ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185681

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Don Des Jarlais is the Director of Research at the Chemical Dependency Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center in New York, USA. He was interviewed in Sydney, Australia, in March 1992 by Alex Wodak, Director of the Alcohol and Drug Service, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185691

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study reports the results of a survey conducted in Perth (Western Australia) to assess public perceptions of the concepts of server responsibility and server liability. Eleven hundred and sixty persons aged 16 and over were asked if they thought licensees and barstaff should be held partly responsible when someone becomes intoxicated on licensed premises, or licensees and barstaff should be partly liable for injuries caused by an intoxicated person after leaving licensed premises. Results indicate that, on average, few people agreed to either proposition, despite an overwhelming majority believing that continuing to serve an intoxicated person increases the risk of an accident. However, when analysed by category of respondent, non‐drinkers and persons aged over 30 were significantly more likely to agree with licensees and barstaff being partly responsible for someone becoming intoxicated, and for them to be partly liable in the case of an accident involving an intoxicated customer. The results of this survey indicate the need for education programmes to convince the public that excessive alcohol consumption and the resulting harm is not merely the responsibility of the individuals concerned, but is also the responsibility of those groups and individuals involved in the promotion, marketing and sale of alcohol. We suggest that such education campaigns might best be targeted at those groups where least support was found, young drinkers (18‐24 years) and the servers of alco

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185701

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo examine the extent to which hotel patrons drink in excess of current health recommendations, and to identify risk factors for excessive drinking, hotel patrons were invited to participate in a survey of social drinking, which included a free breath test. Patrons were approached at 15 min. intervals, and 1000 subjects were studied. Amongst this group of hotel patrons interviewed, 1 in 2 had consumed alcohol in excess of the daily limit recommended by the National Health&Medical Research Council. One in 10 intending drivers had a BAC over the legal limit. Excessive drinking and drink driving appear to be prevalent amongst hotel patrons, and hotels should be targets for interventions designed to reduce these problems. For example, the National Guidelines for the Responsible Serving of Alcohol should be more widely practised.

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185711

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA general population sample of 5126 New Zealanders aged 15‐45 was surveyed in late 1990 to determine their use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other illicit drugs. The results show that alcohol and tobacco are the most commonly used drugs. Cannabis had been tried by 43% of the sample, and this level of use appears similar to that in Australia and the United States. Hallucinogens were the next most common illicit drug and had been tried by 8% of the sample. Again the New Zealand rates appear similar to those for the United States or Australia. Much lower levels of use were reported for stimulants, opiates, tranquillizers and solvents than for other illicit drugs. The New Zealand prevalence rates for these substances are lower than those in the United States. The rates for these other classes of drugs are more similar to Australia, but may be slightly lower for stimulants, tranquillizers and solvent

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185721

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractVolunteer subjects were assigned to receive a mixture of the intoxicating substance, kava, in a mixture with fruit juice, or juice alone. Subjects then undertook tasks of acute cognitive functioning, including reaction time and tracking tasks, and a measure of body sway. Heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure were recorded and subjects were asked to rate their degree of intoxication and complete a stress/arousal check list. Subjects receiving kava reported feelings of intoxication which peaked approximately one hour after kava ingestion. Compared to the group receiving juice alone, the group receiving kava also had increased body sway. There were no other statistically significant differences between groups, although the mean cognitive performance of the group receiving kava was generally poorer.

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185731

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA survey of drug use among Israeli army personnel was conducted as part of a national survey of drug use initiated by the Anti Drug Authority of Israel during 1990. One thousand one hundred and twenty‐five male and female soldiers from various units and ranks were selected by the use of randomized cluster sampling. Seventy to eighty‐five per cent of the soldiers presented negative attitudes towards the use of illicit drugs and its users. Only 67 (6.1%) soldiers reported the use of some illicit drugs in the last 30 days; half of them started to use drugs before the age of 18. The main reported use was of hashish, marijuana and tranquillizers. The use of opium, heroin, cocaine was rarely reported. The use of cigarettes and alcohol within the last 30 days was much higher and was reported by 44.6% and 69.0% of the soldiers, respectively. Using multiple logistic regression analysis it was shown that illicit drug use in the last 30 days was significantly associated with higher number of individuals per household, less satisfaction with military service, and positive attitudes towards the use of drugs. The results of the present study, along with a comparison with different populations that were surveyed parallel to our research indicate that military service in the Israel Defence Force (IDF) is not associated with significant use of illicit drugs. Our results indicate the need for more attention to alcohol and cigarette use among army person

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185741

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMethadone is currently the only opioid available for the pharmacotherapy of opioid dependence. Cross‐tolerance between methadone and other opioids constitutes the pharmacological basis for substitution and attenuating the effects of illicit opioid use. However, these principles limit the utility of methadone. Potential alternative opioids include long‐acting partial agonists such as buprenorphine and pure antagonists such as naltrexone. Buprenorphine is an alternative to methadone with intermediate intrinsic efficacy. It has a large margin of safety, yet displays some agonist actions similar to methadone. It has greater potential than methadone to safely and effectively block the actions of illicit opioids. Naltrexone is a safe, convenient opioid‐antagonist for use following detoxification from opioid agonists. Its main use is to block the actions of other opioids, thereby attenuating or eliminating illicit use during treatment. However, it is poorly accepted by many clients, limiting its application to a sub‐group who are highly motivated to detoxify. The distinct pharmacological properties of these opioids can overcome some of the drawbacks of methadone, but other limitations may emerge. Non‐opioid adjuncts such as α2‐adrenoceptor agonists can also have a role during detoxification. These drugs might be of use for specific groups of opioid users, providing therapists with the flexibility to tailor pharmacotherapy to the individual need

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185751

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper the literature on patterns of use of alcohol by teenagers is reviewed. The model as proposed by Thorley is used to describe the specific nature of alcohol problems experienced by young people. A systemic approach to prevention is explored and recommendations are made about ways to minimise the harm associated with alcohol use by young people.

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185761

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNeurotransmitter receptor studies are beginning to be applied more widely to human brain tissue obtained at autopsy. By taking tissue from well‐documented cases which have been extensively characterized on histological and morphometric criteria, it is becoming possible to make clinicopathological correlations in studies of the effects of chronic alcohol abuse. Recent findings of alterations in the nature and amounts of amino acid neurotransmitter receptors in alcoholism are summarized, with special emphasis on the effects of chronic severe liver disease. There are selective changes in receptors in the superior frontal cortex of alcoholics. There is a marked increase in the density of the GABA binding site, and a lesser change in the density of the ‘central‐type’ benzodiazepine site, on the GABAA‐benzodiazepine receptor complex. In contrast, glutamate receptors may be much less affected. Together with morphological and cognitive studies, the results suggest that the superior frontal cortex is preferentially damaged in chronic alcoholism. An increase in ‘central‐type’ benzodiazepine sites in both superior frontal cortex and motor cortex in cirrhotic alcoholics may reflect a more global brain damage, as observed in morphological studies. However, it should be noted the changes in [3H]GABA/muscimol binding were less pronounced in cirrhotic alcoholics than in non‐cir

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185771

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY