摘要:

An accidental release of 336 fertileLaspeyresia pomonella(L.) (168 ♂, 168 ♀) into an infestation-free orchard in the Wenas Valley near Yakima, Washington, provided valuable information concerning female dispersal and population suppression by the subsequent release of sterile males. The fertile × fertile matings occurring prior to the release of sterile males resulted in approximately 2030 entries in the orchard. About 90% of all infestation was within 1000 ft of the release area, and some infestation was observed as far away as 2000 ft.The release of 5425 sterile males within 24 hours of the fertile release and a followup release of 5000 sterile males 24 hours later, in addition to regular daily releases of about 1850 sterile moths (males and females) in the valley, are credited with limiting the fertile × fertile matings among the remaining estimated 90 unmated females to 0–4.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.66

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Two juvenile hormone analogues, (E)-4-[(6,7-epoxy-3-ethyl-7-methyl-2-nonenyl) oxy] benzene and (E)-6,7-epoxy-1-(p-ethylphenoxy)–3,7-dimethyl-2-octene, were applied to the surface of natural breeding materials (feedlot debris in Nebraska and eelgrass in Florida) for the suppression ofStomoxys calcitrans(L.). The treatments inhibited 64–91% of the eclosion of adults in Nebraska and 95–99% in Florida.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.69

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Trichoplusia ni(Hubner) annually suffers a massive epizootic caused by nuclear polyhedrosis viruses on the eastern seaboard of the United States. The examination of cabbage from 5 supermarket chain stores near Washington, D.C., showed that this epizootic begins in September, peaks in October, and declines in November. The amount of viable virus on this cabbage was about 7 million polyhedra per square inch of head leaf at the peak of the natural epizootic. Consumers eating raw cabbage receive large amounts of these viruses annually.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.72

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The response of the adultTribolium confusumJacquelin duVal to stress imposed by malathion and crowding was investigated. Stress imposed by malathion concentrations of 1.0 ppm or greater with population densities of 75 or more adult beetles per 3 grams of flour was adequate to initiate the production of a gas with resulting death of all beetles. A color change in the flour (white to pink) was a secondary effect resulting from the presence of the quinone gas.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.75

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Six strains ofMusca domesticaL. from different geographical areas were intercrossed in combinations of 2 to ascertain whether any cases of cytoplasmic incompatibility or hybrid sterility could be isolated. No classical cases of either type were found; however, a significant depression in fertility was observed in several crosses, and 2 of the 6 strains showed gross behavioral or genetic differences. Some males from a strain of African origin would not or could not copulate with females of other strains, and males from an Australian strain produced a preponderance of male progeny in crosses with other strains.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.77

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Preliminary notes are presented on the ecology ofCulex aikenii(Aiken&Rowland), vector of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) in the middle Chagres river basin of Panama.C. aikeniiprobably represents a complex of at least 2 closely related species with similar habits and both are involved in the natural transmission of VE virus. However, until taxonomic work now in progress is completed the name in its present broad sense will be used. Immature stages of the species are almost always found closely associated with the aquatic floating plant water-lettuce,Pistia stratiotes. Eggs arc laid singly on the leaves. Larvae and pupae remain motionless for hours attached to airpockets under thePistialeaves. WhenPistiaplants are dislodged from their anchorage by flooding, larvae and pupae move down with them and may seed new areas where the plants become tangled and proliferate. These movements ofPistiaseem to serve the double effect of restricting growth of local populations ofC. aikeniiand of serving as one method for dispersal of the species. Females have a broad spectrum of hosts both homeothermic and poikilothermic. They have a slight predilection for mammals over birds. Among the latter, herons are the preferred hosts. The species bites a variety of mammals, but seems to prefer rodents, except where there are large concentrations of domestic mammals, such as cattle. They feed on blood between dusk and dawn with peaks of activity occurring irregularly throughout the night. Females feed preferably on the ground, seldom going up to the canopy of trees in search of hosts. Man is usually bitten very low on the legs, so that people wearing shoes and long pants arc seldom fed on.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.81

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The yellow shafted flicker,Colaptes auratus(L.), was a major factor in the mortality of overwinteringDiatraea grandiosellaDyar in Mississippi from 1969 to 1972. However, factors such as low temperatures and possibly diseases also contributed to the overall decline in population. The flicker appeared to be highly efficient in finding stalks that contained larvae and appeared to associate the entrance hole in the infested stalk or girdled stalks with the presence of the larva.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.86

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A direct-digital environmental chamber control system was fabricated using a commercially available calculator/computer. The resulting control system is capablc of producing elaborate and precisely controlled time-varying environmental simulations throughout the naturally occurring thermal and hygral regimes.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.88

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

An outbreak ofChrysoteuchia topiaria(Zeller) (formerlyCrambus topiariusZeller), was observed through the autumn and winter to determine the major biotic factors affecting the overwintering larvae in Oregon grasslands. Predation by starlings, killdeer, sandpipers, and blackbirds in October reduced the larval population in a field of bluegrass more than 80%. Birds found infestations and picked larvae out of their hibernacula during most of the winter. The fungusBeauveria bassiana(Balsamo) was present in all field collections but infected only 3.1% of the population; 8.3% of mature larvae were parasitized by the tachinidLydina polidoides(Townsend). Three species of sod webworms that occur in Oregon grasslands were found to differ in nutritional requirements;Pediasia trisectaWalker andTehama bonifatella(Hulst) clearly required leaves for optimum growth, whereasC. topiariagrew equally well on either roots or leaves ofFestuca rubravar.commutataGuad. In nature, the larvae ofC. topiariaremained within the crown of the plant to feed and therefore are probably less susceptible to contact with foliar applications of insecticide than the larvae ofP. trisectaandT. bonifatella. However, the rate of oviposition ofC. topiariasuggests that a quick-killing insecticide applied when the adults emerge could prevent moths from laying most of their eggs.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.94

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Mass-reared female moths of the Phoenix PPD strain ofPectinophora gossypiella(Saunders), irradiated with doses of up to 40 krad were assessed for attractiveness in field traps, mating ability, and longevity. The data indicated that females irradiated with 10 or 25 krad were fully as attractive to native males as unirradiated females in the field. Hexalure (25 mg/trap) was more attractive to native males than 1–5 virgin females in the field. Although females irradiated with a sterilizing dose of 30 krad mated as frequently as unirradiated females, a significant reduction (30%) in their ability to receive sperm in their spermathecae occurred in single matings to unirradiated males. The longevity of males and females irradiated with 10 or 25 krad was not significantly different from unirradiated moths. The average LT50and LT90values for females held at 30°C were 20 and 24 days, respectively.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.97

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP