摘要:

JANUARY. 1915 . Vol . XL. No . 466 . Aluminium Argon . Barium . Bismuth . Boron . Bromine . Cadmium . Caeeiurn . Calcium . Carbon . Cerium . Chlorine . Chromium Cobalt . Columbium Copper . Dysprosium Erbium . Fluorine . Gadolinium Gallium . Germanium Glucinum . Gold . Helium . Holmium . Hydrogen . Indium . Iodine . Iridium . Antimony . Arsenic . Europium . . lron . Krypton . Lanthanum Lead . Lithium . Luteciurn . Magnesium Mmganese Mercury . THE ANALYST . INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS. 1915 . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . 0 = 16 . . A1 27.1 . Sb 120.2 . A 39.88 .As 74-96 . Ba 137.37 . Bi 208.0 B 11.0 . Br 79.92 . Cd 112.40 . Cs 132.81 . Ca 40.07 . c 12.00 . Ce 140.25 . C1 35.46 . Cr 52.0 . Co 58-97 . Cb 93.5 . Cu 63-57 . Dy 162.5 . Er 167.7 . Eu 152.0 . F 19.0 . Gd 157.3 . Ga 69.9 . Ge 72.5 . G1 9.1 . Au 197.2 . He 3-99 . Ho 163.5 . H 1408 . I n 114.8 . I 126.92 . Ir 193-1 . Fe 55.84 . . . Kr 82.92 . La 139.0 . Pb 207.10 . Li 6.94 . Lu 174.0 . Mn 54.93 . Hg 200.6 . Mg 24.32 0=16 . Molybdenum . . MO 96.0 Neodymium . . Nd 144.3 Neon . . . Ne 20.2 Nickel . . Ni 58.68 Niton (radium embmtion) N t 222.4 Nitrogen . . Osmium . . Oxygen . 1 Palladium . Phosphorus . Platinum . . Potassium . Praseodymium . Radium- . Rhodium . Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenium .Silicon . Silver . Sodium . Strontium Tantalum Tellurium Terbium . Thallium . Thorium . Thulium . Tin . Titanium . Tungsten . Uranium . Vanadium Xenon . Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N os 0 Pd P P t K Pr R& Rh Rb RU S& s c Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Te Tb T1 Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe 14.01 16.00 31.04 39.10 190.9 106-7 195.2 140.6 226-4 102-9 101.7 150.4 44.1 79-2 28.3 107.88 23-00 87.63 32-07 85 -45 181.5 127.5 159.2 204.0 232.4 168.5 119.0 48.1 184.0 238.5 51.0 130.2 Ytterbium (Neoytterbium) Yb 172.0 Yttrium . . Yt 89-0 Zinc . . . Zn 65-37 Zirconium . . Zr 90.6

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9154000001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1915

数据来源: RSC

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2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS AND OTHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS. A N ordinary meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday evening, December 2, in the Chemical Society’s Rooms, Burlington House. The President, Mr. A. Chasten Chapman, F.I.C., occupied the chair. The minutes of the previous ordinary meeting were read and confirmed. Certificates of proposal for election to membership in favour of Messrs.H. 8, Machin and F. Robinson, M.Sc., A.I.C., were read for the second time; and a certificate in favour of Mr. David Mitchell, Oak House, Grafton Place, London, N.W., assistant to Dr. Bernard Dyer, was read for the first time. Messrs. J. K. Crow, D.Sc., F.I.C., and H. Finnemore, B.Sc., F.I.C., were elected members of the Society.The President announced that the following nominations of Officers and Council for 1915 had been made at the Council meeting that afternoon : President.-A. Chaston Chapman, F.I.C. Past-Presidents serving on the Council (limited by tlze Society’s Articles of Associa- twn to eight in mm,ber).-L. Archbutt, F.I.C. ; Edward J. Bevan, F.I.C. ; Bernard Dyer, D.Sc., F.I.C.; Thomas Fairley, F.I.C. ; Otto Hehner, F.I.C. ; R. R. Tatlock, F.I.C.; E. W. Voelcker, A.R.S.M., F.I.C. ; J. Augustus Voelcker, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.I.C. Vke-Presidents.-J. H. B. Jenkins ; H. Droop Richmond, F.I.C. ; R. T. Thom- son, F.I.C. Hon. Treasurer.-Edward Hinks, B. Sc., F.I.C. Hon. Secretary.-P. A. Ellis Richards, F.I.C. Other Members of Coun,ciZ.-E. M. Chaplin, Ph.D., F.I.C.; J. H. Coste, F.I.C. ; J . A. Dewhirst, F.I.C.; P. V. Dupre, A.C.G.I., F.I.C.; G. H. Gemmell, F.I.C.; R. G. Grimwood, F.I.C.; E. M. Hawkins, F.I.C. ; C. A. Keane, D.Sc., Ph.D.,F.I.C.; R. Lessing, Ph.D. ; L. Myddelton Nash, F.I.C. ; Thomas Tickle, B.Sc., F.I.C. ; W. Collingwood Williams, B. Sc., F.I.C. Referring to the fact that only one Honorary Secretary had been nominated, the President said that, on account of the existing circumstances, which they all deplored, Dr. Lessing had thought that it would perhaps be better that the Council should not re-nominate him as an Honorary Secretary.The Council much regretted that Dr. Lessing, who is a naturalised British subject, should cease to be an officer of the Society, as he enjoyed their full confidence and esteem.The nomination of a second Honorary Secretary would be made at a special meeting of the Council later.” The following papers were read : ‘‘ Application of Spectrography to Analysis,” * At a subsequent Council Meeting Mr. E. Richards Bolton was nominated to the vacant Ron. Secretaryship.SOME OLEAGINOUS SEEDS AND FRUITS 3 by S. Judd Lewis, D.Sc., F.I.C. ; “Note on some Oleaginous Seeds,” by E. R. Bolton and Enid M. Jesson; ‘‘ Corrections in Bomb Calorimetry,” by G. N. Huntly, B.Sc., A.R.C.Sc., F.I.C.; and “The Estimation of Sulphur in Rubber,” by R. Gaunt, M.Sc., Ph.D.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9154000002

出版商:RSC    

年代:1915

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

SOME OLEAGINOUS SEEDS AND FRUITS 3 SOME OLEAGINOUS SEEDS AND FRUITS. BY E. RICHARDS BOLTON AND ENID M. JESSON. (Read at the Meeting, December 2, 1914.) THE rapid increase in the cost of oils and fats during recent years has caused manufacturers to utilise every possible source of supply, and, as a result, a, large number of oleaginous seeds and fruits are now crushed in this country and on the Continent (particularly at Marseilles) to produce oils and fats both for dietetic use and as candle, soap, and lubricating material.In (( Fatty Foods ” (J. and A. Churchill, 1913) about fifty different vegetable oils and fats are described, by far the greater number of which are at present to be found on the market. Since the production of this work many other seeds and fruits have been sent to this country in the hope that they might find a market.I n view of the great dificulties which the analyst who may be called upon to examine or recognise what we might term lesser known oils and fats may encounter, we feel that it would be of value to place on record our analytical figures, together with a brief botanical and general description of a few of the large number of seeds and fruits which it has been attempted to utilise during the last few years.Some of these products are obtainable in large quantities, and some have already been crushed in bulk. In one or two cases it will be noticed that the percentage of oil or fat contained in a given seed or fruit may appear to be too small to make it possible to effect a, profitable commercial separation, but it should be borne in mind that the fatty matter is usually confined to one portion of the seed or fruit, such as the kernel or the pulp, and that by the removal of the non-fatty portion in the country of production a product may be obtained rich in oil and easy and economical to export.Some of the very finest oils, which would command a high price, still remain unused, owing to the fact that they are to be found in kernels which are enclosed in such a thick or hard shell as to be impossible of removal in bulk without special machinery. Inventors have been very busy lately in suggesting and patenting machines for dealing with special nuts of this type, and as a result of their efforts consignments have actually arrived of kernels which a year or two ago had only been separated by hand.Our thanks are due to Mr. J. Masters Hillier, of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, who has kindly identified many of the specimens, and to Mr. L. H. Dyke Acland, who determined some of the constants given in the table.03 .a c i ;$ -32 w 6% 2- -- C huddapa h almonds, or Peru palin kernels. Chironpi oil 7.7 $ 4 3 Y 2- rn :2 - * Nitas beans, or ?outham Cai seeds Hacassar oil 64 71.9 41.3 2 -37 ed ;=lG 7a 0 4 5 .g 2- Kaloem - pang beans, or Beligho seed:.- 250 52'0 6.9 27.0 d .2 2% SE *, g; lequa, or lntidote Cacoon - - 57.6 - - $$ $4 % & E-c Jiconga nuts - 546 60.9 35.9 - - + 6' 193.6 54.5" 90.4 0.31 I - 4 Neem margosa Neem or margosa 40 01' 43.6 14-5 - ____ Dhomba nuts Dhomba oil 170 70.1 - - *Native name of fruits or seeds - - 1620 - -- ti Name of oil yielded ..Weight of 100 fruits Oil content, per cent. : or seeds, grnis. In kernel .. 61.0 - , 7.1 - 45.0 - 6.7 20.0 - In pnlp ... .. In whole fruit or I 7-5 j 50.0 seed I Kernel Oil. -__- - - 193.7 54'4" i 9 . 5 0.8 - .- - - Pulp Oil. Pulp Oil. <erne1 Oil. - - 1" 191 -5 57" 100'6 1-22 0 85 - - - Cernel Oil. - - 6" 193.8 59.8" 75.8 1.0 - - - .___ __ .. - + 25" 170.5 72.7" 93.i 3-46 4.0 -. - - __ - . - + 35" Iturbiditj point) 185.6 54.1 72.9 3.15 i.7 8% 0 *25 4 96 ~ .--- - +18" 198.7 49.3" 54-9 4.45 - -- + 36 - 209.2 49.0" 55.0 65.9 2 -15 Melting-point, " C. ... Solidifying-point, " C. + 34" - 192.9 77.1" 52 -4 0-28 - - + 29" + 14" 197.0 48 -6" 57 -1 1.44 - - - - + 17" 190.5 72.3' 88 *.5 26.2 1.2 - - - -__- - 1- 4" 189-3 49'7" 70.1 15.3 1.26 +20" ' - 1 Saponification value .., Refractive index (Zeiss Iodine value (Wijs) ... Free fatty acids (as Unsaponifiable matter, Reichert - Meissl value scale a t 40" C. ) oleic), per cent. per cent. 227.0 50.6" 54.5 7'93 - 16.0 Polenske value ... 0.27 i - 14.5 - - Rirschner value . , * Only R few of the better known native names are quoted here,SOME OLEAGINOUS SEEDS AND FRUITS 5 Balanites Maughamii, Sprague.(Nat. Ord., Simarubacea), -The tree is a native of Portuguese East Africa, where it is said to be abundant in the Lebombo moun- tains, and known as ‘‘ Manduro.” Specimens of the tree and fruit have onlyrecently been received in this country, and have been fully dealt with botanically by T. A.Sprague in the Eew Bulletin, Misc. Inform., No. 4,1913, who describes the fruit as “ a drupe, oblong-ellipsoid, 14 to 13 inches long, 1 inch in diameter or rather more, with a deep basal depression and a smaller apical one, at the bottom of which are ten scars left by the pedicel and style respectively, longitudinally five grooved in the upper part ; epicarp, crustaceous ; mesocarp, fibrous and spongy ; endocarp, woody, 1$ to 2 inches thick.Seed-coat, buff-coloured.” The above parts are present in the following proportions : Epicarp + mesocarp (pulp) ... ... ... 56 per cent. Endocarp ... ... ... *.. ... 33 ,, Kernel ... ... 11 ,, ... ... ... ... The Imperial Institute, in their Report No. 88, publish some figures for the oil from the kernels. Oil is, however, contained in both the outer sticky pulp and in the kernels; the latter have a high content of a clear pale yellow valuable oil, which is, unfortunately, not likely to be obtained at present on acommercial scale owing to the difficulty of removing the spongy, sugary pericarp.The sticky pulp and the olive-green oil which it contains, have an overpowering smell of butyric acid, while the kernel oil has only a slight butyric odour.(Nat. Ord., Guttifera.)-The exhibited seeds were received from India. In shape they are obliquely-ovoid and pointed at one end, l+ to 2 cm. long ; in the dry state of a light-brown colour, but when fresh are said to be red. The shell of the seed is under 1 mm. in thickness and very brittle ; it encloses the white endosperm, which is covered by a thin yellowish testa, the two latter comprising 72 per cent.of the weight of the seed. The extracted oil is of a pale yellowish-brown colour, having the consistency of vaseline and an unpleasant Calophyllum Imphyllum, L. (Alexandrian Laurel.) (Nat. Ord., Gulttqerm.)-A species of fairly wide distribution, especially near the coast, extending from India and Madagascar to Australia and the Pacific Coast.The whole fruit is about 3& cm. long by 24 cm. broad, but kernels only were received, these being roundish and pointed at one end, dark brown, soft and oily in texture. They have a peculiar, strong odour, suggestive of aniseed or fenugreek, which smell is tenaciously retained by the oil. The colour of the oil is a brownish olive-green.Lewkowitsch (“ Chem. Tech. and Anal. Oils, Fats, and Waxes,” 5th edition, vol. ii., p. 369) states that the oil is poisonous, but it is said elsewhere to be used by the natives of India for edible purposes. Possibly the oil which is referred to as poisonous was imperfectly freed from non-fatty solids. A general analysis of the seed and extracted meal has been made by A. Smetham (ANALYST, 1914,39, 489).Melia Axadirachta, L. (Nat. Ord., Meliacea. j (Report on Improvement of Indian Agriculture, by J. A. Voelcker, pp. 105, 149, and 154.)-This tree is well known in India as the neem-tree, where it grows wild, though it is more often cultivated. Calophyllum tornentosum, Wight. odour.6 BOLTON AND JESSON The sample was received from South America under the name of ‘ ( B e d Seeds.” The fruit is about 1Q to 2 cm.long, ovate-oblong in shape, the pericarp being dark brown and wrinkled, Seed about 1 cm. long, containing an oil known as margosa or neem oil ; whereas the pericarp, which is pulpy in the fresh state, yields resinous matter. To obtain the oil for examination, the whole fruit was crushed and extracted, and it was found that, on heating, the bulk of the resinous matter separated and a clear oil was obtained by filtration.As shown in the table, much unsaponi- fiable matter, however, still remained in solution. Both the fruits and the oil obtained from them possess an intolerable garlic-like smell. The extracted oil was brown in colour, and although it deposits solid matter at 35’ C., it never completely solidifies.(Nat. Ord., Cucurbitacew.)-Tropical America, and West Indies, the plant being often known as the Antidote Cacoon of Jamaica. Fruits roughly circular, yellowish-brown, disc-like, 5 cm. in diameter, containing a similar shaped seed, which does not exceed 4 cm. in thickness. On the extreme edge of the seed-coat, which is yellowish and particularly smooth, are radially arranged ridges.The fat is of a pale cream colour and a firm plastic consistency; the smell is somewhat unpleasant, and the taste bitter. The exceptionally high refractive index-in fact, the highest given by practically any known fatty oil (excepting tung oil)-will be noted, being a11 the more extraordinary in view of the low iodine value and the marked drying properties which the oil exhibits.Unfortunately, our sample was too small to permit of further investigation. Teyairia pedata, Hook. (Nat. Ord., Cucurbitacetz.)-Tropical Africa. I n the natural state these seeds are embedded horizontally in a large fleshy fruit, 3 feet long and 8 to 10 inches in diameter. Seeds much compressed, roughly triangular in shape, about 3 cm. from apex to centre of base, sometimes a little concave on one side.They are easily recognised by the tough fibrous interwoven matting which firmly encloses the seed, but is quite distinct from the outer layer of the’ seed-coat (epicarp), the latter being hard, yellowish, and having reticulate markings. There is a black, firm mesocarp, a softish white endocarp, and a thin greenish skin covering the endosperm.The above parts are present in the following proportions : Feuillea cordi$olia, L. Outer fibrous layer .. ... ... ... ... ... 10 per cent. Oily yellow kernel + green skin ... ... ... ... 59 ,, Inner layers of shell (ie., epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp) 31 ,, The oil extracted from the kernels, known as Koeme oil, although liquid a t ordinary temperatures, in due course gives a copious deposit of stearine.” When freshly extracted the oil is of a pale yellow colour, but when viewed by reflected light exhibits a red to greenish fluorescence.This fluorescent effect is destroyed by light. The oil is almost odourless, and has only a very slight bitter taste. Both the seeds and the oil are said to be eaten by the natives, but, according to Bontoux (Lewkowitsch, 5th edition, vol.ii., p. 333), toxic substances may be contained in the oil if expressed together with the pulp of the fruit. Canarizlm luxonicum, Miquel. (Nat. Ord., Burseracea)-A native of the Philip- pine Islands. This species yields most of the elemi (a fragrant gum-resin) exported from Manila, and is locally known as d6 Brea blanca.” The seed only was received.SOME OLEAGINOUS SEEDS AND FRUITd 7 I t is elliptic, very pointed at each end, 4+ to 6 cm.long, about 2 cm. broad, 1 to 3 celled, and triangular in cross-section. The endocarp is very hard and woody, 3 to 4 mm. in thickness, and amounts to 22 per cent. of the weight of the seed. Con- siderable quantities are said to be available for shipment, but the large proportion of useless shell renders the cost of the kernel very high, so that it would be neces- sary to decorticate them before any large export trade could be commenced.These kernels have a pleasant, fresh taste, like that of sweet almonds, and yield a fat of soft consistency, which has only a very slight, though pleasant, taste and smell. Canariurrz conzrnune has very similar seeds, the oil from which is known as (‘Java almond oil ” ; in both these cases the seeds are used by the natives as substitutes for sweet almonds.With suitable machinery the removal of the shell should not be dificult, and if this can be effected, both the kernels and the oil would prove useful and valuable products, the former having a high protein content. (Nat. Ord., Sapindacea)-This genus is confined to India (Central Provinces, West Peninsula, and Burma) and the Malayan region, where the nuts are variously known as Kusambi nuts,” “Pacca,” etc.The tree is the lac- tree of Kosumbs (“ Ceylon oak ”), and the oil is there known as kon or kusum oil, being said to be the original Macassar oil. Fruit I+ to 2 cm. long, usually echinate, ovate-oblong or spherical, dark reddish-brown. Seeds 1 or 2 in number, 1 to I+ cm.long, testa light yellowish-brown ; they are said (Brandis, (‘ Indian Trees,” p. 190) ‘‘ to be enclosed in a succulent arillus of pleasantly acid taste.” The endosperm, in the dried condition, is yellow. A pale straw-colourad, semi-solid oil is contained in the kernels, which, it will be noted, gives a very high Reichert-Meissl value,and also a high Kirschner value.These figures, taken in conjunction with the low Polenske value, might render the oil difficult to detect if used as a butter adulterant, were it not for a peculiar colour reaction noticeable on saponification with alcoholic potash, and for certain other analytical differences. (Nat. Ord., Sterczdiacea.)-A widely distributed tree in tropical and subtropical regions, where the seeds have many vernaculer names.In this country they are commercially known as Java olives.” The seeds, which are enclosed in a long, narrow pod, consist of (1) a greenish papery epicarp, amounting to 4 per cent. of the whole ; (2) a soft brown mesocarp, amounting to 19 per cent. ; and (3) a hard, black, shining endocarp, ambunting to 27 per cent. The kernel (amounting to 50 per cent.), which entirely fills the seed cavity, is almond-like in consistency and texture.These kernels are said to be eaten by the natives. The oil is of a somewhat viscous nature, of a pale yellow colour, and without any pronounced taste or smell, only a trace of “ stearine ” being deposited on pro- longed standing. It is of interest to note that this oil solidifies on heating to about 250° C., and also that it gives a Halphen colour reaction nearly as strong as cotton- seed oil.Lewkowitsch, ((‘ Oils, Fats, and Waxes,” 4th edition, vol. iii., p. 102), has prepared and examined a sample of what he terms “ polymerised sterculia oil.” The oil obtained from these kernels would be suitable for many purposes, and might prove excellent as a salad oil.Anacardium occidentale, L. (Nat. Ord., Anacardiacea)-The tree abounds in Brazil, Central America,, and West Indies, and is also cultivated in the Tropics. The Schleichera trijuga, Walld. Sterculia fBtida, I;.8 BOLTON AND JESSON seed is brown and kidney-shaped, about 3 cm. long. I t consists of-(1) A cellular pericarp, amounting to 70 per cent., which, when freshly cut, exudes a brownish resinous, vesicant juice, which even in small quantities causes most painful blisters on the skin.Formerly advantage was taken of this property to torture slaves by rubbing it on the skin. (2) A kidney-shaped kernel, amounting to 30 per cent. (covered by a thin yellow skin), commonly known on the market under the name of “cashew,” or “promotion nuts.” They are very pleasant to eat and much used in confectionery, whilst the fact that they are always slightly burnt is due to the necessary burning off of the outer portion.The oil yielded by the pericarp is almost black in colour, retains the blistering properties, and, though it has an iodine value of 250, is a non-drying oil. We have only once received it as a, com- mercial sample, but it is said to be utilised by bookbinders in South America.The kernel oil is not often separated owing to the high price fetched by the kernels themselves. It is a pale yellow colour, possessing a, not unplealsant taste and smell. (Nat. Ord., Alzacardiaces.)-India and Burma. Known in this country as ‘‘Peru palm kernels.” Fruit, a drupe, black, 9 inch in diameter, but the material investigated by us consisted of small, soft, kernel-like bodies, under 1 cm.in length, and covered with a thin brown coat. They have a very pleasant taste, being somewhat like pistachio nuts in flavour. These kernels are much prized by the natives both as a sweetmeat and for the Chironjii oil obtained from them. The oil is of a very pale straw colour, and has a pleasant taste and smell.Enocarpus d i s t i c h , Mart. (Nat. Ord., Palms.)-South America. The fruit of this tree is a, subglobose or ovate, blackish-brown berry. Beneath the outer, brittle layer is a very characteristic fibrous one enclosing the extremely hard seed. A soft brownish-green fat of lard-like consistency and low melting-point was obtained from these seeds, and was found both in the hard seed as well as in the fibrous shell.‘‘ Marquaqua Nuts.”-Under this name the authors have recently received an interesting seed (3) from Portuguese East Africa, and though it has not been found possible to identify it at present, it seems desirable to place the figures on record. I t is composed of (1) an outer oily covering, having the appearance, consistency, and oolour of a date; (2) a, thin, firm shell, enclosing (3) the stony semi-transparent endosperm, in which the embryo is seen t o beeembedded at one end.In the fresher specimens the endosperm is pale yellowjsh colour, but in the older ones frequently brown. The specimens were about 3 em. long by 2 cm. broad, and 0.7 em. thick. The oil is of a dark, golden-yellow colour, somewhat viscous, with no very pronounced taste or smell.DISCTJSSIOX. Mr. J. A. L. SUTCLIFFE said that in the case of a sample of sterculia oil which he had examined he had found the acetyl value to be 45 and the specific gravity 0.930, which differed considera,bly from the figures given by Bontoux. In viscosity the sample was between rape oil and castor oil, the efflux time being 700 seconds, as compared with about 500 for rape oil and about 1,300 for castor oil.Indeed, the oil was not unlike castor oil in some of its features, but was of course quite different in its edible properties. Bwchanania Eatijklia, Roxb.GAUNT: ESTIMATION OF SULPHUR IN RUBBER 9 Mr. E. M. HAWKINS said that he had been informed that the pulpof marquaqua nuts was used for food by the natives. Dr. LANDER said that he thought some information was desirable as to the comparative utility oE these oils-whether, for instance, they were commonly used by the natives either as human or as animal food, He believed he was right in saying that in the case of Melia some parts at any rate of the plant were poisonous.Nr. BOLTON, in reply, said that in their view a ‘‘ nice ” oil mould be one that was easily obtained from the seed, that saponified easily and contained but little unsaponifiable matter, that could certainly be used for soap-making and possibly for edible purposes. The question of edibility was of course a difficult one, certain oils being distinctly poisonous or exercising marked physiological effects. This was not in all cases due to the oil itself. It was, for instance, possible, though it was certainly difficult, so to refine castor oil that it possessed no medicinal properties st all. They hoped that these figures might be of some assistance in recognising the oils referred to, and the botanical descriptions might help in identifying the seeds. The country of origin had been given wherever possible. Melia seeds would certainly not be used for food, on account of their very strong odour, but possibly this might be sufficiently removed to enable the oil to be used for soapmaking.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9154000003

出版商:RSC    

年代:1915

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

GAUNT: ESTIMATION OF SULPHUR IN RUBBER 9 ESTIMATION OF SULPHUR IN RUBBER. BY R. GAUNT, M.Sc., PH.D. (Read at the Neeting, December 2, 1914.) THE estimation of sulphur in vulcanised rubber is a matter of considerable im- portance in the rubber industry, and several attempts have been made to substitute the Cerius by a more expeditious method. The best known method is that of Henriques, described by Frank and Marckwald (Zeitsch.f. angew. Chem., 1889, 11, 802), in which the rubber is oxidised by means of nitric acid, the oxidation being completed by subsequent fusion of the product with alkaline nitrate. This method, however, was criticised by Hinrichsen and Memmler (‘I Der Kautschuk und seine Priifung,” Leipeig, 1910, p. 144). Several modifications have been proposed to avoid fusion.Rothe (Zoc. cit., p. 140) suggested oxidising the rubber by heating with a mixture of magnesium nitrate and nitric acid. Hinrichsen (Chem. Zeit., 1909, 33, 735) oxidised the rubber by means of nitric acid through which an electric current was passed. According to Stevens (ANALYST, 1914, 39,74), however, a varying loss of sulphur occurs during oxidation of rubber products with nitric acid, owing to the formation of volatile substances containing sulphur. Other methods of effecting the oxidation of rubber consist in heating the rubber with alkaline oxidising agents (Konek, Chem.Zeit., 1903, 27, 648 ; Alexander, Gzcmmi Zeit., 1904, 18, 738 ; Pontio, Kaye and Sharp, India Rabber J., 1912, 44,10 GAUNT: ESTIMATION OF SULPHUR IN RUEBER 1189).I t is difficult, however, to carry out these processes without loss from local explosions and spurting. The estimation of sulphur in organic substances by burning in a current of oxygen and absorbing the sulphur dioxide formed does not appear to have found much application in the case of rubber. This method was suggested by Dennstedt, who burnt the substance in a special apparatus by means of a double supply of oxygen, and absorbed the sulphur dioxide by means of lead peroxide contained in a boat placed in the combustion-tube.The difficulty in the method with regard to rubber lies in the fact that when rubber is heated a, volatile decomposition product is evolved which may escape combustion altogether, or form an explosive mixture with the oxygen.This difficulty, however, is eesilgovercome by carrying out the combustion in the following way : The rubber (0.2 to 0.3 grm.) is contained in a small tube of hard glass closed a t one end. This is placed in the centre of the combustion-tube, which is 30 to 35 cms. long, and drawn out at the rear end end fitted into a small flask, which by another tube is connected with another small flask.Twenty-five C.C. of 20 vol. hydrogen per- oxide are placed in each of the flasks. In the rear end of the combustion-tube in front of the constriction is placed a loose plug of platinised asbestos. Dry oxygen is led through the tube, and the part immediately under the mouth of the inner tube containing the rubber is heated hy means of a bunsen burner. The rubber itself is then gently heated by another burner until melting and decomposition begin.The gas evolved ignites at the mouth of the containing-tube and burns with :a luminous, but, if care be taken, a smokeless flame. This flame is maintained by gently heating the rubber until all the gaseous products of decomposition are evolved. The residual mass is then more strongly heated until it is completely burnt.Any carbon which may have deposited on the inner surface of the combustion- tube or on the asbestos is also burnt by gradually moving the burner along the tube. The sulphur dioxide is absorbed by the hydrogen peroxide forming sulphuric acid, which may be estimated by titration with standard alkali, or, after boiling with hydrochloric acid to decompose the excess of peroxide, may be estimated gravi- metrically.I t is necessary, however, to correct for any sulphuric acid or sulphates which may be present in the hydrogen peroxide. I n the case of a rubber containing much mineral matter, it is obvious that the sulphates in the residual ash must also be estimated. This usually takes about half an hour. The following results were obtained : I.PURE SULPHUR. Amount Taken. Amoiint found. (a) 0*100 grm. ... ... ... ... 0.101 grm. (b) 0.110 ,, ... ... ... 0.111 ... 11. SOFT RUBBER (WITHOUT FILLINGS). Percentage of Sdphur . By Carius’s Method. By Combustion. 9.8 ... ... ... ... (1) 9.7 (2) 9.9FOOD AND DRUGS ANALYSIS 1 1. 111. SOFT RUBBER (CONTAININU 34 PER CENT. MINERAL MATTER). Percentage of Sulphur. By Clarins’s Method. By Combustion. 9.4 ... ... ... ... ... 9.4 The mineral residue in the tube was dissolved in hydrochloric acid and added to the main solution. IV. VULCANITE. Percentage of Sulphur. By Carius’s Method. By Conibustioa. 46.2 ... ... ... ... (1) 46.4 (2) 45.6 In the case of an ashless rubber the whole process, using the volumebric method of estimating the sulphuric acid, can be carried out in an hour and a, half. SCIESTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMEXT, IYPBRIAL INSTITUTE, S.W.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9154000009

出版商:RSC    

年代:1915

数据来源: RSC

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FOOD AND DRUGS ANALYSIS 1 1. ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN OTHER JOURNALS. FOOD AND DRUGS ANALYSIS. Study of Methods of Extraction by Means of Immiscible Solvents from Point of View of Distribution Coefficients : 11. (Estimation of Aconitine, Codeine, Cocaine, Morphine, and Strychnine.) J. W. Marden and V. Elliott. (J. Ind. and h’ng. Chem., 1914,6,928-934.) (C’. ANALYST, 1914,39,354.)--Chloroform is a much better solvent for aconitine than is ether, which is recommended for the pur- pose by the U.S.Pharmacopoeia. Three extractions, each with 10 C.C. of chloroform, will extract more than 99-9 per cent, of the aconitine from 50 C.C. of an ammoniacal aqueous solution. Six similar washings with. ether are necessary to extract even 99 per cent. Chloroform is an even better solvent for codeine, two washings sufficing to remove practically 99-9 per cent., using the quantities stated above.For the extraction of codeine, ether is quite useless, the alkaloid being almost equally soluble in wet ether and in water saturated with ether. On the other hand, ether is nearly as good a solvent for cocaine as chloroform is for codeine, two washings sufficing to extract 99.8 per cent., using the quantities stated above.Two washings with chloroform will remove this percentage of strychnine from aqueous solution, whereas mixtures of ether and chloroform, recommended by many authors, are much less efficient. The difficulty in extracting morphine completely is discussed, and it is suggested that, if the distribution co-efficient for morphine between water or a saline solution and some immiscible solvent under closely defined conditions were accurately12 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS determined, it would suffice to work with measured volumes, determine the morphine in an aliquot portion of the immiscible solvent, and calculate that in the remainder of the immiscible solvent as well as that remaining in the aqueous layer.Unfortu- nately, the authors’ determinations of the distribution ratios for morphine are not sufficiently concordant to permit them to recommend a method based on this principle, but it is suggested that the principle may have other applications. I t is said that ‘( terpeneless” lemon extract is made by extracting citral from lemon-oil by means of 45 per cent. alcohol.It is shown that alcohol of this strength is a poor solvent for citral compared with the residual terpenes, and that a large quantity of alcohol is necessary to extract 75 per cent. of the citral, even if applied in successive small portions. Alcohol of 50 per cent. strength is shown to be three times as good a solvent for citral, but whether alcohol of this strength dissolves any appreciable amount of terpene as well is not stated.G. C. J. Method for Quantitative Determination of Resins in Hops. 0. Winge and J. P. H. Jensen. (Compt. rend, des trac. d u Lab. de Carlsberg, 1914, 11, 116-147.)-An error has hitherto been made in considering the y resin of hops as valueless, since during the brewing process it both imparts a flavour to the wort and assists in the precipitation of the albumens.The resins of hops, which are all soluble in cold ethyl ether, are not all equally bitter and equally valuable, but, as the relation between their bitterness can be expressed by the proportion, a : p : y = 10 : 7 : 4, the total quantity of resin extracted from the hops by means of cold ether and deter- mined by potash titration is an approximately accurate expression of the bitterness value of hops.The analytical methods hitherto used, involving the use of petroleum ether, being based on a separation of the so-called soft resins from the hard resin, rest on an insecure basis and give misleading results. The following method is recommended: Thirty grms. of hops are pulverised by means of a meat machine, the first 5 grms.are discarded, and the remainder well mixed. About 5 grms. are transferred to a previously weighed 300 C.C. Erlenmeyer flask. The whole is dried in a vacuum for twenty-four hours at 35’ C., the loss of weight giving the moisture content of the sample, after which 150 C.C. of ethyl ether free from water and alcohol are added, and the mixture left to stand, with repeated shaking, for one hour.The liquid is filtered and a careful washing with ethyl ether is made by means of a wash- bottle with fine jet. This washing is very important, and requires about 100 C.C. of ether. The solution is then titrated with 0.05 N potassium hydroxide solution in 93 per cent. alcohol, using phenolphthalein as an indicator. potas- sium hydroxide corresponds to 0.40 grm. of the mixed a, p and y resins, the desired percentage contents of resins, based on the dry weight of the hops, becomes z= 3 where y= C.C.of 0.05 N potash required, and z = the dry weight of the hops in grms. KOH was found as the result of analysing twenty samples, the titration factors for the three resins being as follows : Since 1 C.C. of 2 ’ The average value of 040 grm. of resin for 1 C.C.0.32 grm. CL resin = 1 C.C. KOH 0.40 9 , p 9 , = 1 9 9 7, 0.06 3 , y $ 9 = 1 9 9 9 ,FOOD AND DRUGS ANALYSIS 13 The authors have made a comparison between the ethyl ether cold extraction method above described, the carbon tetrachloride extraction method of Seibriger (Wochenschr. f. Brauerei, 1913, 30, 530), and the ammonia method of Nilson (Brewers’ Congress, 1911, l04), and reasons are adduced for the preference being given to the ether process. H.F, E. H. Influence of Fineness on the Availability of Bone-Meal. S. S. Peck. (J. Ind. and Eng. Chem., 1914, 6, 922-924.)-Since there is a limit to which bone-meal can be ground to permit of its convenient handling, fine bone-meal could possibly be defined as that whiGh passes through a, 50-mesh sieve.I t is not commercially practicable, however, to prepare so fine a product without also including a considerable proportion of very fine dust, so a standard of fine bone-meal of 65 per cent. to pass a 50-mesh sieve, and at least 90 per cent. of the remainder to pass a 25-mesh sieve, is suggested as one to which no reasonable objection can be offered by the dealers, and from which satisfactory results will accrue to the crops.w. P. s. Examination of Meat Extract. J. Smorodinzew. (Zeitsch. Physiol. Clzem., 1914, 92, 214-221.)-A comparison was made of the yield of bases obtained by the following methods : (1) Treatment with a 10 per cent. mercuric sulphate solution in 5 per cent. sulphuric acid and precipitation of the filtrate after removal of mercury with phosphotungstic acid. (2) Treatment with neutral lead acetate and precipitation of the filtrate, after removal of lead, with phosphotungstic acid.(3) Precipitation with a solution of phosphotungstic acid in 5 per cent. sulphuric acid after previous treatment with lead acetate. (4) Direct precipitation with phosphotungstic acid without addition of sulphuric acid. The best yields of purine bases and carnosine were obtained from the precipitation with mercuric sulphate.The yield of carnosine is considerably reduced by the addition of sulphuric acid in the phosphotungstic acid precipitation. The addition of lead salts reduces the yield of carnitine and only slightly improves that of methylguanidine. The preliminary treatment with lead acetate is objectionable, because acetic acid hinders the precipitation with phospho- tungstic acid and necessitates the use of a much larger quantity of this acid : the quantity of this acid required is considerably reduced by the addition of sulphuric acid.Purine bases are not completely precipitated by phosphotungstic acid, and their precipitation is apparently not affected by lead salts or sulphuric add.E. W. Carnosine, Methylguanidine, and Carnitine in Mutton. J. Smoro- dinzew. (Zeitsch. Physiol. Chem., 1914, 92, 221-228.)-The extract of mutton is poorer in nitrogen than that of beef, Extract of mutton was found to contain twice the quantity of purines and nearly twice the quantity of carnitine, but only one-third the quantity of carnosine and one-half the quantity of methylguanidine present in beef extract.Mutton also contains more purines and carnitine and less carnosine and methylguanidine than is contained in horseflesh. E. W.14 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS Specific Colour Reaction of Marine Animal Oils and their Hydrogenated Products. M. Tortelli and E. Jaffe. (hnaZi C h h . AppZac., 1914, 2, 80-98.)- Marine animal oils and their hydrogenated products contain a chromogenic sub- stance which reacts with bromine to form a compound which imparts a bright green coloration to a chloroform solution of the oil.One C.C. of the sample is shaken with 6 C.C. of chloroform and 1 C.C. of glacial acetic acid in a glass cylinder, and the homogeneous solution treated with 40 drops of a 10 per cent. solution of bromine in chloroform, vigorously shaken, and allowed to stand.I n the presence of a marine animal oil a fugitive rose coloration, changing to bright green, will be obtained, and will persist for at least an hour. Vegetable oils under the same conditions usually remain colourless or assume a yellow tint, which does not alter within an hour. In the case of hemp-seed oil, however, the chloroform solution becomes green on the first addition of bromine and then changes to yellow.Certain animal oils-e.g., neat's-foot oil-give a slight rose coloration, changing to yellow within an hour ; but in no instance can the reaction be confused with that given by marine animal oils. Hydrogenated fish and marine animal oils give a rose coloration, changing within a minute to pale green, and after another minute to emerald green, whereas hydro- genated vegetable oils at first remain unaffected or assume a light yellow tint, which becomes yellow or brown after an hour, whilst hydrogenated terrestrial animal oils immediately assume a yellow or light brown tint, changing to deep brown after an hour.As little as 5 per cent. of a hydrogenated marine animal oil may thus be detected in vegetable lard substitutes, etc.Ordinary butter gives a yellowish tint, appearing slightly green by reflected light, but not such as could be confused with the distinctive reaction of marine animal oils. C. A. M. Characteristics of Olive Oils extracted with Carbon Disulphide. F. Canzoneri and G. Bianchini. (Annuli Chim. Applic., 1914, 2, l-9.)-Olive oils extracted with carbon disulphide differ from expressed oils : (1) In the higher specific gravity (0.920, Fritsch ; 0.927, Klein at 15.5" C.) ; (2) the lower solidification-point ofathe fatty acids (e.g., 17.5' to 19*7O C.), their lower iodine value (77.5 to 80-2), and their higher acetyl value ; (3) the lower refractometer reading (59" to 61" Zeiss), except in the case of oils bleached by oxidation, in which the refractometer reading is higher (63"); (4) the saponification value, which is lower than normal ; (5) the lower iodine value ; (6) the presence of considerable quantities of sulphur.Traces of sulphur in olive oil may be detected by shaking 10 C.C. of the oil with a globule of mercury or a strip of copper, and allowing the tube to stand for some time, or heat- ing it for fifteen minutes at 100' C.Mercaptans, which are invariably present in commercial extracted oils, may be detected by distilling the sample in a current of steam, and testing the distillate with mercuric chloride. In recent methods of refining, industrial olive oils are heated at 38" to 45' C., and submitted to the pro- longed action of steam at a low temperature to remove sulphur compounds of un- pleasant odour.Colza and ravison rape oils do not give the mercury reaction, and only contain traces of sulphur, especially iwhen refined. They may be distinguished from extracted olive oils by their high refractometer reading (70'). C. A. M.FOOD AND DRUGS ANALYSIS 15 Notes on Halphen's Reaction for Cottonseed Oil. E. Gastaldi. (AnnaEi Chim.Applac., 1914, 2, 203-207.)-The coloration obtained in U tz's modification of Halphen's test (ANALYST, 1914, 39, 92) when the temperature exceeds 160" C., as is usually the case, is also given by fatty acids (oleic, palmitic, stearic acids), and the reaction is therefore not characteristic of cottonseed oil. The following rapid modi- fication of Halphen's test will detect small quantities of cottonseed oil : Five C.C.of the sample are heated for four to five minutes in a tube over a direct flame with 5 to 6 drops of a solution of sulphur in carbon disulphide, and 3 to 4 drops of pyridin, care being taken that the temperature of the fat does not rise above 140' C. C. A. M. Estimation of Camphor and of Certain Essential Oils when in Solution in Alcohol.W, B. D. Penniman and W. W. Randall. ( J . Ind. and Eng. Chm., 1914, 6, 926-928.)-The method proposed depends on the fact that camphor and the essential oils of peppermint, lemon, orange, anise, and nutmeg, are liberated from their alcoholic solution when this is mixed with from four to ten times its volume of concentrated calcium chloride solution, and that the separated camphor or oil is soluble in petroleum spirit (be-pt., 40" to 60" C.). Within certain wide limits the increaBe in volume of the petroleum spirit is equal to the volume of the camphor or essential oil.A measured quantity of the alcoholic solution under examination is mixed with calcium chloride solution in a flask having a graduated neck (a Babcock milk-bottle), a definite volume of petroleum spirit is added (about equal to the volume of the oil to be dissolved), more of the calcium chloride solution is introduced so as to bring the mixture into the neck of the flask, the whole is submitted to centrifugal. action, and the increase in the volume of the petroleum spirit is noted.W. P. S. Proposed Specification for Turpentine. (Report of the American Society for Testing Naterials, 1914, 91-118.)-As the result of the analysis of authenticated samples of turpentine, the following specification is suggested : 1.The specification applies both to the turpentine which is distilled from pine oleo-resins, and commonly known as gum turpentine or spirits of turpentine, and to the turpentine known as wood turpentine, which is obtained from resinous wood, either by extraction with volatile solvents, or by steam, or by destructive distillation. No attempt is made to differentiate between the two.The purchaser, when ordering, should specify whether gum or wood turpentine is desired. 2. The turpentine must be clear and free from suspended matter and water. 3. The colour shall be to standard. 4. The sp. gr. at 15.5" C. shall be not less than 0.860 or more than 0.875.5. The refractive index at 1 5 5 O C. shall be not less than 1.468 or more 6. The initial boiling-point must lie between 150' and 160' C. 7. Ninety per cent. of the turpentine shall distil below 170' C. 8. The polymerisation residue shall not exceed 1 per cent., and its refractive The polymerisation test is carried out as follows : Twenty C.C. of sulphuric acid than 1478. index at 15.5" C. shall be not less than 1.500.16 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS (100.92 per cent.) are placed in a graduated Babcock flask, and cooled by placing the flask in ice-water. Five C.C. of the turpentine are then added slowly and mixed with the acid, the temperature not being allowed to rise above 6OoC. When the mixture no longer warms up on shaking, it is agitated thoroughly, the flask is placed for ten minutes in a water-bath at 60" C., and shaken occasionally to prevent separation. After cooling to room temperature, the flask is filled with concentrated sulphuric acid until the unpolymerised oil rises into the graduated neck ; it is then subjected to centrifugal action (1,200 revolutions per minute) for five minutes, and, after standing for twelve hours, the volume of the unpolymerised residue is read off. W. P. S.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9154000011

出版商:RSC    

年代:1915

数据来源: RSC

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16 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS BACTERIOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, ETC. Toxicological Detection of Ergot of Rye. F. Narino-Zuco and C. Duccini. (Gazz. Chim. Ital., 1914, 44, 437-447.)-The viscera are acidified with tartaric acid and digested for six hours with twice their weight of 95 to 96 per cent. alcohol at 75O C. beneath a reftux condenser, this treatment being repeated two or three times until a colourless extract is obtained.When completely cold, the alcoholic extracts are filtered and reduced to a small volume on the water-bath, and the last traces of alcohol expelled under reduced pressure. The red-brown syrup is diluted and shaken with twice its volume of ether, which (in the presence of ergot) will extract the oharacteristic rose-red colouring matter, leaving the tartrates of the alkaloids dissolved in the water.The ethereal extracts are separated and concentrated a t as low a temperature as possible on the water-bath, then filtered and shaken with a small quantity of a cold saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate. The colour of the alkaline layer will vary from yellowish-red with a violet tint to the characteristic violet rose colour, according to the quantity of ergot present.The extraction with the alkali is repeated several times, and the united extracts rendered faintly acid with hydrochloric acid, and extracted with ether. The yellow extracts are united and examined spectroscopically, the characteristic absorption bands (two at 538 and 499 respectively, and a third extremely faint one at 467), being seen when ergot is present.As a confirmatory test, Keller’s reaction for ergotinine is used. The acid aqueous layer from the first extraction with ether is made slightly alkaline with a saturated solution of sodium carbonate and extracted with ether. The ethereal extracts (containing the dkaloids) are united and concentrated at a low temperature, and the ergotinine purified by shaking the solution with an aqueous solution of citric acid, which forms ergotinine citrate (remaining dissolved in the aqueous layer).The latter is separated, and the ergotinine liberated by the addition of sodium carbonate, and again extracted with ether. The new extract is evaporated and the residue tested by the following modification of Keller’s reaction : I t is dissolved in 2 to 3 C.C.of glacial acetic acid containing 0.1 per cent. of ferric chloride, and the mixture gently heated on the water-bath, then cooled and, if necessary, filtered, after which 2 to 3 C.C. of strong sulphuric acid are slowly added. A blue ring at the zone of contact, with a violet coloration of the upper acetic acid layer, is characteristic of ergotinine. Since, however, the extraction of the alkaloid is difficult, a negativeORGANIC ANALYSIS 17 result does not necessarily indicate that ergot was not originally present.The author describes experiments which show that by aeans of these two tests the presence of ergot of rye may be detected with certainty in animal matter up to the seventh day of putrefaction. Afterwards the putrefactive changes alter the rose colouring matter of ergot to such an extent as to interfere with the spectroscopic identification.C. A. M. Estimation of Glycogen in Yeast. E. Salkowski. (Zeitsch. Physwl. Chm., 1914, 92, 75-89.)-The author criticises the method of Schonfeld and Hrampf (Cham. ZendraZbZ., 1911, I. 1603-1604), and finds that the material estimated as glycogen according to this method consists largely of yeast gum, a substance which is stable towards 60 per cent. potassium hydroxide, is precipitated by alcohol and is easily hydrolysed by hydrochloric acid, yielding a mixture of mannose and dextrose. Even if this yeast gum be removed, the method is unreliable, because hot potassium hydroxide dissolves a portion of the cell membrane yielding a substance which behaves similarly to glycogen, and which would be estimated as such. E. w.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9154000016

出版商:RSC    

年代:1915

数据来源: RSC

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ORGANIC ANALYSIS 17 ORGANIC ANALYSIS. Phosphorus Content of Casein. A. W. Bosworth and L. L. van Slyke. (J. Biol. Chem., 1914,19,67-71; through J. SOC. Chem. Ind., 1914, 33, 1023.)-The phosphorus content of casein is usually given tls about 0.85 per cent., but by treating a solution of casein in ammonia with ammonium oxalate, adding an excess of ammonia and allowing the mixture to stand for twelve hours, the phosphorus is reduced to about 0.70 per cent.Some of the casein is hydrolysed by the treatment and some phosphorus is split off, but the hydrolysed portion is not precipitated by acetic acid, and does not affect the composition of the final preparation. The higher figure ordinarily given is due to the presence of inorganic phosphorus compounds (dicalcium phosphate) derived from the milk and not removed by the usual methods of preparation.As the molecular weight of casein is approximately 8888, the lower percentage corresponds very closely with the presence of two atoms of phosphorus in the casein molecule. Analyses of various caseins show that there is a general relation between the yield of ash and the phosphorus content. Essential Oil of Eetichvysum SaxatiZe.L. Franeesconi and E. Sernagiotto. (Gazz. Chim. Ital., 1914, 44, 419-421.)--Various plants of the He& chrysum species yield essential oils. A sample of the oil of H. avtgustifolium from Genoa had sp. gr. 0.9182 and +0*40. H. saxatile, which is found in various parts of Sardinia, contains a yellow essential oil with a characteristic pungent odour, but whioh, when sufiiciently diluted, resembles the odour of rose.A sample of the oil gave the following constants : : Sp. gr., 0-9020 ; [%In, 1-4769 ; [u,,] - 11.71. It did not oolour Schiffs reagent nor reduce ammoniacal silver nitrate. I t began to * No temperatures given.18 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS distil at 240" C., and the bulk of it passed over at that temperature.It contained no acids or phenols, and appeared to consist, in the main, of a compound belonging to the hydro-aromatic series (carbon = 79.50 ; hydrogen, 12.11 ; oxygen, 8.39 per cent.]. C. A. M. Leaf and Twig and Cone Oils of Western Yellow Pine and Sugar Pine. A. W. Sohorger. (J. Ind. and Eng. Chem., 1914, 6, 893-895.) -The leaves (needles) and twigs of the western yellow pine, Pinuspom-hvosa, yield from 0.04 to 0.126 per cent.of oil having sp. gr. at 15" C., 0.8718 to 0.8849; [N], ~ B O C . , 1,4789 to 14838; [U],~O~C., - 15.73"to - 19-59'; acid value, 0.67 to 2.36; ester value, 3-88 to 8.10; ester value after acetylation, 24.11 to 35.68. The cones of this tree yield 0-063 per cent. of oil having sp. gr. at 15" C., 0.8757 ; [N], 15" c., 14789 ; [aID 2 0 " ~ .- 11.48 ; acid value, 1-27; ester value, 7.20; ester value after acetylation, 22.41. The leaves and twigs of the sugar pine, Pinus Zambertiana, give from 0.045 to 0.120 per cent. of oil having - 1640'; acidvalue, 0.68 to 2.38; ester value, 2-22 to 5.91; ester value after acetylation, 23-25 to 32-04. The cones of the sugar-pine yielded 0.32 per cent. of oil having sp. gr.at 15" C., 0.8692 ; [N), 15" c., 1.4771 ; [a]= 20~~,, - 23.18' ; acidvalue, 0.63 ; ester value, 3.75 ; ester value after acetylation, 17.04. SP. g. at 15" C., 0.8676 to 0,8738 j [N]D 150 c., 1.477'7 to 1.4794 ; [.ID 20" c., - 11.07' to The percentage composition of the oils was as follows : Furfural ... ... ... I-a-Pinene ... ... ECamphene . . . ... I-P-P' inene ... ... Dipentene ...... Ester, as bornyl acetate Free alcohol (I-borneol) '' Green oil '' . . . ... Losses ... ... ... Sesquiterpene (?) ... -- Western Yellow Pine. Leaf and Twig Oil. - 2 75 6 2 7 3 5 - - Cone Oil. Trace 6 60 12 to 13 2.5 4 3 to 4 10 - - Sugar Pine. ~~ Leaf and Twig Oil. Trace 21 51 12 1.5 8 1 7 - - Cone Oil. Trace 22 21 39 to 40 4 to 5 1.5 3.5 1 7 - w. P. s. Rapid Method of Detecting and Estimating Solid Hydrocarbons in Fatty Acids.G. Verona-Rinati. (Annuli Chim. .4ppZic., 1914, 2, 201-202.)--Fatty acids are soluble in a-dichlorhydrin saturated with water, whereas paraffin wax, ceresin, etc., remain insoluble even at 65" to 70" C. Seven C.C. of anhydrous a-dichlorhydrin @.-pt., 174O C.) are mixed with 1.2 C.C. of water in a tube (about 15 C.C. capacity) graduated in tenths of a C.O.The fatty acids (1-43 grms.) are added, and the tube closed and immersed in water at 65" C. until its contents are homogeneous. AfterORGANIC ANALYSIS 19 ten minutes the amount of undissolved hydrocarbon is read, the tube vigorously shaken, and again allowed to stand for ten minutes at 65" C., after which a second reading is made. Each 0.1 C.C. corresponds to 5 per cent.of solid hydrocarbons. To ascertain whether paraffin wax or ceresin is present, about 2 to 3 grms. of the sample are shaken with the hot aqueous dichlorhydrin, and cooled, the solidified hydrocarbon separated and pressed between filter-paper, and 0.2 grm. thereof dissolved in 10 C.C. of hot anhydrous a-dichlorhydrin. In the case of paraffin wax, the turbidity tempera- ture of the solution will lie between ST and 92" C.; whereas with ceresin it will range from 112" to 115" C. Mixtures of the two waxes give intermediate values, but these are not sufficiently constant for quantitative purposes. C. A. M. Destruction of Organic Matter by the Fresenius-Babo Method after Previous Treatment with '' Antiformin ." A. Friedmann. (Zeitsch. Physiol.Chem., 1914, 92, 46-53.)-1n the Fresenius-Babo method, the organic matter is destroyed by the action of hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate. The author finds that time is saved by previously treating with (( antiformin," an alkaline solution of sodium hypochlorite, prepared by treating bleaching powder with sodium carbonate solution and sodium hydroxide, and which contains 795 per cent. sodium hydroxide and 5.3 per cent.available chlorine. The dried and powdered material is mixed with a 50 per cent. antiformin solution and stirred until a uniform paste is formed. After standing for twenty-four hours this is heated on a water-bath to 80" C. and con- centrated hydrochloric acid gradually added until frothing ceases. Potassium chlorate is then added until the supernatant liquid becomes wine-yellow, and no further decolorisation occurs on continued heating.The solution is then diluted with water, heated to 60" C., filtered, and washed with water at 60" C. The filtrate, after being freed from chlorine by means of a stream of carbon dioxide, can be immediately treated with hydrogen sulphide. Should it be necessary to concentrate the filtrate, colour may develop, in which case the liquid must be again treated with hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate.E. W. Methods of Analysis of Paint Materials (Pigments). (Report of the American Society for Testing MateriaZs, 1914, 42-61.)-Methods are described for the analysis of white pigments and of red lead. Many of the processes recommended are well known, and in other estimations the procedure is obvious, so that the following synopsis of the report will consist mainly of an outline of the various estimations which should be made in order to ascertain the quality of a pigment.Very small quantities of iron in lead pigments may be estimated by treating the substance with nitric acid, adding sulphuric acid to precipitate the bulk of the lead, filtering off the lead sulphate, and treating the filtrate with thiocyanate after it has been rendered ammoniacal and then slightly acid with nitric acid.In the case of other pigments, the treatment with sulyhuric acid may be omitted. Basic Lead Carbonate (White Lead). - Estimations should be made of the moisture, silica, barium sulphate, total lead, carbon dioxide, acetic acid (Thompson's method, ANALYST, 1905, 30, 253), sulphuric acid, sulphur dioxide, and metallic lead.20 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS Bask Lead SuZphate.--Moisture, matter insoluble in boiling hydrochloric acid oontaining ammonium chloride, total soluble sulphates, soluble zinc sulphate, total lead and zinc, iron, aluminium, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sulphur dioxide, and carbon dioxide.The soluble sulphuric acid is calculated into zinc sulphate, and any remaining zinc is returned as zinc oxide, The total sulphuric acid, less soluble sulphuric acid, and the equivalent of the sulphur dioxide, are calculated into lead sulphate, and any excess of lead is returned as lead oxide. Zinc-Lead, Leaded-Zincs, and Zinc- White.-The estimations necessary are those mentioned under basic lead sulphate.Lithopone.-This should contain from 69 to 70 per cent. of barium sulphate, the remainder being zinc sulphide with small amounts of zinc oxide and carbonate. Coppalle's method of analysis (ANALYST, 1907, 32, 233) is used for the estimation of these constituents and any impurities which may be present. Calcium Pigments (Whiting, Gi~psum, Plaster of Paris, etc.).-A fairly complete analysis may be necessary. Whiting should also be tested for alkalinity due to the presence of free calcium hydroxide, or possibly to sodium or potassium compounds. Bariwn Pigments (Bar@).-This pigment is seldom adulterated. I t should be white, well ground, and contain at least 93 per cent. of barium sulphate. Miscibility, opacity, specific gravity, whiteness of colour, together with a microscopic examina- tion, will probably give more useful information than chemical analysis.Estimations may, however, be made of moisture, iron oxide, alumina, soluble sulphate, carbon dioxide, barium carbonate, and water-soluble substances. Silica Pigments (Silica or Silez).-At least 95 per cent. of the material should be insoluble in boiling hydrochloric acid, and this portion should be tested for barium sulphate. Iron, aluminium, calcium, and magnesium are estimated in the soluble portion. Moisture and loss on ignition are also estimated.China Clay and Asbestine.-In addition to estimations of moisture and loss on ignition, qualitative tests to prove that the substances are as represented will gene- rally suffice, but a complete analysis may be made if desired.Red Lead.-The moisture is considered to be the loss in weight when 2 grms. of the sample are dried at 105" C. for two hours. The presence of organic colouring matters is detected by boiling a portion of the sample successively with alcohol, water, and ammonia. These solvents should not become coloured. Estimations .should be made of the total lead, silica, zinc, carbon dioxide, soluble sulphate, and water-soluble matter. Iron oxide is estimated by Schaeffer's method (ANALYST, 1912, 37, 520). For the estimation of lead peroxide and actual red lead, 1 grm.of the sample is mixed into a paste with a small quantity of water and treated with a solution prepared by heating together 30 grms. of sodium acetate, 2.4 grms.of potassium iodide, 10 C.C. of 50 per cent. acetic acid, and 10 to 12 C.C. of water. This solution muet be cooled before being added to the red lead. When nearly all the latter has dissolved, 30 C.C. of water containing 5 grms. of sodium acetate are added, and the mixture is titrated at once with thiosulphate solution. Towards the end of the titration, any undissolved particles are rubbed with a glass rod until free iodine no longer forms, starch solution is added, and the titration continued.A slight excess of thiosulphate solution may be added and titrated back with Fv iodine solution.ORGANIC ANALYSIS 21 Oil No. 1. The thiosulphate solution is standardised against pure iodine. The iodine value of the solution multiplied by 0.94193 gives the quantity of PbO,, or by 2.69973, the quantity of Pb,O,.w. P. s. American-Grow n oils. Oil No. 2. Tests on Chinese Wood Oils. (Report of the American Society for Testing Naterials, 1914, 17-38.)-Two samples of Chinese wood oil, one commercial as obtained from the exporter by a large varnish manufacturer (sample No. l), and the other (No. 2) pressed in the laboratory from Chinese wood oil nuts, were examined by members of a committee of the Society.The average results obtained by the eleven investigators are summarised in the following table, which also shows the result8 of the analyses of three samples of tung oil pressed from American grown nuts : 0-9406 1,5143 3.4; 192.27 0.012 per cent. 0*0068 0.73 per cent. 169.3 3 mins. 37 secs. 9 mins.54 secs. Sp. gr. 15.5"/15*5" C. ... Refractive index at 25" C. Moisture and volatile matter Ash ... ... ... ... Acid value ... ... ... Saponification value . . . Unsaponifiable matter . . . Iodine value (Hiibl, eighteen hours) ... ... ... Iodine-jelly test ... ... Heating test ... ... 0.9396 0.9276 to 0.9416 1.5186 1.4790 to 15200 0.02 per cent. - 0.0026 per cent. - 0.47 per cent.I 090 0.2 to 0.8 193.02 188.2 to 1924 169.6 151.6 to 171.7 4 mins. 43 secs. 3 mins. to 8 mins. 9 mins. 23 secs. 10 ,, to 11.5 ,, I-- - - -- .--I - The iodine-jelly test consisted in mixing 1 grm. of the oil with 5 C.C. of chloro- form at 25" C., adding 5 C.C. of a saturated solution of iodine in chloroform, and stirring the mixture until a jelly is formed. The time required for the formation of the jelly, after the addition of the iodine, is noted. In carrying out the heating test, 5 C.C.of the oil are placed in a test-tube containing a glass rod, and then heated in an oil-bath at 282' C. After nine minutes' heating, the rod is raised at intervals of fifty seconds, and the time noted when the oil has set to a firm jelly. The test should be repeated with another portion of the sample.Although the results given above indicate certain limits for the constants of pure Chinese wood oil, the committee is of opinion that specifications should not be drawn up at present, as confirmatory tests of an important nature are expected to be developed during the coming year. w. P. s. Analysis of Shellac. Estimation of Rosin and Alcohol-Insoluble Sub- stances.(Report of the American Society f o r Testing Materials, 1914, 117-125.)- Langmuir's method (ANALYST, 1905, 30, 164) is recommended for the estimation of rosin in shellac. This Kethod depends on the different iodine values of shellac and rosin, the former having an iodine value of 18, and the latter 228.22 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS Shellac may contain insect cells, sand, fragments of wood, etc., amounting to 3 per cent. or more of substance insoluble in alcohol. Some difficulty is met with in estimating the quantity of these substances, since shellac contains about 5 per cent. of wax which is soluble in boiling alcohol, but insoluble in cold alcohol. It is recom- mended that a weighed portion of about 5 grms. of the powdered shellac be placed in a cartridge (previously extracted with methyl alcohol, dried, and weighed), which is held in a tube provided with a siphon, (as in a Knoeffler extraction apparatus. During the extraction the cartridge is heated by the vapours of the alcohol which pass round the tube, and are then condensed by a reflux apparatus to fall as liquid on to the cartridge. Methyl alcohol of 99-5 per cent. 'strength is employed as the solvent, and the extraction is continued for exactly two hours, the solvent being boiled sufliciently vigorously to cause the siphon to operate about thirty-three times per hour. The cartridge and its contents are then dried at 100" C., and weighed. w. P. s.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9154000017

出版商:RSC    

年代:1915

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

22 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS INORGANIC ANALYSIS. Method for Preparing a Neutral Ammonium Citrato Solution. J. M. McCandless. (J. Ind. and Eny. Chem., 1914, 6, 921-922.)-The citric acid to be used is wsll mixed and ground, and a portion weighing 0.35 grm. .is titrated with & alkali solution, using phenolphthalein as the indicator. .If the acid is pure and uneffloresced, exactly 50 C.C.of the alkali solution will be required. One thousand eight hundred and fifty grms. of the pure acid, or its equivalent in eflloresced or impure acid, are then placed in a large stoppered bottle, dissolved in about 7 litres of water, and a quantity of ammonia is added in the ratio of 1 part by weight of ammonia (NH,) to 3.765 parts of anhydrous citric acid. This is the ratio in the pure salt (NH,),C,H,07.The ammonia solution added must be titrated previously, using methyl orange as indicator, and may be used in the form of the concentrated solution or after dilution. In the latter case, less water is employed to dissolve the citric acid, The mixture is shaken until any remaining citric acid is dissolved, cooled, and diluted to a sp. gr. of 1-09, The resulting solution will have a volume of about 10 litres.w. P. s. Determination of Cadmium in Zinc. W. Cooper. (Chm. News, 1914,110, 250-251.)-The sample (5 grm8.) is covered with 150 C.C. water, acidified with 7 C.C. Rulphuric acid, and allowed to dissolve in the cold. If it does not dissolve when left overnight (which is rarely the case), the use of a piece of platinum foil is resorted to.The solution is decanted from the black residue, which contains copper and lead, but never any cadmium, and the residue is washed by decantation three times, using 20 C.C. of water each time. The acid solution and washings are made more strongly acid by addition of 20 C.C. of dilute (1 : 3) sulphuric acid and saturated with hydrogen sulphide for twenty minutes. After standing an hour or two, the precipitate of cadmium sulphide, always contaminated by zinc sulphide, is filtered off, washed three times with cold water, and redissolved in 5 C.C.hydrochloric acid and 15 C.C. bromine water, which is warmed in the precipitation flask and poured over the filter. About 5 C.C. of dilute sulphuric acid are added, the solution evaporated until fumeINORGANIC ANALYSIS 23 arise, diluted to 50 c.c., cooled, and filtered from traces of lead sulphate after standing for an hour.The filter is washed three times with cold water, the filtrate made more strongly acid by adding 20 C.C. of dilute sulphuric acid, diluted to 200 c.c., and saturated with hydrogen sulphide for twenty minutes. The precipitate is filtered off, washed, and redissolved as before, and the solution again evaporated with sulphuric acid until fumes arise, After addition of more acid and dilution, as before, it is again saturated with hydrogen sulphide.The precipitate, this time pure cadmium sulphide, is filtered off on a filter that has been washed with 200 C.C. of water con- taining 25 C.C. dilute (1 : 3) sulphuric acid, then washed free from acid, dried at 100' C., and weighed.The precipitate is washed and dried in a similar manner, and finally weighed with the tared filter. Quantities up to 0.5 per cent. can be estimated within 0.015 per cent. Duplicate determinations may differ by twice this amount. G. C. J. Rapid Method for Estimating Carbon in Iron and its Alloys. E. Szasz. (J. SOC, Chem. Ind., 1914, 33, 994-997.)-A modification of the method previously described (ANALYST, 1913, 38, 384), depending on direct dry combustion in a limited supply of oxygen, and measurement of the carbon dioxide formed.The apparatus previously described was complicated and very costly, involving the use of much platinum. It is also legs liable to injury. Its disadvantages compared with the original apparatus am that an estimation takes slightlylonger, that the turnings must be mixed with an oxidising agent, and that ferrochrome and certain other alloys rarely encountered cannot be burned in it.These are real disadvantages, but it is probable that the comparative cheapness of the apparatus will secure the adoption of the method in many cases where the expense of the original apparatus would not be justified.The new apparatus is slightly less complicated and much less costly. G. C. J. Rapid Method for Glass Analysis. E. C. Sullivan and W. C. Taylor. ( J . Ind. and Eryg. Chem., 1914, 9, 897-899.)-The novel feature of these methods is the use of oxalic acid to decompose fluorides. As the oxalates can in turn be decom- posed by heat, no bases or acids are introduced to interfere with the determination of the glass constituents.The method is especially useful with lead glasses, con- taining little eke save silica, soda, and potash, and also with glasses containing antimony or arsenic, but it can be adapted to other gIasses with suitable modification of the subsequent operations. The powdered glass (1 grm.) is placed in a platinum crucible and moistened with water.Oxalic acid (2 grms.) is next added, and about 20 C.C. of 48 per cent. hydrofluoric acid. The mixture is evaporated at a temperature just high enough to expel the excess of oxalic acid, an apparatus described by Hillebrand (27.8. Geol. Survey, Bull. 422, 31) being used for the purpose. .When all the acid has been expelled, the crucible is cooled and the evaporation repeated twice more with water and oxalic acid.About 5 grms. of oxalic acid are used in all, and the quantity must be roughly weighed unless the preparation is free from non-volatile impurities. The only impurity likely to be present in a good sample is soda, but 6 grma. of oxalict acid may contain more than 1 mgrm. of this. With their lead24 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS glasses, the authors treat the residual oxalates with hot water, filter off the lead oxalate (and a trace of calcium oxalate, which they neglect), wash this, and titrate it with permanganate.The filtrate from the lead oxalate is evaporated to dryness in a platinum basin, and the residual oxalates are decomposed by heat. The carbo- nates are taken up with water and hydrochloric acid, and the solution evaporated to remove a, trace of sillca.The salts are taken up in water and hydrochloric acid, and iron, aluminium, and manganese are precipitated by means of ammonia and bromine water, and removed by filtration. In half the filtrate a trace of magnesia is preci- pitated as phosphate, whilst the other half of the filtrate is evaporated to dryness, and the residue freed from ammonium salts by heat, and weighed.From this weight, that of the magnesia found in the other portion, the alkali in the reagents used, and the potash subsequently estimated, the percentage of soda is calculated. In applying the method to other glasses, the above procedure must necessarily be modified. I n addition to lead and calcium, zinc always remains as insoluble oxalate, whilst the omlates of aluminium, chromium, antimony, and arsenic are soluble.Iron is wholly soluble except in presence of zinc, when a small proportion may be found with the latter. Manganese up to 2 per cent. passes into solution, but larger amounts tend to be distributed between the soluble and insoluble oxalates. Magnesium in quantity tends to remain with the insoluble portion, as do copper, cobalt, nickel, and barium; but the separation in these cases is not sharp, and depends partly on the presence of other elements.Arsenic and antimony are removed from the soluble oxalates with hydrogen sulphide before the oxalates are decomposed. This necessitates acidifying with hydrochloric acid, which must be expelled before decomposing the remaining oxalates, as otherwise alkali chlorides would be lost by volatilisation.With more than 3 per cent. of alumina present, the method is not trustworthy. Borates do not interfere. On the contrary, they make it possible to estimate accurately somewhat larger amounts of alumina than 3 per cent. A method described by Wherry and Chapin for the estimation of boric acid in complex mineral silicates (ANALYST, 1909, 34, 34) has been lound very useful in the analysis of borosilicate glasses.For the latter purpose one or two minutes' fusion (instead of fifteen minutes) suffices. I t is pointed out that the washing of the considerable precipitate of calcium carbonate must be effected with the aid of suction, or it is impossible to wash out all the boric acid without using more than 100 C.C.of water, as directed by Wherry and Chapin. Borosilicate glasses containing zinc or lead give unsatisfactory results by this method, but a modification which successfully meets such cases is described in the paper. G. C. J. Precise Standardisation of Hydrochloric Acid Solutions. L. W. Andrews. (J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1914,36, 2089-2091.)-The following is preferred to any method which involves the transference and washing of a precipitate, or requires the use of any standard substance containing water of crystallisation.It depends on the loss of weight caused by conversion of silver nitrate into the chloride. Since hydrochlorio acid kept in glasEi vessels usually contains traces of non-volatile impurities, the method includes compensation for any error due to this cause, the partioulm form of control adopted also compensating for errors whichINORGANIC ANALYSIS 25 might arise from consecutive weighings of comparatively large objects under diverse atmospheric conditions.Two similar silica dishes are provided with watch-glass covers, and one of them with a stirring-rod, short enough to lie under the cover.Into this dish about 2 grms. silver nitrate are put, and both dishes are placed in an oven at 160° C., the temperature being subsequently raised to 244' C. After cooling in a dessicator, both dishes are weighed. hydrochloric acid to be standardised are run into each dish, the contents of which are then evaporated on the water-bath, and finally dried at 240" C. Fifty C.C.of The normality of the solution is given by the expression- N = w- .- W1+w,-w 0.02655 v--' in which V=volume of acid delivered by the 50 C.C. pipette, W=weight in air of silver nitrate and dish, Wl=weight of dish with mixed chloride and nitrate, w =weight of control-dish before, and w1 its weight after the experiment. G. C. J. Sulphate Method for Standardising a Magnesium Salt Solution.C. W. Foulk, and 0. R. Stewart. (J. Amer. Chem. SOC., 1914, 36, 2360-2372.)-As a standard preparation of magnesium-for use, for example, in an investigation of methods for the estimation of that metal-the most convenient is a solution of the pure chloride, standardised by treating measured portions with excess of sulphuric acid, evaporating, and igniting the residue.The magnesium chloride must of course be free from non-volatile bases other than magnesia, and the method assumes that magnesium chloride can be converted to anhydrous sulphate without loss. In the course of an investigation on the estimation of magnesium, the authors even found it necessary to test this assumption. Their work, conlparable in technique to the determination of atomic weights, shows it to be well founded.The above work involved the preparation of anhydrous magnesium chloride of the highest possible degree of purity. The methods used are described, but, for general analytical purposes, the preparation of the anhydrous salt is unnecessary. The preparation of a salt free from heavy metals, calcium, and sodium-to name the commonest impurities-is, however, a condition precedent to the preparation of a standard solution of magnesium.Occasionally a supply of the salt can be purchased which gives, even in 50 per cent. solutions, no visible precipitate with hydrogen sul- phide nor with ammonium oxalate. As very small quantities of the heavy metals or of calcium can be detected by these means, such a sample may be considered satis- factory in this respect.Sodium, at least in spectroscopic traces, will almost certainly be present. To purify the salt, the authors used the following methods, but it is to be noted that these methods were adopted to give the greatest possible weight to their results on the conversion of chloride into sulphate : The concentrated solution was treated with purified carbon dioxide and ammonia gas, and the double carbonate of magnesium and ammonium was washed forby to fifty times by decantation with specially redistilled water.I t was then washed on a platinum cone contained in a platinum funnel for four hours, transferred to a platinum dish, and heated in a hot-26 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS air oven until the odour of ammonia could no longer be detected.This preparation was free from even spectroscopic traces of sodium, as well as from platinum, and would presumably answer any ordinary analytical purpose as a source of magnesia, free from other non-volatile bases. For their purpose the authors dissolved it in purified hydrochloric acid, added approximately the theoretical amount of specially prepared, pure, ammonium chloride, purified the double chloride by recrystallisation twice, and from this prepared anhydrous magnesium chloride by heating in a current of dry hydrochloric acid gas and subsequent fusion.On account of the hygroscopic nature of the anhydrous chloride, the last operations were conducted in a modifica- tion of Richards’ apparatus (J. Chem. Soc., 1911, 99, l20l), which is described, and, unlike Richards’ apparatus, could be assembled in any laboratory. G.C. J. Perchloric Method of Determining Potassium, as Applied to Water Analysis. (J. Amer. Chm. SOC., 1914, 36, 2085-2089.)-The method was found accurate, the maximum error recorded being less than 1 mgrm. with 500 mgrms. potassium present. With smaller weighings the absolute errors are less, but the percentage error tends to increase.The experiments included separations from 200 mgrms. of calcium chloride, 100 mgrms. magnesium chloride, 200 mgrms. sodium chloride, 100 mgrms. sodium nitrate, and 100 mgrms. sodium phosphate, all present together, as well as separations from 1 grm. of sodium chloride. Ammonium salts must be eliminated and large quantities of sulphates must not be present, though small quantities do not interfere.The author eliminates sulphates by adding barium chloride to the strongly acid solution (10 C.C. hydrochloric acid in 150 c.c.). The filtrate is evaporated to dryness, and the residue heated to expel ammonium salts, and then taken up in 20 C.C. water. More than enough perohloric+acid is added to combine with all the bases present, and the solution evaporated to dryness.The residue is taken up in 10 C.C. water and evaporated with more perchloric acid until fumes arise. The cooled residue is treated with 25 C.C. of 97 per cent. alcohol containing 0.2 per cent. of perchloric acid, and the precipitate filtered off on a Gooch filter, washed with the acid alcohol, and dried at 120-130’ C. for an hour. NOTE BY ABSTRACTOR.-DrtViS (ANALYST, 1913,38, 47) has shown that the best liquid with which to wash the precipitate is alcohol saturated with potassium perchlorate.C. Scholl. G. C. J. Ashes of Hedge Clippings and Trimmings as a Source of Potash. E. J. Russell. (J. Board of Agric., 1914, 21, 694-697.)-The ash of bonfires com- posed of threshing-waste, grass, weeds, dead and green wood, etc., was found to contain 11 per cent.of potash (K,O), a percentage nearly equal to that of kainite, which contains about 12.5 per cent. of K,O. Thus some of the normal processes of farm routine give rise to ash rich in potash, which would in normal times be worth about 40s. a ton, and is now worth much more. Since the potassium is present in the ash as carbonate, and therefore soluble in water, care must be taken to prevent loss due to rain, as experiments showed that a, single night’s rain of less than 0.1 inch diminished the potash in a heap of ash by 50 per cent.The cleaning out of hedgeINORGANIC ANALYSIS 27 bottoms yielded about 5 pounds, and hedge-trimmings on the average 15 pounds of ash per 100 yards of hedge (one side only). A 20-acre field with 1,300 yards of hedge would, therefore, on this basis yield ash equivalent to more than 3 cwt.of kainite from the hedge bottoms, and to nearly 2 csvt. from the total trimmings. It was found that the cost of labour for obtaining and burning such clippings worked out at from 3d. to 8d. per pound of ash when the material was mainly grass, and about 2d. a pound when more wood than grass is present.Even when the ash could be obtained for Id. a pound this is equivalent to kainite at 3 9 10s. a ton, SO that potash obtained in this form would be very expensive if charged with the whole cost of the process, but where the trimming, etc., has to be done in any case, would well repay the trouble of collection. H. F. E. H. Radium : Uranium Ratio in Carnotites.(Estimation of Uranium.) s. C. Lind and C. F. Whitternore. (J. Amer. Chenz. Xoc., 1914, 36, 2066-2082.)- More than twenty samples of various origin were examined, and in every case in which the sample was carefully drawn from a considerable bulk of ore (several hundred pounds up to 25 tons) the ratio was found to approximate closely to the value 3.33 x 10-7 found by Heimann and Marckwald (Jahrb.d. Radioakt. 21. Elekronik, 1913,10,299; Physik. Zeitsch., 1913,14,303) for pitchblende, the mean value for all these large samples, ten in number, being within 1 per cent. of Heirrialan and Mrtrckwald’s figure. Small parcels of a few poucds showed values in some cases very close to the normal pitchblende ratio, but in other cases widely different, the extreme values recorded being 2.4 x 10-7 and 4-6 x 10-7.It is suggested that these low and high ratios are due to local transposition of radium within the ore bed. For the purpose of this work it was necessary to improve on previous methods for the estimation of uranium in minerals containing only 2 to 3 per cent. of uranium and twice as much vanadium. The ore (2 to 5 grms.) is treated with 10 C.C.of hydrochloric acid, and, after fifteen minutes, 5 C.C. of nitric acid are added, and the mixture heated on the water-bath until effervescence ceases, when it is evaporated to dryness. Hydrochloric acid (3 c.c.) and water (5 c.c.) are added to the warm residue., still on the water-bath, and, after a few minutes, 25 C.C. of hot water are added, the mixture filtered, and the residue washed.The residue, which may retain vanadium, is ignited in platinum, treated with 5 C.C. hydrofluoric acid, and the solution evaporated to dryness on the water-bath. Hydrochloric acid (3 c.c.) is added and the solution evaporated to dryness, and this treatment repeated. The residue is treated with 2 C.C. hydrochloric acid and 2 C.C. water until any red crusts are dissolved and tho solution filtered into the main liquid.This liquid is freed from copper, etc., by means of hydrogen sulphide and filtration, freed from hydrogen sulphide by boiling, and concentrated to 100 C.C. Iron is oxidised with hydrogen peroxide, and then precipitated by neutralising with dry sodium carbonate and adding 2 to 3 grms. in excess. After boiling for fifteen minutes, the ferric hydroxide is filtered off, washed, redissolved in the least possible quantity of nitric acid (1 : l), the solution treated with 10 C.C.hydrogen peroxide and iron precipitated with sodium carbonate as before. The precipitate is now free from uranium, but may contain a little vanadium, and is reserved if vanadium is to be28 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS estimated.The filtrate from it is added to the first filtrate from iron, the mixture concentrated to 200 c.c., treated with 10 C.C. nitric acid, and boiled to expel carbon dioxide. Ammonia is added until a slight permanent turbidity appears, and then about 4 per cent. of nitric acid, followed by 10 C.C. of 20 per cent. lead acetate solu- tion and enough ammonium acetate to reduce the hydrion concentration approxi- mately to that of acetic acid.About 20 C.C. of a mixture of 80 parts strong ammonia, 100 parts water, and 70 parts acetic acid, effect this purpose with sufficient exactness. After heating on the water-bath for an hour, the lead vanadate is filtered off, washed, dissolved in the least possible quantity of dilute (1 : 3 or weaker) nitric acid, the solution neutralised with ammonia as before, treated with 3 C.C.nitric acid, then with 2 C.C. lead acetate solution and excess of ammonium acetate. The lead vanadate, after digestion on the watier-bath, is filtered off, washed, and reserved for the estimation of vanadium. The united filtrates from lead vanadate are concentrated to 400 c.c., treated with 10 C.C. sulphuric acid to separate most of the lead as sulphate, which is filtered off and washed with cold water.The filtrate is neutralised with ammonia and treated with freshly prepared ammonium hydrogen sulphide until the solution is yellow, and the uranium and what lead is present,are separated as sulphides. When these have been settled by warming on the water-bath, they are filtered off, washed slightly with warm water, redissolved in hot, dilute (1 : 2) nitric acid, and the solution mixed with 5 C.C.sulphuric acid, and evaporated until dense fumes arise. After cooling and dilution, the solution is boiled, allowed to cool again, and filtered from lead sulphate, which is washed with very dilute sulphuric acid. The filtrate is nearly neutralised with ammonia., cooled, and about 2 grms.ammonium carbonate are added. The precipitate of alumina is filtered off, washed with hot water, and, if bulky or at all yellow, is redissolved in dilute sulphuric acid and reprecipitated as described. The filtrate from alumina is acidified with sulphuric acid, boiled to expel carbon dioxide, made slightly alkaline with ammonia while it is hot, and heated on the water-bath until the ammonium uranate settles.The latter is filtered off, mashed with 2 per cent. ammonium nitrate, dried, and ignited to U,O,. After weighing, the precipitate should be dissolved in nitric acid and tested with hydrogen peroxide for vanadium, and with ammonium carbonate for aluminium. The most prevalent source of error in the estimation of uranium is co-precipitation of the oxides of these two metals and of silica.For the estimation of vanadium, the lead vanadate is dissolved in nitric acid, and the solution mixed with 10 C.C. sulphuric acid, and evaporated until dense fumes arise. To the cooled and diluted solution, which need not be filtered from the lead sulphste, is added the aqueous extract resulting from fusing, with sodium carbonate, the precipitate of ferric hydroxide obtained at an early stage of the analysis, and extract- ing with water, Vanadium is reduced to the tetravalent condition by treatment with 10 C.C.of a saturated solution of sulphur dioxide, the excess of which is eliminated by boiling for ten minutes after its odour can no longer be detected. The hot solution is then titrated with permanganate. G. C. J.INORGANIC ANALYSIS 29 Improvement in the Electrical Method of Determining Salt in Soil. W.Beam and G. A. Freak. (Cairo Sci. J., 1914, 8, 130-133.)-The resistance of the soil solution is measured by means of a compact circular slide-wire bridge, of which the part supporting the bridge wire should be made of vulcanite, and not wood, when used in dry climates, The resistance of a given salt concentration is affected by temperature and by the texture of the soil, and also by the nature of the salts present, especially sodium carbonate.Humus and organic matter are prejudicial in that these substances increase the resistance. Error, due to the nature of the salts, may be avoided by constructing special tables for the particular combination of salts present in the soil.This is readily done by using a mixture extracted from the soil in question. A more serious error is due to the inclusion of calcium salts, especially the sulphate, with the soluble injurious Ralts. Calcium sulphate is not only harm- less, but actually neutralises the effects of other salts. Thus, in the case of the cotton plant, it has been shown that a, sufficiency of calcium sulphate increases the resistance of the plant to sodium chloride as much as thirty-two times.The best way to eliminate the influence of calcium sulphate is to employ, in place of water, diluted alcohol (40 to 50 per cent. by volume) for the extraction of the salt, com- parison being then effected with a table of resistances of salt in the same solvent. Further, it is possible to extend the method to the determination of the calcium sulphate present, since it is only necessary to make another extraction with water on a, fresh sample, and from its conductivity and that of the salt known to be present to calculate the calcium sulphate. The authors give curves of the resistances of sodium chloride in water, calcium sulphate in water, and sodium chloride in 40 per cent. alcohol. Sodium sulphate, which occurs in soil in the Nile, has so nearly the same resistance as the chloride that the one curve suffices. The usual method, when only a moderate amount of salt is present (about 0.2 per cent.), is to take an amount of the soil, roughly equivalent to 20 grms. of the dry soil, place it in a stoppered bottle, and shake up with 100 C.C. of 40 per cent. alcohol for ten to fifteen minutes. Subsequent filtration is unnecessary. Slight variations in the time of shaking and the strength of the alcohol are immaterial. The following is an example of the method : Twenty grms. of soil treated with 40 per cent. alcohol gave a resistance of 1,400 ohms, equivalent to 0.10 per cent. of soluble salts (0.10 per cent. of salt in water has a resistance of 630 ohms). The resistance found for the water extract of the soil was 325 ohms. Then, as resistance is the reciprocal of conductivity, &- = &* ; therefore the resistance due to gypsum is 670 ohms, equivalent to 0.131 per cent. H. F. E. H.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9154000022

出版商:RSC    

年代:1915

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

INORGANIC ANALYSIS 29 APPARATUS, ETC. Easy Calorimetric Methods of High Precision. W. P. White. (J. Amer. Chem. SOL, 1914, 36, 2313-2333.)-1n the calorimetric method of mixtures a, pre- cision approaching or reaching 0.1 per mille, though somewhat unusual, is often desirable, and is ordinarily not difFicult to attain with appropriate apparatus. I t s attainment is especially easy with a two-calorimeter installation, which secureB the convenienoe and high precision of differential thermo-electric temperature messure- ment.This is the only advantage of the two-calorimeter arrangement. The diminution30 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS of heat-loss error, often counted an advantage, turns out upon examination to be largely illusory. By abandoning the twin calorimeters, previously used to get this supposed advantage, and using for the comparison calorimeter a vacuum-jacketed flask, there is a gain in convenience and precision. A special thermo-electric com- bination renders the necessary temperature observations as simple as with the twin arrangement.A completely enclosing jacket of uniform temperature is necessary for this method, but this is no loss, for such a jacket proves to be necessary for the attainment of the highest precision by any method.This method is quite effective with two jackets, one around each calorimeter, and therefore with adiabatic methods. Efficient complete jackets can be very easily realised according to several methods, which are described. As compared with others, the present method is especially advantageous for observations of great absolute precision, and wherever it is desirable to secure the advanta-ges which the thermo-electric system possesses in the way of rapidity and of facility in making varied observations.The measurement of heats of dilution is cited as a type of measurement where high absolute, rather than high relative, precision is desired, since the temperature interval may be unavoidably small.G. C. J. Estimation of Sulphur in Motor Spirit. W. A. Bradbury and F. Owen. (Chm. News, 1914, 110, 163.)- The carburettor C is warmed in a water-bath, and contains 10 C.C. of the sample, which is vaporised by it stream of air through A , and burnt at the mouth of D in a water-sealed Referee trumpet tube. Extra air is fed in through B, which also supplies a small pilot flame, while the trumpet tube is being fitted, from the auxiliary carburettor. This contains sulphur-free benzene or motor-spirit, and is controlled by the cocks 2 and 3.The last traces of the sample are swept out of the carburettor, which is heated to 150" to 160" F. towards the end of the operation, by successive portions of 1 C.C. each of turpentine introduced through the side-tube and pinch-cock.Tho burner D has a gauze cap and platinum spiral, to secure complete combustion. A solution of 6 C.C. of perhydrol in 150 C.C. of water is used, at the rate of 100 C.C. per hour, to moisten the' beads in the absorption tower. The trumpet, tray, and absorption tower are finally washed, and the sulphuric acid estimated in the usual manner.With a mixture of carbon disulphide and methy- lated spirit, the Referee apparatus, using a spirit-lamp and wick, gave 71 per cent. of the theoretical sulphur, while the new apparatus gave 90, 94.2, and 95.5 per cent. Tests on benzene with the Referee apparatus differed among themselves by 54.3 pel: cent., with the new apparatus by only 6.6 per cent. 0. E. M.REPORT 31 Grain Dust Explosions.H. H. Brown. (J. I12d. and Eng. Chew$., 1914, 6, 934-937.)-Experiments are described which show that grain dusts are generally more readily inflammable than Pittsburg standard coal-dust. Dust from oats and yellow maize appears to be more readily inflammable than dust from wheat or other grain, whether the comparison be made between finely ground cereals (flour), the dust resulting from the attrition of the grain in elevators or the like, or that accumu- lating on beams, etc., in factories. Measured by means of Wheeler's apparatus (J.Chem. SOC., 1913, 103, 1715), oat elevator dust appears to inflame at 995" C., yellow maize dust at 1025"C., and wheat elevator dust at 1115' C. This method gives relative ignition temperatures, but not the lowest temperature of ignition. This latter was determined by means of an apparatus developed in the United States Bureau of Mines and described in the paper. In this apparatus the dust is ignited in air in an enclosed space, a series of experiments being conducted at varying temperatures, the pressures developed being measured. It was with this apparatus that the comparison was made with Pittsburg coal-dust, which can be saXely heated to a temperature about 100" C. higher than that necessary to initiate a violent explosion with grain-dusts. * * * a + G. C. J.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9154000029

出版商:RSC    

年代:1915

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

REPORT 31 REPORT. Report from the Select Committee on Patent Medicines. (Issued as a Parliamentary Paper, 414, i-xxviii.)-The Select Committee was appointed to consider and inquire into the question of the sale of patent and proprietary medicines and medical preparations and appliances, and advertisements relating thereto, and to report what amendments, if any, in the law are necessary or desirable.The Com- mittee held thirty-three public sittings and examined forty-two witnesses, of whom more than 14,000 questions were asked. The witnesses included representatives of Government departments, medical men, analysts, wholesale and manufacturing druggists, and manufacturers or proprietors of proprietary medicinal preparations. The evidence laid before the Committee shows that there is a large and increasing sale in this country of these remedies and appliances and of medicated wines.The remedies are of widely differing characters, comprising genuine scientific preparations, unobjectionable remedies for simple ailments, and many remedies making grossly exaggerated claims of efficiency, causing injury by leading sick persons to delay in securing medical treatment, containing in disguise large proportions of alcohol, sold for improper purposes, professing to cure diseases incurable by medication, or essentially and deliberately fraudulent.This last class of remedies contains none which springs from therapeutical or medical knowledge. They are put on the market by ignorant persons, and in many cases by cunning swindlers, who exploit for their own profit the apparently invincible credulity of the public.Whilst in British Dominions and foreign countries there exist severe legal restrictions, with a tendency to still further strengthen the law against these articles, in this country there is no Department of State or public officer oharged with the duty of controlling the sale and advertisement of proprietary remedies.The Home Office and the Local Govern- ment Board are virtually powerless in this respect ; and the Privy Council Office, though supposed to be specially concerned with the sale of drugs, has no initiative32 REPORT in the matter, and fulfils no useful function in t-his connection. The Stamp Acts (Medicine Stamp Duties), the Pharmacy Acts, 1868 and 1869, the Poisons and Pharmacy Act, 1908, the Merchandise Marks Act, 1887, the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, the Indecent Advertisements Act, and the Larceny Act, are of little value in dealing with the subject, and the anomalies and curiosities of the law and official practice are numerous and remarkable.For instance, any number of different names may be secured as trade-marks for the same drug.The retailer of “Win- carnis ” must hold an off wine licence (costing at least $2 ~OS.), but the Commissioners of Inland Revenue decided that the addition of 1 grain of quinine hydrochloride per fluid ounce makes it a medicated wine, and the retailer need then only hold a patent medicine licence (costing 5s.). Naturally, the proprietors of a medicated wine are induced to add precisely that amount of quinine which will enable the wine to be sold by retailers holding the less expensive licence. Again, in all cases where the name of an ailment is mentioned in connection with a medicine the Commissioners require duty to be paid; where no ailment, but only the organ of the body which is the seat of the ailment is mentioned, the medicine is not dutiable.cough mixture ” is dutiable, ‘‘ chest mixture ” is not ; corn paint ” is dutiable, L L toe paint” is not.An alleged cure for asthma only escapes duty because no organ of the body can be named as specially the seat of that ailment. For all practical purposes British law is powerless to prevent any person from procuring any drug or making any mixture, whether potent or without any therapeutical activity whatever (so long as it does not contain a scheduled poison), advertising it in decent terms as a cure for any disease or ailment, rocommending it by bogus testimonials and the invented opinions and facsimile signatures of fictitious physicians, and selling it under any name he chooses, on the payment of a small stamp duty, for any price he can persuade the public to pay, I n speaking of the relation of the newspaper and periodical Press to secret remedies, the Committee point out that the better class of papers exercise some censorship over these advertisements, but that the large sum (62,000,000 or more per annum) spent in advertising the remedies leads newspapers, either from discretion or compulsion, to exclude from their columns criticism or discussion of secret remedies.The extent to which criticism of secret medicines is excluded from the Press may probably be judged by anyone who will take the trouble to see how much attention is bestowed by the newspapers upon the present report. As regards the analysis of secret remedies, it is mentioned that a large proportion of drugs consist of inorganic substances, or compounds of these with organic sub- stances; practically all of these are recognisable, and their quantities may be determined by competent analysis. A further group consists of manufactured com- pounds, practically all recognisable by analysis.There remains a group of vegetable extracts, of which dandelion and gentian are familiar examples. But even simple vegetable extracts are really highly complex bodies, whose exact composition is still unknown, and unless one of these possesses a marked smell or taste, or if, possessing such, its smell or taste is masked by that of some other similar substance, it cannot in many cases be specifically identified.The medicinal effect of a vegetable extract is, however, often due to the presence of an alkaloid or mineral constituent, and these can be accurately discovered and estimated.A maker of a secret remedy, by Thus,REPORT 33 mixing together, whether with or without scientific or therapeutical knowledge, a number of vegetable extracts, can truthfully state that the composition of his remedy cannot be discovered by analysis. A mixture of tinctures, infusions, decoctions, or extracts of such familiar yet complex bodies as treacle, honey, aloes, cinnamon, liquorice, linseed, coltsfoot, cubebs, pepper, horehound, ginger, gentian, dandelion, rhubarb, saffron, etc., may defy all chemical, microscopical, spectroscopical, olfactory, or physiological analysis.There are thus distinct limits to analysis ; but in practice these limits are narrower than would appear, for in a large majority of cases the essential nature of the principal constituents of any medicine can be detected with almost perfect certainty and estimated with reasonable accuracy.The report also deals with medicated wines, the relation of the medical profession to secret remedies, the question of the patent medicine stamp as an advertisement, etc. Numerous instances are given of the composition and fraudulent nature of patent medicines.As a result of the inquiry, the following recommendstihs are made : 1. That the administration of the law governing the advertisement and sale of patent, secret, and proprietary medicines and appliances be co-ordinated and combined under the authority of one Department of State. 2. That this administration be part of tho functions of the Ministry of Public Health when such a Department is created, and that in the meantime it be under- taken by the Local Government Board.3. That n competent officer be appointed to the Department, with the duty of advising the Minister at the head of the Department regarding the enforcement of the law in respect of the remedies. 4. That there be established at the Department concerned a register of manu- facturers, proprietors, and importers of patent, secret, and proprietary remedies, and that every such person be required to apply for a certificate of registration and to furnish the principal address of the responsible manufacturer or representative in this country, as well as:& list of the medicine or medicines proposed to be made or imported.5. That an exact and complete statement of the ingredients and the proportions of the same of every patent, secret, and proprietary remedy; of the contents other than wine, and the alcoholic strength of every medicated wine, and a full statement of the therapeutic claims made or to be made; and a specimen of every appliance for the cure of ailments other than recognised surgical appliances be furnished to this Department, such information not to be disclosed except as hereinafter recom- mended, the Department to control such statement, at their discretion, by analyses made confidentially by the Government Chemist.6. That a special Court or Commission be constituted, with the power to permit or to prohibit in the public interest, or on the ground of non-compliance with the law, the sale and advertisement of any patent, secret, or proprietary remedy or appliance, and that the Commission appointed for the purpose be a judicial authority, such as a Metropolitan police magistrate sitting with two assessors, one appointed by the Department, and the other by some such body as the London Chamber of Commerce.7. That the President of the Local Government Board (or Minister of Health)34 REPORT have power to institute the necessary proceedings to enforce compliance with the law, the sale and advertisement of any patent, secret, or proprietary remedy or appliance.8. That a registration number be assigned to every remedy permitted to be sold, and that every bottle or package of it be required to bear the imprint ‘( R.N. . . .” (with the number), and that no other words referring to the registration be permitted. 9. That in the case of a remedy the sale of which is prohibited, the proprietor or manufacturer be entitled to appeal to the High Court against the prohibition. 10. That the Department be empowered to require the name and proportion of any poisonous or potent drug forming an ingredient of any remedy, to be exhibited upon the label.11. That inspectors be placed at the disposal of the Department to examine advertisements and observe the sale of proprietary remedies and appliances. 12. That an annual fee be payable in respect of every registration number issued. The Committee consider that the Stamp Acts should be consolidated and amended to remove numerous existing anomalies and unreasonable exceptions, and that the Indecent Advertisements Act should be amended on the lines of Lord Braye’s Bill.The following legislative enactments are also recommended : 1. That every medicated wine, and every proprietary remedy containing more alcohol than that required for pharmacological purposes, be required to state upon the label the proportion of alcohol contained in it.2. That the advertisement andrsale (except by a doctor’s order) of medicines purporting to cure the following diseases be prohibited : Cancer, consumption, lupus, deafness, diabetes, paralysis, fits, epilepsy, locomotor ataxy, Bright’s disease, rupture (without operation or appliance). 3. That all advertisements of remedies for diseases arising from sexual intercourse or referring to sexual weakness be prohibitedr 4.That all advertisements likely to suggest that a medicine is an abortifacient be prohibited. 5. That it be a breach of the law to change the composition of a remedy without informing the Department of the proposed change. 6. That fancy names for recognised drugs be subject to regulation.7. That the period of validity of a name used as a trade-mark for a drug be limited, as in the case of patents and copyrights. 8. That it be a breach of the law to give a false trade description of any remedy, and that the following be a definition of a false trade description : “ A statement, design, or device regarding any article or preparation, or the drugs or ingredients or substances contained therein, or the curative or therapeutic effect thereof, which is false or misleading in any particular.” And that the onus of proof that he had reasonable ground for belief in the truth of any statement by him regarding a remedy be placed upon the manufacture or proprietor of such remedy.9. That it be a breach of the law-(a) To enclose with one remedy printed matter recommending another remedy ; ( b ) to invite sufferers from any ailment toLAW REPORTS 35 correspond with the vendor of a remedy; (c) to make use of the name of a fictitious person in connection with a remedy (but it should be within the power of the Department to permit the exemption of an old-established remedy from this pro- vision) ; (d) to make use of fictitious testimonials; (e) to publish a recommendation of a secret remedy by a medical practitioner unless his or her full name, qualifica- tions, and address be given; (f) to promise to return money paid if a cure is not effected. I n conclusion, the Committee believe that departmental and legislative action as outlined above will not inflict injustice upon any patent or proprietary medicine or appliance ; that it will afford the public efficient and urgently needed protection against injury and fraud ; and that no measures of smaller scope will secure this result, w. P. s. e+B+B+3+3

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9154000031

出版商:RSC    

年代:1915

数据来源: RSC