摘要:

Oviposition by brood X periodical cicadas,Magicicada septendecim(L.), in woody ornamentals in 1953 and 1970 occurred in 69 of 84 species and cultivars. Current season wilting and death of branches resulted from oviposition wounds in 24 of the 69 species. Physiological effects the same year included sharply curved branches due to greater growth on the uninjured than the injured side of branches. Healing of oviposition wounds during the 2 years following 1953 or 1970 varied depending on the species or cultivar involved, from none to rough partial healing with stunted growth and reduced flowering, to rapid healing and complete recovery. Incompletely healed oviposition sites were usually associated with retarded growth distal to the site and, in some species, with progressive dieback. Heartwood decay or discoloration occurred at and beyond the oviposition sites and in some species progressed from the branches to the main stem. Rejuvenation of top growth was accomplished by pruning out injured or dead branches to force new lateral branches.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.725

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Field tests showed that during the first 2 weeks of August more sexually mature apple maggot flies,Rhagoletis pomonella(Walsh), were captured in apple trees containing real fruit than in trees without fruit or trees containing artificial apples. During the last 2 weeks of August, when the numbers of flies were rapidly declining, similar numbers of flies were captured in all 3 groups of trees. Only a small number of fruit in a mature apple tree was needed to increase the capture of flies, but an equal number of artificial apples had no such effect. This demonstrated that the maturity of apples affects the response of the flies, and suggests that factors other than visual stimuli are involved.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.733

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The toxicity of azinphosmethyl, parathion, monocrotophos, chloropyrifos, phosfolan, methomyl, and endosulfan to adultChenolus inanitus(L.), a parasitoid ofSpodoptera littoralis(Boisduval), was studied. The insecticides were sprayed on cotton plants in the field. Treated leaves, at different intervals after the treatments, were cut and checked in the laboratory for their effects on the mortality ofC. inanitus.The effective time of various insecticides from the day of spraying the cotton field until the decrease in death of the female parasitoids from 100 to 50% was found to be (in days): parathion—45; azinphosmethyl—42; phosfolan—37; monocrotophos—28.5; chlorophyrifos—22; methomyl—19; and endosulfan—14.5.The persistence for long periods of residues on the cotton plants hinders the possibility of any progress in integrated control programs for cotton insect pests.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.737

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Methods were evaluated for transferring adult and immatureNomia melanderiCockerell from natural sites to artificial bee beds. The most effective method of transplanting prepupae was placing them into prepared holes in soil. When captured females from natural nesting sites were released at artificial beds, moderate numbers could be induced to nest by releasing females at the artificial beds just after sunset. However, more new nesting occurred in sites with active resident bees. Site covers that provided protection from rain deterred nesting but resulted in less loss of progeny from microbial action.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.739

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The external parasitoidEuplectrus platyhypenaeHoward was reared from 4 species of lepidopterous larvae:Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith),Spodoptera ornithogalli(Guenée),Heliothis zea(Boddie), andTrichoplusia ni(Hübner). These larvae were collected from peanut fields in Caddo County, Oklahoma. No distinct host preference could be established in this study. In the laboratory (temp 22±3°C) a period of approximately 5 days was required for completion of larval development and an average pupal stadium of 10 days was recorded. Parasitism invariably resulted in death of the host within a day of parasitoid pupation.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.744

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Female abdominal tip extracts of fruittree leafroller (FTLR),Archips argyrospilus(Walker), moths from British Columbia were analyzed and found to contain dodecyl acetate,cis- andtrans-11-tetradecen-1-ols (60:40), andcis- andtrans-11-tetradecenyl acetates (60:40). Field tests in British Columbia showed that males responded to a range ofcis- andtrans-11-tetradecenyl acetates, but the optimum ratio was 70:30 and dodecyl acetate acts as a synergist. Analysis of FTLR females from New York showed similar tip extract components, but in the field New York males were much more dependent upon the propercis:transratio and the presence of dodecyl acetate than were the males in British Columbia.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.747

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

During the week of January 1, 1971, a cold period with a record low temperature of −40°C (−40°F) occurred near an area supporting high spruce beetle populations on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation, Arizona. This resulted in 88% spruce beetle larval mortality above the snow level in sampled standing trees. Below the snow level, mortality of larvae and hibernating adults was 15 and 28%, respectively. Parasites, predators, and other associated species incurred lower mortality.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.752

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In a densely populated pasture near Hammond, La.,Solenopsis invictaBuren mounds have an aggregate distribution with an average mound density of 0.0096/m. Only 2 other ant species,Monomorium minimum(Buckley) andParatrechina arenivaga(Wheeler), were common. A native fire ant,S. xyloniMcCook, occurred in the soil under several large trees.Random distribution of baits in the field showed that, during daytime, 92–96% of the baits was first discovered byS. invicta, but 100% of them was exploited by this species. On the other hand, only 70% of the baits distributed on theS. invictamounds was exploited byS. invictaitself, while the remaining 30% was exploited mainly byM. minimum. Monomoriumworkers appeared to possess a powerful poison which, when spread in the air, had a strong repellent effect againstS. invictaworkers. In this way Monomorium was often successful even in direct competition for food withS. invicta. This aggression-defense mechanism seemed to be ineffective against the native fire ant,S. xyloni, although the behavior ofMonomoriumto both species of fire ants appeared to be exactly the same and the responses of both species of fire ants seemed identical.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.755

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Host preference tests were conducted onLygus hesperusKnight andL. elisusVan Duzee in cotton fields interplanted with 20-ft wide strips of alfalfa at 130- to 540-ft intervals and in various patterns of alfalfa row spacing. The distinct preference of lygus bugs for alfalfa over cotton was significantly demonstrated even when samples were taken in the 2 crops 3 ft apart. These studies demonstrate the efficiency of using alfalfa as a trap crop for lygus bugs in cotton.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.761

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Heritable resistance of corn (Zea maysL.) to feeding by the corn rootworm (Diabroticaspp.) complex has been reported, but little has been presented on the prospects of forming corn populations resistant to rootworm feeding. Tolerance, or the ability of lines to develop new roots in spite of rootworm infestation, was considered to be composed of 4 traits: decreased feeding damage; decreased root lodging; increased root size; increased secondary root development. The experimental material was composed of 221 random inbred lines developed from the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic variety of maize. Root rating systems were utilized and selection was made for tolerance to corn rootworm damage. Estimates of heritability were calculated for each of the 4 root traits and indicated that selection on the basis of rootworm feeding damage alone would be ineffective. Heritability values for root sizes, secondary roots, and root lodging indicated that gains could be expected from selection for each of these traits. Genotypic, phenotypic, and error correlations were calculated and indicated that selection for larger root systems may result in superior secondary root development, reduced feeding damage, and reduced lodging.A retest of 50 superior entries indicated that selection for rootworm tolerance resulted in advance for each component trait of tolerance. The advance for each trait reinforces the existence of interrelationships among the 4 root traits. Superior lines selected from the retest population have been recombined into a single synthetic population, which should possess tolerance to corn rootworm feeding.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.767

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP