摘要:

SummaryControl of human fertility has been practised throughout history and in every known culture. This paper takes a critical look at current practice, techniques and philosophy of fertility control within a broad sociohistorical context.The two main aspects are discussed. The first is the political and moral question of who controls fertility on behalf of whom: where is ownership of technical resources vested and whose interests determine how they are used? Before the rise of scientific medicine, fertility control was widely practised within the lay female community with such methods as vaginal contraception, induced abortion and infanticide. Today most methods of limiting or promoting fertility are controlled by the medical profession. The benefits and hazards of these contrasting situations are discussed.

ISSN:1340-9654    

DOI:10.3109/01443618409073718

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe oral contraceptive pill is undoubtedly the most successful contraceptive, being widely used in almost every country of the world (Djerassi, 1980). Highly effective because it inhibits ovulation, the pill remains the first choice for most women. In its low oestrogen formulation, introduced a decade ago, it is well tolerated and causes few undesirable side effects. In fact, epidemiological evidence indicates that pill use may reduce the incidence of endometrial and ovarian cancer, an added bonus for those who rely on its contraceptive protection for long periods of time (Vesseyet al, 1977; Kaufmanet al, 1980). The pill is always easily available and may be self-administered. It is therefore very close to being an ideal contraceptive, leaving other methods of contraception as alternatives to be considered only when a formal contraindication obviates the use of oral contraceptives. Attempts to improve the qualities of the pill and reduce its few limitations have been and should be further encouraged, in order to make its use even more widely accented.

ISSN:1340-9654    

DOI:10.3109/01443618409073719

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA Continuing search for new methods of fertility regulation has faced both promises and problems. More effective methods have led to more side effects, whereas methods with lesser problems have been less effective. Newer approaches are logically directed towards the development of contraceptive methods which are more effective and have lesser problems. Hence, newer approaches towards fertility regulation require further understanding of the phenomenon of reproduction at the cellular and molecular level and then the derivation of means to modify or intercept one or more of the earlier steps of the reproductive process. It is also vital that new approaches are (a) ethically compatible with the socio-economic, cultural, religious, and nutritional needs of a society; (b) aesthetic, preferably above the waist, and effective with little or no side effects, and (c) that they are long acting as well as of moderate cost. In view of these considerations we have directed our current approaches in the following directions.

ISSN:1340-9654    

DOI:10.3109/01443618409073720

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryWhen, in My Fair Lady, Professor Higgins asks,‘why can't a woman be more like a man?', he not only exposes the man's bewilderment about a women's way of thinking and feeling, but also faces the fallacy that in relationships between men and women things can be‘sensible and reasonable’.

ISSN:1340-9654    

DOI:10.3109/01443618409073721

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe widely known behavioural method of treating sexual problems developed from the work of Masters and Johnson and others applies to couples who complain overtly of specific measurable dysfunctions in sexual performance. It does not apply comfortably to those who bring their sexual difficulties to the family planning or gynaecological clinic. These usually complain individually, often in the guise of other presenting symptoms, and are in difficulty with their own sexual confidence rather than with relationship problems or technical ignorance.

ISSN:1340-9654    

DOI:10.3109/01443618409073722

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe term impotence is unhelpful. It has perjorative overtones and carries with it an implication of impotence or inadequacy in a broader sense. It is also an imprecise term, being used by some authors to describe ejaculatory difficulties as well as difficulties with erection. This paper concentrates on erectile dysfunction and its management

ISSN:1340-9654    

DOI:10.3109/01443618409073723

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary‘Only by encouraging women to attend preconception clinics and thereby early pregnancy clinics can we hope to improve our knowledge of, and clinical management of this vital, and as yet largely ignored, period of human development.’(British Medical Journal, 1981)‘By submitting themselves to a sort of pre-conceptual MOT test, couples could dramatically alter their own personal risk scale in favour of having the perfect healthy baby they want.’(Hilton, 1982)

ISSN:1340-9654    

DOI:10.3109/01443618409073724

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAnovulation is the main cause of infertility in about one-third of infertile couples. It presents with amenorrhoea in about 40 per cent of cases, oligomenorrhoea in a further 40 per cent and luteal deficiency in about 20 per cent. Amenorrhoea is the absence of menstruation for at least 6 months between the ages of 16 and 40 years. Oligomenorrhoea is a menstrual interval greater than 6 weeks and less than 6 months. Luteal deficiency implies cycles of normal length, that is 3-6 weeks, but with inadequate luteal progesterone production.

ISSN:1340-9654    

DOI:10.3109/01443618409073725

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryUnderstanding of the physiology of luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) has increased rapidly over the 12 years since the hormone was elucidated and synthesised (Schallyet al., 1972). It was initially hoped that the hormone would fulfil a role as an agent for both the stimulation and inhibition of gonadal function. These hopes were not fulfilled until the physiology of release and effect of LHRH was elucidated in greater detail (Knobil, 1980). The role of the hormone appears under normal conditions to be the permissive regulation of the gonadotrophins by pulsatile release every 90-180 minutes. LHRH and its analogues have an effect on the pituitary gland which is dependent on both dose and method of administration. Low doses of the drug given in a pulsatile fashion activate both gonadotrophic responsiveness and gonadotrophin reserve. Continuous infusions or high dose pulsatile infusion cause loss of pituitary sensitivity and loss of gonadotrophin secretion. Long-lasting LHRH analogues cause a similar effect to that found after high doses of the natural hormone.

ISSN:1340-9654    

DOI:10.3109/01443618409073726

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn this paper, I plan to comment briefly on cancer of the breast, to look in more detail at cancers of the ovary and endometrium and to summarise some recent work of our own on cancer of the cervix.

ISSN:1340-9654    

DOI:10.3109/01443618409073727

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY