摘要:

174 Book Reviews Analyst, Februavy, 19’19 CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS. By WILLIAM L. MASTERTON and EMIL J. SLOWINSKI. Saunders Golden Sunbuvst Series. Pp. xli + 873. Philadelphia, London and Toronto: W. B. Saunders Company. 1978. Price fj10.50. General chemistry text books are difficult t o review fairly as they are often produced with a particular course or course module in mind and, except in rare instances, seldom perfectly fit courses in different education systems several thousands of miles from their origination. The level of the text under review approximates to the general physical and inorganic chemistry sections of integrated first-year chemistry of a 4-year degree course a t a Scottish or Irish University which are provided for candidates without A-level chemistry or with poor grades.Introduc- tory chapters emphasise quantitative experimental aspects of chemistry including thermochemistry and behaviour of gases. Chemical principles are discussed under the headings of electronic struc- ture, periodicity of the elements, chemical bonding and physical properties, concluding with a brief introduction to organic chemistry. Physical chemistry is divided into phase equilibria, solutions, water (sources, pollution, purification and as a solvent), spontaneity of reaction, gaseous equilibria and rates of reaction. Descriptive, mainly inorganic, chemistry is organised around types of reactions but concludes with a discussion of natural and synthetic polymers. Interesting features include marginal notes that serve to amuse and wake up a student lulled by the clarity and logic of the main text. Historical notes and perspectives on relative atomic masses, periodic table, basic thermodynamics, acid - base theory and on particular chemists such as J. Willard Gibbs, J.N. Lewis and M. Faraday are balanced and factual, except for R. Boyle, who it should be pointed out undertook quantitative work and as far as is known was the first to use the term “chemical analysis.” An environmental chemistry flavour is provided by discussion of topics such as the energy crisis, pollution and the depletion of natural resources. The glossary of terms in the basic chemical vocabulary will be helpful to students with no prior knowledge of the subject. Part 11 deals with the qualitative analysis of cations and anions following the classical Fresenius scheme but with thioacetamide as the source of hydrogen sulphide.The basic chemistry of the separation and identification reactions is clearly and carefully described. In the Preface the authors stated they believed that qualitative analysis is probably the most interesting way to introduce students to descriptive chemistry. Careful reading and appraisal of this section could well lead to a renaissance of this as a topic in undergraduate courses. The diagrammatic illustrations are excellent and deservedly given credit on the title page; in addition, the sets of colour photographs on general chemistry and on group separations will act as a link and stimulation to practical work. Illiistrative problems and detailed solutions and dis- cussion of approximations, etc., are provided in each chapter, as are graded problems to test student understanding.In Part I the basic framework and sequence of topics follow that of earlier editions. The general layout, printing and production are of a high standard. SI units are not used throughout, e.g., calorie and atmosphere are used for units of energy and pressure, respectively ; this feature might debar what is otherwise excellent text in teaching depart- ments that use SI units exclusively. Even if not directly suited to their courses, tertiary-level teachers of chemistry are encouraged to examine this text: they will find much of interest and use in this stimulating student-orientated, first-year text. D. THORBURN BURNS MANUAL ON HYDROCARBON ANALYSIS (FORMERLY STP 332 A).Third Edition. Sponsored by ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleuim Products and Lubricants. Pp. xx + 620. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials. 1977. Price $26 (softback). The stated purpose of this manual is “to provide a collection of methods and to make them more useful by showing how they fit into a general scheme of analysis.” Accordingly, there are well referenced introductory chapters establishing a pattern of analysis by product type. The 88 methods themselves are drawn from various parts of the ASTM Standards, including those dealing with petroleum products, paint solvents, water, electrical insulation (liquids and gases) and spectro- scopy and chromatography, together with twelve proposed standards.Although this representsBOOK REVIEWS 175 a much more comprehensive coverage than the Second Edition of the Manual, it is far from complete. The preface states that “many of the sophisticated analytical methods used in petroleum labora- tories are not represented” and a number of Standards dealing with such fundamentals as specific gravity, distillation and viscosity are referenced but otherwise omitted. ASTM Standards are revised annually, and earlier editions of this manual have become rapidly and progressively out of date. About half of the standards included in this Third Edition were published after the issue of the Second Edition in 1968 and all of the others have been subject to re-approval, possibly with amendment. Unless it is intended to issue new editions a t far shorter intervals than 9 years, one would anticipate the development of a similar situation with this present publication.Nevertheless, it represents a convenient, economic and authoritative manual of current practice. J. N. WILSON VALIDATION OF THE MEASUREMENT PROCESS. Edited by JAMES R. DEVOE. A Symposiuvpz sponsored by the Division of AHalytical Chemistry at the 171st Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, N Y , April 5-6, 1976. ACS Symposium Series 63. Pp. viii + 207. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society. 1977. Price $20. Errors in the results of routine analysis, if not adequately controlled, may easily invalidate conclusions drawn from them. The magnitude of the errors in results reported by analytical chemists has, therefore, always been a topic of interest and importance.However, this subject has received increasing emphasis over the last 20 years or so as a result of two main developments : (i) there is increasing need to compare results from different laboratories and countries, and (ii) many inter-laboratory studies in a large number of analytical fields have shown that errors are often much larger than would be expected and can be tolerated. Thus, during this period there has been a growing interest in procedures relevant to the estimation and control of analytical errors. The consideration and estimation of errors requires appreciation of statistical concepts and procedures, and it appears to the writer that this aspect of the education and training of the analytical chemist is often given insufficient attention. In this situation, the present book is both helpful and timely in considering several aspects of analytical quality control and in pro- viding references to facilitate further reading.In Chapter 1 (G. Wernimont, “Statistical Control of Measurement Processes,” 29pp.) one of the conclusions of the author is that “Measurements are not valid until we evaluate the performance characteristics of the process which produces them. ” He discusses in some detail the basic statis- tical concepts involved in controlling any measurement process, particular attention being paid to the need to ensure that the process is in “statistical control.” The use of control charts to check this last point is also discussed. This chapter is a valuable introduction to the basic con- cepts involved in controlling any measurement process.In Chapter 2 (J. J. Filliben, “Testing Basic Assumptions in the Measurement Process,” 84pp.) the author describes a number of simple, graphical procedures for testing whether or not a measure- ment process is in statistical control. This chapter shows that complicated, statistical procedures are not inevitable in quality control and that much valuable information can be gained from procedures easily applied by analysts. The chapter is copiously illustrated with examples of the application of the graphical procedures that are intended primarily for checking that the errors in results are random and for estimating the nature of the frequency distribution followed by such errors.In Chapter 3 (L. A. Currie and J . R. DeVoe, “Systematic Error in Chemical Analysis,” 26pp.) the authors emphasise the importance of systematic errors and the need for the quantitative assessment of all potential sources of bias. In the latter connection, the authors make the valuable b u t often disregarded point that as random errors increase, so the detection of systematic errors becomes more difficult. Examples of systematic errors and their estimation and control are discussed, the examples being taken from various points within the total process : sampling, analy- sis, reporting results. In Chapter 4 (G. A. Uriano and J . P. Cali, “Role of Reference Materials and Reference Methods in the Measurement Process,” 22pp.) the authors discuss the important role of reference materials and methods in schemes to achieve compatibility of results from laboratories on a national scale.The general discussion is illustrated by detailed consideration of the U.S. National Bureau of Standards’ work on reference materials and methods for calcium in serum, nitrogen dioxide in176 BOOK IiEVIEWS Analyst, V d . 104 air, mercury in water and chromium in biological materials. The authors emphasise that although reference materials and methods are necessary, they are not sufficient alone to achieve compati- bility ; a continuing programme of analytical quality control is also essential. In Chapter 5 (S. N. Deming, “Optimization of Experimental Parameters in Chemical Analysis,” 14pp.) the author stresses the importance of selecting the experimental conditions of analytical methods so that results are not unduly sensitive to variations in those conditions. For this purpose a particular statistical experimental design is described and illustrated by results obtained during investigation of a spectrophotometric method for the determination of formaldehyde by the addition of chromotropic acid and sulphuric acid. Finally, in Chapter 6 (R. C. Rhodes, “Components of Variation in Chemical Analysis,” 23pp.) the author describes the application of analysis of variance techniques in order to assess the relative importance of the many factors that may affect the variability of results, Estimation of the variability caused by each factor helps in indicating those factors most requiring control. A detailed example is given of the application of such procedures in assessing the variability to be expected of results when a number of laboratories each analyse portions of a standard sample. In conclusion, this book can be recommended for perusal by analytical chemists whether they are currently practising analytical quality control or not. A. L. WILSON

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9790400174

出版商:RSC    

年代:1979

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

176 BOOK REVIEWS Analyst, V d . 104 Erratum APRIL (1976) ISSUE, p. 304, Table IV. lated. italic type. Several values in Table IV were incorrectly calcu- A corrected version is printed below, in which the values concerned are shown in TABLE IV SELENIUM CONTENT OF MILK PRODUCTS AND ALBUMIN Material Dried skim milk . . Milk powder Instant cream powder Cheese . . .. .. Cheese . . . . .. Albumin, human (baby food) . . .. (fraction V) . . .. Albumin, egg . . .. crystalline . . .. (fraction V) . . .. L-Cystine . . .. L-Methionine . . .. Albumin, egg, Albumin, bovine Mass of sample takenlg 0.5 0.2-0.4 0.1-0.2 0.1 0.1 0.05-0. I 0.05 0.04 0.2 0.05 0.5 Selenium (VI) * 0.058 Pg g-l 0.064 N.D. 0.008 0.034 0.348 0.437 0.684 0.106 N.D. 0.010 Total seleniumt/ Pg g-l Selenium(VI), 0.101 0.002 57 0.227 f 0.017 28 0.235 & 0.010 0 0.050 & 0.002 16 0.087 & 0.008 39 0.477 f. 0.022 73 0.585 & 0.024 75 0.864 & 0.037 79 0.226 0.007 47 0.587 f 0.026 0 0.010 f. 0.001 100 * Results are the means of two determinations. t Results are the means of five determinations. N.D. denotes not detected.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9790400176

出版商:RSC    

年代:1979

数据来源: RSC