tropospheric disturbances on stratospheric temperatures. The stratospheric correlation coefficients for Larkhill and Lerwick have a significant minimum in the win

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708235106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPerturbation theory is used to compute the vertical displacement of a uniform airstream passing over a solitary hill: first for a circular hill, then for a hill of oval section lying across the wind, obliquely to it and along it. The diagrams show contours of the vertical displacement at four different heights above the hill. It is significant that a small but steep‐sided oval hill produces almost as much displacement as a larger circular, less‐steep hill. When inclined obliquely to the airstream the pattern is very asymmetrical, the displacement being greater over the end of the hill that is farther down wind. A hill lying along the wind produces a very small eff

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708235107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe use of electron microscopy for observation and measurement of solid particles in air pollution is described, the thermal precipitator being used as sampling instrument. By using heat‐stable membranes, it is possible to distinguish combustible from non‐combustible matter, and other chemical tests can be used to distinguish different materials.The shape of the particles in air pollution is mainly spherical; the size varies from 0.01 to 1 μ, although occasional larger particles are found. Many of the spheres are aggregated and resemble carbon black.Examples are given of quantitative evaluation in terms of weight per unit volume for different size classes. The few results obtained so far show reasonable agreement with previous mass estimates based on smoke‐filter sampling. The future developments in the use of the electron microscope for studying air pollution are briefly dis

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708235108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe theory and an example is given of a method of representing a non‐circular wind distribution in which correlation exists between the departures from the means of the computed components. For it to be accurate the distribution of the components must be norma

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708235109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSome measurements of heat flux,H, at large negative Richardson number confirm and add precision to the conclusion of Priestley (1955) that heat is transported effectively by a process of free convection over a wide range of conditions. In this rangeH∝ (∂θ/∂z)3/2and the measurements lend weight to the suggestion that this regime exists when —RI1.5 mexceeds ab

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708235110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA remarkable halo complex observed in Germany in 1944 is described and theoretically discussed. There appear to be two possible crystal forms. Only one, however, with an inclination of the pyramidal faces of 25° 14′ fulfills the theoretical conditions. As far as we know there is only one other observation of a tangent are of an uncommon halo (in the Netherlands in 1933). It requires an inclination of the pyramidal face of 54° 44′, just the angle measured by Clarke (1822). In both phenomena we are concerned with similar refraction in similar plate‐shaped ice c

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708235111

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY