ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370130101

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article discusses legal and psychological factors relevant to the drafting of euthanasia statute for adults in the United States including legal and medical definitions of death; the distinction between passive and active euthanasia; living wills and advance directives; the psychological states found among those with a terminal illness; competency determinations; and currently proposed euthanasia models. Discussed at length are six different scenarios for which unique legal and psychological considerations apply to the euthanasia decision. The authors recommend that, if state or federal legislators draft euthanasia legislation, these factors should be incorporated into the statute.

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370130102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAttorneys, philosophers, bioethicists and health care professionals have vigorously debated how much state control there should be over an individual's or family's decision to discontinue life‐sustaining treatment. Where treatment of a minor is involved, the debate becomes even more complex. The purposes of this study were to identify cases involving the withdrawal of Life‐sustaining treatment in children, to describe the legal response to, and the management of, these cases, to examine variables that influence decision making, and to determine what legal‐ethical standards are used and how they are applied. In addition, the author reviewed the literature on children's understanding of death and competence to participate in treatment decision making and applied those findings to argue for greater involvement of children in decision making related to the use of life‐sustaining tr

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370130103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA rational methodology based on economic and psychiatric theory is presented to quantify the dollar amount of emotional damages for a wrongful death. The scope and the issue of admissibility of such hedonic damage testimony are considered. Anew scale, theLoss of Enjoyment of Life—Severity Scale(LEL‐SS), is introduced and its development is traced. The clinical evaluation of the emotional consequences of a wrongful death go beyond bereavement, encompassing depression and the more global construct of loss of enjoyment of life. To illustrate a clinical evaluation, the case of a mother in the wrongful death of her child is presented, and the dollar amount for emotional damages is calculated. To justify the hopes that this methodology will help settle cases more frequently without the need for trial, reasons are given why both plaintiffs and defendants should be interested in this appro

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370130104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGuided discretion statutes were designed to control arbitrariness and discrimination in capital sentencing. Using data from Supplemental Homicide Reports and Trial Judge Reports, this article examines the issue of racial disparity in Missouri's capital punishment process from 1977 through 1991. Findings from the three decision points examined suggest racial bias against the killers of whites, particularly if the offender is black, and a concomitant devaluation of black victims. The strongest effects noted are in the prosecutor's decision to charge homicide offenders with capital murder and to proceed to penalty trial in convicted capital murder cases. While the effects are not necessarily limited to the least aggravated categories, the effects of race are strongest when prosecutors and jurors are freed from the seriousness of the cases to consider other factors. The racial disparities are also apparent in mid‐range cases up until the sentencing stage. However, disparities occurring earlier in the process are not rectified during sentencing. In fact, in the least aggravated cases, racial disparities are magnified at the sentencing stag

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370130105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA therapist may be held liable when a patient commits suicide if previous suicidal tendencies were observed but reasonable precautions were not taken. In order to reduce liability and enhance treatment effectiveness, therapeutic decisions can be critiqued by estimating the risks and benefits associated with different courses of action. An evaluation of risks and benefits can be used to guide decisions regarding assessment, hospitalization, medications, and discharge from the hospital. A risk‐benefit analysis can help therapists utilize a broad range of treatment options while allowing patients the maximum degree of autonomy. Additionally, all aspects of treatment should be well documented, including information about the specific course of action chosen, other treatment options considered, and the therapeutic rationale for deciding which treatment plan was best suited to the patient's need

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370130106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEncounters with death have profound and indelible psychic consequences. Each encounter with the death of another is, symbolically, an encounter with one's own mortality. These psychic transformations, which Robert Jay Lifton terms the “psychology of survival,” result in the evolution and development of new modes of adaptation, thought, and feeling within the survivor and among groups of survivors.This article applies Lifton's concept of survival and death immersion to the subculture of urban policing. Few if any occupations outside the medical field entail such frequent and intense exposure to death, especially in its more unpleasant forms. The effect of such exposure on individual officers and upon the subculture as a whole can be both functional and deleterious. Themes, images and symbols of death pervade the folklore of the police subculture, and to a lesser extent, the anecdotal and descriptive academic literature of policing. Exposure to death serves a functional and integrative purpose in the socialization of young officers, constituting an important rite of passage. It also enables officers to achieve and maintain an essential and protective “professional distance” from assorted aspects of their work, including the debilitating fear of their own

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370130107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis experiment examined the moderating influence of judicial instructions on prejudicial sentencing recornmendations in a simulated videotaped rape trial. Subjects were 243 Canadian university students who were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions and asked to assume the role of juror. In the rape trial, the race of the defendant and victim were varied (either White or Black) and in half of the conditions the judge's instructions to the jury were excluded. Results indicated a 2 (defendant race) × 2 (victim race) × 2 (judicial instructions) interaction with interracial rape generating longer sentence recommendations in the presence of judicial instructions and intra‐racial rape eliciting longer sentence allotment in the absence of judicial instructions. Results are contrasted with reports on juror decision‐making in th

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370130108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY