摘要:

AbstractThis paper presents an advanced modeling approach which significantly improves predictions of reaction rates and critical data that engineers need to design effective pressure relief systems. Ideally, pressure relief systems are sized exactly for the reaction characteristics of the chemicals in the vessel. However, with many chemicals and chemical mixtures, reaction chemistry is difficult to characterize because the individual components interact in complex ways. Furthermore, the high cost and risk of full‐scale reactivity experiments make test data scarce. Chemical engineers bridge this gap in part with small‐scale tests and modeling computer codes such as the one developed by the Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS). The comprehensive approach developed in this paper provides a reliable design basis for difficult systems, including highly energetic and nonideal reactions, systems with continuing reactions in piping and containment vessels, and systems where homogeneous bubble collapse caused by rapid depressurization could cause a catastrophic vessel failure. We first examine possible mechanisms for catastrophic vessel failure and associated consequences. Next, we outline a detailed approach for emergency relief system design and reactivity test

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140102

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEstablishing safe operating parameters requires the determination of flammability characteristics under a myriad of process conditions. In order to meet these needs, a combined approach of literature search, calculational modeling, and experimental simulation is often utilized. A few specific projects will be reviewed as example methods for evaluating flammability properties under challenging environments. Flammability diagrams and system configuration figures are presented for further review while the interesting discoveries of each project are covered for interpretation and application to process conditions.

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140103

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140104

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is a matter of considerable practical importance to recognize metastable, potentially hazardous chemical compositions so that suitable thermal hazard management means can be provided as a part of process safety management. This communication is a report on our evaluation of the oxygen balance criterion as a screening technique for thermal hazard assessment.

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140105

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent catastrophic piping failures dramatically demonstrate the importance of implementing a piping program. Piping system leaks and ruptures have caused death and injury to plant workers, firefighters, and the public. Significant financial consequences due to unexpected downtime and property damage have plagued industry. The environment has also suffered from the release of toxic chemicals. In the chemical industry, roughly 30% of the catastrophic losses have been historically attributable to piping failures.

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140106

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA procedure is presented herein to calculate the critical temperature for the thermal explosion (hereafter symbolized asTc) of an arbitrary quantity of thermally unstable liquid placed in an arbitrary container, by measuring experimentally the rate of heat transfer from the container as well as the rate of heat generation of the liquid sample in temperature increments of 1.25 K. TheTcvalues of ten liquid organic peroxides are then calculated in accordance with the above procedure for the practical situation arising when the liquids are either in a Dewar flask which is used in the BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung, Berlin) heat‐accumulation storage test or in a 5‐ or a 10‐L polyethylene container which are used by the peroxide manufacturing company for carrying 5‐ or 10‐kg quantities of liquid organic peroxides to the users. For the Dewar flask, the corresponding measured values were available, and they showed good agreement with the calculated ones. The new findings introduced in this article are that there is a prospect that one can predict the result of a BAM test by calculation for a solid as well as for a liquid; in addition, for liquids, there is also a possibility that one can calculate the Tcvalue of an arbitrary quantity of liquid placed in an arbitr

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140107

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractVDI (Society of German Engineers) submitted a new version for pressure release of dust explosions in November 1992 which will replace the June 1979 edition. Equations are now favored and nomograph take second place. NFPA 68, 1988 edition, which was reissued in 1994 and is presently being revised already contained some newer data but used the same range of application as the 1979 VDI. Such range of application was now expanded from 1 m3down to 0.1 m3and from 1,000 m3to 10,000 m3. Static activation pressure was previously limited to 0.5 bar. Now 0.1 bar to 1 bar gage can be used. Dusts with a deflagration index of 800 bar·m/s can be dealt with. Previously the limit was set at 600 bar·m/s. It is the intent of this paper to show possible savings. Pressure and flame behavior outside vented vessels will be addressed as well as the special case for pneumatic conveyin

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140108

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIdentification of inherently safer process options is a multi‐dimensional problem. Nearly all chemical processes involve a number of processing steps. Associated with each processing step there is usually a number of hazards or hazard types, for example, high pressure, high temperature, acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, fire, explosion. A process which is inherently safer with respect to one of these hazards may be more hazardous with respect to another hazard. Several examples will be discussed, including selection of refrigerants, batch vs. continuous reaction, and solvent selection for a batch exothermic reaction. These examples illustrate the importance of a thorough understanding of all of the potential hazards in the process. Finally, some tools for evaluating process options and selecting among a group of processes with conflicting inherent safety characteristics are discusse

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140109

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140110

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA considerable amount of information has been published in the area of “Inherently Safe Design” of chemical facilities. It is the purpose of this article to address some specific applications of “Inherently Safer” methods that have been used successfully in the design of chemical process plants. The objective is to reduce potential risk of harm or loss to people, the environment, and p

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140111

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY