摘要:

SummaryBALB/c mice develop resistance to challenge withN. dubiusthird stage infective larvae (L3) 2–3 weeks after the administration ofN. dubiusworms. In contrast, CBA/H mice fail to develop resistance. Experiments were performed to test the hyptothesis that the reason for the different behaviour of these mice was a difference in their eosinophil response. BALB/c mice and BALB/c → (BALB/c → CBA/H)F1bone marrow chimaeras but not CBA/H mice or CBA/H → (BALB/c × CBA/H)F1chimaeras mounted strong eosinophilia afterN. dubiussensitization and the eosinophil response Was associated with resistance to L3 infection in these mice. Induction of a mild eosinophilia in CBA/H mice by non‐parasite antigen keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) following cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment was associated with the acquisition of a degree of resistance to L3 infection. In BALB/c mice, increase in eosinophilia induced by CY and KLH‐CFA was not associated with a further reduction in worm numbers. These experiments support the hypothesis that eosinophilia is an important component of host protective immunityin vivo, and suggest a new basis for the heterogeneity of the outcome of some parasite infestations.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1983.1

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryBALB/c and BALB/c.H‐2bmice are genetically susceptible to development of persistent and severe disease following cutaneous injection of promastigotes of the protozoan parasite,Leishmania tropica major, whereas C57BL/6 are relatively resistant. Resistance in C57BL/6 can be further increased by intraperitoneal injection of living, but not killed, promastigotes prior to cutaneous challenge. Severely diseased BALB/c mice can show resistance to development of a second cutaneous lesion but apparently only in the advanced stages of systemic life‐threatening disease. A striking level of resistance to persistent disease has been demonstrated in BALB/c.H‐2bmice pre‐injected with frozen and thawedL. t. major‐infected macrophages of the continuous macrophage cell line IC‐21 (H‐2b) together withCorynebacterium parvum. No resistance is seen in recipients of eitherC. parvumor the crude antigen mixture alone. Protection is afforded by intraperitoneal andnotsubcutaneous injection of crude antigen plus adjuvant. In these vaccination studies all evidence points to the infected macrophage as the most appropriate source of ‘host‐protective’ antigens as well as being the most likely target of host‐protective immunity. Resistance is expressed in vaccinated mice as minimal signs of cutaneous disease and rapid resolution of any small lesions which do develop. Frozen and thawed promastigotes plus C. parvum will not induce resistance to persistent disease in BALB/c H‐2bmice and preincubation of promastigotes with sera from resistant vaccinated mice does not influence their capacity to cause cutaneous disease. The results provide baseline data for vaccination attempts in genetically susceptible hosts using isolatedL. t majorantigens (and, in particular, infected macrophage antigens) and highlight the utility of the intraperitoneal route of injection and the use of the therapeutic biological,C. parvum, as an adjuvant in such studies.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1983.2

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA hybridoma‐derived monoclonal antibody, 1.134, with apparent specificity forSchistosoma japonicumadult worms has immunodiagnostic potential for schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines. Sera from known infected individuals will inhibit the binding of125I‐labelled 1.134 to a crude adult worm extract (AWE) in a competitive radioimmunoassay (CRIA), although a 10% false negative rate has been noted. Another monoclonal antibody, P.41, which produces circumoval precipitation (COP) reactions withS. japonicumeggs was shown previously not to he useful in identification of heavily infected individuals using a CRIA with extracted egg antigens (EA). However, the125I‐P.41/EA assay has now been demonstrated to be capable of detecting a small subset of infected persons. Thus, four infected individuals with serum COP reactions shown to be consistently of the bleb typeonly(and with no segmented precipitates seen in the optimized COP test) have serum inhibitory activity in the P.41 CRIA. These same sera are negative in the I.134 CRIA.Unsuccessful attempts have been made to substitute a large Pool of affinity purified anti‐I.134 idiotypic (Id) antibodies for antigen (i.e. AWE) in the immunodiagnostic I.134 CRIA. However, anti‐Id CRIAs have been shown to be useful in monitoring the isolation of targetantigensof hybridoma anti‐schistosome antibodies. The availability of a range of hybridoma antibody‐based CRIAs will greatly Facilitate the quantitative analysis of anti‐S. japonicumantibody specificities in sera from clinically defined patient groups and the isolation of antigens of immunoparasitological interest.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1983.3

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryFewer and smaller worms were recovered from, and significantly fewer parasite eggs were voided by, mice injected with mouse antiserum raised againstNippostrongylus brasiliensisorNematospiroides dubiusafter infection with the homologous nematode species compared with the control mice. The passive transfer of protective immunity was specific for the species which induced the antibody response in the donor mice. Passively immunized mice infected with the heterologous nematode species harboured the same number of worms, with the same epg output, as parasites in the control mice, but were stunted. Serological cross‐reactions were observed between the two donor antiserum pools andN. dubiusandN. brasiliensisantigens.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1983.4

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn the present study sera from twelve species have been compared to rat serum and ascitic fluid for their ability to support the growth of post‐implantation rat embryos. No alternative to rat serum or rat ascitic fluid was found. The basis for this apparent species specificity was further analysed. A marked improvement in embryonic growth was seen when rat serum was added to the heterologous serum prior to culture, whereas replenishment of a heterologous serum several times during culture had no effect. The experiments suggested that heterologous sera were nutritionally inadequate but not simply in energy source. Possible mechanisms for the specificity arc discussed.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1983.5

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn vivoprimary cytotoxic T cell (Tc) responses to vaccinia and LCMV inH‐2kstrains andin vitrosecondary responses to influenza virus inH‐2kandH‐2dstrains appear not to be influenced by genes outside theH‐2complex.In vitrosecondary responses to Bebaru, on the other hand, are partly controlled by non‐major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1983.6

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThatin vitrokilling by normal and activated macrophages ofS. typhimuriumand other gram‐negative organisms is dependent on the presence of antibody has been confirmed. It has been shown that antibody is required for the binding ofS. typhimuriumto the surfaces of macrophages. This binding can be inhibited by the Fc portion of immunoglobulin, indicating that the Fc receptors on macrophages are used for bindingS. typhimuriuim. It has also been confirmed that antibody does not appear to he necessary for killing ofL. monocytogenesto occur. The organisms bind to the surface of macrophages by different receptors. Binding ofL. monocytogenesoccurs in the absence of added antibody and Fc fragments of immunoglobulin do not affect the binding. Attachment can be inhibited, however, by removal of divalent cations, a treatment that has no effect on antibody‐mediated binding as, under these conditions, the binding ofL. monocytogenesto macrophages can be enhanced by antibody. The significance of these findings is discussed.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1983.7

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryFemale mice of the BALB/c isogenic strain were immunized with epididymal sperm of the male mice. Four antigenic perparations were used: whole sperm (WS), homogenized sperm (HS), protein fraction (PF) and lipid fraction (LF). Antisera were assayed for antibody activity by sperm immobilization and indirect immunofluorescence tests. The differential results between the WS and HS antisera obtained in the two tests suggest that sperm membrane surface antigen(s) may be distinct from intracellular antigen(s). PF‐antiserum showed lower but significant activity with the sperm immobilization test but weak activity with the indirect immunofluorescence test. The lipid fractions showed extremely weak activities with both tests. Indirect immunofluorescent staining was curried out on 10 μm sections of unfertilized and fertilized eggs and 2‐cell embryos. Unfertilized eggs showed no antibody binding and fertilized eggs showed patchy fluorescence of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. In the 2‐cell embryo the fluorescence was diffuse, suggesting spreading of the sperm antigens. Comparative electrophoresis of aliquots of HS antiserum with and without incubation with washed sperm showed a clear reduction, due to adsorption by sperm, of IgG class of antibodies, on the basis of molecular weight. The differences in antigenicity between the four sperm preparations are discussed in relation to (i) possible localization of the antigens in the spermatozoa and (ii) the conformational differences of the antigens manifested by organic solvent denaturation.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1983.8

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryEvidence is produced to show that two specific subclasses of IgM antibodies are formed during the primary immune response to Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII) in mice. The IgM proteins can be divided into two groups based on different reactivities with protein‐A. As with human IgM subclasses, it is proposed to call the two IgM subclasses IgM1and IgM2, where the latter is defined by the ability to react with protein‐A ofStaphylococcus aursus. Only the IgM molecule which reacted with protein‐A produced passive haemolysis in the presence of guinea‐pig complement. Results also show that the IgA anti‐SIII activity in serum of SIII‐immune mice on day 5 of the primary response is due lo hybrid IgM/A(κ) antibody which is undetected by conventional methods for enumerating antibody‐forming cells because cells producing IgM/A antibody develop direct plaques with guinea‐pig complement. A monoclonal IgM/A(κ) anti‐SIII produced from spleen cells 5 days after injection of 10 μg SIII plus pertussis vaccine exhibited similar properties to molecules with μ and α‐determinants in serum. The IgM/A hybrid antibody reacted strongly with protein‐A and produced passive haemolysis of SIII‐coated erythrocytes in the pretence of guinea‐pig, but not mouse, complement Despite its specificity for the capsular antigen of Type III pneumococci, the IgM/A hybrid antibody conferred only temporary immunity in mice challenged with viable pneumococci. The nature and properties of IgM/A antibodies as well as those of the subclasses of IgM may give important clues lo the genetic regulation and expression of antibody production. These findings may provide an explanation for some of the anomalies in various areas of immunological research.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1983.9

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe effect of phomopsin, the mycotoxin ofPhomopsis leptostromiformisresponsible for lupinosis, was examined in pregnant rats and their embryos. A Single injection at the rate of 0·025–0·4 mg/kg was administered on days 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14 of pregnancy or repeated Injections at the daily rate of 0·03 or 0· 09 mg/kg were given on days 6·10 or 11·15. Effects on embryonic development were examined on day 20. A single dose of 0·4 mg/kg or repeated doses of 0·09 mg/kg caused heavy embryonic mortality. Repeated doses of 0·03 mg/kg over days 6·10 caused a lower mortality. Foetuses that survived the higher dose rates were severely retarded in their growth and skeletal ossification was irregular. The incidence of other developmental defects was too low for phomopsin to be unequivocally implicated. The dose levels used induced lesiona of lupinosis of varying severity in the dams. Toxicity for dams and embryos was greater when the total dose was administered over 5 days than after a single injection.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1983.10

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY