摘要:

AbstractOne of the most lucrative areas for improving bottom line profitability is related to an organization's costs for utilities and energy. Such thing as gas, electric, water, and telephones are treasure chests of cost reduction opportunities. In the past, these items have been viewed as a fixed expense or basic mundane commodity. In recent years, these items have become a large portion of product cost now must be examined on a contiual basis. A formal income improvement program to capture and report on the savings is a requirement for remaining competitive in a global economy.

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680150103

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSuddenly, the unexpected happens—the power goes out—a critical transformer has failed. And just as suddenly, your plant is out of business. Since there are no visible moving parts there is a tendency to think that nothing can go wrong. But, preventive maintenance testing of transformers is not difficult to justify when you consider the high cost of repairs and the impact of an unscheduled outage of plant operat

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680150104

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680150102

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInherently safer design, that is, avoiding hazards rather than controlling them, has advocated since the explosion at Flixborough in 1974. Progress has been real but nevertheless the concept has not been adopted nearly as rapidly as quantitative risk assessment, introduced into the chemical industry only a few years earlier. The present position is reviewed and the constraints that have to be overcome are outlined.A man takes a mustard seed and sows it in his field. It is the smallest of all seeds, but when it grows up, it is the biggest of all plants. It becomes a tree…—Matthew 13:31–32It takes longer to familiarize oneself with a region of the mind than with a country…—Graham Greene (Introduction to Brig

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680150105

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has been concerned with the difficulty that Small and Medium Enterprises (SME's) face in improving their safety performance and in coping with EPA and OSHA regulations. Over the past several years, efforts to reach out to SME's by technical societies, trade associations, and other groups have not been fully effective, and for the most part have not reached SME's. To meet this challenge, CCPS has formed a committee to explore methods of effectively reaching SME's and to develop programs to meet their needs.

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680150106

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMajor improvements have occurred in the technology for making latex. Latex plants represent good examples of the application of inherently safer plant features. Early plants had Fire&Explosion Indexes (F&EIs) in a range of 159‐171 (Severe) whereas recent plants are in a range of 97–127 (Intermediate). A key design feature is adequate spacing. Minimum inventories of hazardous materials are maintained. Containment of hazardous materials minimizes exposure to facilities and people and provides adequate volume.Process structures are open to avoid accumulation of flammable gases. Containment in vessels uses high design pressures. Safe emergency relief venting is provided. The ability to make discrete batches is maintained, but some semi‐continuous feeding is used. Appropriate redundancy of instrument and control systems is used with sophisticated process control systems. Emergency block valves and fire tested valves are used. Inherently unsafe equipment is avoided. Good operating practices are employed with documentation of operation procedures, testing, maintenance and training. Fire protection systems and emergency planning are provided.The final result in applying inherently safer design practices is major improvement in safety and minimization of the risk potential for losses that could affect people, plant equipment, business loss and the enviro

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680150107

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA number of incidents including observations that underline the dangers of “starving” a safety program are discussed. While accurate data on the impact of substantial staff reductions remains scarce, many people in industry fear that excessive cutbacks could create conditions leading to a catastrophic accident. Guidelines are provided to assist management in evaluating manpower needs for successful management systems for Process Safety Management (P

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680150108

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhile releases of hazardous/toxic fluids from pressurized pipelines are infrequent, the potential for a catastrophic event resulting from such a release warrants extraordinary care of the hazardous/toxic piping systems containing these fluids, during the entire plant life cycle.System identification, segregation, material and component selection, construction techniques, and preventative maintenance programs all contribute to improved system reliability, and are discussed herein. Methods to mitigate damages in the event of a failure are also discussed.

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680150109

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe results from four research projects on ammonia stress corrosion cracking (SCC) are provided, including the effect of oxygen and water in the ammonia, prevention of SCC with electrochemical methods, crack growth rate studies, and behavior of welds. Practical recommendations are given for construction, inspection, repair, commissioning, and operation of ammonia storage tanks.

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680150110

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProcess safety officials often place great emphasis on the results from tests to define various fire and explosion hazards inherent in dusts. These include the flammability, the autoignition temperature, the lower explosive limit, and sometimes the Kst‐value which is a characteristic equivalent to the maximum pressure rise in a 1 m3vessel of an optimally combined substance/air mixture when the temperature is 20°C and pressure was 100 kPa before the explosion. It is also important to know if there is any electrostatic hazard. Tests of the specific volumetric resistance, the minimum ignition energy, the electrostatic chargeability, the relative permittivity and the discharge time contribute to determining this specific hazard.If the substance is also subjected to elevated thermal conditions, the safe process temperature should be tested by the help of thermoanalytical techniques [1, 2, 3, 4]. If the dust indicates the characteristics of an explosive in such tests, its sensitivity to impact should be tested, and if the substance is sensitive to impact, its sensitivity to friction should also be tested [5, 6, 7]. Note: many of the tests used for process safety studies in the chemical industry have been adapted from the explosives industry.The significance of friction testing for expert decisions regarding grinding operations on non‐explosive chemicals when the test results of the sensitivity to impact were negative is introduced in this p

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680150111

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY