摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness and safety of brimonidine 0.2% (Alphagan®, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA) as mono-, combination, or replacement therapy for reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.The study method was an open-label, comparative clinical evaluation involving 2335 patients. During the 2-month trial, data were collected at baseline (visit 1), month 1 (visit 2), and month 2 (visit 3). Various parameters were evaluated, including glaucoma medications (visit 1), IOP (visit 1- visit 3), and adverse events. A subset cohort of 1254 patients was selected that met specific study criteria. Data from these 1254 patients were used to evaluate adverse events and the change in IOP from visit 1 to visit 3. Patient data were grouped according to specific drug regimen, and drug regimens were categorized into supergroups of mono-, combination, and replacement therapy.The results of the study revealed that the overall mean change in IOP for 1) monotherapy (n = 240) was −5.07 mm Hg (−20.2%), 2) combination therapy (n = 554) was −4.01 mm Hg (-16.9%), 3) replacement therapy (n = 460) was -2.33 mm Hg (-9.8%), and 4) overall (n = 1254) was -3.59 mm Hg (-14.9%) (p<0.001 for all changes). Overall, 6.0% of the subjects reported adverse events, with no hypersensitivity or unexpected systemic or ocular adverse events. Eighty-five percent (85%) of clinicians rated brimonidine as "good" to "excellent".In conclusion, brimonidine is safe and effectively lowers IOP when used as mono-, combination, or replacement therapy as observed in a large community popu

ISSN:8756-3320    

DOI:10.1089/jop.2000.16.3

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study determines the effects of laser-induced glaucoma on aqueous humor dynamics of 18 cynomolgus monkeys. Baseline measurements of 12 monkeys included intraocular pressure (IOP) by pneumatonometry, aqueous flow by fluorophotometry and outflow facility by tonography. Beginning 4 to 14 days later, the trabecular meshwork of one eye was treated repeatedly with laser photocoagulation until elevated IOP was induced. Thirty-six to 75 days after the last laser treatment, all measurements were repeated. Between 1.7 and 11.4 years after laser treatment, the same 12 monkeys plus 6 additional monkeys underwent IOP and aqueous flow measurements. In addition, outflow facility was determined with fluorophotometry, and uveoscleral outflow was both calculated (n=18) and measured with an intracameral tracer (n=7). In glaucoma eyes compared to control eyes (n=12), IOP was increased (p<0.04) by at least 8 mmHg at Time 1 (1 to 3 months) or Time 2 (3 to 4 years) after laser treatment; aqueous flow was reduced (p=0.0007) by 46% at Time 1 but returned to baseline levels at Time 2; tonographic outflow facility was reduced (p=0.0008) by 71% at Time 1. In lasered eyes compared to control eyes, fluorophotometric outflow facility was reduced (p=0.0008; n=18) by 63%, and uveoscleral outflow was increased (p<0.05), whether calculated or measured with tracers at least 1 year after laser treatment. The increased IOP in monkeys with laser-induced glaucoma was caused by a sustained reduction in outflow facility. The uveoscleral outflow increase was not enough to prevent the rise in IOP.

ISSN:8756-3320    

DOI:10.1089/jop.2000.16.19

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTNon-selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are known hypotensive agents. The purpose of the present investigation was carried out to ascertain whether rivastigmine, a selective carbamate-type inhibitor of AChE, which inhibits selectively an isoform of this enzyme found almost exclusively in the central nervous system, is able to depress the intraocular pressure (IOP) in normotensive rabbits.IOP was monitored with a TonoPen XL in conscious adult rabbits before and hourly up to 8 hr after administration of the dmg. Baseline measurements without treatment and after one single topical application of rivastigmine [1% (n=8); 2% (n=4); and 5% (n=6)] to the right eye and of the vehicle alone to the left one were performed.Rivastigmine reduced the IOP of treated eyes significantly (p<0.05) in a dose-independent manner. Maximal effects of 23.2% (5% rivastigmine), 19.6% (2% rivastigmine) and 15.2% (1% rivastigmine) were achieved 1, 3 and 5 hr after application of the drug. A non-significant reduction of IOP in the contralateral eye was also observed. Rabbits evidenced no signs of discomfort after administration of rivastigmine. No conjunctival discharge or other signs of drug related local toxicity were found.Rivastigmine, a selective antagonist of AChE, lowers IOP significantly and may thus be of potential use in glaucoma therapy.

ISSN:8756-3320    

DOI:10.1089/jop.2000.16.29

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe water drinking test (WDT) was once frequently used as a diagnostic tool for glaucoma, but not so often nowadays. In this study, we investigated the potential use of the WDT on the evaluation of trabeculectomy patency. Twenty age-matched volunteers and thirty-six glaucoma patients who were to receive trabeculectomy procedure were enrolled in this study. The WDT was given to the volunteers once and to all glaucoma patients before undergoing trabeculectomy and at certain intervals after the procedure. The WDT was performed in a standard manner. We defined four parameters after performing the WDT: Initial Pressure [IP, intraocular pressure (IOP) level before the WDT]; Slope of Ascending Trend (SOAT, the slope between baseline IOP and the highest IOP level); Peak Pressure (PP, the highest IOP level during the WDT); and End Pressure (EP, the IOP level after the WDT).It was found that the results of the WDT and trabeculectomy patency were strongly correlated. The four parameters in success and failure cases were significantly different at the last follow up: IP: (15.2 ± 3.6 vs. 25.3 ± 6.4, p<0.0l); SOAT: (0.9 ± 0.3 vs. 1.8 ± 1.2, p<0.01); PP: (19.2 ± 6.4 vs. 39.5 ± 12.2, p<0.0l); EP: (15.5 ± 4.8 vs. 29.4 ± 8.2, p<0.0l). Thus, it was observed in this study that WDT was not only easy and safe to perform, but also valuable in evaluating the patency of trabecu

ISSN:8756-3320    

DOI:10.1089/jop.2000.16.37

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTResidual primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) after iridectomy is an important issue among Asians, especially Chinese. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of latanoprost as an intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering agent in cases of residual PACG. Twenty-six eyes of 26 PACG patients with persistently elevated IOP after iridectomy, despite treatment with conventional IOP lowering drugs (beta blockers and pilocarpine) were included. Latanoprost 0.005%, one drop daily, was added adjunctively to all eyes. Measurement of IOP at baseline and after the start of treatment with latanoprost indicated a significant IOP reduction. The IOP decreased by about 21 % (p<0.005) during the first 3 months, and showed a reduction of about 36% at the end of 1 year. At the 1 -year follow up, the IOP was well controlled (below 20 mmHg) in all eyes. These findings show that, in combination with beta blockade and pilocarpine, latanoprost can ameliorate residual PACG after iridectomy and could potentially forestall the need for further therapeutic intervention.

ISSN:8756-3320    

DOI:10.1089/jop.2000.16.43

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTForty-eight young adult New Zealand albino rabbits were entrained to a daily 12-hr light and 12-hr dark cycle. Under a constant dark environment, rabbits were sacrificed at 4-hr intervals, beginning at 2 hr before the accustomed lights-on period. Eight rabbits were used for each of the 6 time points within 24 hr. Aqueous humor and vitreous humor samples were collected. Samples from one eye of each rabbit were assayed for prostaglandins D2, E2, and F2αby enzyme immunoassay. Total protein concentrations in the samples were also determined. Concentrations of prostaglandins D2and F2αin the aqueous humor were found to vary in a consistent pattern. The prostaglandin F2αconcentration increased in the early subjective light period, remained high in this period, and decreased in the subjective dark period. The prostaglandin D2concentration was elevated only in the early subjective light period. No significant change of aqueous humor prostaglandin E2level was found. Total protein concentration in the aqueous humor varied in a similar pattern as the aqueous humor prostaglandin F2α, indicating a close association between the permeability of protein across the blood-aqueous barrier and the endogenous prostaglandin F2αlevel. In the vitreous humor, concentrations of all three prostaglandin subtypes remained unchanged, as did the total protein concentration. However, vitreous humor concentrations of prostaglandin D2and F2αwere significantly higher than their concentrations in the aqueous

ISSN:8756-3320    

DOI:10.1089/jop.2000.16.49

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTExperiments were designed to study involvement of nitric oxide on vascular responses to ocular ischemia in the anesthetized rat. Anterior choroidal blood flow was measured using laser-Doppler flowmetry. In some experiments, cerebral cortical blood flow also was measured. Ischemia was produced by either occlusion of the cephalic blood supply or more locallyviaa ligature tightened around the eye stalk. Arterial blood pressure and choroidal blood flow was continuously measured before, during and after a 20 min ischemic challenge. Both methods of ischemia reduced choroidal blood flow (>90%) with no consistent ocular hyperemia seen upon reperfusion. No significant differences in response pattern between the two ischemia techniques were apparent. Treatment with the non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide (L-NAME 2 mg/kg, i.v.) did not alter either basal choroidal blood flow or the pattern of reperfusion. A larger dose of L-NAME (50 mg/kg, i.v.) reduced both basal choroidal blood flow and the final reperfusion level (most likely due to continued depression of the basal ocular choroidal blood flow). Neither D-NAME nor the neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole, altered basal anterior choroidal blood flow or the reperfusion pattern seen after reperfusion. The results confirm our previous observations that inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide lowers basal choroidal blood flow in the rat eye. However, in contrast to the cerebral circulation where L-NAME greatly attenuates initial reperfusion to the cerebral cortex, inhibition of nitric oxide synthase does not appear to notably further influence anterior choroidal reperfusion.

ISSN:8756-3320    

DOI:10.1089/jop.2000.16.55

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe ciliary epithelium secretes aqueous humor, an intraocular fluid whose production is regulated in part by transmembrane signaling pathways including those mediated by G protein-coupled receptors. Many drags, such as β-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonists and α2-AR agonists, are used to lower intraocular pressure by presumably decreasing fluid transport across this epithelium. Hence, our purpose was to establish a ciliary epithelial organ culture system suitable for the study of cell signaling pathways. A trypsin-mediated dissection method was established to isolate bovine ciliary epithelial sheets. These sheets were cultured in a 5% CO2incubator. The quality was assessed by light microscopy, by protein analysis, and by the evaluation of epinephrine-mediated phosphoinositide turnover. The cultured epithelial expiants were viable as evidenced by minimal trypan blue staining. The expiants were composed primarily of nonpigmented cells and some pigmented cells, but no other ciliary body tissues were present on histology. Membrane preparations showed proteins with a distribution from 31 to 116 kDa. Epinephrine caused a dose-dependent increase in [3H]inositol phosphates (InsPs) accumulation with a maximal increase of two- to three-fold over basal levels. This epinephrine-mediated increase was inhibited by prazosin. We established an organ culture system of isolated bovine ciliary epithelium suitable for the study of transmembrane signaling pathway

ISSN:8756-3320    

DOI:10.1089/jop.2000.16.65

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe proper choice of effective antibiotics is a mainstay for the treatment of orbital cellulitis. The lack of native data regarding the microorganism causing the infection and its antibiotic sensitivity prompted us to conduct this study.We retrospectively collected 29 cases of orbital cellulitis admitted to Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital of Kaohsiung Medical College from January 1994 to September 1998. The effectiveness of antibiotics with bacterial susceptibility was analyzed.Of the 29 cases, fifteen were male and fourteen female. The patients ranged in age from 7 months to 79 years (mean, 37.6 years). Sinusitis (9 cases, 31.0%) is the most common etiology. Fourteen cases received both medical and surgical treatments. Eighteen cases had purulent discharge from the infection areas sent for culture isolation ofthe microorganism. The culture positive rate was 50% (9 in 18 cases). TheStaphylococcus aureus(5 cases) was the most common pathogen. The bacterial susceptibility test showed drag resistance of 100% for penicillin G (seven out of seven cases; 7/7), 100% for ampicillin (10/10), and 0% for amikacin (0/3) and vancomycin (0/7).Penicillin and ampicillin are not effective for those isolated bacteria. Oxacillin and gentamicin, frequently used in first line treatment, might encounter drag resistance in some cases. Amikacin and vancomycin, without any resistance in bacterial susceptibility tests, could be used in vision-threatening, critical, and intractable cases.

ISSN:8756-3320    

DOI:10.1089/jop.2000.16.75

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe success of keratorefractive surgical procedures is limited by the wound healing process in the corneal stroma. The proliferation and matrix synthesis of corneal stromal fibroblasts is the central element ofthe wound healing process that is triggered by an initial inflammation. In order to develop new therapeutic strategies to reduce wound healing intensity, we investigated the effect of newly synthesized interleukin-1 (IL-1) blockers on the proliferation of cultured rabbit corneal fibroblasts and the ocular inflammation induced by IL-1. It was found that the addition of IL-1 blockers, such as CK-135 to CK– 145, led to a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation after 24, 48 and 72 hr of incubation. The isotope incorporation study showed that the syntheses of DNA and mRNA were suppressed whereas that of protein was enhanced or unaffected. These compounds also demonstrated a potent anti-inflammation action in the rat uveitis model. Our results indicate that CK (Chiou-Kumamoto) compounds may be valuable therapeutic agents for the prevention of postoperative complications after corneal keratorefractive surgical procedure

ISSN:8756-3320    

DOI:10.1089/jop.2000.16.81

年代:2000

数据来源: MAL