摘要:

IXCLUDINGF THE PROCEEDINGS O FTHE “ SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS.”PUBLISHED MONTHLY.The “Society of Public Analysts” and itsCeasors . . . . . . 171On Starches in Articles of Food and Drugs,by Dr. Muter . . . . . 172Offences against the Sale of Food and Drugs’Act . . . . . , 1 7 4On Animal Fats, by Dr. Bartlett . . , 175Coleus Persclzafetii, by Professor Church . 178On the Analysis of Plating and GildingSolutions, by Alfred H. Allen, F.C.S . 178On Birch-water, by Otto Hehner, F.C.S. . 179Ruttar Analysis,in Leipzig . . . . 180Obituary-David Forbes . . . . 180Correspondence . , . . . . 181Meeting of‘the Society of Public Bnalysts . 180~- ~~~COMXITTEE OF PUBLICATION.J. MUTER, PR. D., M.A., F.C.S.G W. WIGNEB, F.C.S.A. DUPR;, PH. D., F.R.S., F.C.S.C. HETSCH, F.C.S.C. W. HEATON, F.C.S.ABSTRACTORS.C. A. CAMERON, M.D.E. W. T. JONES, P.C.S. c. .H. PIESSO, F.C.8.P. J. LLOYD, F.C.S. I A. H. ALLEN, F.C.S.J. FALCONER KING.A. WYNTEB BLPTH, M.R.C.S.OTTO HEHNER.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87601FP019

出版商:RSC    

年代:1876

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST.Now ready, crown 8v0, 500 p.p., cloth, price 12s. 6d. (postage Sd.),THE COMMERCIAL HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS;ORPRACTICAL INSTRUCTIOXS FOR TEE DETERMINATION OF THE INTRINSIC OR COMMERCIAL VALUEOF SUBSTANCES USED IN YANUFACTUBES, I N TRADES, AND IN THE ARTS.By A. NORMANDY,Ana Zysis.”New Edition, Enlarged, and to a great extent re-written, by Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S.With wwnerous IZZustrations.Author of it Practical Introduction to Rose’s Chemistryl,” and Editor of Rose’s Treatise on Chemicalti Will be found to be essential to the Analysts appointed under the new Act ....... I n all cases the most( 6 I n a book of nearly 500 pages, we have simple yet scientific instruction how to examine almost everyrecent results are given, and the work is well edited and carefully written?article of consumption.Metropolitan.CROSBY LOCKWOOD & Co., 7, STATIONERS’ HALL COURT, LONDON, E.C.Nature.I N TE R EST1 N G FACSl M I LE RE PR I NTS,I n crown ~ v o . , antique binding, or paper bnards, 6s. ; antique morocco, 21s. ; large paper copies, inHE COMPLEAT ANGLER ; Or, The Contemplative Man’s Recreation.ruxburghe binding, 21s. ; antique morocco, %2 10s.By ISAACThis reprint of the first edition, published in 1653, is printed on paper similar to that ofThe quaint title page, the very clever drawings of fishes, and the antique head-pieces andWALTON.the original.tail-pieces, are also faithfully copied by a photographic process, which exactly reproduces the original.ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATEKNOSTER Row, LONDON, E.C.I n crown Svo., antique binding, or in paper boards, price 7s.6d. ; morocco antique, 21s. ; largepaper copies, price, in roxburghe binding, 21s.HE PILGRIM’S PROGRESS. A Reprint in Facsimile of the :First Edition of 1678,The special characteristics of the first edition are carefully preserved-the colloquial language, quaintspelling, and curious side-notes, the peculiar forms and mixtures of types, the irregular use of capitals anditalics, are faithfully reproduced ; thus enabling the modern reader to realise the rude form in which JohnBunyan put his immortal allegory before the readers of his own day.ELLIOT STOCE, 62, PATERNOSTER Xow, LONDON, E.C.Now ready, in small crown ~ v o . , in antique binding or paper boards, 5s.; or in antique morocco, 21s.HE TEUPLE. Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations. By Mr. GEORGE HERBERT,late Oratour of the Universitie of Cambridge. With an Introduction by the Rev. Alexander B. Groxart,Editor of ‘‘ George Herbert‘s Works in Prose and Verse,” and of the Aldine Edition of “ Herbert’s Poems.”it Mr. Elliot Stock has done good service to all collectors of old and curious books by publishing in hisseries of facsimile reprints, the ‘ Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations,’ which George Herbert, the saintlyparish priest of Bemerton, bequeathed as a legacy to the Christitn world, under the title of ‘ The Temple.’I t is only now, for the first time, that an attempt has been made t o reproduce the original work exactly a1it came from the hands of Messrs. Buck and Daniels, Printers to the University of Cambridge, in 1663,the year of its Author’s death.This editio princeps has been followed exactly, not only in its contents,but in such minute details as the stopping of the volume, which is reproduced exactly the sarre in type,binding, and paper, the latter being of a curious and not disagreeable brown, which looks to an inexperiencedeye at least as if it had seen the reign of Charles I.”--The Times.ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER Row, LONDON, E.C.I N THE PRESS.PARADISE LOST, by JOHN MILTON. A Reproduction in Facsimile of the FirstEdition.ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER Row, LONDON, E.CTHE ANALYST.~~ ~~ -~ ~In Wrapper, 2s. 6d. On Roller and Varnished, 6s.r,]OOD CHART, p g the Names, Classification, Composition, Alimentary Value, Rates of Digestibility,By R, LOCRE JOHNSON,L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S., &c.Adulterations, rests, &c., of the Alimentary Substances in General Use.6‘ One of the most useful piiblications of the time. ”- Weekly Review.London : HARD WICK^ & BOGUE, 192, Piccadilly, W.PRICE 2s.CLOTH.HE MICROSCOPICAL STEUCTURE OF CERTAIN FRUITS AND ROOTS T to be met with in the Jams and Preserves of Commerce. By ARTHUR ANGELL, F.’R.M.S., PublicAnalyst, County of Hants.To be obtained of GILBERT, High Street, Southampton.LATTNER’S QUALI FATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSTS WITH THE BLOWPIPE. P Profusely illustrated, 515 pages, 8ro., new, 1875. Published at 21s. Offered for a short time at 6s. 6d.LETHEBY on Noxious Trades, 1s.post free.Milk in health and disease, by A. HUTCHINSON SMEE.LETHEBY on the Right Use of Disinfbctants, Is. post free.London : HENRY KIMPTON, Medical Publisher and Bookseller, 82, IIigh Holborn.Circulating Library, 21s. per annum. List of Works on Chemistry, &c., gratis.~~~Ready, pp. iv. and 73, price 2s. post free.HE ANALYSTS’ ANNUAL NOTE BOOK for 1875. Edited by SIDNEY W. T RICH. Contains the principal part of the Analytical matter of the year in a partially condensed form.To be obtained through the Post only of S. W. RICH, 23, Lloyd Square, London, W.C.In the Press and mill shortly be published a revised and fuller Edition G fUTTER; ITS ANALYSIS AND ADULTERATION. By OTTO HEHNER B and ARTHUR AKGELL, Public Analysts.“PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS,’’Vol. 1, 1876.‘( THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS gives in the present volume a very sstisfactoryaccount of its first year’s work.It has been instrumental in introducing some improvements in an Act which mouldotherwise have been even less satisfactory than it is now ; it has secured very usef’L;1discussions on the general questions involved ; has produced through its members somevaluable analytical papers ; and above all has led to unitedmtion among Public Analysts.(‘ The present volume gives not only the record of the actual work of the Society,including abstracts of the discussions at the meetings, but also tt reprint of the recentAct, all important public pagers which have been issued in regard to it; reports ofprovecutions in any respect typical, and many letters, articles, and stray notes.TheCouncil has acted wisely in publishing the volume.”-Lancet.This book should certainly be pos,sessed by Public Analysts.”- Chemist am! Druggist.This is rather more than it purports t o be, since it contains a number o f paragraphsand leading articles.”‘( Many valuable papers are reprinted, and the book is not only practically useful,but also is an indication of healthiness and earnestness on the part of one of theyoungest of our scientific societies.”-Iron.THE ANALYST.Subscription-%. 6d. per annum, post free.All literary matter to be addressed to G. W. WLGNEB, 79, Great Tower Street, London, E.C.Business communications, Advertisements, &c., to J. H. SCOTT, at the same address.Printed by ALFRED BOUT, 7, Mark Lane. K.C., for the Proprietors ; andPublished by ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster %ow, E.C

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87601BP021

出版商:RSC    

年代:1876

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE A N A L Y S T . THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS AND ITS CENSORS. THE following four extracts-three from the Zocnb Government Chronicle and one from the XecZicat ..Zi’xa;miner-will probably be read with some amusement. It will be seen that according to the game authority, on the 2nd instant the Society was in a state of (‘ disintegration” and L‘dissolution,’’ that on the 16th it had so far improved that our contemporary was enabled t o state that it would (‘ still continue its course of usefulness,” but unfortunately by the 23rd it had suffered a relapse, and was again in a state of ‘( disintegration.” It is difficult to account for these fluctuations, but we think the notice in tho Nedical Examifier is a sufficient answer to the Local Government Clwofiicle, if any reply were needed, on which point we leave our readers to judge, LOCAL GOVERNMENT CHRONICLE, Decem6er 2nd, 1876.The Society of Public Analysts appears to be in process of disintegration, At a meeting held last week, at Burlington House, on the motion to confirm the minutes of the meeting held at Glasgow, an amendment was proposed and carried to omit therefrom the resolution censuring the Analyst journal f9r an article on Professor Dittmar.This resolution has, it is rumoured, led to the resignation of the president, vice- president, and treasurer, and will, with the dissention of which it is the outcome, it is feared, bring about the dissolution of the Society. LOCAL GOVERNMENT CHRONICLE, December 16th, 1876. THE SOCIETY OF PUBLlC ANALYSTS.-h reference to a paragraph which appeared in our issue of the 2nd instant, we have authority to state that the Society will still continue its course of usefulness, notwith- standing the secession of certain dissentient members.The Society has during its short existence done good work, and it would be a great pity were its labours to come to an end through a want of harmony or personal ill-feeling.The next meeting of the Council will take place in January, when Dr. Dupr6, who ha13 been nominated, will probably be elected president for the ensuing year. MEDICAL EXAMINER, December 14th, 18’16. THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS. -The Local Government Chronicle of the 2nd inst. contains a paragraph in reference to the above Society, which would appear to be either the result of guess-work or of sinister inspiration, at any rate so far as the probable (( disintegration’) of the Society is concerned.That certain officers have resigned is, no doubt, true ; but that any resolutionwas passed at the Glasgow meeting censuring the Alnalyst for its remarks on Mr. Dittmar-about whose individual opinion on the mattcr of butter, it appears to us, a great deal of unnecessary fuss has been made-is, we believe, entirely a mistake.It is not an infrequent, in fact it is an almost inevitable occurrence, that soon after the formation of a new Society i t is faund to contain certain incongruous elements ; and an amount of weeding out becomes necessary. It generally happens, however, that at the right moment the desired end is attained by the requisite number of voluntary retirements ; and in this case, if, as we understand, a very distinguished chemist has consented to allow himself to be nominated as president for the coming year, and if, as we also believe, the Council is likely to be considerably strengthened, we may fairly hope that the ‘‘ dissolution ” of this Society, which has already done much good, may, in spite of the secession of three or four of its members, and of the prophecy of our contemporary, not be so very imminent after all. LOCAL GOVERNMENT CHRONICLE, December 2 8 4 1876.THE SOCIETY OF PUBL~C ANALYSTS. -Under this title a paragraph appeared in the Jledicnl Examiner of last Saturday, in which a statement in the Local Government Chronicle was said to be ‘* the result of guess-work or of sinister inspiration.” We readily acquit our usually careful contemporary of intentit nal discourtesy.The Editor of the Medical Examiner can hardly need to be told that the Local Governznzerzt Chronicle does not deal in guess-work, or knowingly admit of sinister inspiration ; and the very improper paragraph must have been admitted by an oversight. On the writer of the paragraph it would be idle to waste a word. With any one who could fabricate, or even imagine, such a charge, the Local Goverlnment Chronicle can have no concern. As to the particular statement at which offence was taken, it is enough to say that we merely repeated what was common talk in well-informed circles, and had, in effect, already appeared in other journals. That a Society from which its president, vice-president, and treasurer, with all their follow- ing, had at one stroke, fallen away, had made some progress in ‘( disintegration ” it scarcely needed, as the writer oddly supposes, the gift of “ prophecy ” to determine,

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8760100171

出版商:RSC    

年代:1876

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

172 Tous LES MoIs ......... POTATO .................. BEBnzuDA ARROWROOT. ST. VINCENT DO. NATAL DO. GaLANGAL ............... THE ANALYST. Oval with flat ends Oval Sack shaped Oval-oblong Rroadly ovate Skittle shaped ~~~ NOTES ON A CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHIEF STARCHES EXISTING IN, OB ADDED TO, ARTICLES OF FOOD AND DRUGS TO PA.CILITATE THEIR DETECTION. By Dr. MUTER, F.C.S. Read before the Society of Pu6lic Analysts, Novem7ler 15th, 1876.HAVING a t t-he moment in the press an illustrated work on the starches, specially for the use of anal] sts, I have thought that a few tabulated hints, read before you in advance of the book, would be useful for aiding the memory of such of my colleagues as have not had the time to make a speciality of microscopy t o any great extent.The following table is arranged as a sort of analytical chart, and is such as I have for some years used in teaching microscopy to my students. I do not say, but here and there, granules may be found which do not quite follow my measurements and chief distinctions, but all analysts must know, that it is by the majority of the granules that starches should be judged. The measurements given, are those of such majority, leaving out extremes, which are duly treated of in the forthcoming book.The Table depends on the use of a b, objective, and a ( L B ” micrometer eye-piece, which gives a power of about 230 t o 240 diameters, and I should like to impress upon all that this extent of enlargement is quite sufficient. Indeed any further power is not only unnecessary, but mischievous, for an analyst’s daily use.The arrangement into classes is of course purely one of convenience, but whatever scientific objections may be taken to it, it is at least, so far as I know, perfectly original, and very useful in practice for assisting the memory. The measiwe- ments are condensed from those in my coming work, and are the result of the examination of more than 1000 commercial samples.Modified by the extremes, when the book is published, they can be implicitly relied on.” TABLE FOR THE DETECTION OF STARCHES WHEN MAGNIFIED ABOUT 230 DIAMETERS. All measurements are given in decimals of an inch. GROUP I,-A11 more or less oval in shape, and having both hilzlrra and r i ~ g s visible. CALUMBA ............... ORRIS ROOT ............TUREIIERIO ............... GINGER .................. Shape. I NAME. Broadly pear shaped Elongated-oblong Oval-oblong, conical Shortly conical, with rounded angles NAME. Shape. BEAN .................... Oval-oblong PEA ....................... Like bean LENTIL ................. Like bean NUTMEG .................. Rounded DART ..................... Elongated hexagon MAIZE .....................Round and polygonal I Normal Measurements. Remarks. About -001 35 Fairly uniform From *00111 to -00074 Very variable in size,withgranules About -001 11 Hilum, a long depression, seldom ,, -00055 The small size, and rounded form ,, *00074 Irregular appearance and great ,, *00074 The rounded angles of the poly- under *OO 11 1 preponderating radiate distinctive convexity distinctive gonal granules distinctive Normal Measurements.,00370 to *00185 -00270 to -00148 -00148 to -00129 -00148 to -00129 *00148 to *00:29 About -001 35 ,, *00185 ,, -00092 ,, -00148 ,, -00148 Remarks. Hilum annular near one end, and incomplete rings Hilum annular, rings incomplete, shape and size very variable Hilum distinct annular, shape variable, rings faint Hilum semilunar, rings faint, shape not very variable Hilum annular in centre and well marked complete rings Hilum elongated, very faint ia- complete rings Hilum semilunar, .faint but com- plete rings, shape variable Hilum faint, shape characteristic Very strongly marked incomplete Hilum and rings scarcely visible, ahape variable, but character- istic ringsTHE ANALYST. I73 NAXE.WHEAT ..................BARLEY .................. RYE ....................... JALAP ..................... RHUBARB ............... SENEGA BAY BERRY SUMEUL CHESTNUT ............... ACORN.. .................. CALABAR BEAN ......... LIQTJORICE ............... .................. ........... .................. GROUP 111.-Hilum and rings, practically invisible. Shape. Circular and flat Slightly angular cir- cles Like bsrley Like wheat Like wheat 9 9 99 > 9 9 , ,, 9 , Very variable Round-oval Oval-oblong Elongated-oval Black) UELLEBOEP, (White) ...Irregular Normal Measurements. 00185 to *00009 00073 and a few four times this size ,00148 t o *00009 Like wheat p00055 to -00033 for -00148 to *00009 -00074 to *00011 *00074 to *00009 *00090 to ~00009 About -00074 000296 to *OOISO About *00018 -00037 to -00009 *00055 to *ooco9 small ARUM .................... BELLADONNA ...........COLCHICUM .............. SCAMMONY .............. CANELLA. .............. PODOPHYLLIN ........... ACON~TE ................. Remarks. Very variable in size, and very dull polarization in water rhe majority measuring about ,00073 distinctive Small granules quite round, and here and there cracked Polarizes brightly in water Polarizes between jalap and wheat, and runs smaller and more convex I Measurements the only guide I Variable form and small, but Small and uniform size distinctive Large size and shape charac- Small size and shape distinctive Small regular size and rotundity, lrreguIar shape and faint central regular size, distinctive teristic distinctive depression, distinctive GROUP IV.--RIore or less truncated at one end.CASSIA. ................... CINNAMOX ............... SAGO (raw) ............... SAGO (prepared) ......... Tapiocx ................. Round Like cassia Oval-ovate Roundish Like tapioca > ? 7) 2 9 7, 7 9 >> V ery variable Like tapioca ~~ Normal Measurements. -00111 to *00015 -00074 to .@0009 *002BO to *00111 '00074 to -00055 About *00056 *00074 (about) *00046 (about) '00033 to *00022 About *00010 About -00037 Remarks.Round or muller shaped granules, and faint circular hilum More frequently truncated than cassia, and smaller %as circular hilum at convex end and rings faintly visible Has a large oval or circular de- pression, covering nearly of each granule A little over 50 per cent.truuca- ted by one facet, and a pearly Imk9n Smaller than tapioca and trunca- ted by two facets Not distinguishable from tapioca Larger than tapioca, and contains many more truncated granules Smaller than tapioca, more irregu- lar, and hihcm not visible Very variable form, and small size the only points Like scammony, but has visible hilum in most of the granules Like tapioca, but half the size1’14 THE ANALYST.TACCA ................ OAT ....................... RICE ..................... PEPPm .................. IPFCACTJANHA ............ GROUP V.-A11 grantdes more or less po!ygonal. Poly or hexagonal Poljgonal 9 ) 9 , 7 7 Normal Measurements. *00075 to 90037 About *00037 *00030 to ,00920 *00020 t o *00002 About *00018 Remarks. Distinguished from Maize hp its slmrp angles Larger than rice and hilum visible in some granules Measurement using 1-S or 1-12 inch power, and then hilum visible Ditto ditto ditto Some round and truncated granu- les, adhering in groups of three ITr.Allcn, spoke as t o the use of glycerine, versus water, as a mounting medium, and also as t o the discrimination between starch of rice, and of pepper.He found that rice lumps, not too much crushed, would polarize well. He had also based the detection on an estimation of the woody fibre, as he had found, that while rice only gives 1 per cent. woody fibre, pepper yields 6 to 8 per cent. of that constituent, and any deficiency thus easily shows adulteration. Dr. Dupr6, spoke as to the ashes of different starches. Xr. Wigner, agreed with Dr. Nuter, as to the great uaefulness of the 4-10 power, and also of a contracting diaphragm. Dr. Noter, in reply, stated, that he was experimenting on the bursting point of starches in hot water, as an additional means for their detection, but he had not yet come t o a conclusion on the point. His favourite mount,ing agent for preservation was, 1 part glycerine, and 2 parts camphor water. He considered that the only really accurate method of detecting rice in pepper, was by measurement, using 1-12 inch objective and ti micrometer eye-piece. Day light only should be used for examining starches, and the illumination should always be more or less oblique.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8760100172

出版商:RSC    

年代:1876

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

1’14 THE ANALYST. OFFEPTCES AGAINST THE SALE OF FOOD AND DRUGS ACT. ADULTERATION BY CHEMrsTaa-Three prosecutions took place a t Runcorn against three chemists named Marshall, Speakman, and Brown, for selling milk of sulphur. -Mr. Glaisyer, of Birmingham, defended a t the instance of the Chetnists and Druggists Trade association.-Dr. Bell, of Manchester, stated that the milk of sulphur purchased from the defendants was adulterated Nith sulphate of lime 5 8 i per cent., and in one case 65.-For the defence Dr.Pemberton, of Birmingham, and Dr. Redwood, of London, Editor of the ‘‘British Pharmacopceia,” were called, and spoke to the general use of milk of sulphur being such that it mas much more beneficial when mixed with sulpliate of lime.-Messrs. Evans, wholesale drucgists, of Liverpool, said they sold thirteen times more milk of sulphur than of the other preparation.Milk of sulphur was known to contain sulphate of‘ lime, and was extensively used by the medical profession. The Bench decided to convict, on the ground that the article was not supplied that was asked for. I n each case a 6ne of S1 and costs was inflicted. BUTTERINE -Charles Theohald of 20, Regent Street, Westminster, was summoned for that he did on the 20th inst., sell to Owen Williams, an officer of the Board of Works for the Westminster district, an article nut of the quality, nature, and substance demanded by the purchaser.-Mr. Warrington Rogers prosecuted.-The evidence showed that the officcr, having asked for a pound of butter, was served, and, on his telling the son of the defendant that it was for the purpose of analysis, the reply was that it was not butter, but I ‘ biitterine,” which was not sold as the natural production of the cow,-The certificate of l)r.Dupri., the analyst, showed that there was only 10 per cent. of real butter; the other 90 per cent. was composed of the fat of various animals.--The defendant urged that he ought not to be bound by what his boy, only 12 years of age had said. He himself had been in the shop only 6 days, and had purchased the stock ot the outgoing tenant, FO that he was perfectly innocent of any attempt at fraud, and any deception lay with his predecessor.-Nr, IYoolrych having cautioned the defendant as to his future conduct, recommended the withdrawal of the summons, as the defendant had evidently acted in ignorance.- Mr. Rogers accordingly wlthd:em the summons -Daily Telegruplc. Mr. Glaisyer gave notice of appcal in each case.-Standard.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8760100174

出版商:RSC    

年代:1876

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 175 NOTES ON SOME PECULIAR MODIFICATIONS OF ANIXAT, FATS, THE RESULT OF FERMEXTATION AND DIGESTION OF THE NEUTHAL FATS OF FOOD PRIOR TO AND DURING ASSIUILATION. By II. C. BARTLETT, €’ED., F.C.S. DURTNG a very prolonged series of analytical experiments, undertaken at the request of the late Dr. Bence Jones, for the purpose of elucidating the principles of the digestion of food, some very curious results have been brought to light.Among others, the partial transformation of the neutral fats into volatile and soluble fatty acids has a direct bearing upon butter analyses, and on that, account, may prove of greater interest to the Society of Public Analysts. In July or August, 1873, I was able to announce in a letter t o The Times, that hutter could be analysed to detect 20 per cent.of adulteration with neutral fats. The presence of foreign neutral fats in butter is usually indicated by palmitic and stearic crystds, but no dependance can be placed upon the microscopic examination, except as affording very valuable occasional hints. The tolerably constant proportion of the so-called ‘( but,yrine,” in pure butter, has been held t o distinguish the unmixed fat of milk from the ordinary neutral fats commonly employed for adulterating butter.The experiments of Messrs. Hehner and Angell, Dr. Muter, and Dr. A. Dupr;, have taken the accuracy in estimating this description of adulteration, far beyond the modest pretentions claimed by me three years ago. I must confess, I have now some reluctance in bringing forward all the details of the transformation of neutral fats into volatile fatty acids, because it may he used as a means of weakening the present confidence in being able to state with certainty, that any sample of butter is absolutely pure and unmixed.The actual means of adulteration derivable from my description of this transformation, is however, so unlikely t o be adopted, on the score of the expense and skill required, that I have but little fear of the present method of bntter analysis being brought into disrepute, or doubt, in consequence.As a matter of fact, we must not assume that all the animal fats of the body, except butter, are composed of varying mixtures of tri-stearate, palmitate, and oleate of glycerine only. On the contrary, I find the fatty components of most of the glands, contain a considersble proportion of volatile fatty acids combined with glycerine. These are, perhaps, not true synthetical reproductions of the glycerides, but as compounds of soluble fatty acids and glycerin, resulting from the decomposition of the natural saponification during digestion, they are almost identical with the similar compounds released from butter by the artificial means now used for butter analysis.X- The analysis of a large number of pancreatic. glands taken from pigs, dogs, calves, and other animals, first led to this peculiarity being observed. Indeed, the fat extracted from such glands is very diflcult of separation from water by drging, even a t low temperatures in the water-bath. The loss of weight is so continuous by the vapour of water carrying off the volatile acids, that no absolutely steady weighing5 can be taken until the oxidation of the fat just counterbalances the evaporation of the volatile oils.I need not observe, that when this point is reached the whole analysis is spoilt. The transformation of neutral fats by fermentation into volatile fatty acids, appears also to be supplemented by an after reaction of synthetical reproduction of the neutral fat,176 THE ANALYST.To estimate the proportion of volatile oil in the fat extracted, I use potash and alcohol for saponification, and decompose with dilute acid, sulphuric or hydrochloric. Thio being accomplisheil in a retort, the condenser is luted tight, and the aqueous liquid distilled orer until an exact fourth is left.To this, fresh water is added, and the distillation continued as long as the water condensed gives any acid reaction. A hectogramme of fat, produces about five times that amount of a milky liquid, on which, drops of oil and particles of a harder fat float. Baryta water is added t o the distillate which is returned to a cleansed retort and again distilled down to about 5 per cent.of its original bulk, after which it is evaporated to dryness in vacuo, at a tempera- ture of 45 C. The barium salts thus obtained are in triplicate, one series being easily soluble, the intermediate salts less so, and the third somewhat difficult of solution. I have not yet succeeded in separating these, each in sufficient purity from the others, to be able to speak with certainty as to their exact identity with the caprates, butyrates, ceprylates, and caproates of butter.The crystallization and resemblance to benzoate of calcium, together with the absence of efflorescence of the second series of salts appear to confirm the presence of caproic acid. The minute crystalline scales like spermaceti, are most difficult of solution, and are, I think, undoubtedly caprates, which after recrystallization leaves the caprylates dissolved in the mother liquor.A barium salt so highly soluble as to be taken up in 2.5 parts of distilled water is also found, which resembles a butyrate, but differs from butyric acid, when decomposed with dilute sulphuric acid, both in taste and smell. The total of volatile soluble fatty acids contained in the fatty extract of some glands appears to vary from 4 to 7 per cent., I am, however, under the impression that I shall obtain a larger proportion than this, as there is an evidentJoss during some processes of the analyses.Not only is a considerable quantity of volatile and soluble fatty matter to be obtained from the pancreatic and other glands, but the same may be found during the digestion of fat in the intestine, and particularly at the time of absorption.From this I was induced to conclude that the transformation of a portion of neutral fats into fatty acids ard glycerin, by the pancreatic and other digestional fluids is the result of fermentation. We know that the stimulating principles of the pancreatic and other digestive juices are true ferments.These ferments are different to the alcoholic ferment of yeast, being incompetent t o their own reproduction by the organised development and multiplication of cells. They are, however, thrown off by the organism of the digestive glands, and resemble very closely that soluble nitrogenous matter discovered in the water in which yeast has been washed after it has been filtered free from any of the cells.Just as the inversive ferment from yeast washings splits up cane sugar by hydration into glucose and lmulose, converts starch into glucose and dextrin, so the neutral fats are split up into fatty acids and glycerin in the presence of water by the soluble inversive ferments of the digestive fluids of the animal body. This only takes place in the presence of the alkaline salts of bile, and only after being worked, with the full fermentative yigour of healthy pancreatic principles.THE ANALYST.177 With these, the neutral fats of food are emulsified to a fineness of globular form exceeding that of milk, and a slight saponification continues to be produced in the intestine, which natural soap is rapidly and continuously decomposed so as to set free the soluble and volatile fatty acids.Neutral fats were taken and most carefully tested for the presence of volatile fatty acids, none being found. The same fat was given to dogs, which were killedfrom 6 to 8 hours afterwards, and the fat, digesting and absorbed, was again tested and contained considerable quantities of these soluble fatty matters.Outside the living animal digestion of fat, a somewhat similar transformation can be accomplished by obtaining the proper description of inversive ferment? and closely imitating the natural processes. Pancreatin taken during digestion and not injured by heat or any admixture will produce an emulsion in fat or oil precisely similar to that in the living body. The preacreatin must, however, be in itself perfectly soluble in water, or the emulsion will neither be permanent nor sufficiently fine to permit of any saponification at a low tempcra.ture.This can also be accomplished by the addition of a solution of healthy bile at 450 C., after which, dilute hydrochloric acid liberates traces of soluble fatt.y acids and glycerin. It is not necessary, or even advantageous, to use the crude extractive of bile for this purpose, soda, a trace of glyco-cholic acid being equally efficacious if the pancreatic emulsion has becn really complete.A great misconception as t o the real characteristics of a true pancreatic emulsion has been entertained by many, and but few appear to have studied the different aspects presented by such an emulsion as is produced on fat by the energetic action of pure soluble pancrcatin, as contrasted with the coarse mechanical mixtures of oil or fat and water which are commonly supposed t o represent this result of fermentative digestion.Some seem to think that if a bottle of oil is shaken up with the compounds sold as the active principle of the pancreas, and a yellowish cloud is diffused for a time through the oil, an emulsion has been obtained.So it has, but not the true pancreatic emulsion, which forms an integral portion of the process by which fats are digested and assimilated. From the unvarying result of many hundred trials with the pure, active principles of healthy pancreatic fluid, taken at the time of digestion, I am perfectly convinced that no raluable result has been obtained unless the slightly saponified emulsion formed is as highly refractive of light as milk.The colour may vary, according to the oil OF fat used, from (z far whiter fluid than the densist miik t o the opacity and colour of Devonshire cream; but unless at least the density of the best milk be attained, when a third of water is held in suspension no real pancreatic emulsion has been formed.The effect of fermenting neutral fats containing none but fixed fatty acids for a lengthened period is invariably to produce still larger quantities of the volatile matters. I n such cases they are accompanied by so nauseous a development of putrefactive decomposition, that this alone would preclude the artificial manufacture of fat similar to butter.As I find other fats in the animal body besides butter to contain soluble fatty acids, and that this transformation of neutral fats can be carried on artifically, Analysts will do well to bear the fact in mind when giving evidence.178 THE ANALYST. CHENICAL SOCIETY.-Bee. 7th. A COLOURING matter obtained from the stems and leaves of a well-known exotic plant, the Cokus PerschafeZtii, was described by Professor Church.Colein (for such is the provisional name assigned to this substance), is extracted from the crushed stems by means of alcohol, faintly acidulated with sulphuric acid. By filtration and evaporation the crude colein separates in a resinous form, plastic when plunged in water of 50° t o 60Q C. ; it may be purified by solution in a small quantity of strong alcohol, and precipitation by means of absolute ether.Re-solution in alcohol and re-precipitation and washing with water at 5G0 completes the removal of foreign matters. Very numerous analyses of Colein have. been made by the author of the paper, and he has been led t o the formula C,, HI, 0, for the substance itself, and t o C,, H18 PbO,, for the lead compound. Professor Church is strongly inclined t o regard Colein as identical with the enolin obtained from red wines by Gldnard, and with the cganin, anthocyan, and erythrophyll of other experimenters. Differences in the spectra shown by these bodies may be traced t o the presence of other substances, as sugar and saline matters ; t o the acid, neutral or alkaline re-actions of the solutions, and t o the nature of the solvents. The paper was illustrated by a diagram showing the distkibution of colein in the stem of the plant, and by the exhibition of various re-actions and absorption-spectra by means of the lime-light.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8760100175

出版商:RSC    

年代:1876

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

178 THE ANALYST. ON THE ANALYSIS OF PLATING AND GILDING SOLUTIONS. By ALFRED H. ALLEN, F.C.S. IN Sheffield and Birmingham, where the electro-deposition of precious metals is carried on extensively, the consulting chemist is frequently called on to assay samples of the liquors used for electro-depositing gold or silver. The liquors consist essentially of double cyanides, but it is erroneous t o assume that any particular sample will only contain a single heavy metal. Thus, the ordinary electro-plating liquid-consisting chiefly of the double cyanide of potassium and silver (KCy + Ag Cy), on being acidified, gives a precipitate nearly always more or less coloured pink by cupric ferro- cyanide, the formation of which indicates the presence of both iron and copper in the solution. For this reason also it is impossible t o determine the silver as cyanide by adding an acid, and subsequently weighing the precipitate formed, or converting it into metal.I n short, the presence of cyanides renders most of the ordinary methods of analysis inapplicable t o the assay of silver in plating solutions. The method I have been in the habit of employing for the determination of silver in cyanide solutions is as follows:-A definite measure of the sample liquid is largaly diluted with water, and the whole raised to boiling.Sulphuretted hydrogen is then passed through the liquid, or sulphide of ammonium gradually added. The silver falls as a black sulphide, which filters and washes well, and, according to the books, is free from copper.This, however, is not always the case, while any zinc which may have been present is sure to be thrown down. On this account I never weigh the precipitate, but always treat it further. For a long time I was in the habit of treating it with nitric acid, filtering from undissolved sulphur, and precipitating the silver from the solution as chloride. A more recent and shorter plan, and one which is quite as satisfactory, is asTHE ANALYST.179 follows :-The washed sulphide of silver is rinsed off the filter into a flask or beaker, and treated with excess of bromine water, which converts it rapid17 and completely into silver bromide." I f any sulphur appear t o have separated, a drop of bromine should be added t o the residue, so as t o ensure complete oxidation.Boiling water is now added, and the silver bromide is mashed, dried, fused, and weighed. The high atomic weight of bromine gives this form of weighing silver sqme little advantage over the chloride. I have been unable to devise a satisfactory and rapid method of determining, in the wet way, the gold of gilding solutions containing cyanides, The following method, however, leaves nothing t o be desired :--4 measured quantity of the gilding solution is introduced into a porcelain crucible, and cautiously concentrated; when in a syrupy condition, a few grammes of pure red lead or litharge are added, and the evaporation is continued to complete dryness.There is little or no tendency to spitting. The cracible containing the above residue is covered, and raised for a short time to a moderate red hsat. The oxide of lead is reduced by the cyanide present, with production of metallic lead and cyanate, and the reduced metal unites with the gold.The resultant button of metal is separated from the slag, and the gold obtained either by cupellation or treatment with pure nitric acid. Electro-silvering solutions can be analysed in a precisely similar manner, but of course, in this case, treatment of the rich lead with nitric acid is inadmissible, and cupellation must be resorted to. The amount of precious metal found in an electro-depositing solution is commonly reported in troy ounces, pennyweights, and grains per pint of solution. Some clients expect to have the excess of solution returned, or else want to deduct its value from the amount of the fee !

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8760100178

出版商:RSC    

年代:1876

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 179 O K B I R C H - W A T E R . BY OTTO HEHNER, F.C.S. IN Spring few trees exhibit so prominent marks of vitality as does the common birch (Betula alba). In March and April the sap rises with extraordinary power and in great quantity, and freely escapes from any mound which may be inflicted on the tree. This juice, Birch-water, is in some parts of Germany allowed to ferment, when it ‘is said to yield an agreeable mild, alcoholic beverage.Having collected a large quantity of this liquid, I found its chemical composition to be as follows :- Acidity, calculated as Acetic Acid ... ... ... 0.0156 per cent. Total solid residue ... ... ... ... 1.8255 ,, Mineral Matter ... ... ... ... 0.0646 ,, The solid residue included 0.01’16 per cent. of Nitrogen and 1-10 per cent.of The juice turns the plane of polarisation to Glucose, cane sugar being entirely absent. the left, 0.2. *I hope shortly to be able to give an account of some experiments on the oxidation of metallic sulphides by bromine water. I may say now that the prebipitated sulphides of zinc, nickel, l e d , and silver, are almost instantaneously oxidised by bromine water. Sulphides of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, copper, and mercury, are almost as readily acted on.I believe I shall shortly be able to point out some instances in which this action of bromine on the metallic sulphides may be very advantageously employed both for qualitative and quantitative purposes. Even sulphide of platinum is completely soluble,180 THE ANALYST. The mineral matter was composed as follows :- Chlorine ... ... .... ... Carbonic Acid ... ... ... ... Soluble Silica ... ... ... ... Insoluble Silica ... ... ... ... Sulphuric Acid ... ... ... .. , Phosphoric Acid ... ... ... 34 agnesia ... ... ... ... Lillie ... ... ... Soda ... . . I ... ... Potash ... ... ... ... Minus Oxygen for Chlorine . . , ... Y. ... ... ... ... ... ... ,.. ... ... 0.708 20937 0.114 1.530 7.448 10.855 18.S25 10.10.5 0-939 29'283 100.744 0-158 103.596 The trees from which the juice was collected grew on slaty soil.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8760100179

出版商:RSC    

年代:1876

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

- 180 THE ANALYST. BUTTER ANALYSIS. THE Food Bureau of the Leipzig Pharmaceutical Society offers a prize of 300 Mark (&!15) for the discovery of a practical and certain method for the detection of the adulteration of butter with other fats. The papers have t o be sent without name, but with motto and accoinpanied by a sealed envelope bearing the same motto, and containing the name of the author, to Herm.Apotherker Eohlmann, Leipzig, not later than September 30th, 1877. The prize essay is to become the property of the above Society. Had this Leipzig Society been in the habit of taking in the Analyst it would not, we believe, at this time of day, offer a prize for the solution of a question which, for all practical purposes, has already been solved. OBITUARY-DAVID FORBES, P.R.S.IT is so fully a fact in the daily routine of our lives to recognise the law of mortality, that we peruse the death-records, even of public men, without much emotion; yet there are times when the loss of an illustrious man seems to startle us into the reflection that the greatest benefactors of our race are subject to the common lot of all. Few scientific men will have heard of the decease of David Forbes without experiencing this feeling.It will be remembered that David Forbes mas a considerable traveller, that many contri- butions to geology resulted from his varied wanderings, and that his communications are counted as among the most valuable acquisitions of that science. It is to be deeply regretted that many of his observations remain yet unpublished, and that his premature and somewhat sudden death has left his MS. notes unelaborated. Some of his best work is that which he achieved as mining engineer, while in connection with the Iron and Steel Institute, of which he was Foreign Secretary. He wa's a Fellow of the Geological, Chemical and Royal Societies. He died at the earl7 age of 49 on the 5th inst., and waa followed to the grave by many scientific and other friende.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8760100180

出版商:RSC    

年代:1876

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

TEE ANALYST. 181 SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS,. THE next meeting ki€2 be held on January 17th, 1877, in the Rooms of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Picoadilly, when Offlcers and Members of Council for the ensuing year will be elected, and a new member mill be ballotted for, after which sundry chemical papers will be read and discussed, - The members and their friends, will, subsequently dine together at the Caf6 Royal, 68, Regent Street.- ALABASTER’S BALANCES. BEST ENGLISH MADE BALANCES AND WEIGHTS OF PREGISION, FOR ANALYSIS OR ASSAYING. Will carry Price 100 grammcs and ttcrn - S14 14s. wiih &i Price LGbs on MiZligrrsmnle. application. I_ -*- ALABASTER & CO., TO 44, GLOUCESTER STREET, HOLBORN, WacI REMOVED FRO= 5 7 , LWDGATE HILL, LOXDON, E.C.,THE ANALYST. O T T O 55, UPPER MARYLEBONIE: flTREET, PQETLAND PLACE, LONDON, W., BALANCE MAKER, (Xany Years with L. OERTLING.) THE NEW IMPROVED SHORT-BEA EQ ANALYTICAL BALANCES. A S-PECLALITY. A descr$tion explaining the princiyle of these Balances post free on appplicatiole. All Balances axe adjusted by Mr, WOLTERS himself under absolute guarantee.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN876010181b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1876

数据来源: RSC