摘要:

A conceptual model is formulated which describes overwinter developmental rate forHeliothis zea(Boddie) pupae. An analytic function for prediction of spring emergence as a function of temperature is developed through the technique of matched asymptotic expansions. The resultant model is fit to observed post-diapause developmental rates measured at various constant temperature regimes. From these data, parameters were estimated for 10, 50, and 90 percentile emergence. A field spring emergence model is presented which includes the temporal variation in post-diapause morphogenetic development, the spatial distribution of overwintering pupae in the soil, and the spatial/temporal distribution of soil temperature. Model results are compared to an observed field emergence.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/8.1.141

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Cyclohexyl phenylacetate was found to be attractive to male and female checkered flower beetles,Trichodes ornatusSay, a serious predator of the alfalfa leafcutting bee,Megachile pacifica(F.), an important pollinator of alfalfa. Sixteen polyethylene tub traps baited with cyclohexyl phenylacetate and placed around a bee shelter in an alfalfa seed field captured 35,768 beetles in 7 wk, and 3135 were taken in a single trap within 6 days. These traps show promise for use in survey and control programs.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/8.1.147

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The fecundity, longevity and daily ovipositional rate ofB. stenostigmainH. posticalarvae were determined at constant 21.1°C and fluctuating 6.7°/18.3°C temperatures, while a 12:12 h photophase:scotophase was maintained under both regimes. Avg fecundities were not significantly different (P>0.10) under the 2 temperature regimes. The higher daily ovipositional rate at 21.1°C, as compared with 6.7°/18.3°C, was offset by significantly greater (P<0.05) longevity at 6.7°/18.3/C; hence, the similar fecundities. The dispersion pattern of the eggs among host larvae under both temperature regimes conformed to the Poisson, or random, distribution in more than 80% of the 195 data sets analyzed. Both the fecundity and ovipositional rate ofB. stenostigmaare lower than those reported earlier forB. anurus; the fecundity ofB. stenostigmais comparable to that reported forB. curculionis, but the daily ovipositional rate of the latter is greater.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/8.1.150

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The seasonal activity of carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in an Iowa cornfield was investigated by using pitfall traps from June 8, 1977 to Sept. 29, 1977. Of 66 species collected, the 8 most abundant in descending order werePterostichus chalcitesSay,Microlestes linearis(LeConte),Bembidion quadrimaculatum(L.),Harpalus pensylvanicusDeGeer,Agonoderus comma(F.),Bembidion rapidumLeConte,Chlaenius pusillusSay, andAnisodactylus sanctaecrucis(F.).Pterostichus chalcitesandAnisodactylus sanctaecruciswere active in mid-July and early Aug.;Microlestes linearisandAgonoderus commawere active in late June and mid-July;Bembidion quadrimaculatumpeaked in late June and Aug.;Bembidion rapidumwas most active from early Aug. through early Sept.; andChlaenius pusillusandHarpalus pensylvanicusreached their peaks in mid-Aug. and Sept., respectively. The rises in populations ofPterostichus chalcites,Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis, Microlestes linearis, andAgonoderus commaduring early Aug. were probably owing to cool temperature and plentiful rainfall after hot, dry conditions in July. Distribution of carabids in the cornfield varied among the areas surveyed and was affected by the type of trap used. Metal traps were significantly more efficient in collecting beetles than were plastic traps.AdultPterostichus chalciteswere treated topically on the prosternum with acetone solutions of carbofuran or terbufos and their oxidative metabolites. The 24-h LD50values for carbofuran and terbufos were 1.4 and 3.6 μg/g, respectively. The toxicities of terbufoxon and the sulfoxides and sulfones of terbufos and terbufoxon ranged from 3.6–4.3 μg/g.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/8.1.154

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A 4-yr study on Valencia oranges near Fillmore, Ventura Co., California, indicated that a noninclusion virus disease was an important mortality factor in the suppression of populations of the citrus red mite,Panonychus citri(McGregor), at both high (16 mites/leaf) and relatively low (2–3/leaf) densities. The phytoseiid mite,Ambyseius hibisci(Chant), apparently played a complimentary but secondary role in suppressing mite populations in this study.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/8.1.160

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Arthropods in 3 plantings of soybeans in central Missouri were sampled weekly in 1972 and 1974 to identify species and determine their seasonal cycles and abundance. Effects of interplanted alfalfa, biweekly applications of chemical insecticides (malathion plus carbaryl) or biological insecticides (Baculovirus heliothisplusBacillus thuringiensis) on population structure and development were evaluated in 1972 and effects of planting date were evaluated during 1974.Maximum population of lepidopteran larvae, mostly green cloverworms, was well below the economic injury level during both seasons. Other numerous potential pests were thrips, leafhoppers, plant bugs, and flea beetles. Predatory arthropods were abundant throughout both seasons, reaching peaks at the beginning of podfill.Orius insidiosus(Say) was most abundant.Number of 6th instars of the green cloverworm was greatly reduced by both theB. heliothis-B. thuringiensisand the malathion-carbaryl treatments. The insecticide also reduced late-season populations of grasshoppers, plant bugs, leafhoppers, and whiteflies, as well as predators. The interplanted alfalfa increased populations of thrips early in the season and spiders and late-instar green cloverworms late in the season.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/8.1.165

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Anastatus kashmirensisMathur (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), an egg parasite imported from India for release against the gypsy moth in North America, attacks other gypsy moth parasites. It develops on one of them (Apanteles melanoscelus(Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) more readily than does the related, established speciesA. disparisRuschka. Based on this fact, and becauseA. kashmirensisappears to be no more able to parasitize deeper eggs in gypsy moth egg masses than the established egg parasites, we suggest that it should not be released in North America. This report emphasizes the importance of prerelease assessment of exotic parasites and cautions against hasty evaluations based on comparisons with related species.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/8.1.174

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The temporal and spatial distribution of the predatorThanasimus dubius(F.) were very similar to those of its prey,Dendroctonus frontalisZimm., during the mass-attack phase of the host tree colonization by the prey. Peak response forT. dubiusoccurred on the 4th day of the 11-day mass-attack period of the southern pine beetle. Southern pine beetles arrived in greatest numbers on the 3rd day of that period. Approximately 64% of the total number of responding beetles for both species were trapped on the lower one-half of the infested bole. Peak activity ofT. dubius, as measured by trap catch, occurred between 0900 and 1100 h, with a smaller peak at 1900 h. Peak activity of the southern pine beetle occurred at ca. 1700 h. Temperature appeared to influence diurnal activity ofT. dubiuswith decreased activity occurring when daily temperatures were highest.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/8.1.178

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A systematic method for analyzing the management of a complex of olive pests is presented. The pest management methods considered include cultural and biological as well as chemical means of controlling 4 major pests of olives in California. Several of these methods simultaneously suppress more than one pest. Because the method of analysis presented focuses on choice of pest control methods rather than on timing, it is mathematically simpler and has fewer data requirements than other modeling approaches such as dynamic simulation models.The results indicate that the most cost-effective way of controlling olive pests is to depend upon biological control of olive parlatoria scale and frequent pruning to suppress black scale and olive knot. Pesticide applications will be reduced but not eliminated by reliance on biological and cultural control methods.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/8.1.182

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP