摘要:

OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr.James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death.He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate.HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9305500233

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr.James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death.He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate.HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn.These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members.EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr.James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9305500234

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr.James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death.He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate.HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9305500237

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr.James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death.He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate.HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn.These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members.EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr.James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death.He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate.HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry.His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members.EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century.An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list.James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service.For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century.An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer.Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry.His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE.JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn.These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death.He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order.In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech.,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century.An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate.HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn.These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion.I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order.In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts.He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century.An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9305500238

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

248 KENT-JONES AND AMOS PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE Preliminary Studies in the Bacteriology of Wheat and Flour. BY D. W. KENT-JONES Ph.D. B.Sc. F.I.C. AND A. J. AMOS B.Sc. A.I.C. (Read at the Meeting February 5th 1930.) I N T R ~ D ~ ~ T I O N .-Bacteriological work in connection with cereals has not involved a systematic study of wheat and flour but has been devoted mainly to the study of either the bacteriology of bread (especially “ropy” bread) or the role played by bacteria in panary fermentation. The most important references, omitting those dealing with “ropy ” bread which are too numerous for inclusion, are :-Boutroux (1883) (1891) ; Laurent (1885) ; Dunnenberger (1888) ; Peters (1889); Popoff (1890); Lehmann (1894); Holliger (1902). In view of this a more general investigation of the bacterial flora of wheat and in particular of flour, has been carried out.experiments of this investigation were concerned with the preparation of plate cultures from flour in order to obtain an enumeration of the bacteria per grm. of flour; the experience of the authors is that the existing method for such an enumeration (A.A.C.C. 1928) is by no means satisfactory. Preliminary trials indicated that normally milled flours contained 2000 to 200,000 blood-heat organisms per grm. th; actual figure depending on the grade of the flour. Since it has been shown (Hill 1908; Breed and Dotterer 1916) that the number of colonies on an agar plate should lie between 20 and 200 in order that the count may be accurate it followed that with normal flours the agar plates would need to be prepared from 0.01 to 0.001 grm.for the resulting counts to be accurate. Of course in the case of badly contaminated flours the quantity used would have to be even less than 0.001 grm. EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON THE ENUMERATION OF BACTERIA .-The earlie BACTERIOLOGY OF WHEAT AND FLOUR 249 On the other hand it was imperative that a reasonably large quantity of flour should be taken from the sample in order to reduce errors due to non-uniformity in the distribution of the bacteria. These two factors made it obvious that a dilution method would have to be employed. For the success of such a method however it was essential that on shaking the flour with water all the bacteria present in the flour should be detached and distributed throughout the liquid.As the flour particles are comparatively large and of a nature tending to cause “clumping” of the bacteria it was decided to add sterile sand to the mixture before shaking was commenced after the manner privately communicated to us by Dr. Hoffmann. It was also decided to investigate to what extent the replacement of ordinary nutrient agar by media containing cereal extracts affected the final count. Attempts to make satisfactory agars from wheat-meal or patent flour were unsuccessful ; the heating during sterilisation caused the formation of flocculent precipitates which rendered the medium totally unfit for the preparation of plates. It seemed very probable in any case that growth upon these media would have been poor since 100 C.C. of the aqueous extract even in the case of the wheat-meal, contained only 0.005 grm.of nitrogen. Owing to the difficulty of preparing easily a satisfactory wheat-meal agar it was decided to employ corn-meal agar a dehydrated form of which was on the market, In order t o compare the two media a number of flours were taken and from each a series of dilutions was made. From each of the final dilutions corn-meal agar and nutrient agar plates were then prepared. It was observed with the corn-meal agar plates (as had been anticipated with regard to the wheat-meal agar) that growth on this medium was much slower than on nutrient agar. After forty-eight hours the majority of the colonies were still punctiform and consequently accurate counting was extremely difficult. In order to obtain a reasonably satisfactory count it was necessary to incubate the plates for four to five days.In all cases the corn-meal agar plates gave higher counts than the corre-sponding nutrient agar plates. That the higher results furnished by the corn-meal agar plates were not due to the lower pH value of this medium (the corn-meal agar was adjusted to pH 6.1 and the nutrient agar to $H 7.6) is shown by the figures of Table I. TABLE I. EFFECT OF THE REACTION OF NUTRIENT AGAR ON THE NUMBER OF COLONIES OBTAINED FROM FLOUR EXTRACTS. Colonies of nutrient Colonies on nutrient Flour. agar at pH 7-6. agar a t pH 6-1. A.301 A.302 U.271 C.530 2 29 31 33 1 12 8 2 250 KENT-JONES AND AMOS PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE At first sight these results may seem surprising since the pH of a flour sus-pension is about 6-2 and that of a whole wheat extract about 6.5.It must be remembered however that for many of the organisms wheat or flour is not the natural environment. It is extremely likely that many of the organisms present on wheat and flour are soil organisms and many of these have been found to have an optimum$H of between 7.0 and 8.0. These experiments proved conclusively that the higher counts obtained with corn-meal agar a t $H 6.1 when compared with nutrient agar a t p H 7.6 were certainly not due to the lower pH value of the former medium. The explanation of this difference was furnished by an experiment in quite another connection. In order to test the efficiency of our dilution method with regard to freedom from aerial contamination during manipulation we decided to carry out several “blank ” experiments.These experiments were made in the same way as ordinary determinations with the exception that the flour was omitted. Surprising results were obtained; whereas “ blank” nutrient agar plates were perfectly sterile all the “ blank ” corn-meal agar plates contained colonies of bacteria the number varying from 10 to 30. Since the sterility of the nutrient agar plates proved that no bacterial contamination took place during manipulation the colonies on the corn-meal agar plates could only be due to bacteria pre-existing in the tubes of the medium. To test this point a tube of the medium was placed in the blood-heat incubator and after several days colonies were visible.These tubes of corn-meal agar had been sterilised in exactly the same way as the tubes of nutrient agar viz. ten minutes in a Koch steriliser on each of three successive days ; obviously this was not sufficient. A tube of this corn-meal agar was given a further heating of 30 minutes’ duration in the Koch steriliser. A blank experiment was then made and from the final dilution plates were prepared with nutrient agar corn-meal agar that had received the usual sterilisation and corn-meal agar that had received a further 30 minutes’ sterilisation. Whereas the nutrient agar plate was sterile the ordinary corn-meal agar plate furnished fifteen colonies and the plate from the corn-meal agar which had received the extra 30 minutes’ heating showed twelve colonies.These experiments showed that corn-meal agar unlike the common media, was not rendered sterile by the action of steam at 100” C. and further that the number of colonies obtainable on a blank corn-meal agar plate due to this imperfect sterilisation was sufficient to account for the higher results furnished by the use of this medium. Confirmatory evidence of the inefficiency of sterilisation by steam at 100” C. in the case of corn-meal agar was obtained later from the examina-tion of some old tubes of this medium. After six weeks’ storage in covered re-ceptacles a t room temperature every tube of corn-meal agar contained colonies of bacteria (some tubes containing as many as twenty colonies) whereas tubesof nutrient agar stored under similar conditions were prefectly sterile at the end of three months BACTERIOLOGY OF WHEAT AND FLOUR 251 It is possible that complete sterility of corn-meal agar can be effected by means of an autoclave but this point was not investigated.From a consideration of the foregoing results we formed the opinion that the adoption of nutrient agar as the medium for the enumeration of the blood-heat organisms in flour was advisable. To recapitulate the main advantages of nutrient agar over corn-meal agar are :-The reaction of nutrient agar (PH 7.6) is more suitable for the growth of flour organisms than is the reaction of corn-meal agar (PH 6.1). The rate of reproduction of the organisms is much greater on nutrient agar than on corn-meal agar; whereas a nutrient agar plate can be counted at the end of 48 hours a corn-meal agar plate requires to be incubated for at least four to five days.The action of steam at 100" C. for ten minutes on three successive days renders nutrient agar completely sterile but does not cause sterility in corn-meal agar. During our preliminary investigations we used sterile distilled water for making the dilutions. The reason for this was that owing to the extreme hardness of the tap water in our district it was necessary to boil and filter it previous to sterilisation. According to Waksman (1927) however the use of distilled water in the pre-paration of dilutions has an injurious effect (Waksman refers to this effect as plasmolysis but we prefer the term plasmoptysis since the effect is the reverse of plasmolysis) .In order to test this point three similar series of dilutions were made from a sample of flour distilled water boiled and filtered tap water and 0.5 per cent. sodium chloride solution in distilled water respectively being used. From the final dilution in each case duplicate nutrient agar plates were prepared. The results obtained are given in Table 11. TABLE 11. EFFECT ON THE FINAL COUNT OF USING DIFFERENT LIQUIDS IN THE PREPARATION OF THE DILUTIONS. Sodium chloride (0-5 per cent.). Distilled Tap Sample. water. water. - - - Plate 1. Plate 2. Plate 1. Plate 2. Plate 1. Plate 2. A. 284 309 305 314 376 392 B. 18 14 22 20 19 19 The results of these two experiments showed that the use of distilled water tended to give slightly low counts. In our opinion 0.5 per cent.sodium chloride solution besides giving satis-factorily high counts has the additional advantage that it is standard in com-position and hence batches made up in different laboratories will be similar 252 KENT-JONES AND AMOS PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE The final method adopted for the enumeration of blood-heat organisms in flour was as follows: A wide-mouthed glass-stoppered bottle of 8-oz. capacity two narrow-mouthed glass-stoppered bottles of 4-02. capacity and a 100 C.C. measuring cylinder are thoroughly cleaned. The measuring cylinder is plugged with cotton-wool and then together with the bottles is placed in the hot-air steriliser. One 1-c.c. and two 5-C.C. pipettes are cleaned plugged with cotton-wool and inserted in a metal container which is then also placed in the hot-air steriliser.The steriliser is then raised to a temperature of 150" C. and maintained thus for 1 hour. A 0.5 per cent. solution of sodium chloride in distilled water is prepared and sterilised by steaming for two hours. By means of the measuring cylinder 100 C.C. of the sterile salt solution (after cooling) are measured into the 8-02. bottle and 45 C.C. into each of the 4-02. bottles. Ten grms. of purified sand are ignited strongly in a platinum capsule and poured while hot into the bottle containing the 100 C.C. of the salt solution. Ten grms. of the flour are weighed out on a sterile watch-glass and trans-ferred by means of sterile paper to this same bottle. The bottle is then shaken vigorously for two minutes. When the bulk of the sand has settled (it settles very rapidly) one of the sterile 5 C.C.pipettes is used to transfer 5 C.C. of the suspension to one of the bottles which contain 45 C.C. of the salt solution. The bottle is then shaken vigorously. Then by means of the remaining sterile 5 C.C. pipette 5 C.C. of the liquid are transferred to the remaining bottle which is vigorously shaken. Finally 1 C.C. of this liquid is transferred by means of the sterile 1 C.C. pipette to a sterile Petri dish. A 10 C.C. tube of sterile nutrient agar is melted in boiling water allowed to cool to 45" C. the plug removed the neck of the tube "flamed," and the contents of the tube poured into the Petri dish. The agar and the extract are mixed by rocking the dish which is then placed on a flat surface while the agar solidifies.The dish is then placed in an inverted position in a blood-heat incubator (37" C.). A count is taken at the end of 48 hours. It will be observed that the investigations so far have only dealt with blood-heat organisms. This restriction was intentional however and was made for two reasons. In the first place it had been observed that the count of blood-heat organisms was more consistent for any given grade of flour than was the corre-sponding count of " cool " organisms. Secondly the incubation of gelatin plates (at 20" C.) is not an easy matter during the hot weather unless an ice supply is available. However the method for the enumeration of the cool organisms is carried out as for blood-heat organisms except that a nutrient gelatin plate is pre-pared from the final dilution.The gelatin plates are counted at the end of forty-eight and seventy-two hours. The count is taken at the end of forty-eight hours, since it may happen that a t the end of seventy-two hours liquefaction of the medium has so progressed as to make a count out of the question. Plates prepared by the method described are taken as corresponding to 0.001 grm. of flour and the count obtained multiplied by 1,000 is regarded as the number of blood-heat (or cool as the case may be) organisms per grrn. of the flour. In the case of contaminated flours of course such plates might be over-crowded. In this event a higher dilution (prepared as already described) should be used BACTERIOLOGY OF WHEAT AND FLOUR 253 In order to determine to what extent a count could be relied upon-not as regards its mathematical accuracy but rather from the point of view of its usefulness as a routine test-duplicate plates were prepared from the final dilutions of several flours.Typical results obtained were:-376 and 392; 19 and 19; 55 and 61; 165 and 157 for counts on duplicate nutrient agar plates; and 14 and 17; 105 and 85; 13 and 15; 14 and 12 for counts on duplicate nutrient gelatin plates. The agreement is seen to be quite good in the case of both “blood-heat ” and “ cool” organisms. Plates prepared from duplicate ten grm. quantities of the same sample gave counts as follows:-25 and 34 13 and 20 152 and 161 8 and 13 for blood-heat organisms; and 16 and 13; 70 and 100; 28 and 38; 95 and 148 for cool organisms.As might be expected from the probable non-uniformity of distribution of the bacteria in the samples these latter results do not agree so closely as those obtained on duplicate plates from the same dilution. The above results show however that this method is capable of providing reliable figures for the approximate number of blood-heat and cool organisms present per unit quantity of flour. Owing to the trouble experienced with gelatin plates during hot weather when an ice supply is not available we investigated the possibility of using nutrient agar for the routine enumeration of the cool organisms in flour. The results in-dicated that nutrient agar is likely to give results comparable with those of nutrient gelatin. Corresponding to “cool” organism counts on nutrient gelatin of 8 24, 67 and 102 nutrient agar incubated at 20-22” C.furnished counts of 6 22 73, and 113. The possible disadvantage attached to the use of nutrient agar of course, is that no indication can be obtained as to the ratio of liquefying to non-liquefying organisms. BACTERIAL CONTENT OF FLOURS.-B~ the use of the method finally evolved, the number of blood-heat and cool organisms per grm. of flour for various flours was determined. These flours were taken direct from a mill stream in sterile receptacles. The samples were taken over a period of several weeks during which time the mill was running satisfactorily and the wheat blends had received normal treatment as regards cleaning washing and conditioning. The results obtained are collected in Table 111.(For Table I I I . see page 254.) From a consideration of these figures it might be assumed that for a given mill it would be possible to indicate the approximate bacterial content of the various grades of flour. This is not the case however since there are so many varying factors in the milling process each one of which is likely to affect the bacterial content of the final flour. For instance the bacterial content of the flour from a mill will be affected by a change in the wheat-blend the amount of washing the wheats receive the length of time that the wheats remain in th 254 KENT-JONES AND AMOS PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE damping and conditioning bins and their temperature and moisture content while they are there. TABLE 111. NUMBER OF BLOOD-HEAT AND COOL ORGANISMS PER GRM.OF VARIOUS FLOURS TAKEN DIRECT FROM A MILL STREAM IN STERILE RECEPTACLES. Flour. Number of bacteria per grm. growing on : Nutrient Nutnen\t agar at gelatin at 37" c. 20" c. Sample 1. 8,000 6,000 9 2. 10,000 16,000 , 5. 9 6. , 7-5,000 -6,000 -5,000 -5,000 -Patent (top 50 per cent. of > J 3' - total flour). , 4. 8,000 Long Patent (top 70 per cent. Sample 1. 8,000 54,000 of total flour). , 2. 5,000 70,000 Sample 1. 30,000 -Straight run flour (about 72 per , 2. 35,000 -26,000 -cent. extraction). 9 3. 23,000 65,000 76,000 9 4' - ,? 5. '' A " machine, Sample 1. 5,000 -6,000 - , 2. , 3. 5,000 40,000 "C" machine (purest stock in Sample 1. 3,000 -3,000 - mill). 9 2. J f 3. 3,000 3,000 '' H " reduction machine.16,000 30,000 Bottom 30 per cent. of mill. 39,000 144,000 IVth break flour 280,000 300,000 Table IV gives results which illustrate the effect of several of these factors upon the bacterial content of the flour. The patent straight run and lVth break flours of each grind were taken direct from the mill stream in sterile receptacles at approximately the same time. Each grinding investigated had received some what abnormal treatment in the respect stated and a comparison of the bacterial content of the resulting flours with those of corresponding grades milled normally (Table 111) shows the effect of the conditions which are not quite usual or normal BACTERIOLOGY OF WHEAT AND FLOUR TABLE IV. BACTERIAL CONTENT OF FLOURS FROM WHEAT BLENDS THAT HAD BEEN SUBJECTED TO CONDITIONS NOT USUALLY NORMAL.255 Number of organisms growing on : Flour. Patent. Straight run. IVth break. Patent. Straight run. IVth break. Straight run. Type of unusual condition. Remained in conditioning bins for 50 hours instead of usual 16 hours. Moisture content while in bins = 17.3 per cent. Remained in damping bins for 50 hours instead of usual 4 to 8 hours. Taken from a small mill in which no washing process was included in the wheat cleaning plant. Blend contained considerable quantity of Karachi wheat. Nutrient Nu trieni agar a t gelatin at 37" c. 20" c. 52,000 200,000 140,000 475,000 728,000 880,000 34,000 130,000 437,000 1,192,000 The results obtained with all the flours of Table I11 and IV show that the contamination of the flour with both blood-heat and cool organisms increases greatly as the grade of the flour becomes lower.Also that lengthening the time of conditioning not washing etc. are factors which increase the bacterial con-tamination. Further it is seen that in practically every case the number of cool organisms present is considerably in excess of those that thrive at blood-heat. In Table V are given the figures obtained for a number of flours received from various mills in other parts of the country over a period of about six months. These samples were taken in ordinary cotton flour bags without any special pre-cautions being employed. Before the actual tests were performed the samples had in most cases been standing open in a laboratory for several days.Thus the initial bacterial content (at the time of milling) had been liable to alteration in two ways. In the first place the number of bacteria would have tended to increase by aerial and other contamination; while secondly the initial count would have tended to decrease. This latter effect is one natural to the storage of flour and will be considered later. The various mills are represented by reference letters which precede the number of the sample. (For Table V . see page 256.) From a consideration of these f gures it is suggested that in the case of mi 11s using an average blend of wheats 2nd cleaning and conditioning this blend in a normal manner the patent flour should contain a t the time of milling not more than 20,000 blood-heat organisms per grm.and the straight run flour not mor 256 KENT-JONES AND AMOS PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE than 50,000. It will be observed that with the majority of the normally milled flours of Table V the number of blood-heat organisms present is considerably below the suggested limit. In two instances in which the limit is exceeded (M.399 and M.416) the wheat was known to have been conditioned too much and, since conditioning is (from a bacteriological point of view) tantamount to an incubation it was to be expected that the bacterial content would in these cases, be definitely increased. In the other case in which the suggested limit was exceeded namely R.65 no particulars were given; but unless the finished flour was accidentally contaminated it is almost certain that the wheat had either received a long conditioning or had been insufficiently cleansed.TABLE V. BACTERIAL CONTENT OF VARIOUS FLOURS FROM Two TO TEN DAYS OLD. No PRECAUTIONS TAKEN TO EXCLUDE CONTAMINATION. Flour. A.296. A.298. A.301. A.311. A.313. A.299. A.302. A.312. A.314. C. 520. C . 538. C . 521. C. 695. BZll90. BZ/193. BZ/213. "M.399. M.400. M.416. R.53. R.65. U.271. AZ/50. Glg.80. PZ/3. Description. Patent . . ditto . . . . ditto . . ditto . . ditto . . Straight run less top patents ditto ditto ditto Patent . . ditto . . ditto 90 per cent. bottom of mill ditto Straight run . . Straight run Straight run . . ditto ditto Straight run .. ditto Straight run . . Patent . . Straight run . . Straight run . . . . . . . . . . * . . . Number of organisms growing on : agar at gelatin at 3 7 O c. 20° c. 4,000 8,000 6,000 16,000 2,000 -19,000 24,000 11,000 13,000 85,000 29,000 30,000 85,000 23,000 11,000 47,000 6,000 -17,000 77,000 43,000 87,000 10,000 26,000 12,000 30,000 6,000 -97,000 43,000 17,000 58,000 83,000 120,000 5,000 32,000 157,000 122,000 31,000 -19,000 33,000 104,000 37,000 98,000 Nutrient r-----* The mill which forwarded these samples had recently installed a new type of conditioner, and during the time that these samples were received experiments upon its use were frequently carried out.These experiments often resulted in the wheat receiving abnormal conditioning both as regards time and temperature and this abnormal treatment is reflected in the figures above BACTERIOLOGY OF WHEAT AND FLOUR 257 Suggested limits for the cool organisms have been purposely omitted since the number of cool organisms present in a particular grade of flour seems to be subject to rather great variations. It may be stated in passing that although the evidence obtained suggests that normally milled flours will have bacterial contents within the proposed limits yet all the flours in Table V which greatly exceeded these suggested limits behaved quite normally during fermentation and yielded satisfactory loaves. EFFECT OF STORAGE ON BACTERIAL CONTENT.-The next point investigated was the effect of storage upon the bacterial content of flour.In the preliminary experiment samples of patent straight run and IVth break flours were taken from a mill stream and placed in cotton bags; each bag contained about 2 lbs. of flour. After the bacterial contents of the samples had been determined the bags were tied up and placed in the flour storage department of the mill. The deter-mination of the bacterial content was then repeated periodically. The results are given in Table VI. The large number of bacteria initially present in the flour is due to the fact that the wheat from which they were milled had lain in the conditioning bins over the week-end. TABLE VI. EFFECT OF STORAGE ON THE BACTERIAL CONTENT OF FLOUR.Sample. Organisms. Length of storage in days : r - ~~ 0. 7. 14. 72. Patent. Blood-heat . 52,000 13,000 11,000 10,000 Cool. 200,000 * 76,000 -Cool. 475,000 160,000 96,000 -Straight run. Blood-heat. 140,000 75,000 55,000 26,000 IVth break. Blood-heat . 728,000 240,000 200,000 172,000 - Cool. 880,000 438,000 400,000 These figures show that under normal conditions of storage both the blood-heat and the cool organisms decrease considerably in number. In order to obtain information upon the effect of temperature and atmospheric conditions upon this lowering of the bacterial content another experiment was made. Three similar flours namely a patent straight run and a IVth break were used and the samples were taken direct from a mill stream. As soon as the plates for the enumeration of the bacteria had been prepared each sample was divided into two portions, which were placed in cotton bags.One series of bags was stored in the same flour store as was used previously while the other set was stored in the bacterio-logical laboratory. The bacteria1 content of each sample was then determined at the end of 26 days and 70 days’ storage respectively. The temperature and humidity of the atmosphere in both storage places were determined at intervals, as also was the moisture content of the samples. The results are collected in Table VII 258 KENT-JONES AND AMOS PRELIMINARY STUDIES I N THE TABLE VII. CONDITIONS. DECREASE IN BACTERIAL CONTENT OF FLOURS UNDER DIFFERENT STORAGE Flour. Patent. Straight run. IVth break.Place of storage. Mill. Lab. Mill. Lab. Mill. Lab. Mill. Organisms. Blood-heat . Cool. Blood-heat . Cool. Blood-heat . Cool. Blood-heat. Cool. Blood-heat . Cool. Blood-heat. Cool. Length of storage in days: 0. 30,000 43,000 30,000 43,000 118,000 100.000 118,000 100,000 150,000 480,000 150,000 480,000 26. 11,000 30,000 7,000 14,000 25,000 61,000 15,000 50,000 53,000 2 15,000 40,000 131,000 70. 2,000 9,000 6,000 6,000 7,000 13,000 7,000 15,000 24,000 19,000 --Conditions of storage during first 26 days: Arelativehumidity. Av. temperatur;. 77.5 Der cent. 15.5' C. Per cent. decrease in first 26 days. 63 30 76.5 67.5 79 39 87 50 64.5 55 73 71 Laboratory.6 5 ~ 0 ~ , 20*0" c. The moisture contents of the samples when taken from the mill stream were as follows:-Patent 13.58; straight run 13.48; IVth break 13-84 per cent. The samples stored in the mill experienced very little alteration in their moisture content during storage; the greatest variation from the initial figure that occurred was 0.3 per cent. The higher temperature and lower humidity of the atmosphere in the laboratory however caused a considerable decrease in the moisture contents of the samples stored there. At the end of the 26 days' storage, the moisture contents had all dropped by about 1 per cent. and a t the end of 70 days' storage by about 2 per cent. The figures of Table VII considered in conjunction with the conditions of storage and their effect upon the moisture contents of the flours yield some in-teresting information.In the first place it is seen that during the first 26 days of storage for which period the atmospheric conditions were known the samples stored in the laboratory suffered a greater diminution in the number of blood-heat and cool organisms than did the corresponding mill samples. Thus although the temperature of the laboratory was higher than that of the mill the bacteria in the laboratory samples died off a t a greater rate than those in the mill samples. This indicates that the moisture content of the flour is a more important factor than the air temperature in the lowering of the bacterial content during storage. Another fact provided by the figures is that in all cases the blood-heat organisms died off a t a greater rate than the cool organisms.This can be see BACTERIOLOGY O F WHEAT AND FLOUR 259 more clearly by reference to the last column of the table where the percentage decrease during the first 26 days is given. These figures are necessarily only approximate since the method only gives approximate figures for the number of organisms present but they serve to illustrate the point under consideration. Apart from spore-forming bacteria it would be expected of course that the blood-heat organisms would die off at the greater rate since even in the laboratory, the temperature is further removed from the optimum for blood-heat organisms than from the optimum for the cool ones. The apparent self-sterilisation of flour during storage may be of considerable interest to the milling trade.SPECIFIC ORGANISMS :-lests for Presumptive B. CoZi.-The next point investigated was the possibility of testing flour for the presence of specific organisms that are usually considered as indicators of pollution. A number of presumptive B. coli tests were carried out on various flours and in the case of one of the positive tubes the organisms were sub-cultured and examined. They were found to give Houston’s “ flaginac ” reactions and to be methyl-red positive and Voges-Proskauer negative and were thus apparently B. coli of faecal origin. This result only proves that typical B. coli can occur in flour; some of the other positive results might of course have been due to non-faecal B.coli since Metcalf (1905) Prescott (1906) Rogers Clark and Evans (1915) and others have found organisms of the B. coli group present in grain fields and on grains which had not received faecal pollution. One source from which typical B. coli can often obtain entrance to the flour is the water used for washing the wheat blend. In many mills this water is drawn from a river canal or shallow well and will thus probably have a fairly high B. coli content. The washing water from two separate mills was examined and in each case B. coli was present in 0.5 C.C. of the sample. With regard to the flours examined it was found that the results varied a great deal. Most normal patent flours for instance gave a negative result with 1/40th grm. and a positive one with 1/20th grm.but several samples were obtained which gave negative results with l/lOth grm. Many of the straight run flours gave a negative result with 1/50th grm. and some even with 1/40th grm. yet on the other hand some samples gave a positive result with 1/100th grm. Further the results did not follow the bacterial contents of the flours; a flour of high bacterial content may have a lower B. coli contamination than one of low total bacteria as judged from the amount of flour necessary to give a positive reaction in the presumptive B. coli test. The test was carried out by shaking the requisite amount of flour with sterile 0.5 per cent. sodium chloride solution and sand as already described and then adding measured volumes of the resulting suspension to 10 C.C.tubes of McConkey and Hill’s lactose bile-salt broth. As an indicator we preferred neutral red to litmus since B. coli exerts a reducing action upon neutral red which results in th 260 KENT-JONES AND AMOS PRELIMINARY STUDIES I N THE production of a greenish fluorescence. The appearance of such a fluorescence provided an extra confirmatory test for the presence of B. coli. B. Perfringens.-A large number of experiments were made in an attempt to devise a satisfactory procedure for the determination of the relative contamination of flours with B. perfringens. Fig. 1 (in the plate) is a photo-micrograph of B. perfringens obtained from flour. This organism is abundant in faeces and consequently its presence in a substance is usually considered as an indication of faecal contamination.In the case of flour however the presence of B. perfringens unless in excessive amount, would not necessarily indicate faecal pollution of the flour itself since this organism is found in soil. The usual anaerobic milk culture test for this organism was employed. In the early experiments 0.1 or 0.5 grm. of flour and 80 C.C. of sterile skim milk were used and the time necessary for the production of clot and gas noted. The results were erratic possibly owing to the occlusion of some of the organisms by the paste at the bottom of the tube this paste having been formed from the gelatinised starch produced during the heating at 80” C. Rather better results were obtained when 5 C.C. of a 10 per cent. aqueous suspension of flour were added to the milk.Although this test is not sufficiently reliable to be used as a routine test it could be used to detect a flour that had received gross faecal contamination e.g. contamination with rat or mice dung. TYPES OF BACTERIA IN FLOUR AND THEIR INVESTIGATION IN PURE CULTURE.-We next turned our attention to the different types of organisms constituting the normal bacterial flora of flours. Colonies from a number of the plate cultures were examined microscopically as film preparations and the different types of bacteria were sub-cultured until pure cultures were obtained; these pure cultures were then subjected to cultural morphological and physiological tests. In some cases the bacteria responsible for the original colony have been identified but in others the organisms are still under investigation.The organisms were designated by numbers for convenience and the numbers missing from the list represented organisms which were later proved to be identical with others already under investigation. The types of bacteria so far examined are:-No. 1 B. mesentericm vulgatus; 2 B. suubtilis; 3 a micrococcus; 4 a cocco-bacillus; 6 B. mesentericus ruber; 7 B. mesentericus fuscus; 11 a fairly small bacillus; 12 B. coli communis. There are of course numerous others not yet investigated but the above represent the most common and important ones. Organisms of the B. mesentericus group.-The organisms of this group (Nos. 1, 6 and 7) are those responsible for the bread disease known as “rope.” The member of the group usually found in flour is B.mesentericus vulgatus although 23. mesen-tericus ruber occurs quite frequently and in two cases the colonies apparently consisted of B. mesentericus fuscus BACTERIOLOGY OF WHEAT AND FLOUR 26 1 Except for a slight difference in size these three organisms are of identical appearance under the microscope but they can be differentiated by the colour of their growths on potato (vuZgatus grey; ruber pink; fuscus brownish-yellow). Fig. 2 (Plate) is a photomicrograph of a film preparation from “ropy” bread. The presence of a spore in many of the organisms is clearly seen. Not only bread but beer and milk also at times become “ropy”; that is, they assume a condition in which they are very slimy and can often be pulled out into long strings. The causative agent in these two cases is not B.mesentericus vulgatus but is in the case of beer usually a member of the cuccaceae family, and in the case of milk various organisms from the families coccaceae bacteriaceae and bacillaceae. Our repeated attempts to induce “ropiness” in beer and milk by inoculation with B. mesentericus vdgatus have been unsuccessful. “Rope ’’ Organisms in Bread-On account of the frequency of occurrence of these “rope” organisms in flour an experiment was carried out to determine whether they still existed to any extent in normal loaves. By means of a sterile knife pieces of crumb were cut from the middle of 24-hour old loaves and im-mediately transferred by means of forceps to sterile boiling-tubes which contained a little moist cotton-wool. Although the flours used in making the loaves varied from the best patent to low-grade, and were obtained from six mills in different parts of the country yet in each case “rope” had developed in less than three days.It should be emphasised that none of these mills was experiencing any trouble in this respect. Further experiments have confirmed this result. Thus it seems that practically all the bread made in this country and probably elsewhere also contains “rope” or-ganisms. The development of the disease in so few instances is accounted for by the fact that the bread is but rarely stored under conditions sufficiently favourable for rapid growth of the bacteria. For their development these organisms need both moisture and warmth but even when these conditions are complied with, the duration of storage is not sufficiently long in most cases.This time factor, of course is affected by the actual number of bacteria or rather spores that are present. The organisms of the mesentericus group and their connection with the pro-duction of “rope” in bread have been studied extensively and there is no need, therefore to go into detail [see for instance Fisher and Halton (1928) who give a number of earlier references and Watkins (1906)l. After these experiments had been completed we received privately a hitherto unpublished paper by Dr. C. H. Hoffmann and Mr. R. Schweitzer of the Ward Baking Company New York dealing with the determination of “rope” spores in flour. At the end of their paper they state that they consider forty spores per grm.to be a reasonable limit and that patent flour of good quality has a spore content of ten per grm. or even less. They state further that if a flour contains much over forty spores per grm. there is a considerable danger of an outbreak of “rope.” Thus the results obtained by these investigators with regard to the prevalence of “rope” spores in flour and bread support our findings. These tubes were then incubated at 37” C 262 KENT-JONES AND AMOS PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE In their method they shake two grms. of flour and five grms. of sterile sand with 94.6 C.C. of sterile water. Gradually decreasing quantities of this suspension, or its immediate dilution are then added to 10 C.C. tubes of peptone water the quantities being so chosen that they correspond to 1/10 1/20 1/30 etc.grm. of flour. The inoculated tubes are heated at 100” C. for thirty minutes (to kill all vegetative bacteria and moulds) and then incubated at 37.5” C. for forty-eight hours. The formation of a pellicle indicates the presence of spores which are assumed to be those of a “rope” organism. Although definite identification of the spores is not obtained the formation of a pellicle makes this test more con-firmatory for “rope” organisms than a method such as that of the A.A.C.C. (1928). The number of spores per grm. is taken as being equal to the reciprocal of the highest dilution giving a positive result. Using this method with slight modifications we have examined a considerable number of flours from different mills. All the flours the loaves from which under normal conditions had never given cause for complaint were found to contain less than ten spores per grm.A flour containing a spore content as low as this, however can give trouble if the bread made from it is subjected to unusual con-ditions of storage. Proof of this was obtained in the exceptionally hot spell during last year. A small country baker had several gallons of bread returned, and on examination all the loaves showed signs of “rope.” Although the disease had not reached an advanced stage it had developed sufficiently to render the bread unfit for consumption. There were no signs of dirt or old dough on the apparatus in the bakehouse and old flour scraped from the sides and crevices of the troughs contained less than eight spores per grm.Thus it was evident that the disease originated from spores contained in the flour and yet on examination, the flour was found to contain only about ten spores per grm. The reason why some of the bread made from this flour developed the disease was that the tom-plaining customers lived in outlying farms and only had bread delivered twice a week. Thus the bread was often kept for four days and this lengthy storage at the exceptionally high temperature prevailing allowed the few organisms initially present in the loaves to multiply sufficiently to cause spoilage of the bread. The trouble was overcome by the usual expedient of using some vinegar in the doughing water to ensure the bread being made a little acid. It is apparent that, although 40 spores per grm.may be a “reasonable limit” for normal conditions (i.e. time and temperature) of bread storage in exceptionally hot weather even 10 spores per grm. may be unsafe if the bread is to be kept for several days. No. 2 B. SuubtiZis.-Colonies of this organism are not infrequent on plate cultures from flour. This is not surprising since B . subtilis occurs abundantly in soil and is almost invariably found in hay. No. 3.-This organism (Fig. 3) was found to be present in large numbers on every flour examined. The investigation of this organism to date has yielded the following information : “Rope” development is greatly retarded at $H 5.0. Spheres occurring singly and in irregular clumps. Non-motile. Gram-positive. Gelatin colonies Small circular white entire slowly liquefying Fig.1. -Fig. 3. Fig. 2. 1__p Fig. 4. Fig. 5. (1) B. fierfringens. (2) Film preparation of B. perfringens. (3) Organism No. 3. (4) Organism No. 4. (5) Organism No. 11 BACTERIOLOGY OF WHEAT AND FLOUR 263 Gelatin stab : Agar colonies : Agar slant: Broth Turbid with viscid sediment. Litmus milk Decolorised. Potato Moderate creamy white raised dull smooth medium discoloured. Nitrates Not reduced. Starch Is not hydrolysed. Does not ferment lactose but develops acid in dextrose and sucrose. Aerobic. Grows well at 37°C. White surface growth slow crateriform liquefaction. Irregular or circular white raised smooth undulate edge. White abundant raised smooth opaque. At present no very definite information regarding this organism can be given; the fact that it has been common to every flour examined suggests that it may be of some importance and so a complete investigation of its properties is being carried out.So far we have failed to find in the literature any specific reference to this common organism. No. 4.-This organism (see Fig. 4) occurs very frequently in flour but more often in the lower grades than in the higher ones. The information so far obtained in respect of this organism is as follows: Very small rods and coccoid forms occurring singly. Motile. Gram-negative. Gelatin colonies : Gelatin stab Yellow surface growth. No liquefaction. Agar colonies : Agar slant: Broth Turbid. Litmus milk Unchanged. Potato Moist brownish-yellow medium discoloured. Nitrates Reduced to nitrites.Starch is hydrolysed. Does not ferment lactose but develops acid but no gas in dextrose sucrose and maltose. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic: Small brownish-yellow circular convex entire no liquefaction. Circular brownish-yellow smooth flat entire. Abundant beaded flat glistening brownish-yellow smooth. Grows well at 37" C. No. 11.-This organism (see Fig. 5 ) occurs very frequently in flour but it only The following data were appears on "cool" plates since it will not grow at 37" C. obtained : Fairly small rods. Motile gram-negative. Gelatin stab Napiform liquefaction. Agar colonies (at 20" C.). Circular greyish-white smooth convex moist entire. Agar slant Greyish-white moist smooth watery. Broth Turbid. Litmus milk Alkaline. Potato Greyish-white glistening smooth.Nitrates not reduced. Starch is not hydrolysed. No acid or gas in lactose dextrose sucrose or maltose. Aerobic. Grows a t 20"C. but not at 37°C. BACTERIOLOGY OF WHEAT.-until the use of sand was adopted consistent results could not be obtained with counts of bacteria on wheat. The number of bacteria obtained depended upon the method of extraction employed; this is due to the fact that the crease of the berry contains large numbers of bacteria and these are very difficult to detach. An idea of the concentration of the bacteria in the crease is given by the following experiment: A sample of wheat was extracted with sterile water sand not being used, and nutrient agar plate cultures made after suitable dilution. Another sample of the same wheat was crushed under sterile water with aseptic precautions 264 KENT-JONES AND AMOS PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE before shaking was commenced.The counts on the plates from corresponding dilutions in the two cases were as follows Whole grains 39; crushed grains 109. It was found later however that by adding sterile sand to the 0.5 per cent. sodium chloride solution previous to shaking (as advocated in the case of flour by Hoffmann and Schweitzer) more consistent results could be obtained. The technique of the method finally adopted is essentially the same as that employed in the case of flour except that the primary mixture is shaken for four minutes. As most wheats had a greater bacterial content than normal flours higher dilutions were usually necessary.Duplicate plates prepared from the same final dilution of several wheats gave counts of 13 and 10; 7 and 6; 13 and 12; 23 and 15 in the case of blood-heat organisms; and 86 and 55; 21 and 18; 47 and 53; and 39 and 32 in the case of cool organisms. Plates prepared from corresponding dilutions of duplicate suspensions gave counts of 8 and 13; 20 and 13; 32 and 19 for blood-heat organisms; and 28 and 38; 130 and 112 for cool organisms. As was to be expected these results do not agree so closely as the corresponding ones from flour but in our opinion they warrant the use of the method for obtain-ing an indication of the approximate bacterial content of wheats. Table VIII gives the approximate number of organisms present OR various wheats as determined by this method.TABLE VIII. NUMBER OF BLOOD-HEAT AND COOL ORGANISMS PER GRM. OF VARIOUS WHEATS. Sample. No. 3 Manitoba (postal sample) . . No. 4 ditto No. 5 ditto No. 5 , ex dirty wheat bins No. 6 (postal sample) . . Rosafe Plate ditto Plate ditto Barusso Plate ditto . . Plate ditto Rosafe Plate ditto No. 1 Hard Winter ditto Hard Pacific Winter ditto . . Western Australian ditto . . Australian ditto Yeoman ditto Yeoman ditto Yeoman ditto Little Joss ditto . . Yeoman ditto Yeoman ditto J J No. 5 Pacif,”Manitoba ditto Organisms growing on : Nutrient Nutrient agar at gelatin at 37” c. 20” c. 1,260,000 3,000,000 7,850,000 13,000,000 7,950,000 43,250,000 8,000,000 40,000,000 6,400,000 -2,300,000 14,200,000 24,000 -200,000 -219,000 281,000 26,400 52,800 20,000 104,000 -200,000 -<20,000 -8,000 -A I 3 -20,000 80,000 13,000 112,000 33,000 220,000 80,000 225,000 16,000 22,000 17,000 33,00 BACTERIOLOGY OF WHEAT AND FLOUR 265 It is almost impossible to obtain definite information from counts upon wheat; all that is indicated is the approximate bacterial content at the time the sample is received.The number of bacteria on wheat decreases during storage in the same way as with flour and as the different wheats received at a mill have been subjected to great variations in their length of storage no information can be obtained as to the bacterial content of the wheat when harvested. The effect of storage on the bacterial content of a wheat is seen from the following figures A sample of No.5 Manitoba which contained per grm. 8,000,000 blood-heat organisms and 40,000,000 cool organisms had after nine days' storage in a plugged receptacle in the laboratory only 3,750,000 blood-heat and 31,000,000 cool organisms. After six weeks of such storage the blood-heat organisms had decreased to 632,000. One fact which emerges from the figures of Table VIII is that the lower grade Manitoba wheats when received in mills seemingly have greater bacterial contents than the other foreign wheats investigated. EFFECT OF CLEANING AND CoNDITIoNrNG.-In order to ascertain the effect of the wheat-cleaning and conditioning plant of a mill upon the bacterial content of a wheat-blend the following experiments were made A sample of the wheat-blend entering the washer was taken and also a sample of the same blend as it entered the final brush previous to the first break rolls and the number of bacteria per grm.of the samples determined. Between these two points the wheat had been washed whizzed conditioned kept in the conditioning bins for 16 hours scoured and kept in the mill bins for 3 hours. Table IX gives the results obtained. TABLE IX. CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF VARIOUS MILL PROCESSES ON BACTERIAL CONTENT OF WHEAT BLENDS. Number of organisms per grm. growing on : Nutrient Nutrient agar gelatin at 37" C. at 20' C . Sample. r A \ Blend I. Entering washer 13,250,000 29,000,000 Entering brush 3,250,000 10,750,000 Blend 11. Entering washer 10,000,000 27,000,000 Entering brush 3,000,000 12,500,000 Blend 111.Entering washer 9,250,000 23,250,000 Entering brush 5,000,000 11,750,000 These figures show that the processes under consideration reduce the bacterial content of the wheat blend by about 60 per cent. Further work on wheats is obviously wanted. CONCLUSIONS.-Whether the study of the bacteriology of wheat and its products will be of assistance to the industries dealing with these substances it is, of course too early to say but now that a satisfactory method for the enumeratio 266 KENT-JONES AND AMOS PRELIMINARY STUDIES I N THE of bacteria in these materials has been evolved progress can be made. The func-tions of the bacteria common to flour and wheaten products generally are at present unknown. Whether or not certain varieties of bacteria are more common to one class of wheat than another has probably never yet been systematically investi-gated.It is hoped that this paper will have made possible such researches. What , for instance is the function of the staphylococcus which has so far been designated No. 3 and which is apparently present to the extent of approximately 20,000 per grm. of most normally milled straight run flours? Some interesting light has been thrown on the ubiquity of the B. mesen.tericus and primarily a case has been made out for millers paying serious attention to their wheat-cleaning and washing plants. The preliminary information obtained is certainly of considerable academic interest and a further knowledge of the characteristics and functions of the bacteria common to cereals generally may be of interest beyond that purely scientific.SUMMARY .-A preliminary investigation into the bacteriology of wheat and flour has been undertaken and a definite and satisfactory procedure for enumerating the bacteria in these substances worked out. Some data have been collected on the bacterial contents of various grades of flour. When freshly and normally milled patent flour contains per grm. less than 20,000 blood-heat bacteria straight-run flour less than 50,000 and lower grade up to 300,000 or more. The cool-organism content of any grade is nearly always greater than that of the blood-heat organisms. Storage of a flour results in a considerable decrease in the number of blood-heat and cool organisms present. The rate at which the bacterial content diminishes apparently depends more upon the moisture content of the sample than upon the temperature during st orage.Preliminary work is reported on the examination of flour for organisms normally associated with contamination. A number of the more common flour bacteria have either been identified or their cultural and physiological characteristics well established. Experiments showing the almost universal presence in flour and bread of organisms of the B. mesentericus group are reported. LITERATURE. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CEREAL CHEMISTS (1928). Methods for the Analysis of Cereals BOUTROUX L. (1883). “ Contribution a I’gtude de la Fermentation Panaire ” (Compl. - (1891). DUNNENBERGER C. (1 888). ‘‘ Bacteriologisch-chemische Untersuchung iiber die beim FISHER E.A. and HALTON P. (1928). “A Study of ‘Rope’in Bread ” (Cer. Chew. 5,3 192). HOLLIGER W. (1902). LAURENT E. (1885). LEHMANN K. B. (1894). “ Uber die Sauerteiggarungen und die Beziehungen des B . levans METCALP €3. (1905). “Organisms on the Surface of Grains with Special Reference to and Cereal Products (Lancaster Press Inc. Lancaster Pa.). rend. 97 116). Aufgehen des Brotteiges wirkenden Ursachen ” (Botan. Centralblatt 33). “Sur la Fermentation Panaire” (Cow@. rend. 113 203.). Cent. Bakt. 11 9 305. Bull. de 1’Acad. Science de Belgique 3 10 38. zum B. coli communis” (Cent. f. Bakt. 15 350). B. coli” (Science 22 434-441) BACTERIOLOGY OF WHEAT AND FLOUR 267 PETERS W. L. (1889). POPOFF (1890). PRESCOTT S. C. (1906).ROGERS L. A. CLARK W. M. and EVANS A. (1915). WAKSMAN (1927). WATKINS E. J. (1906). “Die Organismen des Sauerteiges und ihre Bedeutung fur die “Sur un bacille anaerobic de la Fermentation Panaire” (Ann. Inst. Past., “The Occurrence of Organisms of Sanitary Significance on Grains” Brotgarung” (Botan. Zeit. 47). 4 674). (Biol. Studies of Pufiils of W . T . Sedgwick 208-222 Boston). Science 41 624). Principles of Soil Microbiology (Bailliere Tindall & Cox). “Ropiness in Flour and Bread and its Detection and Prevention ” ( J . SOC. Chem. Ind. 25 350). DISCUSSION. The PRESIDENT remarked that this was a very interesting communication, breaking very nearly new ground and foreshadowing a good deal of work for the authors and others to do. He had noticed that Dr.Kent-Jones stopped short at wholemeal flour; he was wondering how many bacteria there were in wholemeal flour. Mr. CHASTON CHAPMAN desired to offer his congratulations to Dr. Kent-Jones. As the President had remarked this was to some extent new ground and the authors had left a great deal for those who might follow them. He had noticed that Dr. Kent-Jones appeared to attach importance to the actual count but he (Mr. Chapman) thought that the count meant very little especially in connection with such materials as grain and flour. The actual count depended on a number of factors including moisture temperature duration of storage etc. and the authors themselves had called attention to one sample which gave a number of eight million in one case and half a million in another.He would like to know whether the authors had carried out any experiments for the purpose of ascertain-ing what organisms were present. One-half appeared to have been sarcinae; he would like to know what proportion of the blood heat organisms were acid-forming. He had himself done a certain amount of work in this direction and had found widely varying proportions of gas-producing and acid-producing organisms. He was entirely inclined to agree that the organism producing “rope” was a very widely distributed one but one which only produced ropiness under certain circumstances and was therefore very difficult to deal with. He expressed the hope that the authors would find the time to carry on this work. Mr. SAGE said that thirty years ago he had constantly come across pallid varieties of a micrococcus in flour which when further nourished and subcultured produced the typical blood red cultures of M .prodigiosus. If Dr. Kent-Jones had continued the period of incubation of some of his experiments it was possible that the micrococci which he had found so plentifully would have possessed the same characters. As regards B. Welchii it was present everywhere in dust but there might be some relation between that fact and the dermatitis experienced by workers in flour mills. Mr. R. W. PARTRIDGE said that with regard to the more specialised part of the work one lived in hopes that the authors would continue and in time be able to separate barley from wheat by the bacterial flora. Very few people working on flour had as yet published their results and he therefore congratulated the authors on their pluck in making a start.One member had done a lot of work on “rope ” in wheat but was averse from publishing it as it was not complete; many others had done work but were reticent to let it appear in print. Did the authors mix the flour with sand and then shake for a short time and pipette out Mr. R. L. COLLETT asked for informgtion on a point of technique 268 PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE BACTERIOLOGY OF WHEAT AND FLOUR from the supernatant liquid? He thought that by this method certain organisms might be carried down in the subsiding mixture of sand and flour and low results thus obtained. Might he suggest mixing the flour to a fine emulsion and adding this directly to the plates.This might give more accurate results. He could sympathise as to the difficulties experienced in naming an organism isolated ; except with regard to pathogenic organisms he had found that the text books were not very helpful. He congratulated the authors on tackling such a difficult problem. Mr. T. H. FAIRBROTHER as a fellow cereal chemist congratulated the authors of this paper. Apart from Beatty’s work in 1918 very little had been published on this subject. He himself had not made any quantitative examinations but had made one or two qualitative observations particularly in the case of flours which had become contaminated with mites and were in the putrefaction stage. In all such cases Staphyylococcus aweus was noticed and in advanced stages of putrefaction there was strong evidence of the presence of butyric acid.This led him to suggest that an organism similar to that which he and Renshaw had isolated from the stools of diabetic patients and which converted starch into butyric acid and lower degradation products might possibly be present in decomposing flour. Mr. CHASTON CHAPMAN here remarked that with regard to butyric acid this was also the case with grain not undergoing putrefaction. Mr. BENNION added his congratulations on this work which opened up tremendous possibilities in many directions ; one point especially he referred to-the flavour of bread. In the production of bread in Scotland barms specially prepared by the baker were used and these were left for 10 to 12 hours during which time the acid-forming bacteria worked and produced certain aromatic compounds. If any acid-forming bacteria were present in flour they might be developed by selective cultivation and used in producing flavour in bread. Dr. KENT-JONES replying said that wholemeal flour had a very high count. None of the organisms isolated had been gas-producing at a pH of 7.6-they were all acid-producing. The micrococcus found by the authors was not the organism suggested by Mr. Sage. Replying to Mr. Partridge he could not hold out any hopes that some day barley and wheat would be distinguished by their flora. He had tried the method suggested by Mr. Collett but preferred the method given in the paper, as in the former the presence of little grains of flour made it very difficult to get a count. Regarding Mr. Fairbrother’s remarks he said that it was quite difficult enough to deal with an ordinary flour and therefore flours in the putrefaction stage had not been included in these preliminary investigations. The flavour was influenced by so many factors that he could not consider it

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9305500248

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

DETERMINATION OF MINUTE AMOUNTS OF IODINE IN SOILS AND WATERS 269 The Determination of Minute Amounts of Iodine in Soils and Waters. BY R. L. ANDREW. (Read at the Meeting February 5 1930.) As part of the work in connection with an investigation into the occurrence of endemic goitre in New Zealand I was called upon to examine a considerable number of soils and waters for their iodine content. It was first necessary to decide on a method for determining minute amounts of iodine. The literature on the subject is by no means satisfactory being contradictory and not sufficiently detailed. Some of the methods described are obviously too complicated to be of practical use and several would undoubtedly give irregular and unreliable results. As Fellenberg's methods appeared to be the most practicable they were adopted, with certain minor modifications both for the soils and for the waters.In none of the literature available was there any indication of the losses that might be expected and as the question is one of considerable importance a fairly detailed account of the method employed and its limitations should be of interest. PREPARATION OF REAGENTS.-The reagents-alcohol chloroform and potas-sium carbonate-are carefully freed from iodine by the following methods. Alcohol and chloroform are shaken with dry potassium carbonate and then distilled. Potassium carbonate is shaken with successive quantities of 80 per cent. purified alcohol until it becomes pasty and finally liquid. The extractions are then con-tinued with 90 per cent. alcohol.There is a difficulty in removing the last traces of iodides and the purification of the potassium carbonate is a long and tedious process. The purified potassium carbonate is in the form of a saturated solution. Blank determinations are made on the purified reagents and if necessary cor-rections applied. A standard solution of potassium iodide containing the equiva-lent of one grm. of iodine per litre is prepared and this is diluted to give solutions containing 0.1 mgrm. of iodine per C.C. and other quantities as may be found convenient. IODINE IN SoILs.-Soils are prepared for analysis by sampling down to a convenient size on a square of plate glass. Glass has the advantage of being easily cleaned. Stones are rejected and after drying for three hours in a water-oven the soils are rubbed down in a porcelain mortar'and stored in glass-stoppered bottles.It was found convenient to work on the dried soil as this obviated the necessity of determining the moisture in each sample and making corrections. As there might be a possibility of decomposition of iodides and loss of iodine on drying at 100" C. a series of determinations was made of the iodine content of air-dried and oven-dried soils. It was found that no loss resulted from oven drying 270 ANDREW THE DETERMINATION OF MINUTE AMOUNTS OF One grm. of the prepared soil is mixed with 1 C.C. of a saturated solution of potassium carbonate in a round-bottomed nickel dish 7 cm. in diameter. The mixture is carefully dried over a low Argand flame while constantly stirred with a glass rod to ensure that the dried material is in a powdered form.The dish is now heated for 9 minutes over a full Argand flame and the contents constantly stirred with a platinum rod in order to obtain thorough ignition and to avoid local over-heating. After cooling the ignited material is washed into a 100 C.C. Erlenmeyer flask with 40 C.C. of hot water boiled for five minutes filtered and the filter washed twice with hot water about the same amounts being always used. The filtrate is then evaporated to dryness in a platinum basin on a water-bath and the residue carefully ignited over a Bunsen flame the basin being held with tongs. Over-heating is to be avoided and there should be no approach to fusion of the potassium carbonate. This ignition takes from 30 seconds to one minute.After cooling 4 C.C. of 90 per cent. alcohol and then 3 drops of water are added and the basin allowed to stand for about 15 minutes. The potassium carbonate becomes pasty through absorption of water. It is now well mixed by rubbing with a small agate pestle and the alcoholic solution decanted into a small platinum dish. The extraction is repeated with three successive portions of 2 C.C. of 95 per cent. alcohol. (It is important to use alcohol of such a strength that the potassium carbonate does not become so liquid that decantation of the alcohol is rendered difficult and on the other hand that the potassium carbonate does not become powdery. If either difficulty is experienced stronger or weaker alcohol respectively should be employed.) The alcoholic solution with the addition of 1 drop of saturated potassium carbonate solution and 6 C.C.water is slowly evaporated to dryness on a water-bath and the residue very carefully ignited over a Bunsen flame. This ignition takes about ten seconds. After cooling 1 C.C. of about 95 per cent. alcohol is added, and sufficient water from a capillary pipette to give a pasty mass when the potassium carbonate is weli stirred with a glass rod. The alcoholic solution is decanted into a platinum dish and the extraction continued with 2 C.C. of alcohol in three successive portions. (The strength of the alcohol for this extraction should be so adjusted that at no time does the potassium carbonate become liquid enough to render decantation difficult nor should it become powdery.It was found convenient to prepare a large quantity of alcohol of this strength.) These extractions are made by stirring with a well-rounded glass rod. The alcoholic solution with the addition of 2 C.C. of water is slowly evaporated to dryness on the water-bath. Only a very small residue remains. This is ignited by slowly drawing the dish through a Bunsen flame care being taken that no part is heated to redness. The ignition takes not more than three seconds. Four drops of water are now added and the capsule rotated so that the whole of the residue is dissolved. The solution is transferred to the iodine extraction tube by means of a small pipette fitted with a rubber teat. This is repeated with 3 drops of water and finally with 2 drops IODINE IN SOILS AND WATERS 27 1 A series of standards is now prepared in similar tubes and made up with water to the same volume as that of the sample.If the amount of iodine expected is small (0.001 mgrm. or less) 0-03 C.C. of chloroform is added to each tube followed by 1 or 2 drops of sulphuric acid containing nitrite (about 0.05 grm. of potassium nitrite in 10 C.C. of 3 N sulphuric acid). The tubes are vigorously shaken for 30 seconds and then whirled in a centrifuge. The depth of colour of the chloro-form in the sample is then compared with the standards in well-diffused light, obtained by holding the tubes before a well-lighted window and with a piece of white paper between the window and the tubes. With the smallest amounts of iodine the readings obtained at the bottoms of the tubes are too low.This is probably due to the slight cloudiness of the chloroform globule from the sample. A better and slightly higher reading is obtained by suspending the chloroform globule from the upper surface. Under these conditions the chloroform in the sample tube is as clear as that in the standard. For the larger quantities of iodine which require more chloroform the chloroform is clear and readings at the bottoms of the tubes are satisfactory. The iodine extraction tubes recommended by Fellenberg are of 5 mm. internal diameter and 80 mm. high and are cut off obliquely. I prefer tubes cut square with the sides as these can be firmly held between the finger and thumb when shaking. Fellenberg directs that in taking up the final residue 0.3 C.C.of water should be added to the capsule the solution poured into the extraction tube and an allowance made for the amount remaining. As this appeared to be a rather rough and uncertain procedure the above method of transferring to the extraction tubes was adopted. Fellenberg recommends that the readings obtained by the colorimetric method should be confirmed by converting the iodine into iodate with bromine or chlorine, boiling off the excess of reagent adding a crystal of potassium iodide and then titrating with N/250 thiosulphate solution with soluble starch as an indicator. In my opinion a better check is obtained by making duplicate determinations by the colorimetric method as Fellenberg’s procedure gives after all only a con-firmation of the quantity of iodine extracted but no check on the process of extraction.Further the principle of his procedure appears to be defective as one is adding very many times the quantity of the substance for which one is looking and there is always a risk of decomposition with liberation of an excess of iodine. It also seems unwise to handle comparatively large amounts of iodide when engaged in examining substances for minute amounts (down to 0.0002 mgrm.) of iodine. Fellenberg states that 0.1 y (O*OOOl mgrm.) is the smallest amount of iodine detectable by the colorimetric method as employed by him. I was unable to detect less than 0.2 y. LOSSES OF IODINE IN THE PROCESS.-AS stated above the literature gives little indication of the losses that may be expected and one is led to believe that if there are losses they are the result of over-heating at one or more stages 272 ANDREW THE DETERMINATION OF MINUTE AMOUNTS OF After a very considerable amount of careful work I have come t o the con-clusion that in no case can a recovery of more than 60 to 70 per cent.be obtained, and that it is improbable that the losses are wholly due to over-heating. The experimental work on which these conclusions are based is as follows: In several series of experiments known quantities of iodine as potassium iodide were added to 1 grm. of soil in which the recoverable quantity of iodine was known. The results of one such series are as follows: Recoverable iodine in soil. Mgrm. 0.0020 0-0020 0.0030 0.0030 0-0020 0-0030 0.0025 0-0028 Iodine added.1 Mgrm. 0.1800 0.1200 0.0600 0.0300 0.0200 0~0100 0*0080 0.0040 Total iodine :ecovered . Mgrm. 0.1100 0.0450 0.0240 0.0 160 0.0095 0.0075 0.0052 0.0800 Proportion of added iodine recovered. Per Cent. 60.0 65.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 65.0 62.5 60.0 Numerous other experiments confirmed these results and it was therefore, decided to assume that with soils on the average two-thirds of the iodine are recovered and to make corrections accordingly. To determine whether the extraction could be improved by reducing the heating to the lowest possible minimum known quantities of iodine as potassium iodide were added to 1 C.C. of the saturated solution of potassium carbonate. Phenolphthalein was added and the process carried through as with soils.The heat applied was just sufficient to destroy the colour of the indicator. The recovery was 75 per cent. but in this case the first step involving heating followed by extraction with hot water was omitted. That the losses are not wholly due to the heating was further demonstrated by a series of experiments in which the time of heating at each stage was varied. 1st Heating 9 minutes (as usual) 12 9 9 21 J > 2nd Heating 45 seconds (as usual) 4 minutes 7 9 3rd Heating 10 seconds (as usual) 3 minutes 6 9 4th Heating 2 seconds (as usual) 30 ), 6o 1 , Recovered. Mgrm. 0.026 0.025 0.024 0.025 0.024 0.025 0.027 0.023 0.01 8 0.027 0.026 0.026 It will be seen that greatly prolonged heating at the first and second stages At both causes no appreciable diminution in the quantity of iodine extracted IODINE IN SOILS AND WATERS 273 these stages there is the same large amount of potassium carbonate present, which no doubt protects the iodide and prevents volatilisation.It should be noted that in practice all the organic matter is destroyed during the first two heatings so that hardly more than drying takes place a t the third and fourth heatings. At the third stage prolonging the heat causes loss but only by considerably increasing the time. At the fourth stage cautious prolonging of the heating to 1 minute has been found to cause no further loss. If however the dish is, a t this stage heated to redness for one minute practically the whole of the iodide is driven off.Several series of experiments were carried out in order to ascertain the losses at each stage. To a soil which contained 0.0050 mgrm. of recoverable iodine per grm. quantities of 0.0120 mgrm. of iodine (as potassium iodide) were added as under: Total iodine recovered. Mgrm. A. carbonate . . 0-0130 B. ration . . . . 0.0140 C. At 3rd stage; to the 1st alcoholic solution . . . . 0.0145 D. At 4th stage; to the 2nd alcoholic solution . . . . 0.0170 At 1st stage; to the mixture of soil and potassium At 2nd stage; to the aqueous solution before evapo-Added iodine recovered. Mgrm. 0.0080 0.0090 0.0095 0.0120 Iodine as potassium iodide was added to potassium carbonate only and the Quantities of process carried out as with soils but with the first stage omitted.0.0120 mgrm. were added as under: Iodine recovered. Mgrm. B. To the potash solution before evaporation . . 0.0090 C. To 1st alcoholic solution . . * . 0.0090 D. To 2nd alcoholic solution . . . . 0.0110 At the first stage (A) (which involves heating the soil with potassium car-bonate extracting with hot water and filtering) there is a loss. At the second stage (which consists in evaporation of the aqueous solution, and the ignition and extraction of the residue with alcohol) there is little or no loss. At the third stage (which consists in adding 1 drop of saturated potassium carbonate solution and evaporation of the alcoholic solution ignition of the residue and extraction with alcohol) the loss is greater than at any of the other three stages.At the fourth stage (which consists in evaporation of the second alcoholic solution and ignition of the final residue) there is little or no loss. As it seemed possible that the loss at the first stage resulted from some of the iodide being retained by the potassium carbonate the effect of reducing the amoun 274 ANDREW THE DETERMINATION OF MINUTE AMOUNTS OF of this salt was tried. It was found that the extraction was not improved but that if less than 0.6 C.C. of saturated potassium carbonate was used there was a decrease in the amount of iodide extracted. This is illustrated by the two following series : Volume of saturated potassium carbonate solution used. C.C. 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.10 Iodine extracted.Mgrm. 0.0800 0.0850 0.0850 0.0750 0.0600 0*0600 0~0100 0-0090 0.0080 O.OOS0 0*0050 There was also the possibility that a better extraction would result from increasing the amount of alcohol used. A number of experiments in which the volume of alcohol and the number of extractions were greatly increased showed that no improvement could be brought about in this way. In several papers it is stated that the first ignition should be so regulated that, when the mass is extracted with hot water the solution is not darker than pale straw colour. It was found however that the solution might be very dark brown and the recovery not be affected. COMPLETENESS OF EXTRACTION.-seVerd series of experiments were made in order to ascertain if with the process as employed all the available iodine is extracted from the soil.In these the residue of soil from the first extraction (with water) wasmixed with a further 1 C.C. of a saturated solution of potassium carbonate and the process continued as before. The residue of soil from this treatment was then very finely ground and the process repeated. It was found that the first treatment extracted all the available iodine and that fine grinding did not release any further quantity. As the result of this experimental work it was concluded that there are no practical means of improving the extraction obtained but that if the amount of iodine extracted is increased by one-half this quantity is a true indication of the iodine content of the soil.IODINE IN WATERS.-In the examination of waters 1 to 10 litres with the addition of 1 to 2 C.C. of saturated potassium carbonate solution are evaporated to a small volume. Precipitated carbonates etc. are filtered off the filtrate evapo-rated to dryness the residue ignited and the process continued as with soils. With many waters the ignited residue does not become pasty or semi-liquid whe IODINE IN SOILS AND WATERS 275 extracted with alcohol even though water is added. In such cases the evapora-tions are repeated with increased quantities of potassium carbonate. As in the case of soils a considerable amount of experimental work was carried out in order to ascertain the proportion of iodine extracted. It was found that the extraction is lower than with soils being between 50 and 60 per cent.The difference between the amounts extracted from soils and from waters raises the question whether the percentage extracted varies with different materials. There is every possibility that such variations do occur; and therefore if reliable results are ‘to be obtained workers examining substances for minute amounts of iodine should submit the processes employed to the most searching examination. It may be argued that provided the same proportion of iodine is extracted, the results are in no way impaired for comparative purposes. This would be so if the results were obtained from one material and by the same worker or by different workers using identical methods. When however there are diverse materials and workers using different methods I consider that any conclusions based on the quantities of iodine returned should be accepted with a considerable degree of caution.It may be of interest to note in conclusion that of the soils examined from several districts in the North Island of New Zealand the iodine content varied from 10 to 2100 parts in 10 millions. The potable waters had an iodine content of 0.0040 to 0-1200 part in 10 millions. The full results with a discussion on their relation to the incidence of goitre in the various districts are to be the subject of a publication by the New Zealand Department of Health. DOMINION LABORATORY, DEPT. SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH, NEW ZEALAND. DISCUSSION. The PRESIDENT said that he was not surprised that accurate extraction of these very small quantities of iodine from various bodies depended largely on an elaborate technique accurately carried out.He thought that having to assume a constant loss was undesirable but it was perhaps the only thing that could be done. It struck him that this paper had a great bearing on the report of the Medical Re-search Council on iodine in various bodies which had been based on experiments at the Rowett Research Institute. They had used a modification of the Fellenberg method but there was no indication in this report that there was a loss and therefore the present paper was particularly valuable in view of the importance attaching at present to these minute quantities of iodine and their relationship to certain diseases. Dr. KELLY said that it was a pleasure and privilege for him to be present.He referred to the numerous surveys and publications on this subject in various countries. Each worker he said had had to spend considerable time evolving a modification of technique. In 1929 alone nine workers other than those already referred to had described modifications of Fellenberg’s method for estimating small quantities of iodine. He had had experience of this type of work and agreed with the implication of the author that the process should be carried ou 276 ANDREW THE DETERMINATION OF MINUTE AMOUNTS OF with great caution owing to the wide variation in individual technique. He was glad to notice that Mr. Andrew was the first to admit freely that in dealing with these small quantities the iodine recoverable was only 65 per cent.He concluded by hoping that Mr. Andrew’s work would receive the consideration it deserved. Mr. N. L. WRIGHT (Scientific Liaison Officer New Zealand Government) was glad to have the privilege as a visitor of joining in the discussion. Mr. Andrew was a friend and an old colleague of his and he knew that his work was of the very highest order. He was glad that attention had been drawn to the difficulties of the determination of minute amounts of iodine. Not only was the subject of scientific interest from a purely analytical point of view but it was also of great importance in its relation to human and animal health. The available iodine present in soils and waters was the source from which vegetation obtained its supply and it was mainly from vegetation that animals and human beings obtained their available supplies.Deficiencies of iodine were manifested in human beings and animals as the disease of goitre which was particularly evident in Switzerland and occurred in New Zealand and other parts of the world. For this reason the New Zealand Government was conducting an extensive research into the question of iodine deficiencies. The research mapped out included the determination of iodine in soils and pastures; in the thyroid glands of animals and in the milk of cows. I t was reasonable to expect that if deficiencies were found in these such deficiencies would be manifested in the human beings living in the particular areas. He thought that the subject of the accurate determination of these minute amounts of iodine was of very great importance.If researches were based on inaccurate and unreliable methods it was surely a serious state of affairs. He supported the suggestion that some really authoritative investigation should be undertaken to try to find the method which could be used to determine accurately and reliably these minute amounts of iodine. Mr. E. M. HAWKINS said that some time ago he had prepared large quantities of Canterbury water-softened and unsoftened; the analysis of these waters had been carried out at the Rowett Research Institute and it was found that the softening had actually decreased the amount of iodine. Mr. F. W. F. ARNAUD said that he had had the privilege of testing the process contained in the paper and was in a position to say that it was an unquestioned advance on any process he had so far used.He then briefly described the Fellen-berg method. As in that method 1 C.C. of N/500 thiosulphate corresponded to 0.000042 grm. of iodine an error of 1 C.C. in the titration would in many cases represent more iodine than the amount to be titrated. Using very weak solutions of thiosulphate it was difficult to determine accurately the end-point in the titration of small quantities of iodine. With previously published processes he had obtained highly fallacious results. The success of the present process undoubtedly depended on the physical state of the mass under extraction with alcohol; the mass should be in a pasty condition. Great care should be taken in the last evaporation to exclude organic matter so that none remained in suspension because not only did organic matter interfere with the chloroform separation but the iodine was liable to impart a different colour to the solvent making any comparison with the colour given by iodine in organic free liquids difficult or impossible.Instead of decanting the small quantities of liquid used throughout the process the liquid could be removed with less disturbance of solid matter by means of a bulb pipette. Only a minimum quantity of the sulphuric-nitrite reagent should be used. In experiments made with waters to which known amounts of iodine had been added he had been able by the process to extract from 50 to 70 per cent. of the added iodine. The results of the process therefore gave a very fair indication of the amount of iodin IODINE I N SOILS AND WATERS 277 which the waters contained and this was the information required. On account of the inexactitude of the methods of determining iodine in waters in his opinion it had been unwise to assert that there was no connection between goitre and the absence of iodine in drinking waters. This work now required serious attention, and he believed that the process would give the requisite information. Dr. ROCHE LYNCH said that in his laboratory some iodine determinations had been carried out but extreme difficulty in the process had been found and he thought that this difficulty must persist unless one were constantly doing this work. He queried what was meant by “overheating.” With regard to the process under discussion he should not think it would get us much further with this very difficult problem unless it could be considerably simplified. To be able to determine small amounts of iodine accurately was important not only in the case of waters but also as regards the blood urine etc. of living people and it would be of great help in the elucidation of certain classes of diseases

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9305500269

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr.James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death.He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate.HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn.These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members.EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr.James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN930550277b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr.James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death.He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate.HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn.These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members.EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr.James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9305500279

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr.James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death.He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate.HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn.These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members.EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr.James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death.He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate.HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry.His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members.EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century.An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list.James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9305500281

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr.James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death.He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate.HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn.These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members.EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr.James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death.He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate.HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry.His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members.EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century.An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list.James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service.For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century.An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools. A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer.Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry.His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65).For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.OBITUARY: JAMES WEST KNIGHTS 133 revived interest in “light ” treatment that Blunt’s work has received due recogni- tion. I t was my good fortune to join Blunt in his analytical work in 1912; this was the beginning of an association which was marked by Blunt’s unfailing willingness to share his knowledge and experience with a man many years his junior, and by a staunch friendship lasting until his death. He had many interests apart from his work; a keen and able field botanist, he was a vice-president of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, acted as honorary curator of the botanical section of the Shrewsbury Museum, and as a judge of wild flowers at the Shrewsbury Show for half a century. An enthusiastic educationist , he served on the board of management for several schools.A love of the Classics, formed in his Oxford days, was retained throughout his life, and his ability as a Latin and Greek scholar was of no mean order. In his younger days he was a rowing man, being in his College crew, and he also served as a volunteer. Blunt combined exceptional charm of manner with a generous and kindly disposition; a scholar and a gentleman, he did much to establish the traditions and dignity of his profession, and his example is one which a younger generation of Public Analysts may well strive to emulate. HAROLD LOWE. JAMES WEST KNIGHTS. WE have recently had to mourn the loss of several of the oldest members of our Society, and the death of James West Knights, at the age of 75, has now added another to the list. James West Knights was the second son of Mr. James Knights, of St. Ives, Hunts. He was educated at St. Ives Grammar School and at Barton School, Wisbech. ,After leaving school he served an apprenticeship with a local druggist, and then came to London to undergo a course of training in analytical chemistry. His professional career began by his becoming chief analyst to a firm of chemical manufacturers in Flint, and shortly afterwards, at the early age of 25, he was appointed Public Analyst for the Borough and County of Cambridge, the Isle of Ely, the County of Hunts., and the Boroughs of Wisbech and King’s Lynn. These appointments he held until last year, when he retired, after 50 years’ service. For inany years he also acted as gas examiner to the Cambridge Corporation. West Knights joined our Society in 1878, and he contributed several papers to the early volumes of THE ANALYST, including a method for the estimation of nitrates in water (1882, 6, 56) and a description of the familiar form of extraction apparatus which bears his name (1886, 8, 65). For many years past he took no part in the work of the Society, and was therefore personally known to only a few of our members. EDITOR.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9305500285

出版商:RSC    

年代:1930

数据来源: RSC