摘要:

What can be shown cannot be said’ That the rate of growth of scientific knowledge always exceeds the rate at which we apply and relate this knowledge to the social condition of man is by most of us accepted as axiomatic. This expansion of science on the one hand and man’s ability to apply this know-ledge (involving moral ethical and political value-judgments) on the other has been likened to the difference between geometrical and arithmetical progression. In this country we have never seriously considered the full social implications of this fact. Indeed the social consequences of the industrial revolu-tion are only now being studied and understood at a time when one half of the world is already irreversibly committed to the assimilation and application of new scientific knowledge.We are in fact re-stating the problem complicated by the passage of time which has been with man since his first appearance namely his interaction with the environment and his attempts to understand and control it. The scientific method is acknowledged by most because of the results obtained as a powerful tool (the only tool?) for this particular job but it is only comparatively recently that we have appreciated the importance and inter-relationship of the observer and the observed. In the past the tendency has been to concentrate on the observer (metaphysics) or almost exclusively on the observed (gross materialism). Today the proper study of mankind should be the study of man and the environment through the sociological-biological-physical sciences.Scientific humanism would broadly describe the attitude of mind which attempts to embrace such a study. This does not deny that for some the questions of importance to man are still those very questions which cannot yet be treated by a scientific methodology and which find expression in religious belief and the philosophies of the theistic and atheistic existentialists. A priori beliefs may not have any scientific validity but the structure and organization of societies are still based on such beliefs and cannot, therefore be dismissed from the observer-observed relationship. It is probably true however that the scientific humanist maintains a different commitment to the social condition of man from for example that of the existentialist or Roman Catholic since in the last analysis their attitudes to death are quite different.No matter which category of belief (cognitive and/or emotive) we adhere to as human beings however, the question of how our society should be organized to assimilate and best use new scientific-technological developments will still remain one of fundamental importance. This question which because of the L. WITTGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus development and application of nuclear energy probably has greater urgency for us than for those of previous generations is now being asked more frequently by more people and some governments (e.g. America and Russia) have already recognized that there is a problem here of the first magnitude. Much has been written on the subject and in this country the question of communi-cating the problem let alone solving it within the class structure and confines of an educated elite polarized (in the opinion of some justifiably) by the Arts man and the Scientist has been treated again by C.P. Sn0w.l It is unfortunate but perhaps understandable that a question of this importance has evoked emotional and often personal invective particularly from the Arts critics (we have heard little from artists themselves). Whether one agrees with Snow’s polarization of the problem in this particular way or not the question of communication in society and the apparent reluctance of our political leaders to see the fruits of scientific-technological advance related to the social condition, still remain the basic theme of Two Cultures and A Second Look.The publication of these lectures practically coincided with a significant exodus of British scientists to the United States the appointment of an Oxford Traditionalist of debatable quality to the position of Secretary of State for Science and Education and the announcement in the press that a certain group of vocalists (now uniquely and officially recognized by the government) had earned &6,500,000 (gross) in less than 12 months all of which must have raised doubts in certain minds about our priorities and values. Whether a cultural gulf exists between the Arts man and the Scientist or not the validity of a communication barrier must be recognized no matter how we describe it. The fact remains that the former group because of the historical development of our educational system, which perpetuates a non-scientific elite exercises greater influence on the policy-making decisions of government.In what might be described as a period of scientific revolution it is clearly of some importance to adjust the balance. This suggestion should not offend the dignity of the creative artist who as a result of his use of language, painting and music will continue to add (primarily at an emotional level) to man’s awareness of himself and his environment and thereby often assist in accelerat-ing desirable and necessary social change. One might not agree with the primitive philosophy and anti-scientific attitude of D. H. Lawrence but his writings had a profound influence on our society in so far as they focused attention with a remarkable combination of 9 98 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL cruelty and sensitivity on the hypocrisy of Victorian and middle-class morality.He also tried to show us that in his opinion the folly of man resided in his rejection or corruption of the emotions instincts and passions, which for Lawrence were the most noble and meaning-ful experiences. Most of us would probably agree, however that all the ‘bowels of compassion’ in the universe will not feed or house our fellow men ade-quately. Assuming that we have the desire or realize the necessity to house and feed each other (surely now self-evident) then this becomes a scien tific-technological problem.The question of education is clearly of central importance to the whole problem of extending ourselves as individuals within a social framework. Our survival may well depend upon whether we can relate and apply scientific knowledge whilst still under the influence of old beliefs old values and customs. In this country, perhaps more than any other we have a special attach-ment to the past; in fact we cling so tenaciously to the past that we are regarded by some as a sort of quaint curiosity shop. This image has certainly been success-fully projected abroad by various advertising agencies as a tourist attraction. Few would dispute the import-ance of past events the study of which should illuminate and not ignore the present. Visitors may enjoy and even benefit from an excursion into the past by observing our class structure customs and historical buildings but we must not allow this rather richly cultivated (and over-rated ?) tapestry of our national life to screen us from the demands and requirements of the present.The history of our educational system is in fact another manifestation of the conflict between those who have and those who have not. Since the 1944 Education Act however more equal opportunity (it is not yet equal) has been provided (in spite of the fact that the Act has not yet been fully implemented) for our children to receive primary and secondary education ostensibly on the basis of ability. I t is probable especially with the implementation of the Newsom Report that our state educational system with adequate economic support will eventually flourish (some would say it already does) and provide educational facilities and opportunities which many private institutes will be unable to offer or afford to maintain; the question of choice will not then be such an important issue as it appears to be today.In the field of higher education the much-needed expansion now at least made possible by the recommen-dations of the Committee on Higher Education will take many years to implement but the basic if somewhat conservative requirements and estimates have now been made and acknowledged by all political parties as an important priority in their respective policies. Assum-ing therefore that this country will eventually provide, rather belatedly the purely physical requirements of more university and technical education what sort of education should be provided ? Much has been written and many different answers have been given to this question but analysis suggests that the essential com-ponents of our education should be : Qualitative awareness of the observer-observed based on neurological activity (verbal visual, tactile and auditory experience).This em-braces all human-emotional-intellectual activi-ties classified by the usual subject disciplines from the arts to the sciences. The quantitative basis of ( 1 ) involving the methodologies of mathematics-science-techno-The relationship between (1) and (Z) which is scientific knowledge and explanation for the observer-observed interaction (thereby provid-ing the necessary framework for the social sciences).The continued dialectic of (1) (2) and (3) as a means of extending the observer-observed inter-relationship and therefore human experi-ence and knowledge. A study of methods and language involving constant re-examination of communicating logy. ( I ) (2) (3) and (4). Since our educational system or indeed the organiza-tion of our society has so far not been based on this total approach it is not surprising that ‘cultural’ and other gulfs have evolved. Our aims in the first stages of education at all levels should be a methodo-logical synthesis in which the relationships between different disciplines are shown to have structural similarity in the sense that they are all operational (since Einstein and Minkowski) within the space-time continuum and o bserver-observed relations hip thereby negating the validity of an ‘either or’ system of logic (Aristotle) .A large number of difficulties in communication (e.g. between the Arts man and the Scientist) reside in the fact that we have been conditioned not to recognize the structural similarity of our experience. This is largely a consequence of the way in which our society and educational system have evolved a point which C. P. Snow elaborates in his book; but perhaps most important of all because of the structure of our language (hence philosophy) which is still rooted in old systems of knowledge and thought. Hence we still talk about mind and body space and time artist and scientist instead of space-time mind-body and artist-scientist.Even within selected disciplines of which that best known to us must be pure and applied science (instead of pure-applied science) we have these schizophrenic tendencies which in this particular case has had a profound influence on the role and totally unwarranted lower status given to technology in this country (quit 19641 ‘WHAT CAN BE SHOWN CANNOT BE SAID’ 99 apart from the endless argument as to what is pure science and what is applied science). These dangers and limitations of our verbal language as a means of communication within a present-day framework of scientific knowledge have been comprehensively examined by Alfred Korzybski2 Perhaps a little more attention should be given to this aspect of the problem of education in our schools and universities where there is a danger now as a result of advocating a more broadly based framework of education of an unrelated fragmentation of knowledge being substituted for specialization.It now seems inevitable because of the quantitative increase in scientific knowledge that the present duration of degree courses will prove to be too short for most of the physical-biological sciences and that the majority of graduates will therefore require post-graduate courses in their chosen specialized areas. With the necessity for a more broadly based (in the related sense used above) first-degree course than at present the case for more postgraduate courses will become even greater. This trend is already discernible in the structure and courses offered in the new Univer-sities and Colleges of Advanced Technology where experimentation with new ideas and adaptation to the present needs of society is perhaps more readily achieved than in our traditional institutes of learning.Perhaps eventually since we are not shocked by the interna-tional character of science we will realize that human destiny is an international affair. The immediate problem is how to transfer the control from largely private socially irresponsible uncontrolled and mostly ignorant leaders to more responsible professionally trained and socially controlled public servants. Robert Jungk3 has pointed out that the distraction of ‘technical sweetness’ can be enormous and often disastrous if the social consequences are ignored or miscalculated.It is for this reason that the scientist has a special responsibility to help (politically and professionally) in the constant re-examination and modification of our educational structure in order to meet and relate the exponential growth of his subject to the society in which he finds himself. Two Cultures; and A Second Look has made at least one scientist more aware of this fact. N. F. TAYLOR REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. C. P. Snow Two Cultures and A Second Look Cambridge Uni-versity Press 1964. Alfred Korzybski Science and Sanity The International Non-Aristotelian Library Publishing Go. 4th edition 1958. Robert Jungk Brighter Than A Thousand Suns Penguin Books Ltd 1960. EDUCATION IN CHEMISTRY Copies of the second issue (Vol.1 No. 2) of Education Simple Research Projects in School Chemistry by G. Van Praagh. The Place of Chemistry in Training College Science, by M. Taylor. Chemical Bonds. 11-X-rays and the Alkali-Metal Chlorides by N. Booth. Solubility Explained by A. G. Sharpe. Oxidation States in Inorganic Compounds by D. B. The Theory of Acids and Bases by F. M. Hall. O.E.C.D. Working Session; London July 1963 by Commonwealth Conference of Experts Ceylon, in Chemistry are now available. It contains : Sowerby and M. F. A. Dove. D. G. Chisman. December 1963 by A. J. Mee. Articles in hand for the next issue include : The Changing Concept of Aromatic Character by D. P. Craig; The Physical Basis of Allotropy by W. E. Addison; and shorter articles on A Fragment of Stereochemistry by G.Baddeley ; Velocities of Gas Molecules The Maxwell Distribution b j J. C. Aherne; A Graphical Method of Presenting the Free Energies of Oxidation and-Reduction Systems by E. A. V. E bsworth. The annual (volume) subscription is 40s. ($7) post free (30s. to members of the Institute). Individual copies price 12s 6d. (10s to members). THE ROYAL SOCIETY The Royal Society has announced the election of the following as Fellows of the Society :-Professor C. H. Bamford Fellow Campbell Brown Professor of Industrial Chemistry at the University of Liverpool distinguished for his work on the role of free radicals in thermal and photochemical reactions and polymerization processes. Dr L. H. N. Cooper Fellow senior principal scientific officer Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association distinguished for his studies of the chemistry and physics of sea-water of nutrient cycles in the sea and of factors influencing productivity.Professor A. D. Walsh Fellow Baxter Professor of Chemistry at Queen’s College (Dundee) University of St Andrews distinguished for his work on molecular spectroscopy and the structure and shape of molecdes in different states of excitation and on the kinetics of gaseous reactions. This brings the number of members of the Institute (including Hon. Fellows) who are also members of the Royal Society to 90 THE FUTURE ROLE OF THE INSTITUTE By PROFESSOR H. J. EMEL&US c.R.E. F.R.S. * I wish to stress at the outset that the views I express are personal and do not represent the views of Council.It seemed appropriate at this stage when major changes in our educational system are imminent to take stock of our own position and to suggest what we might do to maintain and improve it. This will involve a review of our present activities starting with those we undertake as a qualifying body. I t is here that changes are most likely to occur in the near future. In addition I shall mention a number of other matters which appear to be worth re-examination in the light of changing conditions in the profession of chemistry. The role of the Institute as a qualifying body is a matter which will have to be re-assessed in the light of the Robbins Report and indeed this operation is already under way.We have conducted our own examinations from the time of our foundation. Initially there was no other route to the Associateship apart from success in the examination. The Associateship examination allowed for specialization in a selected branch of chemistry the original branches being (A) mineral chemistry (B) metallurgical chemistry (C) gas analysis and (D) organic chemistry. Branch (E) , analysis of food and drugs and water was added in 1896 and was of special importance for the Associateship in this branch became a pre-requisite for practice as a public analyst. The Fellowship was awarded without examination to Associates who had spent three further years in the practice of chemistry in a manner satis-factory to Council. In 1918 a common examination in general chemistry was introduced for the Associateship.This remained virtually unchanged until 1956 and exemption from it was granted to university graduates with 1st or 2nd class honours degrees in chemistry. At the same time ( 191 8) examinations in various branches of chemistry were instituted for the Fellowship. Until 1956 Associateship and Fellowship were the only two grades of membership apart from Student Membership but in that year the old Associateship Examination was renamed the Graduate Membership Examination and split into two parts. Success in the Part I1 examination or exemption from it on the basis of a 1st or 2nd class honours degree and more recently a 1st or 2nd class honours Dip.Tech. became the new requirement for Graduate Membership which was a non-corporate grade.Only after a period of approved experience amounting to at least two years could Graduate Members apply for Associateship. This then became something more than a university degree. At the same time the examinations for the Fellowship became postgraduate diplomas in various branches of applied chemistry and no longer led automatically to Fellowship. This the senior grade of corporate membership became obtainable without examination on the basis of maturity of experience and seniority. There are at present some 800 candidates annually for the Part I examination and 600 or so for Part 11, some 140 of whom take specially assessed internal examinations under the Special Relationship scheme. In 1959 the Research Diploma was introduced to assist those not in a position to work for a Ph.D.in the normal way at a University. The number registered for this diploma is currently 68 and 16 Diplomas have been awarded. The standard has been maintained at a high level which is fully equivalent to that of the Ph.D. degree. I t may be noted also that our Grad. R.I.C. examination is now generally accepted as a qualification for entry to a university by a candidate for the M.Sc. or Ph.D. degree. Well over 100 Graduate Members and Associates are so registered at present. Finally the Institute is responsible with the Ministries of Education for England and Wales? and for Northern Ireland and the Scottish Education Deyartment for the whole system of National Certificates and Diplomas in Chemistry and Applied Chemistry.Here the numbers involved are large (ca. 4000 for the O.N.C. and 2300 for H.N.C.). The examinations are conducted inter-nally or by regional groups of colleges but all the papers and scripts are assessed by the Institute. Endorsement of the H.N.C. or H.N.D. in Chemistry after examination in a field of applied chemistry on an approved part-time course provides one of the routes to the Licentiateship grade of membership which was introduced in 1962. In the past year 430 candidates sat post-H.N.C. examinations for this purpose. Licen-tiateship is also available on the result of a Part I Grad. R.I.C. plus an assessed practical examination or on a degree in chemistry of less than 1st or 2nd class honours standard provided that chemistry is taken in each of three years after ‘A’ level.Whichever academic route is followed a period of approved experience is also necessary before admission to Licentiateship. I have gone into the question of our examinations in some detail because of the changes which are taking place in the educational system of the country. The number of university places is to be increased ultimately by a factor of 2-3. Many if not most of those who now sit our Part I and Part I1 examinations for Graduate Membership will in future obtain university places if they wish to take them up and will emerge as graduates eligible for admission to Graduate Membership or * Presidential Address being delivered at Bangor on 17 April. t Now the Department of Education and Science.10 THE FUTURE ROLE OF THE INSTITUTE 101 Licentiateship depending on the type and class of degree obtained. This is a move which we all welcome, for the strain of part-time study is certainly very great, and there are other benefits which will undoubtedly accrue from a period spent at a University. I will not describe the changes which are envisaged in the number or structure of teaching institutions except to note that a number of colleges which at present teach students for the Grad. R.I.C. examination will be involved. Two questions which concern us immediately are whether there will be a continuing demand for the Part I and Part I1 Grad. R.I.C. examinations and whether those who now become either Licentiates or Graduate Members (and thence Associates) by the Institute’s examination will continue to do so if they have taken university degrees.I think that the answer to the first of these questions is in the affirmative, though numbers will be reduced. The number of student members may of course also decrease. The provision of teaching for those who still wish to sit our examinations will require some reconsideration although I do not envisage much change in the situation except perhaps where the numbers at a particular centre are insufficient to justify the running of a special class. Here it is worth noting that the Institute’s function in the matter of examinations is to provide the route to professional qualification for those who require it. This has been and will remain a contribution to the national pool of qualified chemists and I believe that we should continue to serve the national interests in this way while accepting any modifications in the educational pattern.I would like at this point to interpolate a few general remarks about the Licentiateship grade which was introduced recently. I t has already attracted a large number of suitably qualified candidates and it is evident that our move in this direction was a good one. What is disturbing to me about this grade is that at present it seems to represent a dead end. We do not provide any channel for entry into a higher grade other than by examination. Probably the majority of those who become Licentiates would have little desire to undergo further training. Some might even admit that they had reached the limit of their academic potential.They may however still go a very long way in the pro-fession and in time develop a standard of expertise and competence which may be much the same as that found in an Associate. I hope that it may be possible to recognize this situation when it arises by allowing entry into a higher grade of membership. I doubt if these considerations would often apply to entry for the Research Diploma but here also there might be excep-tions. A good academic record is in general recognized as a prerequisite for success in research but in university circles one finds the occasional man who does good original research in spite of obtaining 3rd Class Honours at the degree stage. This clearly raises a matter of principle but I hope that something may be done.The old saying that many paths lead to Rome perhaps applies here too. The question of whether those who graduate in the future by new routes will become members of the Institute is a very different matter. The prestige of the Institute and its past record of service to the profession is such that I believe many of the new graduates will wish to join us in any case. Yet it is a fact that even at present a great many who graduate do not become members and feel perhaps rightly that it makes no difference to their prospects in the profession if they remain outside. I t is extremely difficult to counter this point of view except by stating what we already do for the interests of members after which the decision must be left to the individual.Without going into great detail I would like to summarize our activities. Let us first of all mention some of the things that go on behind the scenes. First of all the central office provides a confidential advisory service on terms of engagement and contracts. This involves many inquiries from employers seeking help in drawing up formal service agreements or in considering various aspects of the terms of engagement of chemists. Some 400 members a year also send in draft agreements for scrutiny and comment. Advice is given to many others who become involved in disputes of one kind or another although the Administrative Officers cannot give authoritative guidance on legal rights and obliga-tions. The Institute has never acted as an official negotiating body on salaries but it does act in an advisory capacity in many instances each year parti-cularly to public authorities.We no longer maintain an appointments register. I t was discontinued in 1956 because it was no longer necessary but the Officers continue to help as much as possible those members who have difficulty in finding employment. Difficulties of this sort seem to be restricted at the moment to older members and especially to those returning from overseas or made redundant by company reorganizations. A continual watch is kept to ensure that the Institute’s qualifications are properly recognized by employers and where they are not the matter is taken up imme-diately. The Institute has also made arrangements for its members to secure insurance of various types at advantageous terms.Finally through our Benevolent Fund we are able to give assistance to members and their dependents who are in difficulties. This particular activity is financed by the generosity of members and is little publicized for obvious reasons. Having seen the type of problem it helps to solve I have no hesitation in saying that it is something of which we can well be proud. These are the hidden activities and they are capable of expansion to meet any changes that may occur. Turning to the better-known activities I would like first of all to say a little about publications. Ou [APRIL 102 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY Journal needs no introduction what we should do is to make quite sure that it serves the membership in the best possible way.This is by no means an easy task, for the membership is spread over so many aspects of the profession ranging from students on the one hand to graduates in all types of academic and industrial posts on the other. We have never published research papers and this seems still to be a wise policy since the number of journals which do publish such material is already very large. This does however reduce the value of the Journal to a substantial group of members. Even review articles which are already a regular feature are of limited appeal but I feel that they are nevertheless the most useful part of the Journal. Any increase in this area would however have to be offset by a reduction of Section reports and perhaps also of book reviews.Fortunately we do not lack critics and, with their help the Editor and the Publications Com-mittee will continue to seek the best compromise in the contents. I find this a very difficult problem to sort out in my own mind but on balance feel that we could make the Journal more generally useful by increasing its scientific content. The new journal Education in Chemistry may be men-tioned next. This has been launched with the aid of the Nuffield Foundation and makes a valuable contribution to the urgent task of modernizing the approach to chemical education. So far we have seen only one issue but it has more than come up to expectations and it seems certain that this venture will succeed. I t is intended that it shall be self-supporting financially and it will certainly represent a major contribution on our part to the problem of securing a better standard of teaching in chemistry.One may hope incidentally, that when the journal is established it may be issued somewhat more frequently. The large amount of new material which wouId be useful for teaching purposes if reviewed at a suitable level would certainly justify more numbers per annum. In addition to the new journal our series of Mono-graphsfor Teachers seven of which have been published, has been strikingly successful and will be continued as opportunity offers. Linked with this is the series of Symposia for Teachers organized by Local Sections in different parts of the country usually on a one-day basis.The best proof that these have been successful is the high attendance and the quality of the lectures and discussion. This seems to be a new type of activity which will expand considerably and the present system of organization on a regional basis is ideal for obtaining the maximum effectiveness. Several of our Local Sections also hold series of lectures aimed specifically at sixth-formers together with ‘career’ evenings. These too have been a great success and audiences of 500 or more have frequently been attracted. This may seem to some to be venturing far from the terms of our Charter. Lectures of this I do not think this to be so. sort with good experiments are difficult to arrange with the resources of most schools. An enthusiastic lecturer from industry or a university can usually muster the resource for experiments and give a first-hand account of some aspect of chemistry.The average sixth-former is enthusiastic but almost entirely ignorant of what the chemist has to do in the laboratory or on the plant. Perhaps I should add that the initiative for these activities and also for a highly successful series of Summer Schools which usually deal with some aspect of Analytical Chemistry has come almost entirely from Local Sections. Let me now turn to the Local Sections themselves: 28 of them cover the whole of the British Isles and 12 are in different parts of the Commonwealth. Since I have been in office I have visited a number of these and have been tremendously impressed by what I have seen. Indeed when we are looking ahead I venture to suggest that it is through the Local Sections that we may best expand our activities and influence.The chemist, except in universities and the larger industrial organiza-tions tends to be rather isolated. This is certainly true as far as his contact with fields of chemistry other than his own is concerned. It may well also be true in the matter of social contacts. The Sections already cater for both of these needs in an admirable way and should, I feel be given every possible encouragement to expand their activities with increased financial support if possible. The potential new member may be un-impressed by the general services which the Institute provides. As a rule he will not anticipate running into the types of difficulty which would lead him to seek advice.He will however rapidly appreciate the sort of welcome that he is certain to receive at a Local Section meeting especially as he has a share in running the sectional activities. The advantages are of course, increased by the common practice of running activities jointly with local sections of other bodies. I know that many people have been worried in the past as to why so many different bodies are needed to represent the different branches of chemistry. It is difficult to provide a simple answer and the difficulties in the way of effecting mergers are best understood if we delve back into the history of our own organization. The oldest of the chemical societies The Chemical Society was founded in 1841 and was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1848.It seems that the terms of that Charter and also the preoccupation of the Society with research and its own publications did not allow it to deal either with the training of chemists or with their professional interests. As a result the Institute was founded in 1877 by a group of Fellows of the Chemical Society to cover these matters more effectively. The Institute received its Royal Charter in 1885 since when it has functioned as a professional body using that term in the broadest sense. Since the Institute was founded, further fragmentation has occurred. A number o 19641 THE FUTURE ROLE OF THE INSTITUTE 103 other ‘publishing societies’ have come into being, notably the Society of Chemical Industry the Bio-chemical Society and the Faraday Society.There are also now a number of additional professional bodies with objectives much the same as those of the Institute. These include the Institution of Chemical Engineers, the Institute of Fuel the Institution of Metallurgists the Institute of Petroleum and the Plastics Institute. All of these organizations and others which I have not mentioned now speak for British chemistry and I may add work together in harmony. Those who regret the multiplicity of societies should bear the historical aspects of the problem in mind and also remember that these bodies have developed their own traditions. The time for amalgamation on a major scale seems to have passed. Nevertheless it might be well to try to avoid further fragmentation by keeping a watchful eye on new develop-ments and trying to modify our viewpoint so as to allow them to be incorporated into our existing organization.At this point I would like to remind you of the tremendous changes in the scope of chemistry which have occurred since our foundation. This is of course, why many of these new societies and institutions have come into being but that should not prevent us from looking carefully at our own requirements for admission in the light of the wider scope of the profession. Are we right for example in insisting on training in the three main branches of chemistry when it is not un-common for a man to take his first degree in physics or a biological subject and make his career subsequently in some specialized branch of chemistry? The outlook in universities is also changing radically in the direction of early specialization.A specialist in theoretical chemistry for example may in the future be able to secure an honours degree in chemistry with a bare minimum of laboratory experience. These matters are being considered at the present time by the Council’s committees. I mention them only because I feel we are bound in the future to take a more liberal view of what constitutes a qualified chemist and what training we require him to receive. We must maintain our standards at all costs but try to take a wider view of what constitutes a chemist. I t is also of course essential that we should respect the interests of our sister societies and institutes and should not appear to compete with them for members.What I have said on this subject so far suggests that there is nothing to be done. Some will point out that the American Chemical Society has much of chemistry under its aegis and that recently the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society have merged. In the case of the American Chemical Society the position was much less out of control at every stage and planned growth was therefore possible. The merger of the Physical Society with the Institute of Physics was also I believe, due to special circumstances which do not arise in our case. In spite of all this I feel that we should strive to establish cross-links wherever possible. We already have a useful start in the joint activities of local sections. We have held joint meetings with the Chemical Society at Dublin and Belfast and will be doing the same again at Dublin in a few years time.There may well be other opportunities in the future to secure closer co-operation especially in publications though any changes will no doubt require time and will need to be consistent with the well-established tradition of the Institute. I am among those who regret that there is not one body able to speak for British chemistry. I do not believe that the boundary line between research and its publication and so-called professional interests and activities is as sharp as it must have appeared at the time of our foundation. This is indeed apparent from the wide spread in our membership. I hope therefore that we may use our influence wherever possible to secure reunification of our profession.To summarize the main conclusions it seems in the first place that our reaction to the Robbins report should be to welcome it and do what we can to further its aims. I t will undoubtedly change the balance between the channels for entry and is likely to strengthen the entry to the Licentiateship grade. We have to make a determined effort to enrol more of those who qualify professionally by graduation at a university. This we may do in part by publicizing our present activities, though in my view strengthening even more the activities of Local Sections is also desirable. Finally we should examine our own view of what constitutes the ‘profession of chemistry’ and also seek to establish new links with our sister societies and institutions RECENT ADVANCES IN POLAROGRAYHY* By H.M. DAVIS B.SC. A.INST.P. A.R.I.C. Director Southern Analytical Limited Camberley Surrey This paper gives a brief account of the developments in polarographic instrumentation and technique which have been carried out by workers in the Scientific Civil Service and Atomic Energy Authority of this country. Two broad lines of development have been followed, leading to the differential cathode-ray polarograph on the one hand and to the pulse polarograph on the other. Interest in polarography was stimulated in the Scientific Civil Service during the war when it was realized that it could partially replace spectrography in trace analysis. Under conditions of wartime shortage, this possibility could not be ignored and a number of polarographs of the conventional Heyrovsky type were built and put into service throughout the country in the laboratories of the Chemical Inspectorate of the Ministry of Supply.Such instruments were however, limited in usefulness by the large drop wave which occurred at high sensitivity and which could not be removed by conventional damping methods without producing serious distortion of the current wave. CATHODE-RAY POLAROGRAPHY A solution to this difficulty was devised by Randles,l who developed a system in which the curve of electrode current versus cell potential was plotted in the life of a single drop from the dropping-mercury cathode instead of over the lives of many such drops as in the classical procedure.The potential sweep was applied late in the life of each drop when the rate of change of surface area was small. The rapid changes in cell current were followed by displaying the I/E curve upon the screen of a cathode-ray tube and accurate syn-chronization of the potential sweep with the dropping-mercury electrode made it possible to reproduce the trace from drop to drop. Because of the rapid stripping of the ionic layers immediately adjacent to the drop during the early stages of reduction the current wave-form obtained was in the nature of a peak rather than the step seen in the classical technique. The height of the peak was however shown to be strictly proportional to concentration and the nature of the wave helped in resolving reductions occurring at closely adjacent potentials.In addition to its advantages in speed of operation, this instrument possessed considerably higher sensitivity than that achieved by the conventional system. The peak current corresponding to a given ionic concentra-tion was considerably greater than the diffusion-limited level measured in classical polarography and also the absence of a drop wave permitted the use of greater current amplification. The advantage in inherent sensi-tivity due to the high sweep-speed may be seen from a comparison of the Ilkovic equation relating step height and depolarizer concentration in the classical technique, and the Randles-Sevcik equation relating peak height to concentration in cathode-ray polarography. The equations are as follows: I d = 607 n D1/2 m2/3 ills C (Ilkovic) la = 2344 n3l2 D1I2 m2I3 tP2/3 all2 C (Randles) If it is assumed in both systems that the masses of the drops at fall are identical and that the drop times are 3-5 and 7 seconds respectively t being 6 seconds and a typically 0.3 V/sec it emerges that the ratio of the peak current to diffusion current is approximately 3.5 x n+.The difficulty remained with Randles’s design that the charging current for the cell double-layer capacitance was sufficiently great to deflect the trace from the cathode-ray tube screen at the onset of the voltage sweep when the instrument was used at high sensitivity. This difficulty was however removed in a later design by Davis and Seaborn2 employing similar principles which also embodied a number of other refinements including provision for the time derivative of the current trace to be displayed.The increase in sensitivity given by the latter instrument as compared with earlier types was in the region of fifty times and its performance can be summarized by saying that for most ions determinations at the 0-1 pg/ml level were eminently feasible and that, in favourable circumstances the limit of detection could extend down to 0.01 pg/ml. The resolution achieved using the derivative circuit of the instrument was such that peaks occurring only 30 mV apart could be re-solved albeit at the sacrifice of considerable sensitivity. A large number of these instruments are now in use in research and routine analysis throughout the world.A number of limitations remained to be overcome, however if the sensitivity and utility of the method were to be further extended. The first difficulty which is common to all polarography is the effect of impurities in the reagents used. I t is necessary to add a com-paratively large excess of a supporting electrolyte to the solution in order to establish the correct condition for polarography and the difficulties of obtaining all required electrolytes in a sufficient state of purity are very great. A second and important limitation is that at high sensitivity residual currents produce a sloping or curved base line which provides an unsatisfactory * Based on a lecture given to the North Lancashire Section on 8 November 1963 and reproduced at their request.10 RECENT ADVANCES IN POLAROGRAPHY 105 -_ Timing Circuit datum for measurement of the peak height. These currents arise from a variety of causes perhaps the most important being change in drop surface-area with time and applied potential which is particularly serious when a reduction is occurring at less negative potentials than the wave which it is sought to measure. Imperfect resolution of adjacent reductions may introduce difficulty in measurement and the precision of the method is low, as compared with competitive techniques in the deter-mination of elements at relatively high concentrations. Fwd. Rev. Sweep -+ Differential Start Generator > Potential Control DIFFERENTIAL CATHODE-RAY POLAROGRAPHY In considering methods for the elimination of these difficulties it appeared that the most promising tech-nique was to subtract the current flowing in a second cell containing an appropriate solution from that due The block schematic (Fig.1) is self-explanatory. In particular it proved necessary to employ mechanical synchronization of the dropping-mercury electrodes, and the development of an adequate drop-control system absorbed some effort. Some work had already been carried out at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment by Airey and Smale~,~ and the method finally used follows the lines adopted by these workers. In the differential polarograph an impulse is applied through a lost-motion coupling to the capillary holders at right angles to their axes so that inertia and viscosity Forces act to shear the drops from the capillary tips at a predetermined instant.Experiment has demonstrated that the variation of drop time with this system is less than 10 ms. The requirement regarding equality of rate of drop growth is met by using adjacent sections Slope and Condenser Current +I Synch. Fig. 1. Block schematic diagram of differential cathode-ray polarograph. to the sample i.e. to produce a differential polaro-gram.3p4 By this method as will be seen the effect of supporting electrolyte impurities residual currents and preceding reductions may be almost entirely eliminated. Precision may also be substantially improved as com-pared with existing polarographic techniques and considerable improvements in resolution can also be achieved.In making measurements of the current difference between the two cells quite stringent require-ments have to be met by the apparatus. The first of these is that the measuring circuit must be capable of recording differences in cell current which may be no larger than one part in lo4. Secondly it must be possible to equalize the effective cell potential i.e. to eliminate minute potential variations between the two reference electrodes. Thirdly the dropping-mercury electrodes must be in absolute synchronization and the rates of drop growth must be identical. These requirements dictated a completely new design of apparatus employing specialized electronic circuits. of the same piece of capillary the mating cut surfaces being used as the drop-forming orifices and the drop rates controlled by adjustment of the heights of the mercury reservoirs.The procedure adopted for the adjustment of the dropping-mercury electrodes is to immerse the capillaries in a fairly concentrated solution e.g. to lo-* M cadmium solution and to adjust the common start potential control with only Cell I in circuit until the peak occurs at about the middle of the voltage sweep. The position of the peak on the cathode-ray tube grati-cule is then carefully noted Cell I switched out of circuit, and Cell I1 switched in and the position of the inverted peak adjusted using the potential balance control until it occurs at the same point on the trace. Both cells are then switched in and the differential trace is rendered flat by appropriate adjustment of the mercury reservoirs.Sensitivity is then increased and adjustment continued of both potential balance and reservoir height until as flat a trace as possible has been secured with a 106 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY instrumental sensitivity 25 to 100 times greater than that used for the single-cell display. The reservoirs are then locked in position. Provided that mercury flow is never interrupted even when the instrument is not in use it has been found that equality of drop rate may be main-tained over periods of several months. I t is obviously desirable however that the adjustment should be periodically checked. With properly matched elec-trodes the following modes of operation of the polaro-graph are possible.( 1) Subtractive High-Sensitivity Polarography I t has already been seen that one of the chief difficulties encountered in lowering limits of detection in polaro-graphy is that of securing sufficiently pure supporting electrolytes. If however using the differential polaro-graph the reference cell contains the supporting elec-trolyte only and the difference in current between this and the test solution is observed the contributions due to impurity elements are completely eliminated. I t is also true subject to the reproducibility of the methods employed that the effects of impurities arising from chemical procedures before polarography may also be compensated. As already stated ions reducing at potentials more positive than the start potential may affect the slope of the base line underlying the wanted wave since the component of cell current due to the preceding reduction becomes progressively larger as the mercury drop grows in size during the sweep interval.Again a substantial measure of compensation is possible by the subtractive method and determinations may be made with ease at the or 1 0 - 7 ~ concentration level, even in the presence of much larger concentrations of interfering ions ( lo3 to lo*-fold excess). Used in this way the limit of detection of the differential polarograph is 0.01 pg/ml or below for most ions of polarographic interest. Some typical limits of detection (20) are given below: Copper . . . . . . 0.015 Lead . . . . . . 0.017 Cadmium . . . . 0.002 Nickel . . . . . . 0.009 Tin .. . . . . 0-007 Zinc . . .. . 0.005 The improvement to be gained with this technique is illustrated by Figs 2a to 2d. (2) Comparative High-Precision Polarography It is well known that the precision achievable with a single-cell polarograph is about 3 per cent. If an accurately known standard solution of similar concen-tration to the unknown solution is used as reference in Cell I1 the small current differences between the un-known and the standard may be measured using high instrumental sensitivity. In this way the difference between waves of an effective height of several metres c [APRIL b d Fig. 2a. 0.08 pg/ml Sn + 0.18 pg/ml Cd 5N HC1 Cell I, sensitivity 1/25. Fig. 2b. 5~ HC1 (supporting electrolyte) in Cell 11 sensitivity 1/25. Cell I-Cell 11 sensitivity 1/10.Fig. 2d. may be displayed upon the screen and measured to within a few millimetres. From a separate polarogram of the wave due to the standard it is then simple to calculate the composition of the unknown. The pro-cedure is illustrated by Figs 3a to 3e. The precision attaching to this process is inherently high as all common mode sources of error are for practical purposes eliminated. The only factor sub-stantially affecting performance is the behaviour of the two dropping-mercury electrodes themselves and under the special conditions imposed in the differential polaro-graph it is found that the coefficient of variation is extremely small. Experiment has shown that optimum results are achieved when the cell concentrations with respect to the wanted ion are in the region of 100 pg/ml,6 and under these conditions the coefficients of variation applying to the determination of a number of ions have been determined and are tabulated below: Fig.2c. Cell I-Cell 11 Sn sensitivity maximum. Cadmium . . . . Nickel . . .. . . Zinc . . .. . . Titanium .. . . Copper . . .. . . Molybdenum . . . . Tungsten . . . . Chromium . . . . per cent 0-075 0.097 0.054 0.16 0.070 0.165 0.1 1 0.2 19641 RECENT ADVANCES IN POLAROGRAPHY 107 In general the best results are to be expected when the unknown and sample solutions are closely similar in concentration with respect to the wanted ion or ions. It is of course necessary to take due precautions in any dilutions required before polarography if the anticipated precision is not to be vitiated by errors in volumetric a c d e Fig.3a. 100 pg/ml Pb Cell I sensitivity 1/1000. Fig. 36. 100 pg/ml Pb Cell 11 sensitivity 1/1000. Fig. 3c. Balance, Cell I-Cell 11 sensitivity 1/10 (100 x amplification). Fig. 3d. 105 pg/ml Pb Cell I sensitivity 1/1000. 105 pg/ml Pb - 100.0 pg/ml Pb sensitivity 1/60. Difference = 5.2 pg/ml Pb. Fig. 3e. glassware. The method has been applied by Shalgosky and Watlhg' to the determination of u, u6 ratios in uranium oxide and work in our own laboratories has extended to the determination of one or more con-stituents in alloy systems. Particularly favourable results have been achieved with nickel and copper alloys. ( 3 ) Deriuative Polarography If both cells contain the test solution and the potential sweeps applied to them are offset by a small amount AE, the trace obtained upon the screen represents AI/AE.By making AE small resolution may be improved at the expense of sensitivity but it is noteworthy that this method of obtaining a derivative wave form is approxi-mately six times more sensitive at a given resolution than the more usual method employing short time-constant R.C. networks. Despite this criticism R.C. networks are provided in the instrument for use where the analysis is carried out with a single cell and also to enable a second derivative trace to be obtained. In the latest instrument the first-derivative resolution is typically 40 mV and second-derivative resolution 25 mV. Facilities also exist in the instrument for the examina-tion of oxidation reactions using reversed voltage sweep, a technique which is also of value when studying mixed reversible and irreversible systems.PULSE POLAROGRAPHY The second broad line of advance has been that leading to pulse polarography. All developments in this field have been due to Barker and his co-workers at A.E.R.E. Harwell. The first instrument to emerge was the well-known square-wave polarograph which was akin to the classical type in that it employed a slow potential sweep lasting some 20 minutes the current variations being plotted by a recorder. The method of measuring the current variations was however in-genious and depended upon the superimposition upon the slowly rising voltage of a square-wave form of small amplitude and repetition frequency 225 cycles per second.The transient currents due to charging of the cell double-layer capacitance were eliminated by measuring the change in current due to the square wave during the last 0.2 ms of each cycle since at this moment, the capacitance components of cell current had decayed virtually to zero. This instrument was found to be capable of measurements at 1 O-'M or below for reversible reactions but was limited in sensitivity to about 1 0 - 6 ~ in the case of irreversible reactions. One of the chief limitations of sensitivity was found to lie in a 'capillary response,' due to wetting of the internal walls at the orifice of the dropping-mercury electrode which produced small but significant random variations in current.1° This was shown to be largely overcome by replacing the square-wave modulation of the potential sweep by a single polarizing pulse of com-paratively long duration repeated at a definite point in the life of each drop.ll Cell current was measured during the second half of each pulse when the capacity component of current had decayed to zero.An advan-tage of the pulse method of polarization is that the capacitive component has a much longer time (20 ms) in which to decay. The impedance of the cell whic 108 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL A J C Fig. 4. Pulse polarograms A B C 1 pg/ml ‘DIQUAT,’ 0 . 2 ~ HCl sensitivity 1/20. 1 pg/ml ‘PARAQUAT,’ 0 . 2 ~ HC1 sensitivity 1/40. 1 pg/ml each 0 . 2 ~ HC1 sensitivity 1/40.determines the decay time constant may thus safely be raised allowing the use of considerably more dilute supporting electrolytes than were permissible with the square-wave instrument. For example it is possible to obtain satisfactory polarograms with the pulse instrument with supporting electrolyte concentrations less than O - O ~ M whereas with the earlier polarograph it was considered essential to work at the 11\11 level. This is a feature of considerable practical importance when very high sensitivity is required since as already seen, the impurity levels present in pure chemicals often present serious interference. The response of the instru-ment to irreversible reactions is considerably improved because of the long duration of the polarizing pulse, and the relative performances of the two instruments have been quoted by Barker as follows : Square- Pulse wave polarograph Reversible reactions .. .. 4 x 10-8M 1 o-8M Irreversible reactions . . .. 1 5 x lo-% (These figures are quoted at 20 per cent precision for reactions involving a two-electron change.) The current wave-form of the pulse polarograph may be either derivative or of the step type found in con-ventional polarography. This variation is brought about by changing the method of application of the pulse. In derivative operation a small pulse of either 7 mV or 35 mV amplitude is superimposed upon the linearly rising voltage sweep which takes place over some 12-60 minutes. For the normal presentation however, the pulses themselves rise in amplitude linearly with time from whatever initial D.C.level is selected by the operator to a final pulse height of 1 volt. The sensitivity obtainable from the normal presentation is somewhat lower than that achieved with derivative operation but determinations at 0.01 pg/ml or below are practical. This method of obtaining a normal polarogram is very suitable for use with flow cells and it is thought that the instrument may well find application in continuous-record plant control. Recent developments have resulted in a commercial version of the instrument with a maxi-mum sweep rate four times faster than that mentioned above and a tolerance to preceding reductions lying in the range 50,000-100,000 to 1. The response of the instrument to two highly irreversible reactions encoun-tered in herbicide analysis is shown in Fig.4. Barker has recently described other new techniques in high-sensitivity polarography.12 ( 1) High-Frequency Polarography In this method a pulsed high-frequency generator (see Fig. 5) supplies a 40 ms burst of oscillations coincident with the polarizing pulse of the pulse polarograph. The frequency of oscillation lies between 25 and 100 kilo-cycles and the amplitude is such as to produce sinusoidal variations in the potential across the double-layer capacitance of the test electrode of the order of 50 mV. A low-pass filter is interposed between the electrode system and the current-measuring circuit of the polaro-graph which provides very high attenuation at the I - I w w IYI B Fig.5. Basic circuit R.F. or H.F. polarography A = R.F. or H.F. generator. B = Polarographic cell. C = Low-pass filter. D = Pulse polarograph. high frequency its cut-off being made as close as con-veniently possible to this frequency. The mean potential of the dropping-mercury electrode is controlled by the polarograph and using the derivative circuit of the instrument this mean potential is linearly varied to obtain a high-frequency polarogram. The polarograph measures the change in mean cell current produced by faradaic rectification of the high-frequency voltage de-veloped across the double-layer capacitance of the dropping-mercury electrode. This rectification process arises from (a) the non-linear relation between potential and reactant concentration expressed in the Nernst equation and ( b ) non-linearity in the dependence of rate constants on potential.The shape and size of the recorded polarographic wave depends upon the nature of the electrode reaction and the depolarizer concen-tration. The advantages of this technique over the usual derivative techniques may be summarized as follows : (a) The base line of the polarogram at maximum sensitivity is completely reproducible and largely unaffected by defects in the dropping-mercury electrode 19641 RECENT ADVANCES IN POLAROGRAPHY 109 ( b ) A slight increase in sensitivity in certain cases, e.g. the determination of indium bismuth and copper in chloride media. (c) Somewhat better resolution at moderately high concentrations.( d ) Waves can sometimes be identified more certainly, as the wave shape is a characteristic feature of the reactions in question. I t is possible to distinguish between zinc and nickel in media where the half-wave potentials are almost identical. Against these advantages must be set the non-linearity of the relationship between wave height and concentra-tion which arises at concentrations greater than about 5 x 10-5 M. Sensitivity is reduced as compared with the normal pulse technique for species whose reduction involves only one electron and also for irreversible reactions for which the transfer coefficient is near 0.5. When calibrating by the standard addition method care must be taken to avoid the introduction of any materials which might appreciably affect the double-layer capaci-tance of the dropping-mercury electrode.( 2 ) High-Level Faradaic Rectijcation The circuit is similar to that shown in Fig. 5 but in this case the pulse generator delivers at its output terminals a 40-ms train of short-duration pulses of either negative or positive polarity coincident with the normal polarizing pulse. The duration of the pulses ranges from 1 to 10 microseconds and the recurrence frequency is 1 kilocycle per second. The low-pulse filter has a cut-off frequency of 660 cycles per second and provides very high attenuation for frequencies equal to or greater than 1 kilocycle per second. As in high-frequency polarography the mean potential of the dropping-mercury electrode is controlled by the pulse polarograph and the derivative circuit of the instrument is used when high-level polarograms are being recorded.The vari-ations of potential produced by the pulses supplied by the pulse generator are large (0.3-1.4 volts amplitude) and substantially rectangular in shape. The amplitude of these potential variations may be adjusted by varying the small charge-injection capacity interposed between the pulse generator and the polarographic cell. From an analytical viewpoint the most notable feature of this new technique is its ability to distinguish between totally irreversible reductions and reversible or somewhat reversible reductions such as the reduction of most metallic ions. If for example negative pulses of 1 microsecond duration and 1 kilocycle recurrence frequency are employed the sensitivity for a totally irreversible reduction is of the order of 300 times larger than for a reversible reduction.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The help given by Dr G. C. Barker in furnishing details of his more recent developments in polarography, in advance of formal publication is gratefully acknow-ledged. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. REFERENCES Randles J. E. B. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1948 44 334. Davis H. M. and Seaborn Joyce E. Electron. Engng 1953, 26 314. Davis H. M. and Seaborn Joyce E. A.E.R.E. Report No. R3472 ; ‘Advances in Polarography’ Pergamon p. 239. Davis H. M. and Shalgosky H. I. A.E.R.E. Report No. R3473 ; ‘Advances in Polarography’ Pergamon p. 618. Airey L. and Smales A. A. Analyst 1950 75 287.Davis H. M. and Rooney R. C. J. Polarographic SOG., 1962 8 25. Shalgosky H. I. and Watling J. A.E.R.E. Report No. R3590; Analyt. chim. acta 1962 26 66. Davis H. M. and Shalgosky H. I. A.E.R.E. Report No. C/R2453; J. Polarographic Soc. 1960 6 12. Barker G. C. and Jenkin I. L. Analyst 1952 77 685. Barker G. C. Analyt. chim. acta 1958 18 118. Barker G. C. and Gardner A. W. 2. anal. Chem. 1960, Barker G. C. Private Communication. 173 79 For key to arrangement of data see Index of Chemistry Films 3rd Edition 1963 p. xi. Films which are of interest mainly to teachers appear in Education in Chemistry. All in a Lifetime 1963 Part Col. Sd. 24 min. 16 & 35 mm. Free loan. D Petroleum Films The history of the oil industry; early methods of exploration and drilling ; the modern petroleum industry ; the place of research; present-day uses of oil products; the petroleum-chemical industry.Made to commemorate the 75th anniversary o f the Esso Petroleum Companjl. S Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd. Bureau. Armchair Visit 1963 Col. Sd. 20 min. 16 mm. Free loan. S Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. D I.C.I. Film Library (PA5). A tour of the I.C.I. Paints Division factory at Slough, showing the raw materials stages of manufacture, matching testing and storage of the ‘Dulux’ range of paints. Brilliant Fire 1962 Col. Sd. 18 min. 16 mm. Free loan. S De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd South Africa. D Sound-Services Ltd. ( 12861403). Formation and sources of diamonds; mining and sorting; cutting and polishing; historic and modern diamond jewellery.Entry into Vessels 1963 B/W. Sd. 15 min. 16 mm. Free loan. S Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. D I.C.I. Film Library (SF7). Safety precautions needed before entering a vessel or other enclosed space which may have contained dangerous gases or liquids. Essential Oils of the West Indies 1963 Col. Sd. 38 min. 16 mm. Free loan. S Fritzsche Brothers Inc. New York. D Street Public Relations Ltd. The production of a large range of essential oils and spices in the West Indies. Isotape 1963 B/W. Sd. 12 min. 16 mm. Free loan. S Isopad Ltd. D Rank Film Library (90.6487). The manufacture and industrial uses of electric heating tapes. The Medicine Man 1963 S Aspro-Nicholas Ltd. D Sound-Services Ltd ( 1279/4H-16 mm).Aspro-Nicholas Ltd (35 mm). Brief history of the production of medicines; advances of the last 30 years; the pharmaceutical industry; home medication. One Hundred Years of Malting Col. Sd. 2 min. 16 & 35 mm. Free loan. 1963 Col. Sd. 25 min. 16 mm. Free loan. The development of malting over the last hundred S Pauls Foods Ltd. D Pauls Foods Ltd. years; modern mechanized processes. One Oil on the Farm 1963 Col. Sd. 20 min. 16 & 35 mm. Free loan. S British Petroleum Co. Ltd. D Shell-Mex & B.P. Ltd. The advantages of a universal oil for farm machinery; the research and testing needed to produce such an oil. The Rainbow Makers 1961 S Badische Anilin u. Soda Fabrik AG Ludwigs-D BASF Chemicals Ltd. Col. Sd. 28 min. 16 mm. Free loan.hafen Western Germany. An imaginative film on the use and significance of colour in modern life. Research Analogy 1963 English commentary. Col. Sd. 10 min. 16 mm. Free loan. S Electronic Associates Ltd. D Electronic Associates Ltd. Some applications of analogue computers to the chemical industry such as solving system equations, plant design and plant simulation. usutu 1962 Col. Sd. 33 min. 16 mm. Free loan. S Colonial Development Corporation. D Central Film Library (CE 530). The planting of pine forests and the development of a wood-pulp industry around the Usutu River in Swazi-land. Weave Me a Rainbow 1963 Col. Sd. 26 min. 16 & 35 mm. Hire. S Foreign Office. D Central Film Library (UK 1728). The nature of wool fibre; blending a mixture; dyeing; weaving and finishing; choice of weave and colour; lightweight woollen fabrics.RECENT CHEMISTRY FILMS-IV 11 BOOK REVIEWS ADVANCES IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY METHODS AND RESULTS. Volume IV. Edited by Ralph A. Raphael Edward C. Taylor and Hans Wynberg. Pp. vii + 361. New York and London Interscience Publishers 1963. 1 10s. This latest publication maintains the high standard that organic chemists have come to expect of this series. The book contains three chapters and two of these provide reviews of topics which have not been discussed in this detail previously although the fundamental reactions involved have been known for many years. The chemistry of enamines is discussed in great detail by J. Szmuszkovicz. Although enamines were recognized as an interesting class of organic compounds some 40 years ago their versatility and importance in synthetic organic chemistry were not fully appreciated until 1954.The penetrating observations made by Stork at that time have been followed by a flood of publications and it is very helpful to have this comprehensive review available. This chapter contains many recent references and there is even some discussion of unpublished work. The chapter by Isler and Schudel provides a systematic discussion of synthetic methods which have been used in the carotenoid and Vitamin A fields. Processes which are discussed include chain-lengthening by units of C, to CIS the preparation of symmetrical intermediates and the synthesis of C,,-products from various types of precursor.The importance of stereospecificity in many of these reactions is clearly emphasized and it is interest-ing to note the variety of methods which are now available to the organic chemist in this area. The coupling of acetylenic compounds is reviewed by Eglinton and McCrae. These processes have recently become important not only for the synthesis of natural products but also for the production of compounds of the annulene type which are of considerable theoretical interest. The three main types of coupling reactions are well reviewed and there is an emphasis upon experi-mental details which some will find very useful. The price naturally precludes the purchase of this book by the general reader but it can be strongly recom-mended to the specialist and it must certainly be regarded as a standard textbook in chemistry libraries.W. D. OLLIS ORGANIC ELECTRONIC SPECTRAL DATA. Volume IV 1958-1959. Edited by J. P. Phillips and F. C. Nachod. Pp. 1179. New York and London Inter-science Publishers 1963. 150s. The present volume is a comprehensive inventory of the wavelengths and extinction coefficients of the absorption-band maxima of organic compounds, recorded in some 70 journals during 1958-59. Data are listed for -1 O4 compounds giving the absorption spectra of individual compounds in different solvents and in different phases where available. Volumes I and 11, covering the years 1946-52 and 1953-55 were issued in 1960 and Volume 111 covering 1956-57 is due to appear shortly. The series as a whole provides an invaluable reference work for the qualitative purpose of chromophore identification and for quantitative work involving spectrophotometric measurements.The series can be recommended for the library of any organic or physical S. F. MASON chemistry laboratory. THE MODERN STRUCTURAL THEORY O F ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Lloyd N. Ferguson. Pp. viii + 600. Englewood Clz$s N. J. Prentice-Hall Inc. 1963. 104s. However well a book may put over its message if it costs as much as this one then there must be something special about that message if it is to find many purchasers. One can make minor criticisms of presentation or quibble over occasional points of interpretation but on the whole it is an excellent work as far as it goes In the preface Professor Ferguson explains ‘Many excellent books on various phases of physical organic chemistry have appeared recently.This one differs . . . by placing its emphasis on structure and dynamic charge distributions of molecules in the normal state rather than on reaction mechanisms. This latter topic is rarely discussed here.’ Such a self-imposed limitation must severely restrict the value of the book for structure and mechanism are too closely entwined for one of them to be dismissed so curtly. It is just not good enough to say (p. 443) that ‘the molecular parameters that are sought for an adequate (my italics) description of the reactive sites in a molecule are bond order electron charge density and . . . the free valence.’ Chemistry is about reactions ; reactions have mechanisms and involve molecules in other than their ‘normal state,’ and any theory must take account of this.However let us not dwell on what the book is not but consider what it is. The long opening chapter dis-cusses the nature of chemical bonds and leads naturally into a chapter on electronegativities and electric dipoles. The third chapter entitled ‘Intramolecular forces,’ deals mainly with steric hindrance to internal rotations and in particular with conformational effects in alicyclic systems. Chapter IV ‘Charge distributions and molecular properties,’ is the core of the work and covers very comprehensively the resonance theory of structural organic chemistry. The last chapter is the weakest. Intended to illustrate briefly the principles of molecular spectroscopy it suffers as is almost inevitable from over-compression.Also the author appears to be less This book is a case in point. 11 112 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL than familiar with parts of the subject. Thus the rather forced analogy between ultraviolet and infrared spectro-scopy on the one hand and nuclear magnetic resonance on the other confuses the description of N.M.R. Surely a better table of chemical shifts could have been found than one based on a now defunct reference scale taken from one of the earliest of all papers on the subject. To concentrate on the weaknesses of the book is not to deny its many strong points such as the abundance of well-thought-out questions appended to each chapter. But the fact remains that in a sense this is only half a book, and it must be judged as such.POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS. Ibert Mellan. Pp. vi Washington Spartan Books; London Cleaver-The best feature of this book is that the author has brought together between two covers a collection of data on the polyhydric alcohols. Compounds are given indi-vidual treatment for history manufacture properties and uses. Polymers are not included hence no mention is made of cellulose the most important of all polyhydric alcohols. The bad features of this book are numerous. A thorough reading leaves the impression that the author has collected data with no great attention by himself to the task of checking its validity. Some of these data have probably come from the glossy leaflets.I t is well to remember that many a company producing these dis-owns any responsibility concerning the accuracy of the facts within. Graphs and tables are often in such abundance with 17 consecutive pages of them in one case that continuity of text is completely lost. As for the commercial data do we really want to know which American companies started manufacture of ethylene glycol in 1937 1940 1943 1948 and 1951 ? Proof reading of this book was sadly lacking. As examples of some of the odd technical data on p. 28 we are told that a solvent mix of ethylene glycol and methanol dissolves dyes to produce woodstains ‘fast to daylight.’ This property depends on the dye not the solvent. Pentaerythritol on p. 185 used in alkyd resins for paints is said to confer on the pigment ‘longer pigment life.’ This property is far more likely to be determined by residual acidity in the alkyd.Undoubtedly the polyhydric alcohols are remarkable for their variety of usage. Chemically they are used to make alkyd resins polyesters explosives synthetic fibres synthetic rubber solvents and plasticizers. Their range of ‘physical’ application is enormous antifreeze compounds de-icing fluids solvents for paints lacquers, inks stains and electrolytes in condensers coupling agents for toilet goods textile lubricants and humectants for tobacco paper and textiles. Such wide application means that a book on these alcohols should see several editions. I t is to be hoped that the present work will be tidied up for its next edition.RICHARD JONES + 208. Hume Press Ltd 1963. 60s. A. S. FREEBORN ACYLATION REACTIONS THEIR APPLICATIONS AND MECHANISM. (Commonwealth and Inter-national Library of Science Technology Engineer-ing and Liberal Studies. Chemistry Division, Volume 3.) P. F. G. Praill. Pp. viii + 162. New York Maemillan Go.; Oxford Pergamon Press 1963. 15s. This book is intended as an introduction to acylation processes and admirably bridges the gap between the brief accounts given in general textbooks and the detailed accounts found in more specialized publications suitable for research workers. The range of topics covered is wider than the title would suggest; thus ‘acylation’ is regarded as any process which results in a hydrogen atom on carbon nitrogen oxygen or other element being replaced by an acyl group.This broad definition allows discussion of seemingly unrelated topics such as hydrolysis of esters and formation of ketones. The introductory chapter gives a concise summary of electrophilic and nucleophilic substitutions electron dis-placement effects and the transition-state theory. The second chapter deals with acylating agents and the role of catalysts. Subsequent chapters are devoted to 0-acylation N-acylation C-acylation (Friedel-Crafts type), and C-acylation (miscellaneous). The final chapter gives an interesting account of ‘high energy bonds’ and the biosynthesis of fatty acids fungal metabolites, terpenes polypeptides and proteins. A number of useful references are given to review articles and im-portant original papers.The book is well written in an easily readable style, and the author has succeeded in presenting a concise account of the fundamental aspects of acylation processes, with suitable emphasis on mechanistic detail. The book is very well printed and structural formulae are clearly represented. Acylation Reactions is intended for the student with a general chemical background and can be thoroughly recommended to advanced undergraduate and Dip. Tech. students. I t should also prove useful to post-graduate students and teachers who require a broad survey of the subject. PROGRESS I N MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY. Edited by Pp. x + There appears to be a growing belief that the produc-tion of new drugs is due to serendipity rather than ingenuity.In truth while new leads are inevitably unexpected their exploitation usually begins with protracted investigation of structure-activity relation-ships followed by the detailed examination of selected compounds. This work has been done predominantly in industrial research laboratories which are the sources of six of these seven reviews. The exception comes from The price is very reasonable. N. JONES G. P. Ellis and G. B. West. 407. London Butterworth 1963. 80s. Volume 111 19641 BOOK REVIEWS 113 one of the colleges of technology which are playing an increasing part in the exploration of the chemical requirements for pharmacological action. J. B. Sten-lake’s article on some chemical aspects of neuromuscular block is complementary to the chapter on pharmacology of neuromuscular transmission that appeared in Volume 11.I t is mainly concerned with detailed structural requirements in ‘onium’ compounds. In reaching conclusions of this type caution is necessary when comparing results from different laboratories. In the present atmosphere of concentration on functional disorders it is refreshing to read a relatively short but well-informed article by L. P. Walls on the chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis a subject which has not been adequately reviewed for some time. Research on trypanocides has been proceeding for as long as chemotherapy has been recognized as a separate discipline but as Dr Walls points out there is still room for improvement of therapy and very little is known about the mode of action of widely used compounds.The review by C. I. Chappel and C. von Seeman of antitussive drugs covers progress over the past twenty years in a field which is still dominated by compounds related to analgesics. The use of Rauwolfia alkaloids is now so widespread that it is surprising to find that there is no up-to-date review of the topic. R. A. Lucas has concentrated his survey on the chemistry of the fifty alkaloids now isolated from Rauwolfia species but records also the types of pharmacological action which they display. A feature of this series has been the inclusion in each volume of one general article and surely the most useful and timely is that by G. A. Stewart and P. A. Young on statistics as applied to screening. Here is an excellent guide for the chemist or indeed the young pharmacologist to the methods used to overcome the difficulties inherent in biological variability.Much time would be saved and many false conclusions avoided if such knowledge were more widespread. The well-documented review by A. Spinks and W. S. Waring on anticonvulsant drugs combines the virtues of well-balanced content and presentation with qualities of readability not always evident in articles of this kind. The evaluation of anticonvulsants is hampered by the lack of a good method of testing in animals. Indeed as the authors point out though the number of methods exceeds the number of useful drugs a reliable technique is still urgently needed. This review should do much to stimulate research where it is most required.The survey by S. Wiedling and C . Tegner of progress in studies on local anaesthetics has among other merits that of clearly defining the period (1955-61) which it covers. Given the apparently insuperable delays in publication it should be obligatory for all authors to save their readers the tedium of checking the bibliography for the dates of papers. These authors survey for their selected period investigations mainly on mode of action and structure-activity relationships, including those side-effects which can sometimes dominate the pharmacological spectrum. This series of reviews on medicinal chemistry is addressed to those who design drugs. By now they need little encouragement to purchase each new volume as it appears. E. CRUNDWELL THE CONTROL OF LIPID METABOLISM.Biochemical Society Symposium No. 24 Oxford July 1963. Edited by J. K. Grant. New York and London Academic Press 1963. This book brings together the 17 papers presented by the contributors to this symposium together with the succeeding discussion on each paper. Within the broad compass afforded by the general theme the topics selected ranged over many aspects of lipid biochemistry. The papers appear in the book in the form in which they were issued as ‘pre-prints’ before the meeting and the authors apparently interpreted their commissions in this respect very differently in that some furnished little more than longish abstracts whereas others wrote fully-documented papers. Topics dealt with briefly include the role of reduced coenzymes and oxygen in the control of fatty-acid synthesis in adipose tissue the influence of thyroid and adrenocorticotrophic hormones and of genetic factors on cholesterol metabolism in the rat the lipolytic effect of gluco-corticoids the rate of turnover of glycerol in blood and the regulation of sterol and carotenoid metabolism in germinating seedlings.Although it is not long since the extramitochondrial (malonyl-coenzyme A) pathway for the biosynthesis of long-chain saturated fatty acids was discovered the control of the mechanism is already being actively investigated ; two papers dealing with this subject include accounts of the activation of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase by citric acid and related acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle the availability of intramito-chondrially-produced acetate and end-product inhibi-tion by palmityl-coenzyme A.Recent investigations on the mechanism of formation of unsaturated bonds in fatty acids of bacteria mammalian liver and plant systems are very well reviewed and the vexed question of whether or not hydroxy-acids are intermediates in oxidative desaturation is given a good airing. Cholesterol metabolism is considered from the point of view of factors influencing the formation and excretion of bile acids and in respect of hormones affecting its metabolism in the body as a whole. These endocrino-logical aspects are considered at some length in relation to the effects of thyro-active and oestrogenic hormones in the rat and in man; important though hormonal control undoubtedly is it is emphasized that this should be regarded as a ‘fine regulator’ of complex processes which are influenced to a greater extent by other physiological conditions such as dietary changes or Pp.xii + 191. 3 7s. 6d 114 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL fasting. Hormonal influences are of greater primary importance in connection with the synthesis and break-down of triglycerides in adipose tissue-influences which are discussed in considerable detail ; present knowledge of pharmacological control of lipid mobilization and transport particularly by drugs which stimulate the pituitary-adrenocortical axis is also considered. Evi-dence for the close similarity of patterns of seasonal variations in blood lipids to variations in endocrine function is presented.In that this somewhat heterogeneous collection of papers contains a great deal of up-to-date (mid-1963) information it should be available to all chemistsand biochemists engaged in lipid research and the detailed reviews it contains should also prove of value to advanced students and teachers. G. A. GARTON PROGRESS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Edited by New York Interscience Publishers; F. Albert Cotton. London John Wiley and Sons Inc. Volume IV. Pp. 577. 1962. 115s. Volume V. Pp. 464. 1963. 105s. I t is convenient to review Volumes IV and V of the series ‘Progress in Inorganic Chemistry’ together, particularly as the types of article differ considerably between the two volumes. Volume V contains two long reviews. The article by Maier on phosphine derivatives offers a very complete coverage of this field.VlEek deals with the polarographic behaviour of co-ordination complexes. This article has a physical approach and the co-ordination chemistry is often erroneous but the techniques described are of interest. Each volume contains a separate part of Liehr’s series on the coupling of vibrational and electronic motions. The articles are probably extremely good but are beyond the interest of most inorganic or physical chemists. Shorter and more readable articles are given on what are essentially the physical aspects of arsenious oxide (Volume IV) and dinitrogen tetroxide (Volume V) and there are straightforward descriptive treatments of the oxygen compounds of groups IA IIA IIIA isopoly-tungstates and phosphonitrilic compounds in Volume IV.On the mechanistic side there is an article on the trans-effect in metal complexes and Jarrgensen has contributed an important and clear article on the nephelauxetic effect in the same volume. The immediate effect of these two volumes is to reinforce the impression that much of modern inorganic chemistry is essentially physical chemistry carried out on a variety of (often new) compounds. The shorter articles are all eminently readable and will be of use to final-year and postgraduate students and to all chemists wishing to bring-themselves up to date. The longer articles in Volume V are chiefly of value for reference purposes and as such would have benefited from more complete indexing.One is given the impression that although systematic nomenclature serves to identify a compound unequivocally with the increasing com-plexity of new molecules the general reader is rapidly lost and can often usefully gain information from structural formulae only. Both of these volumes contain useful contributions to the review literature of inorganic chemistry. D. W. A. SHARP B o R o N HY D R I DES. 275. 1963. $15.40. William N. Lipscomb. Pp. ix + New York and Amsterdam W. A. Benjamin Inc., This book is needful and timely and there could be no better person than W. N. Lipscomb of Harvard to write it. There can be few ‘peculiar’ compounds that have attracted more fascination than diborane at all academic levels during the past fifty years. The homologues and other near relatives of diborane are providing an ever-increasing variety of structural and mechanistic problems.The boron hydrides had a fantastic if short-lived publicity on Wall Street being headlined as Exotic Hi-cal Zip fuels for rockets. Although this specific application was not fully realized, research into the chemistry described in this book is being pursued with ever-increasing fervour in college and industrial laboratories throughout the world, particularly in the U.S.A. Diborane itself is becoming a fundamental chemical reagent; and for this purpose it can now be prepared by ordinary bench procedures and apparatus. The boron hydrides provide unlimited scope as examples of the application of X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and other spectroscopic techniques particularly with reference to the ramifications of ‘three-centre’ bonds.I t was the author’s wish to consider in a single book the many separate parts of the structural theory and its relation to chemistry thereby making these ideas more accessible to a wider circle of readers. Many chemists aware of the boron hydrides in a general way will be astounded at the variety of compounds and concepts related to that heading. Of the five chapters one is on outstanding features, and one on three-centre bonds. The topological ideas presented are based on the author’s own studies and concern the ways in which various types of bonds connect the B-H units. Chapter 3 is on molecular-orbital theory and the author persuades one that it is not difficult to master the art of thinking in such terms.In Chapter 4 he deals with the specific application of N.M.R. and in Chapter 5 he has made a commendable presentation of the essential points about the reactions of boron hydrides. His summaries are informative and easily scanned. There can be no better indication of the potential of this part of chemistry than is revealed by even a glance a t the so-called ‘carboranes’ (the ‘heteroatom hydrides’), in which the -C-C- linkage is part of the boro 19641 BOOK REVIEWS 115 skeleton and not merely an appendage. There are examples. A spate of publications on carboranes is imminent and one must agree with the author that ‘it seems clear that this area of chemistry will produce a very large class of new compounds and reactions.’ The book is concerned not merely with boron hydrides; it deals also with valency and provides a comprehensive account of numerical data of significance in the study of valency.It is true that the emphasis is on structure and in the many clearly drawn diagrams the author has tried to compensate for the lack of the third dimension. Non-specialist readers however will find their interest quickens if they go to the trouble of constructing models. C2BlOH12 C,B,H, C,B,oCl, and B,H,C,(CH,) 2 as There are 340 references to original papers. W. GERRARD THE RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS. D. N. Trifonov. Revised Edition. Translated by P. Basu. Trans-lation edited by R. C. Vickery. Pp. xv + 128. Oxford Pergamon Press 1963.25s. This short book (pp. 128) is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is concerned with the historical back-ground to the discovery of these elements with a special emphasis on the part played by Russian scientists. A brief and conventional account of the build-up of the electronic configurations of all the elements and a discussion of the properties of the rare-earth elements in the light of their electronic structures are given in the second chapter; also included in this chapter but for no obvious reason is a brief account of the geochemistry of these elements. Chapter I11 reviews briefly their physical and chemical properties as well as their separation and in the fourth chapter there is an inter-esting discussion of the practical uses of the rare-earth metals and their compounds.In the final chapter a number of problems of rare-earth chemistry with particular reference to the position of the elements in the Periodic Table are discussed. Many books suffer badly in translation but I found this text very readable with relatively few minor printing errors. This review lists only the more important faults which could mislead the reader. For example on p. 32 the author says that 5 electrons must be given to nitrogen for it to acquire the heliumcon-figuration. On p. 37 the reference to the ‘inert-gas’ structure of Gd even in parentheses is confusing and the report (on p. 42) that the radii of Y and La almost coincide is unfortunate when they differ by 0.06A. Some of the electronic configurations given in Table I1 are wrong.Information given in the text often differs from that provided by figures and tables. On p. 48, for instance protoactinium is said to be the rarest element but Fig. 7 shows this to be incorrect; the curve in Fig. 9 cannot be based on the data given in Table VIII. Fig. 8 is badly drawn and suggests an abundance for Pm of 10-5 per cent even though this element is not found at all in nature. Another confusing point is found on p. 89 where 170Tm and 155E~ are said to have greater sensitivities than lg4Ce and lg21r although this is not evident from Fig. 17. The figures are in general, badly drawn and confusing. With Fig. 10 for example, no units are given for the magnetic moments and the abscissae in Figs 21 (a) and ( b ) are quite different, even though the graphs are directly compared.On more general matters the reviewer was puzzled by the title of the book and the constant use of the term ‘rare-earth,’ since in the introduction the author states that the term is archaic and will be used only in the historical account (Chapter I) ; nevertheless in the next paragraph the reader is promised a subsequent account of the structure of the rare-earth elements. There is a constant reference to valencies of 3+ 4+ etc.; most chemists would refer to these as oxidation states. Fur-thermore there is inconsistency over the terminology used trivalency quadrivalency and fentavalency. In spite of these errors the book is well worth reading, particularly as it reflects the views of Soviet scientists.It is difficult however to recommend it for the intended readership since it gives far too little detailed chemistry (or history) to be useful to students or specialists. On the other hand it is too technical to be read by the general public. Possibly science students (other than chemists) would find the book useful as a source of material for general essays. G. W. A. FOWLES TREATISE ON ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. Edited by I. M. Kolthoff Philip J. Elving and Ernest B. Sandell. Part 11 Section A. Analytical Chemistry of the Elements. Volume VIII. The Rare Earths. Bi V Cr. the Platinum Metals. Pp. xxi + 556. New York and London Interscience Publishers 1963. 150s. This volume is interesting in that it includes the analytical chemistry of two closely-knit groups of elements the rare-earth elements and the platinum metals.In the two sections dealing with these as one might expect (and particularly in the former) there is a very considerable amount of group discussion rather than discussion of individual elements. Apart from this, the pattern of the work is very much what we have learned to expect from earlier volumes. The rare earths and rare-earth compounds (145 pp., 220 references) are dealt with by Mark M. Wogski and Ray E. Harris; bismuth (28 pp. 107 references) by James S. Fritz; vanadium (95 pp. 170 references) by H. R. Grady; chromium (104 pp. 266 references) by Winslow H. Hartford; and the platinum metals (143 pp. 399 references) by Thomas J. Walsh and Eugene A. Hausman. There is little to add to earlier reviews of volumes in this series (J.1962 87; 1963 45) about the quality and value of the material appearing here. Each of the monographs provides a wealth of information no 116 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL merely analytical but general regarding their subjects. One is particularly impressed by the fact that in every case by far the bulk of the references are to material published since the Second World War and running up to 1961 (in many cases to 1962). A few minor points of gentle criticism might be made about the first Section. The title suggests that the ‘rare earths’ are the elements as distinct from the ‘rare-earth compounds,’ whereas ‘rare earths’ is in fact classically the name for the oxides; indeed the term ‘rare earth’ is rather loosely used in this respect throughout the Section.Of more moment it is not until p. 133 that the reader is aware other than by inference what the term ‘rare-earth elements’ purports to include. In Table I ‘rare-earth oxides’ in the heading is found to imply the inclusion of yttrium; whereas the headings to Sections I1 and I11 talk of the ‘rare earths and yttrium’; and it is only by implication that the generic title is found also to include scandium (although this element is in fact treated separately from the others). It would have been more appropriate perhaps to include in the intro-duction to the whole section the international definitions of ‘rare-earth metal,’ ‘lanthanum series’ and ‘lanthanide’ given in the first sentence of the sub-section on scandium.These criticisms are not intended of course to reflect in any way on the excellence of the chemical matter here presented they are merely added as an illustration of the ease with which loose or imprecise usage may unfortunately achieve the status of general practice. A warm welcome is merited by this new member of a valuable series. CECIL L. WILSON THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS I N NATURE. F. H. Day. London George G. Harrap @ Co. Ltd 1963. This book deals with the occurrence of the raw materials of chemistry and brings under one cover useful information about the chemical elements which pre-viously was scattered throughout the literature and consequently hard to refer to. In particular it discusses the practical sources of chemical materials and the transformations they undergo under natural conditions.The first five chapters (94 pp.) are concerned mainly with a general treatment of the principles involved in a study of what the author calls ‘chemical natural theory.’ This section includes a discussion of the origin of the elements their relative terrestrial solar and cosmic abundance their distribution and transformations. The geology of rock types is briefly examined as is also those aspects of the physiology of living organisms necessary for an understanding of the part they play in the wider processes of natural chemistry. The first part ends with a treatment of the occurrence and general methods of extraction of chemicals from the atmosphere, the oceans and the crust of the earth.The second part of the work (267 pp.) deals with the elements in the order in which they appear in the Pp. 372. 40s. Periodic Table and is characterized by sound and up-to-date statistical data illustrated by excellent graphs and drawings. These chapters contain much practical information on the scientific processes involved in the industrial preparation of numerous mineral products. Comparisons of quantities quoted in the text are made easy since they are always given in the same units. An unusual feature of the book is a successful attempt to indicate the nature of the waste products from chemical substances after these have served their purpose and been discarded by man. The author rightly points out that the ready avail-ability of so many pure chemicals today may well cause the student to become increasingly the ‘slave of the bottle’ as far as his materials are concerned and his book is an attempt to break down this tendency and to answer the question ‘where does the material come from and where does it go?’ The collection of material from such diverse sources must have presented him with a formidable task.This task he has discharged with distinction and he has produced a work of sound scholarship. I t is not a book which is likely to be bought by undergraduates but it is one which should be in the possession of academic and industrial chemists alike and should prove of interest to the general reader as well as to a wide range of scientists, economists and geographers. E.E. AYNSLEY WATERPROOFING AND WATER-REPELLENCY. Edi-ted by J. L. Moilliet. Pp. x + 502. Amsterdam, London and New York Elsevier Publishing Co 1963. 100s. With the mounting mass of so-called original papers in the scientific literature both the specialist and non-specialist must be duly grateful for a critical summary of the work in any subject. In the fields of interfacial phenomena where the rate of publication is doubling every six years this is particularly true and the present volume is both timely and competently written. The exponential rate of growth in new papers also implies that about one third of all the papers on any topic have appeared in the last five years and it is therefore a pity that the latest references in this book are to work pub-lished in 1960 (and there are rather few of these).The book shows clearly that great strides have been made in the last 20 years in understanding water-proofing and in endeavouring to render various man-made materials as effective as are feathers and the surfaces of insects. One of the best features of this volume is the pooling of information about natural and artificial systems. I t also shows up certain gaps in our knowledge where more effort should be concentrated, e.g. on the hydrodynamics of shaking drops off surfaces. Subjects treated in the book include the theory of waterproofing and water-repellency agents for treating textiles paper soils building materials and metals and the natural materials referred to above 19641 BOOK REVIEWS 117 To deal with the topic in such breadth the book has been written by no fewer than 15 authors N.K. Adam, W. Baird R. L. Bass J. W. Bell D. J. Crisp W. T. Gartland E. B. Higgins W. N. Lister A. S. Michaels, J. L. Moilliet C. A. Norris B. D. J. Osment M. R. Porter F. L. Warburton and C. S. Whewell. Inevitably, with so many contributors there must be some over-lapping. The editor of the book writes that he ‘has not attempted to eliminate all duplication partly because it seemed essential to leave the authors as much freedom as possible but chiefly because the independent approaches to similar subject matter were felt to be highly instructive.’ The reviewer feels that in this volume a rather stronger editorial policy of reducing duplication would have been preferable.The volume is produced at the high standard (and price) associated with the firm of Elsevier. The dia-grams and photographs are clear and the many refer-ences to patent specifications as well as to learned societies’ publications are most valuable. In these days when poor salaries are deterring so many of our best research engineers and scientists from staying in Britain it is most heartening to find that a book of this calibre can still be produced by authors who, with only one exception are in Britian. As a clear review of the subject it will be invaluable for many years to all those working on this rapidly developing topic. J. T. DAVIES VAPOUR PRESSURE OF THE ELEMENTS. An. N. Nesmeyanov. Translated and edited by J. I. Carasso. Pp. vi + 469. London Cleaver-Hume Press Ltd 1963.105s. A. N. Nesmeyanov. Edited by Robert Gary. Pp. xi + 462. Amsterdam London and New York: Elseuier Publishing Co. 1963. 105s. This compilation of experimental data presented with critical evaluation by such an authority as Academician Nesmeyanov is a valuable contribution to chemical literature. The simultaneous publication by different publishers of two different translations of this text into English is however a strange occurrence. There are so few skilled translators of scientific Russian that it seems wasteful indeed to have the same task performed twice; surely one of them could have been better employed. I t is difficult to believe that the two publishers have willingly entered into such expensive competition which can only diminish their returns.I t is difficult also to avoid the conclusion that the rights of translation were sold twice over by the original pub-lishers. If this interpretation be correct it is certainly to be deplored and publishers should be on their guard against further similar experiences. The first quarter of the book is devoted to a discussion of experimental methods and is followed by critical VAPOR PRESSURE O F THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. presentation of the available data for the elements other than hydrogen nitrogen oxygen and the noble gases. The extent of the task which the author has accomplished can be judged by the citation of no fewer than 695 references. Finally the key data are summarized in a number of tables. Such a compilation is bound to be a most useful source of reference for years to come.I t is difficult to assess ‘the better buy’ since each production has its defects. Editor and translator of the Elsevier text are separate individuals and this has resulted in a poor standard of written English. I do not agree with the Editor that close adherence to the Russian wording is ‘refreshingly crisp and clear.’ The combined translation and editing by one person allows the Info-search text to be read more easily. A comparison of the translations of one passage is typical. ‘The authors’ data are invalid both the vapour pressure data and the heat of evaporation because they disregard in their calculations the fact that the evaporation coefficient deviates from unity’ (Elsevier p.255) can be compared with ‘Thus neither the vapour pressure values nor the heat of evaporation are reliable due no doubt to the failure of the authors to allow for departures from unity in the evaporation coefficient’ (Infosearch p. 257). On the other hand the drawing of the figures and the printing of the tables are often of poor standard in the Infosearch production; the figures and tables are distinctly clearer in the Elsevier text which has the added advantage of an Index. The choice between the publications must be made by deciding whether clarity of English or standard of production is the more import ant . W. E. ADDISON THE SHOCK TUBE IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE CHEMICAL PHYSICS. A. G. Gaydon and I. R. Hurle. Pp. viii + 307. London Chapman and Hall Ltd 1963.65s. This volume might better have been entitled ‘a prac-tical man’s guide to the shock tube.’ Particular em-phasis is placed on the presentation of mathematical expressions in bold type and conspicuously bracketed, which are required for shock-wave calculations and of fairly precise constructional details for the equipment. Such an approach is very suitable for the graduate student commencing in the field since he can design and construct his equipment and start experimental work without having to attempt a detailed understanding of the subject. Judged on this basis the book is extremely successful. However any particular approach introduces its own drawbacks and this is by no means an exception. To begin with there is the problem of selection calculations on the equilibrium properties of real gases are given at length and with worked examples yet the reader is referred elsewhere if he wishes to estimate boundary-layer profiles.Perhaps more serious the phrase ‘it can be shown that . . .’ to introduce a mathematica 118 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL derivation will be irritating to the more conscientious student. Discussions on noise levels and response times are especially valuable to the experimentalist but the actual inclusion of certain manufacturers’ names and addresses may conceal the fact that similar or superior items may be obtainable elsewhere. In describing the applications of the shock tube the authors have deliberately emphasized their own interests. This is not in itself a fault since their work is both interesting and important but it does seem a pity that the description of chemical studies in the shock tube has only merited I6 pages of the total.This necessarily reduces the value of the book to the scientist who does not intend to work with such equipment and merely requires a review of the studies which have been con-ducted. Having drawn particular attention to those features which the reviewer feels to be lacking it is necessary to point out that in all other respects the book is well balanced. The layout of type and figures is very satisfactory and the literary style is particularly clear and readable as we have come to expect from the senior author. JOHN N. BRADLEY HIGH PRESSURE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY.Edited by R. S. Bradley. New York and London Academic Press 1963. Volume I. Pp. xi + 444. 100s. Volume 11. Pp. xii + 361. 80s. The two volumes of this book to which twenty authors have contributed give a comprehensive picture of the remarkable advances that have been made during the past few decades in the study of physical and chemical phenomena under increasingly high pressures. There is much to interest the chemist in the chapters on the effects of pressure on the equilibria and kinetics of chemical reactions. If he is interested in the phase rule, he will be intrigued by the account of the progress that has been made in the study of the phase equilibria which may obtain in the depths of the earth and by a chapter on the phase changes in one-component systems which includes a discussion on the phase diagram of carbon and its significance in the synthesis of diamonds.Although the chemist may not be so interested in the good reviews which are given of the present state of knowledge about the effects of pressure on physical properties yet if he thinks in terms of the structure and bonding of com-pounds he may well find a lot to interest him in the sections describing the changes due to pressure revealed by spectroscopic studies in the range from radiation of radio-frequencies to X-rays. A chapter on shock waves indicates the growing importance of this method of studying the properties of condensed systems under very high albeit transient pressures particularly as pressures can be produced which are at least twice as great as those (ca 400,000 atm) so far obtained by static methods.From his preface it would seem that it was not the intention of the editor to include detailed accounts of high-pressure techniques adequately described in other works and it is a pity that this intention was not applied more ruthlessly. Some of the descriptions of general techniques which are given seem out of place and it might have been better to have retained only those experimental details essential to the understanding of the results described. The volumes are well produced and almost free from misprints. I t is unfortunate however that the unit of pressure given in Fig. 1 which illustrates how the maximum attainable pressure has risen during this century should have been the atmosphere when the kilobar (or 1,000 atm) was obviously intended.A valuable feature of the book to the reader who wishes to obtain further information is the inclusion of very complete sets of references at the end of each contribu-tion and of comprehensive author and subject indexes at the end of each volume. R. 0. GIBSON GAS PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY. Rudolph Kaiser. Translated by P. H. Scott. Volume I Gas Chromatography. Pp. viii + 199 42s. Volume 11, Capillary Chromatography. Pp. x + 120 35s. Volume 111 Tables for Chromatography. Pp. ix + 162 40s. London Butterworth &’ Co. (Pub-lishers) Ltd 1963. These three volumes are translations of the original German versions published in 1960. They are intended to ‘familiarize lecturers and students chemists works engineers and laboratory workers with this highly effective branch of analytical physical chemistry’ and the experienced worker it is claimed will find that the comprehensive list of references will help him to keep up to date with the voluminous literature.Unfortunately the volumes do not meet these claims mainly through falling between the two stools of over-simplification and excessive detail. Volume I is concerned with the use of packed columns, with chapters on theory apparatus and analytical results. The theory chapter jumps from simple allegory into a detailed mathematical treatment apparently calculated to deter would-be readers. The chapter on apparatus is sub-divided into columns carrier gas, detectors recorders temperature and industrial and special uses.Useful information is included within each of these parts all profusely but not very clearly illus-trated; but its retrieval is rather tedious. The final chapter dealing with the analytical result is once more mathematical in treatment but contains such information as is necessary for the successful interpretation of chromatograms. Volume 11 which is devoted to capillary columns, necessarily duplicates part of Volume I the two volumes being intended to be treated as separate entities. This book is also divided into three parts theory methods and apparatus and applications. Detectors used with capil-lary columns are discussed at some length as ar 19641 BOOK REVIEWS 119 methods of preparing the columns and the necessary injection system stream-splitting devices.Volume I11 undoubtedly contains a good deal of useful information but its extraction is not easy. The tables include details of column packings for given separations liquid phases solid supports absolute retention values and various correction factors most of these being referred to the original literature contained in the bibliography of 403 references. In each volume the lists of references have been extended to cover the literature up to about mid-1961. In general Volume I11 is the most useful of the three, both to the newcomer and to the experienced worker in the field. Volume I1 has uses for those closely concerned with capillary columns but the information given in Volume I is available elsewhere in more digestible form.All of the volumes suffer from woodenness of style which appears to stem from too literal a translation from the original language. This in places makes it difficult to decide whether errors are due to the printer or to the translator. The presentation of the books is also un-fortunate; the use of very small print on an off-white rough-surfaced paper does not assist the concentration necessary to follow the text and also underlines the overall impression that these volumes are unpreiszuertig. D. C. ABBOTT ELEMENTARY CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS. Second Edition. G. Hargreaves. Pp. xi + 119. London Butterworth @ Co. (Publishers) Ltd 1963. 10s. 6d. This book is intended for H.N.C. and BSc. students who are approaching thermodynamics for the first time.The author has obviously tried to give a simplified approach to the subject and the small size of the book means that much material is necessarily omitted. It deals with the common thermodynamic functions the first and second laws and their simple applications. In the reviewer's experience the difficulties which students have in studying thermodynamics are twofold : (i) the subject appears rather abstract and far removed from their background of experimental information and (ii) thermodynamic formulae may either be quite general or else restricted in some way e.g. to changes at constant pressure or volume to isothermal or adiabatic changes, to perfect gases to dilute solutions and so on or various combinations of these; and a student may easily apply a formula in the wrong circumstances.The book does not meet these difficulties very well. The first difficulty can be met by intermingling the thermodynamics as far as possible with the teaching of the descriptive parts of physical chemistry. The com-pression of the book prevents this approach here. As for the second difficulty partial differentiation should be introduced at an early stage to indicate which variables are being held constant. It is only in the second half of the book that partial differentiation is used systematically and reference to the conditions is often omitted or wrongly or loosely expressed. Thus (p. 16) work of expansion is given as PAV without specifying constant pressure whereas PdV is given for an infinitesimal change (p.74) because the pressure is constant. On p. 38 it is stated 'because little volume change occurs therefore no work of expansion is involved' (my italics). On p. 47 chemical potential is defined (somewhat unusually) by the equation dU = pdn, without stating that this is at constant values of S Y and the other ns. On p. 60 Cw is put equal to AU/AT without requiring Cv to be constant throughout the change. On p. 61 Cv is given as dU/dT without reference to constant volume and on the same page the derivation of Cr = dH/dT is made meaningless by the lack of information about what is being kept constant during differentiation. On p. 67 AU = 0 is said to apply to the isothermal expansion of a gas (instead of a pedect gas). On p. 98 AGO == -,&F instead of -zE"F.On p. 103 p = po +RTlnP is given with no indication of its restriction to perfect gases. Activity is referred to in various places but is never really explained nor is it in the index. The statements on p. 72 are wrong and the equation on p. 88 four lines below equation 12.3 is not correct. These and other similar errors detract from the value of the book. It might be suggested that they do not matter with elementary students who would prob-ably not notice them. But a student who attempts to understand the subject fundamentally is certain to be puzzled by the inconsistencies and contradictions. In parts of the book ideas are presented clearly and in an interesting manner and if it were critically revised in detail it could be made into a useful introduction to the subject.A. F. H. WARD MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND SPECTROSCOPY. (IUPAC in conjunction with the Science Council of Japan.) Special lectures presented at the Inter-national Symposium on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy Tokyo September 1962. Pp. vi + 145. London Butterworth 63 Co (Publishers) Ltd, 1963. 35s. This book contains 13 of the lectures delivered at the 1962 symposium by contributors from Britain, Germany Italy Japan and the United States. The lectures have appeared previously in the Journal ofpure and Applied Chemistry 1963 7 1 and have now been reprinted and bound in permanent form. The set of lectures is not complete but the publishers have wisely decided to print those that are available now rather than to lose topicality by further delay.One paper by Sir Gordon Sutherland is concerned with the relatively new technique for obtaining spectra, particularly in the far infra-red region by interferometry. This technique currently being exploited by Gebbie an 120 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL his colleagues at the N.P.L. has decided advantages in that the beam of radiation enters the apparatus through a fairly large circular aperture and not through a narrow slit which ensures that ample beam energy is available; the maximum resolution depends on the path difference available (about 10 cm in existing instruments) and large-aperture optics can be used. The necessity of using a computer to obtain the spectrogram from the interferogram will of course limit the popularity of the method.Other topics covered are molecular vibrations and physico-chemical problems (H. W. Thompson) ; Japanese researches on internal rotation (S. Mizushima) ; recent results of chemical interest from microwave spectroscopy (E. Bright Wilson) ; recent de-velopments in Japanese spectroscopic instruments (H. Yoshinaga) ; echelle spectroscopy and the present status of diffraction gratings (G. R. Harrison) ; formation and dissociation of excited dimers (T. Forster) ; electronic spectra and electron transfer interaction between elec-tron donor and acceptor (S. Nagakura) ; n.m.r. studies of conformational equilibria in substituted ethanes (H. S. Gutowsky); molecular spectra of some organic sulphur compounds (A. Mangini) ; infra-red spectral perturbations in matrix experiments (G.C. Pimental and S. W. Charles); recent results on the vibrational spectra of some inorganic compounds (F. A. Miller) ; and force constants of small molecules (T. Shimanouchi). L. H. W. HALLETT INFRA-RED SPECTROSCOPY AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE. AN OUTLINE O F T H E PRINCIPLES. Edited by Mansel Davies. Pp. xiii + 468. Amsterdam London and New York: Elseuier Publishing Co. 1963. 75s. When one opens a book with a title of this sort one does not nowadays know quite what to expect. What parts of this very large field will it cover ? What will be the relative emphasis between experimental techniques, instrumentation basic theory modern developments, interpretation quantitative aspects and so on ? Will the treatment be down to earth or sophisticated for student teacher research worker or analyst? Can the beginner derive any direct benefit from it or must he start with something simpler? So much depends on the editor in collating the work of his contributors and his ruthlessness in persuading them to adopt similar styles and to be clear and concise in what they have to say.The supplementary title of this book is ‘An out-line of the principles,’ but Dr Mansel Davies has fulfilled his task so ably that ‘a compendium’ would have been more appropriate. I t is far from being an elementary work but the novice could do far worse than to make this book his first choice for his library. After an introductory survey by the editor we find an authoritative survey by Dr A. E. Martin of instrumenta-tion experimental methods and techniques including a brief mention of the relatively new technique of attenuated total reflection.Dr Martin’s chapter covers ‘the present state of the art,’ but rather sur-prisingly he does not deal with the most recent develop-ment that of infra-red interferometry. This together with a further discussion of rather more specialized sources detectors and materials is described in a chapter by Dr G. R. Wilkinson on far infra-red spectro-scopy where the interferometer is potentially a better proposition than a more conventional spectrophotometer. This chapter is much shorter and does more to point out the directions in which rapid progress is to be expected than to summarize present knowledge. The major part of the book is devoted to the origins of spectra their interpretation and uses and important results obtained by spectroscopic methods.I t is refresh-ing to find a chapter devoted to inorganic applications, including two worked examples complete with spectra (pp. 323-3) and answers (pp. 338-9). The range of material is very wide from the infra-red spectra of simple molecules to dispersion studies emission spectra and infra-red lasers and includes Raman spectroscopy, intensity studies dipole-moment derivatives dichroism, determination of molecular symmetry solvent effects, force-field calculations and structural assignments. The contributors are drawn from Great Britain the United States Holland and Yugoslavia ; the preface describes them as ‘active leaders in each topic’ and this description can be fully endorsed.The book is printed and bound with the high standard that we expect from its publishers; references are given at the end of each chapter and there is a short but selective index. The preface sets out clearly what has been attempted and what has been deliberately omitted and reflects the tone of the whole book-an excellent production well written and edited with decision; it may prove tough going in parts for the student but he will not regret purchasing it; the teacher and the chemist who makes use of infra-red spectroscopy will find it invaluable. L. H. W. HALLETT SOME GENERAL PROBLEMS O F PAPER CHROMATO-GRAP HY. Edited by I. M. Hais and K. Macek. Pp. 220. Prague Publishing House o f the Czecho-slovak Academy o f Science 1962.In June 1961 an international symposium was held in Prague to discuss ‘Some general problems of paper chromatography.’ The first session was devoted to ‘relations between paper chromatographic behaviour and chemical structure’ and the second to ‘attempts at systematic analysis.’ The obvious intention of the organizers was to try to draw out from the mass of empirical data now available some generalizations or hypotheses from which the nature of an unknown compound could be determined using the R1 and RLJ1 in a number of solvents together with as many other parameters such as colour reactions as could be determined. 22s 19641 BOOK REVIEWS 121 A number of contributors to the meeting read papers which whilst interesting in themselves showed no relevance to the general titles of the discussion and, fortunately many of these have been pruned away.What remains is a most useful collection of data on the systematic chromatography of dyes inorganic ions, alkaloids and so on together with interesting dis-cussions on the theory of chromatography structural investigations and the selection of suitable solvents. As may be expected from Hais and Macek the editors, the work is of a high standard and well produced. Nevertheless many problems remain unsolved and one can but hope that the Czechoslovak Chemical Society will arrange further occasional symposia on chromato-graphy including thin-layer methods where much still needs to be done. IVOR SMITH CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS.R. StockandC. B. F. Rice. Pp. viii + 206. London Chapman &? Hall Ltd 1963. 4-05. As chromatographic methods grow in importance so books describing the techniques involved multiply accordingly. This volume is intended as an introduc-tion to chromatographic methods in current use for ‘teachers in schools technical colleges and universities, final year undergraduates and analytical and industrial biochemists who need an introduction to chromato-graphy.’ The authors are lecturers at a college of advanced technology and the book appears to be aimed at technical-college students rather than school pupils or industrial workers. Following a clear introductory chapter separate chapters are devoted to liquid-phase columnar chroma-tography paper chromatography gas chromatography and model experiments involving the use of these techniques.A useful bibliography of recent reviews and textbooks is also included together with some 200 literature references distributed among the chapters. Liquid-phase columnar chromatography is well covered, examples of adsorption partition and ion-exchange techniques being given. Practical applications are detailed whilst a minimum of theory is given. The bulk of the work is confined to paper and gas chromatography with about 60 pages to each. Details of ascending descending two-dimensional and radial chromatography on paper are given and discussed. Desalting methods are treated in some depth and practical aspects are stressed throughout. Reversed-phase methods use of ion-exchange papers and quanti-tative applications are also described but the treatment of thin-layer chromatography is very sketchy (only 1 Q pages) ; this surely deserves a short chapter to itself these days.Some information on zone electrophoresis is also included in this chapter being treated as an allied technique. Gas-liquid chromatography is simply but clearly dealt with the illustrations are good and a minimum of mathematics is required. The practical uses of capillary columns and gas-solid chromatography are discussed and the chapter ends with a discourse on a few gas-chromatographic theories. In the final chapter with an appendix some 18 experiments are described. These cover most of the important points raised in the text and range from a comparison of the separation of nickel manganese, cobalt and zinc by ascending and by radial-paper chromatography to the separation of the constituents of coal gas by gas-solid chromatography.The book is very pleasantly presented the type-face being particularly clear. I t may be recommended as an introduction to chromatographic procedures especially for sandwich-course students and scientific assistants who may be called upon to use these techniques while still undergoing part-time college training. Its use in schools is very limited but it could provide some useful exercises for third-year sixth-formers and for open-day exhibitions. D. C. ABBOTT I O N EXCHANGE SEPARATIONS I N ANALYTICAL c H E MI s T R Y . Olof Samuelson. Pp. 474. Stock-holm Almqvist and Wiskell; New York and London: John Wiley & Sons Ltd 1963.In view of Professor Samuelson’s pioneering work and wide experience in the field his book will undoubtedly prove invaluable as a source of information for the expert. For those not previously familiar with ion exchange this book is likely to be disappointing however. Frequent digressions make the introductory chapters difficult to follow and these provide a commentary on rather than a discussion of the underlying theory. The experimental section of the book which is concerned almost exclusively with inorganic analytical chemistry is more informative. One regrettable feature of the book is the large number of references to early work carried out with resins that were not monofunctional. The conclusions reached are not therefore always applicable to corresponding experi-ments with modern exchange resins.Reference is often made to exchange materials in terms of continental trade names which are not necessarily familiar to British readers who are likely to find the appendix on com-mercial resins even more confusing-the existence of one major British manufacturer is virtually ignored. A too-rigid adherence to a plan of presentation leads to the repetition of certain points. Thus possible diffi-culties in the separation of iron(II1) from phosphate by a cation-exchange process are discussed in at least three places. The author index is not ideal; there are for example ten references to the work of Reichenberg in the main text but in fact his name appears only on one of the pages referred to.In five cases to identify the reference at all it would be necessary to know either the names of those with whom he had collaborated or else to work through the list of references at the end of the chapter. Whilst the reviewer would have preferred to have 72s 122 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL had a revised edition of Professor Samuelson’s earlier book the present one will undoubtedly find its place on the analyst’s bookshelf. J. E. SALMON NEW CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SEPARATION TECHNIQUES. Edited by Herbert M. Schoen. Pp. xi + 439. New York and London Interscience Publishers 1963. 1 10s. Six separation techniques are reviewed by various authors in this volume but it is only fair to point out that some of these techniques are ‘new’ only in the sense that their industrial exploitation has been delayed until recent years.The subject of thermal diffusion is covered by J. E. Powers. This section will appeal more to the research worker than to the practising engineer but the lucid analysis of the theoretical aspects of the subject will be welcomed by all. Chromatography and allied fixed-bed separation processes are dealt with by E. N. Lightfoot, R. J. Sanchas-Palma and D. 0. Edwards who present a competent account of the latest developments in this field. Unfortunately the authors’ obsession for setting up mathematical models of the multifarious mass-transfer operations makes this section of the book indigestible. The two outstanding sections are those on zone melting by W.D. Lawson and S. Nielsen and adductive crystallization by R. A. Findlay. Both are well-written and both contain the right blend of theory and practice for a work of this kind. Zone melting now one of the acknowledged methods for producing high-purity materials needs no introduction. Adductive crystalliza-tion on the other hand is perhaps less well known. Findlay gives a clear account of the formation of solid complexes (addition compounds clathrates adducts, and so on) and their separation. Although only one large-scale process is at present in commercial operation (a urea-adductive dewaxing process for the manufacture of oils of exceptionally low pour-point) the potential uses of the technique in other fields look extremely promising.The subject of foam separation is described in a very useful section by E. Rubin and E. L. Gaden. Foam separation should not be confused with froth flotation; whilst there are some obvious similarities between these two operations they are entirely different in principle. The former applies to true solutions and the latter to suspensions of solids in liquids. Actually the design procedures in foam separation bear a striking resem-blance to those in distillation. The last chapter, electrophoresis by R. K. Finn provides an interesting account of the basic principles and proved laboratory procedures. The three main classes of electrophoresis, oiz. zone electrophoresis electrodecantation and counter-current electrophoresis are discussed in some detail and with special reference to the problems of scale-up.By and large the aim of the book has been achieved; up-to-date accounts have been presented of six useful, or potentially useful techniques. The price of the volume however is rather high especially as few readers would be interested in more than one or two chapters. J. W. MULLIN LABORATORY HANDBOOK. Edited by N. L. Parr. London George Newnes Ltd 1963. Laboratories differ widely in the basic functions they are called upon to carry out and even the name Laboratory is widely interpreted. Laboratories exist for research technological development education control and so on; the term is also used by some establishments to describe the environment in which certain com-modities are prepared under special conditions of precision and cleanliness.A laboratory handbook must therefore by definition, cover a wide spectrum of interests and the aim of this book is to provide a useful source of information to anyone wishing to acquire a basic understanding of any of the wide range of subjects covered. I t follows that its contents must inevitably be of a general nature without undue emphasis on any specialized topic. A random selection from the twelve parts comprising the volume appears under the headings laboratory design organization and administration construction and application of laboratory apparatus and equipment, essential laboratory techniques the work and equipment of specialized laboratories laboratory hazards and precautions and library services and the procurement of scientific information.To illustrate the wide coverage of each of these sections, Part 8 testing techniques may be taken as a typical example. I t contains 176 pages and its five chapters appear under the headings mechanical testing non-destructive testing industrial radiography corrosion testing of metals and soil testing. Part 7 covering 22 7 pages deals exclusively with chemical analysis. The book contains a total of 66 chapters supplied by nearly 50 authors each making their specialized con-tribution. From a cross-section of these contributions there is ample evidence for stating that the authors have appreciated the purpose for which the book was intended and have achieved the task of presenting the facts clearly logically and in the simplest terms.A commendable feature of the book is the provision of a large number of simplified diagrams and illustrations which will help the uninitiated and on occasions, enlighten the better informed. The individual will find this book a mine of useful information but its cost is such as to suggest that it is more likely to find its way on to the bookshelves of consulting libraries rather than among the relatively limited possessions of the private owner. Pp. xi + 1288. 2 10s. W. T. ELWEL 19641 BOOK REVIEWS 123 P E P TID E s . Proceedings of the Fifth European Sym-posium Oxford September 1962. Edited by G. T. Young. Pp. xiii + 269. Oxford Pergamon Press 1963. 84s. This volume contains a collection of 36 papers mostly on peptide synthesis including reviews on recent developments in methods of protection and coupling and on the synthesis of peptides of ‘unnatural’ amino acids.These specialist papers most of which are preliminary accounts of unpublished work will be invaluable to all workers in the peptide field. There are also proposals on nomenclature (abbreviations for amino acids and peptides) which although unofficial are authoritative in so far as they are the result of discussions by and agreement among leading workers in the field. H. N. RYDON THE HIGHER SATURATED BRANCHED CHAIN FATTY ACIDS. (Progress in the Chemistry of Fats and Other Lipids Volume 7 Part I.) Sixten Abrahamsson Stina Stallberg-Stenhagen and Einar Stenhagen. Pp. viii + 164. Oxford Pergamon Press 1963.40s. This book on branched-chain acids describes their synthesis the determination of their absolute configura-tion their occurrence isolation and structure-deter-mination their physical properties including crystal structure polymorphism and spectra and their biological properties. Physical constants are summarized in a final table of 34 pages. The authors-an obvious choice in view of their contributions to the subject-are to be congratulated on this work which will be welcomed by those chemists, biochemists and medical scientists who are interested in this area of lipid chemistry. For some time this book will be the authoritative work on branched-chain fatty acids and it is a worthy addition to this useful series. This reviewer has only one criticism which he has made before (J.1963 309). The manuscripts were received in 1959 and 1960 and covered the literature to mid-1960 the book appeared late in 1963! F. D. GUNSTONE HANDBOOK OF COSMETIC SCIENCE. AN INTRO-DUCTION TO PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS. Edited by H. W. Hibbott. Pp. ix + 556. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1963. 100s. Dr Hibbott and his well-chosen team of 18 contribu-tors have produced an excellent survey of the scientific disciplines which play their parts in the formulation and production of cosmetics. Editorially it is described as ‘An introduction to principles and applications’ based on the Educational Course of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists (G.B.) held at Brunel College London W.3, and is designed for young people or those who are newly entered in this branch of industrial science.Each chapter begins with an elementary dissertation leading to a fuller exposition of the cosmetic saga. Thus, the book is of greater value than its modest claim suggests in that it can be looked on as a refresher course for everyone within the industry. The 24 chapters are equally well and clearly written, and the authors are to be commended on their work : and this includes the editor. Anyway the book is most pleasant to read at times exciting and free of typo-graphical errors. Its publication is a notable event in the history of cosmetic science and a credit to the publishers. For the chemist the possession of a copy is a sine qua non. R. H. MARRIOTT THE STABILIZATION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE. Fernand Chevassus and Roger de Broutelles.Trans. by C. J. R. Eichhorn and E. E. Sarmiento. Pp. xi + 385. London Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd 1963. 80s. The complexity of the overall ageing process in polyvinyl chloride has meant that methods of stabiliza-tion for commercial purposes have been empirical rather than based on sound scientific principles. The authors’ aim in writing this book was to ‘define and explain clearly the causes of degradation’ so that ‘recognizing the exact reasons for the ailment it should be possible to apply the appropriate medication.’ To this end they have (part 1) made a theoretical study of degradation and stabilization in which the effects of heat light and oxygen have been taken into account. This is followed (part 2) by a classification of stabilizers and a discussion of the phenomenon of synergism.Finally (part 3) the practical stabilization problem is discussed in chapters dealing with ageing tests and the influence of components and with the manufacture of materials for electrical insula-tion flexible products rigids plastisols and organisols, and paints and varnishes. This book represents the first attempt on such a scale to put the polyvinyl chloride ageing process in perspective and should be of great value to all concerned with the production and marketing of this material in all its commercial forms. N. GRASSIE THE CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF RUBBER-LIKE SUBSTANCES. Studies of the Natural Rubber Producers’ Research Association. Edited by L. Bateman. Pp. xiv + 784.London Maclaren ti? Sons Ltd; New York John Wiley @ Sons Inc. 1963. 168s. This book contains 19 articles which are summaries of the 450 or so papers published by the Welwyn group since 1940 and is probably the most comprehensive work on the science of rubber yet published. Topics include the biochemistry of rubber physical aspects such as strength abrasion and crystallization and the chemistry of rubber including ozone attack oxidation of olefins and sulphides and vulcanization. Th 124 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL chemistry of sulphur vulcanization of rubber is complex, the facts often confusing and apparently contradictory. The authors' treatment of this subject is masterly and this article is a major contribution to rubber chemistry.The book deals primarily with natural rubber but where appropriate other elastomers are discussed. Its division into compartments by specialists enhances the authority of the individual contributions but the book naturally loses in unity and cohesion. I t is possibly rather specialized for the general reader though most chemists would find something of interest therein. I t is essential for all research workers in rubber and allied fields. W. COOPER INDUSTRIAL PLASTICIZERS. Ibert Mellan. Pp. ix + 302. Oxford Pergamon Press 1963. 70s. This book is essentially a list of about 200 of the plasticizers commonly used in the plastics industry, together with their physical properties. The plasti-cizers are listed under their chemical names and chemical formulae but the trade names which are also frequently given are those of American manufacturers.The ester plasticizers are listed under the name of the parent acid and on average about a page is devoted to each. The book is primarily a reference book and will be of most use to plastics technologists involved in the formulation of new plastics compounds. The approach in the book is a practical one and little attempt is made at a theoretical treatment. I t is a well-produced and concise book and can be recommended to all those engaged in the compounding of plastics. J. W. LADBURY LIQUID FUELS. (Commonwealth and International Library of Science Technology Engineering and Liberal Studies. Metallurgy Division Volume 2.) D. A. Williams and G. Jones. Pp. viii + 178.Oxford Pergamon Press 1963. The book deals with the manufacturing processes based on petroleum oil shale and coal the basic properties of a wide range of liquid fuels and their subsequent use in spark ignition and compression engines, gas turbines and domestic and industrial boilers and furnaces. Other aspects discussed are storage handling and combustion techniques and recent gasification processes based on petroleum feedstocks. With only about 180 pages of text at their disposal, the authors could well have omitted discussion of liquefied petroleum gases (which hardly qualify as liquid fuels) and coal-hydrogenation processes leaving them-selves more space to develop other topics in more detail. The book well produced in spite of two obvious printer's errors in Acknowledgments is an up-to-date review and will cater as claimed for students taking Institute of Fuel examinations.2 1s. P. F. CORBETT BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING. F. C. Webb. Pp. viii New York and London D. Van Nostrand Co. This book is based on a postgraduate course of lectures given to students of biochemistry or chemical engineering a t University College London. A high proficiency in chemical engineering is assumed and a fair knowledge of biochemistry is obviously an advantage to readers. In general the accent is on general principles rather than specific technologies. The industries covered are food and beverage manufacture and parts of the pharmaceutical industry. The scope of the book can most readily be illustrated by a selection from the chapter headings control of micro-organisms proteins and enzymes emulsions energy in biological systems, air compression and cleaning disinfection dehydration, isolation of products commercial enzymes yeasts anti-biotics vaccine manufacture and effluent disposal.The information given has not been collected together in book form before and the book is thoroughly recom-mended to those concerned with the engineering aspects of the subjects listed above. + 743. Ltd 1963. 120s. L. M. MIALL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE. VOLUME V I I . HEAT TRANSFER. General Editor H. W. Cremer. Pp. vi + 460. London Butterworth &' Co. (Publishers) Ltd 1963. 100s. This is the ninth volume to be published in this 12-volume series (Volumes 8 9 and 12 are still to come).The first four sections devoted to conduction convec-tion radiation and heat transfer accompanied by a phase change (e.g. boiling and condensation) are essentially theoretical in nature. The last three sections, which cover the drying of solids and heating and ventilating have a more practical bias and provide a wealth of information for the industrial chemist and chemical engineer. J. W. MULLIN PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED TEXTBOOK OF DYNAMICS. F. Chorlton. Pp. 263. New York and London D. Van Nostrand Co. Ltd, 1963. 45s. HISTOCHEMISTRY. THEORY PRACTICE A N D BIB-LIOGRAPHY. Tibor Barka and Paul J. Anderson. Pp. x + 660. New York and London Hoeber Medical Division Harper &' Row Publishers Inc. 1963. 139s. (INCLUDING FLUIDIZATION).E.E.U.A. Hand-book No. 15 1963. Pp. xiii + 146. London: Constable €3' Co. Ltd for the E.E.U.A. 1963. 40s. SONNEL I N THE O.E.C.D. AREA. Statistical Report of the Third International Survey on the Demand for and Supply of Scientific and Technical Personnel. Pp. 293. London O.E.C.D. 1963. PNEUMATIC HANDLING OF POWDERED MATERIALS RESOURCES OF SCIENTIFIC A N D TECHNICAL PER 19641 BOOK REVIEWS 125 PROCEEDINGS O F T H E F I F T H INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF BIOCHEMISTRY. MOSCOW August, 1961. General Editor N. M. Sissakian. VOLUME I. THE MOLECULAR LEVEL. Edited by V. A. Engel-hardt. Pp. xiii + 261. VOLUME 11. FUNCTIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY OF CELL STRUCTURES. Edited by 0. Lindberg. Pp. xi + 302. VOLUME III. E v o LU TI o NARY Edited by A. I. Oparin. Pp. xii + 354.VOLUME IV. INHIBITION. Edited by P. A. E. Desnuelle. Pp. xiii + 343. VOLUME v. INTRACELLULAR BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION A T B I o c HEM I ST RY. MOLECULAR BASIS OF ENZYME ACTION AND RESPIRATION. PHOSPHORYLATING AND NON-PHOSPHORYLATING OXIDATION REACTIONS. Edited by E. C. Slater. Pp. xi + 426. VOLUME VI. MECHANISM OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Edited by H. Tamiya. Pp. xi + 385. VOLUME VII. BIOSYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS. Edited by G. Popjak. Pp. xii + 435. VOLUME VIII. BIOCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE FOOD INDUSTRY. Edited by V. L. Kretovich and E. Pijanowski. Pp. xvi + 311. VOLUME IX. PLENARY SESSIONS AND ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS. Pp. viii + 639. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1963. CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS. Edited by W. F. Bradley. (Earth Science Series Monograph No. 13.) Proceedings of the Eleventh National Con-ference on Clays and Clay Minerals.Pp. ix + 368. Oxford Pergamon Press 1963. 105s. 100s. per volume. METHODS I N IMMUNOLOGY. A LABORATORY T E X T F O R INSTRUCTION AND RESEARCH. D. H. Campbell J. S. Garvey N. E. Cremer and D. H. Sussdorf. Pp. xiv + 263. New York and Amsterdam W. A. Benjamin Inc. 1963. $9.60. SOLUBILITIES OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC COM-POUNDS. VOLUME I. BINARY SYSTEMS. P A R T 11. Edited by H. Stephen and T. Stephen. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1963. 250s. GINEERING. Pp. xi + 556. 1963. 37s. 6d. MATHEMATICAL METHODS I N CHEMICAL E N -V. G. Jenson and G. V. Jeffreys. New York and London Academic Press, NINETEENTH ANNUAL R E P O R T O F T H E B R I T I S H COKE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION F O R T H E YEAR 1962.Pp. 40. London British Coke Research Association 1963. PROGRESS I N CERAMIC SCIENCE. Volume 111. Editor J. E. Burke. Pp. vii + 262. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1963. 80s. KIRK-OTHMER ENCYCLOPEDIA O F CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY. VOLUME 11. ALUMINIUM COM-POUNDS TO A Z O DYES. Second Edition. Pp. xv + 910. New York and London Interscience Publishers, 1963. 260s. SURVEY O F T H E L I T E R A T U R E ON SAFETY O F RESIDENTIAL CHIMNEYS AND FIREPLACES. N.B.S. Miscellaneous Publication No. 252. Pp. 7. Washington U.S. Government Printing OBce 1963. 156. PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS. J. L. Schweppe, L. C. Eichberger D. F. Muster E. L. Michaels and G. F. Paskosz. N.B.S. Monograph No. 67. Pp. viii + 104. Washington U.S. Governmen t Printing Ofice 1963. 60c. AT J U N E 1 96 1.Welsh College of Advanced Technology. Pp. 48. Card$ Welsh College o f Advanced Technolou 1963. 5s. 1428 Part I1 1963. Specification for Com-bustion Boats and Sheath for Microchemical Analysis. Pp. 10. 4s. 6d. Recommendations for the Selection, Formation and Definition of Technical Terms. REPORTS ON PROGRESS I N PHYSICS. VolumeXXVI. Executive Editor A. C. Strickland. Pp. 472. London The Institute of Physics and the Physical Society, 1963. 100s. METHODS F O R T H E DYNAMIC CALIBRATION O F SURVEY O F METAL MANUFACTURE I N WALES AS B R I T I S H STANDARDS 3669 1963. Pp. 17. 5s. ADVANCES I N ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND ELECTRO-CHEMICAL ENGINEERING. VOLUME 111. ELEC-TROCHEMISTRY. Edited by Paul Delahay. Pp. xi + 397. New York and London John Wiley 65' Sons Inc.1963. 113s. [This series was planned to make available authoritative reviews in the area of electrochemical phenomena and to bridge the gap between electro-chemistry as a part of physical chemistry and electrochemical engineering. The contents of this volume are The interface between aqueous solu-tions and the gas phase; Thermogalvanic cells; Metal deposition and electrocrystallization ; Anodic films ; Hydrogen over-voltage and adsorption pheno-mena part 11; Subject index; and Cumulative index.] PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY. Congress Lectures Presented in London July 1963. Pp. v + 155-523. Reprinted from Pure and Applied Chemistry Volume 7 Nos. 2-3. London Butter-worth €9 Co. (Publishers) Ltd 1963. 75s. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS.July 1, 1960 to June 30 1963. Pp. vii + 35. Washington: U. S. Gouernment Printing Ofice 1 963. SAFETY IN MINES RESEARCH 1962. Forty-First Annual Report. Safety in Mines Research Estab-lishment. Pp. 72. London H.M.S.O. 1963. 5s. I U P A C . X I X INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS O F SUPPLEMENTARY LIST O F PUBLICATIONS O F T H Institute Affairs EXAMINATIONS SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1964 Graduate Membership Part 11. Theoretical examinations will be held in London Birmingham and other centres on Monday and Tuesday 7 and 8 Sep-tember 1964. Practical exercises will be carried out in London and, subject to confirmation in Birmingham on Wednesday to Saturday 9 to 12 September inclusive and in London on Tuesday to Friday 15 to 18 September, inclusive. Candidates will be asked to state their preference as to the centre for their theoretical papers and the period and centre for their practical exercises; but it must be clearly understood that no guarantee can be given that their wishes will be met.Candidates who have not yet been accepted for exami-nation and who wish to present themselves in September should obtain from the Assistant Registrar without delay the prescribed Application Form so as to allow ample time for obtaining’ the necessary signatures certifying that they have complied with the Regulations concerning their courses of training. The completed Application Form must reach the Institute not later than Monday 1 June. No application will be considered if received after that date. The last date for the receipt of entry forms is Monday 29 June.No entry will be accepted if received after that date. Diploma Examinations.-Examinations for Post-graduate Diplomas in Applied Chemistry will be held in the week beginning Monday 12 October 1964 in London and elsewhere at the discretion of the Council. Candidates for these examinations should return completed application forms to the Institute not later than Monday 1 June. The last date for receipt of entry forms is Monday 29 June 1964. Diploma in Pharmaceutical Analysis.-Arrange-ments are being made for the first examination for the new Joint Diploma (see J. 1963 p. 426) to be held in late October or November 1964. The dates and place for the examination will be announced later. Intending candidates are asked to note that applica-tions for acceptance for this examination must be sub-mitted not later than Friday 29 May 1964.Application forms and copies of the Regulations may be obtained from the Examinations Officer. EXAMINATIONS FEBRUARY 1964 Diplomas in Applied Chemistry Branch D Clinical Chemistry-one candidate. Examiner Professor I. D. P. Wootton. Branch E The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food, Examiners Dr M. J. €3. Smith Mr E. Voelcker. beginning Monday 10 February 1964. Drugs and Water-nine candidates. The examinations were held in London in the week PASS LIST Branch D WIDDOWSON Graham Maurice. Branch E DE SILVA Muthuthantirige Emil Mervyn Simon. POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMAS IN APPLIED CHEMISTRY With the exception of Branch E and to some extent, Branch D demand for the Institute’s examinations for Postgraduate Diplomas in Applied Chemistry has almost ceased in recent years.The Council has therefore decided to discontinue the holding of examinations in Branches A B C F and G as soon as all members who may be preparing for examination in any of these branches have been examined. Candidates who are at present in course of preparation for examination in Branches A B C F or G should therefore notify the Examinations Officer of the Institute, in writing without delay and in any event not later than 1 October 1964 indicating the expected date of completion. The future of Branch D Clinical Chemistry is still under consideration and a further announcement will be made in due course. In the meantime arrange-ments for examinations in Branch D and in Branch E, The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food Drugs and Water will continue as before and until further notice.AMENDMENT TO REGULATIONS In order to make the Institute’s requirements for admission to the Associateship more easily understood by intending applicants Regulation Gl(a) on p. 20 of the Regulations f o r Admission to Membership has been amended to permit remission of one of the two years of postgraduate experience required only to candidates who produce evidence of having had at least two years of approved full-time consecutive experience prior to qualifying for Graduate Membership and subsequent to either passing the Part I examination or obtaining a qualification exempting them from it.MELDOLA MEDAL FOR 1963 The Meldola Medal the gift of the Society of Macca-baeans has been awarded to Dr Alan Carrington of the University of Cambridge for his work in the field of physical and theoretical chemistry with special reference to the measurement and interpretation of electron spin resonance spectra. Full details will be published next month. 12 INSTITUTE AFFAIRS 127 Binding of Journals.-Members and subscribers are reminded of the special arrangements for the binding of Journals in green buckram at the price of L l 2s. 6d., including return postage. Those making use of this service are asked to note that Volume 87 (1963) should contain the Annual Report o f the Council for the year ended 30 September 1963 which was distributed with the March issue.Their attention is also drawn to the covers of the October and November issues where the volume number was incorrectly given. Organic Spectroscopy.-NATO scholarships are being offered for a postgraduate Summer School in Organic Spectroscopy which has been designated a NATO Advanced Study Institute to be held at The School of Pharmacy University of London from 6 to 12 September 1964. Two courses are offered infra-red spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Applications for Studentships which will cover tuition fees accommodation and travelling expenses should be submitted by 30 April 1964 to the Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square, London W.C. 1. Application forms may be obtained from the same address.Recognition of College.-Hendon College of Tech-nology has been granted recognition for the training of students to the level of Part I of the Graduate Member-ship examination. The Liaison Officer will be Dr R. J. McIlroy Fellow Head of Department of Science. PERSONAL NOTES Honours and Awards Dr N. Bartlett Fellow has been awarded the Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize for 1962 by the Council of the Chemical Society for his prediction and discovery of the first stable compounds of an inert gas. Dr A. W. Chapman o.B.E. Fellow registrar of Sheffield University from 1944 to 1963 has been awarded the honorary degree of LL.D. of the University. Professor D. P. Craig Member o f Council professor of chemistry at University College London has been appointed a Fellow of the College.Professor Sir Christopher Ingold F.R.s. Fellow, professor emeritus of chemistry in the University of London has been made an honorary fellow of Uni-versity College London. Dr J. W. Mullin Fellow reader in chemical engineer-ing in the University of London has been awarded the degree of D.Sc. by the University of Wales for his contri-butions to chemical engineering. Dr G. Nonhebel Fellow has been awarded the degree of D.Sc. by the University of Oxford in respect of his publications on chemical engineering fuel technology and air pollution. He has moved his consultancy practice from Bromley to ‘Woodley,’ Romsey Hants. Professor J. B. Stenlake Fellow professor of pharmacy at the Royal College of Science and Technology, Glasgow has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.Societies and Institutions Dr C. E. Coke Fellow has been elected to a second term of office as president of the American Association for Textile Technology. Mr H. A. Collinson Fellow managing director of Leicester Love11 and Go. of Southampton has been elected chairman of the British Plastics Federation for Major J. C. Parkinson Fellow has been appointed deputy secretary of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. He is head of the school of pharmacy at Brighton College of Technology. Institution of Chemical Engineers.-Mr C. E. Evans o.B.E. Fellow and Dr P. E. Rousseau Associate, are among those nominated as vice-presidents of the council. Other nominations include Mr A. P. Buchanan, Fellow as honorary treasurer.The Society for Analytical Chemistry.-The following Fellows have been elected officers of the society : president Dr D. C. Garratt; past presidents serving on the council Dr A. J. Amos o.B.E. Mr R. C. Chirnside, Dr J. H. Hamence Dr K. A. Williams; vice-presidents, Dr S. G. Burgess Mr A. A. Smales o.B.E. Dr R. E. Stuckey; hon. treasurer Dr D. T. Lewis c.B.; hon. secretary Mr S. A. Price; hon. assistant secretary, Mr D. W. Wilson. Educational Dr D. H. Buss Associate has taken up a post in the department of medicinal chemistry State University of New York Buffalo. Dr C. F. Cullis Fellow has been given the title of reader in combustion chemistry in respect of his post at the Imperial College of Science and Technology. Dr A.G. Freeman Associate has been appointed lecturer at the University of Wellington New Zealand. Dr M. Gordon Fellow reader in physical chemistry at Imperial College University of London has been appointed to a new professorship of chemistry at the Royal College of Science and Technology Glasgow, from 1 September. Dr G. Hallas Associate has been appointed to a senior lectureship in organic chemistry at the Royal College of Advanced Technology Salford. Dr E. S. Holdsworth Fellow is on study-leave from the University of Adelaide where he is reader in biochemistry and is working with Professor Sir Hans Krebs F.R.s. in the biochemistry department of the University of Oxford. Dr J. W. Keyser Fellow senior lecturcr in chemical pathology Welsh National School of Medicine Cardiff, is to spend one year from March as visiting associate 1 964-5 128 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL professor of chemistry in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.Dr W. R. Longworth Fellow senior lecturer in physical chemistry at the Technical College Sunder-land has been appointed head of the department of chemistry at the John Dalton College of Technology, Manches ter. Dr D. J. Manners Fellow lecturer in organic chem-istry University of Edinburgh has been appointed reader in chemistry as from 1 October, Dr I. T. Millar Fellow has been promoted to a readership in chemistry from 1 October at the Uni-versity of Keele where he is now senior lecturer in chemistry. Professor R. S. Nyholm F.R.s. Fellow head of the department of chemistry at University College London, visited the University of Newcastle upon Tyne last month as a Marchon Visiting Lecturer.Dr M. E. Plummer Associate formerly science master at Geelong College has taken up a post as senior science master at Essendon Grammar School Melbourne. Dr W. J. Whelan Fellow will be a visiting professor in biochemistry at Iowa State University Ames Iowa, U.S.A. during June and July. Academic Visitors to the U.K.-The following are at present in the U.K. and are due to depart on the dates stated Dr A. K. Bhattacharya Fellow Saugar, Sept.; Dr G. H. Cheesman Fellow Tasmania Sept.; Dr E. S. Holdsworth Fellow Adelaide Nov.; Dr W. L. Jenkins Associate Makerere U.C. June ; Prof. C. A. McDowell Fellow British Columbia June; Mr Sala-huddin Fellow Panjab Lahore Sept.; Mr P.Thuraira-jan Associate Ceylon Sept. ; Dr M. Woodhead Fellow, Makerere U.C. July. The following are expected to be in this country for the periods stated Mr A. J. Eve Associate Rhodesia 8z Nyasaland U.C. May-June; Professor S. E. Wright Associate Sydney Aug.-Dec. Consultants Thomas McLachlan and Partners Public Analysts and Official Agricultural Chemists have closed their laboratory at Abbey Street Reading. All work is now concentrated in their London Laboratory 4 Hanway Place London W.l (Langham 1423/5) where they have carried out considerable extensions. Public and Industrial Mr W. J. Aley Associate has taken up an appointment as research chemist with the Cerro de Pasco Corporation in Peru.Dr M. R. Amin Associate who was formerly with Glaxo Laboratories (Pakistan) Ltd is now technical director of the Sarma Chemical Works Ltd Kandirpar, Comilla East Pakistah. Mr S. Beaver Associate has been appointed marketing services manager Laporte Titanium Ltd. Mr P. Campbell Fellow managing director of Hor-licks Ltd has joined the board of Burt Boulton and Haywood as a non-executive director. Mr F. J. E. China o.B.E. Fellow has relinquished his post as managing director of Premier Colloid Mills Ltd but continues in his position as chairman. Dr E. J. Dickinson Fellow has joined the staff of the Australian Road Research Board. Mr G. C. C. Gell Fellow has been appointed com-mercial manager of Shell Chemical Company’s Plastics and Rubber Division.Since last September Mr Gell has been deputy to the president and general manager of Shorko International in London. Dr G. S. Harrison Associate has been transferred to the London office of African Explosives and Chemical Industries Ltd at Imperial Chemical House where he is technical liaison officer. Dr K. J. Hill Associate has been elected to the board of John & E. Sturge Ltd. He has taken up executive duties as resident director at the Selby works. Dr L. Irvine Associate is now process and quality control manager chemical division Borg-Warner Ltd, Grangemouth Scotland. Mr J. Mardon Fellow assistant director of research, Oxford Paper Company Rumford Maine U. S.A., has been invited to address the APPITA conference in Sydney Australia during 13-17 April and has spent two weeks in Australia touring various paper-making installations.Mr A. W. Marsden Fellow has joined the staff of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as a consultant in the dairy branch to assist with dairy education programmes in developing countries and more immediately to organize the F.A.O. International Meeting on Dairy Education to be held in Paris during 2-8 June. Dr D. L Mitchell Associate has been appointed consultant and scientific adviser to the Lango Develop-ment Corporation Ltd a subsidiary company of the Uganda Development Corporation Ltd. He was formerly at the department of chemistry Makerere University College Kampala Uganda. Dr F. H. Panton M.B.E. Fellow is now an attach6 at the British Embassy in Washington.Mr A. R. Phillips Fellow formerly deputy public analyst and deputy agricultural chemist County of Glamorgan has been appointed city analyst (Cardiff). Dr B. L. Rao Associate formerly with Lever Bros, Toronto has now joined the research laboratory of Clairol Inc. Stamford Connecticut U.S.A. as a group leader. Dr G. S. Rao Fellow of Bombay is visiting the United States for one year under the sponsorship of the U.S. Agency for International Development . Mr R. Regan Associate formerly control chemist, assistant to the chief chemist Printar Industries Ltd, London has been appointed chief chemist 19641 SECTION ACTIVITIES 129 Dr P. W. Sadler Fellow formerly director of research, Benger Laboratories Ltd is now head of chemotherapy, Lilly Research Laboratories Ltd Bromborough Port, Cheshire.Mr J. T. Scott Associate has left Roche Products at Welwyn Garden City to take up a position as technical officer in the development department of British Visqueen Ltd at Stevenage. Mr I. T. Smith Associate at present senior research officer at the Research Association of British Paint, Colour and Varnish Manufacturers has been appointed chief research chemist of the Epoxylite Corporation, and will leave for California during May. Mr G. E. H. Smock Associate has been appointed to the new post of general sales manager for Rigidex poly-ethylene Cellobond binder resins and Epok surface coating resins with British Resin Products. Dr D. Spencer Associate has been elected to the board of directors of Air Products Ltd.Dr A. W. Taylor FeZZorer has left the Division of Chemical Development of the Tennessee Valley Auth-ority to take up an appointment with the Amicon Corporation Cambridge Mass. Mr J. C. Tholen Associate formerly assistant sales control manager I.C.I. Ltd Heavy Organic Chemicals Division has been appointed sales control manager for chemical products. Mr I. T. Twyford Associate has been seconded from the University of the West Indies to take charge of the Windward Islands Banana Research scheme. Dr E. G. White formerly city chemist for Johannes-burg has taken up a new appointment as general manager of the Gas Department Johannesburg. Dr C. Wickham-Jones Associate has been appointed group manager for phenol and phenol derivatives in the sales control department I.C.I.Ltd Heavy Organic Chemicals Division. Mr E. J. Wilson Fellow has resigned his post at the Radiochemical Centre U.K.A.E.A. to take up an appointment as Radiological Adviser to the Ministry of Transport. Mr J. H. Wood Fellow formerly divisional chief analyst scientific department North Western Division, National Coal Board is now divisional chief scientist. Economic Development Council Chemical In-dustry.-Sir Robert Shone Director-General of the N.E.D.C. has announced the composition of the Economic Development Committee for the chemical industry. Among the committee members are the following Fellows Chairman Dr G. H. Beeby (chair-man British Titan Products Co. Ltd); Dr W. Blakey (chairman and joint managing director British In-dustrial Plastics Ltd) ; Mr G.Brearley (director Associa-tion of British Chemical Manufacturers); Dr D. E. Wheeler (managing director of Burroughs Wellcome & Go.) ; Mr C. M. Wright (personnel director I.C.I. Ltd). Section Activities BIRMINGHAM AND MIDLANDS Motor-car Finishes. At a joint meeting with the S.C.I. Corrosion Group at Coventry Technical College on 25 February Mr G. Hind described the development of the painting systems used for the present-day finishing of motor cars. The first stage in this development was marked by the introduction soon after the First World War of nitrocellulose lacquer the components of which were described and their disadvantages enumerated. Most deficiencies can be eliminated by skilful formula-tion which accounts for the continued use of the lacquers on at least one expensive range of cars.The modern alkyd/amino stoving finishes together with the primer and primer/sealer coats were reviewed. Mr Hind dealt in detail with requirements in the medium, extender pigment and anticorrosion agent and their influence on the desired properties of the above three films. The methods of application for the mass-production finishing of vehicles were described. The latest method still in the development stage is the application of water-soluble pigmented media or their water emulsions by electrophoretic deposition. Mr Hind emphasized the possibilities of this method which allows paint to be applied to hitherto inaccessible sites. After the lecture there was a vigorous discussion.The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr P. J. Moseley, chairman of the Corrosion Group. Members are especially requested to note that a joint meeting of the Section the Midlands Section of the Society for Analytical Chemistry the Polarographic Society and the Guild of Associates of the College of Advanced Technology Birmingham will be held in the Haworth Lecture Theatre Chemistry Department The University Edgbaston Birmingham 15 at 6.30 p.m. on Tuesday 9 June. The following paper will be presented and discussed :-‘Galvanic analysis’ by Dr P. Hersch of Beckman Instruments Inc., Fullerton California U. S A. Galvanic Analysis. DUNDEE AND DISTRICT Opium. Professor A. R. Battersby delivered his lecture to a joint meeting of the Chemistry Department, Queen’s College and the Section at Queen’s College on 21 February.Professor Battersby gave a delightfully clear account of the methods used in the elucidation of the structure and biosynthesis of the morphine-type alkaloids with special mention of radioactive tracer techniques (see p. 130). With the aid of coloured slides the speaker showed the various flowers used their cultivation and the collection of the crude opium extract. The vote of thanks was proposed by the Section Chairman Mr R. S. Nicolson 130 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL EAST ANGLIA Dr A. R. Katritzky, Professor of Chemistry in the University of East Anglia, has recently presented two lectures to the Section. On each occasion Mr H. F. Bamford was in the Chair, deputizing for Dr J.W. Corran. At Norwich on 29 January the lecture was entitled ‘New opportunities and challenges in research and teaching at the University of East Anglia.’ The lecturer outlined the proposed subjects and schemes of study in the three-year course for the B.Sc. and the one-year course for the M.Sc. degree. To make laboratory work more interesting experiments which answer questions and show how and why a reaction occurs will be selected. A close pupil-teacher relationship is envisaged the aim being to teach students to talk argue constructively, present papers and write reports. Professor Katritzky discussed some problems encountered in research on heterocyclic compounds. Finally the lecturer emphasized his intention to assist local industry to improve relationships with schools through visits and to arrange special courses for teachers.The vote of thanks was proposed by Dr H. Edgar. At Ipswich on 18 Feb-ruary the lecture was entitled ‘Nuclear magnetic resonance-the chemist’s seven-league boots.’ The speaker gave a concise introduction to nuclear magnetic resonance explaining the principles of the technique followed by examples illustrating some of its applications in organic chemistry e.g. for distinguishing between isomers and for determining the proportions of the constituents in a mixture of tautomers. The advantages of N.M.R. over other methods in the elucida-tion of complicated organic structures were discussed. Examples were given of applications in biochemistry.The vote of thanks was expressed by Dr F. R. Paulsen. Chemistry Courses in East Anglia. The lecture was followed by a lively discussion. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. EAST MIDLANDS A joint meeting with the S.C.I. at Nottingham on 28 January heard Dr J. F. Marten discuss automatic analysis in medicine and industry (see J. p. 82). Two papers were given at a meeting held conjointly with the Society for Analy-tical Chemistry and the Leicester University Chemical Society in the Chemistry Department at the University of Leicester on 25 February. Dr J. B. Dawson of the General Infirmary Leeds reviewed progress in the application of atomic absorption spectroscopy since Walsh first proposed the method in 1955. Much attention has been directed towards studies of (a) the source of resonance radiation; (b) the production of the atomic vapour; ( c ) interference effects.Recently, Automatic Analysis. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. the most important practical developments have occurred in attempting to understand and overcome chemical interference. At the present time single-channel and direct-reading instruments are most com-monly employed; future developments are likely to be the refinement of instrumentation and the development of more efficient means for the production of atomic vapours. Dr T. M. Sugden F.R.s. of the Thornton Research Centre Chester discussed flame composition with special reference to the use of atomic absorption spectro-scopy in analysis. Although a detailed understanding of the nature of flame is fundamental to nearly all flame photometry little thought has hitherto been given to the chemistry of the flame itself.The basic chemistry of various types of flame and particularly its application to the determination of added metallic elements by absorp-tion or emission spectroscopy-through compound for-mation ionization effects chemiluminescence and related phenomena such as ‘interference effects’ and ‘augmenta-tion’was discussed. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND A joint meeting with the local sections of The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 20 February in the Board Room of the Heriot-Watt College with Dr F. N. Woodward, c.B.E. in the Chair when Professor A. R. Battersby, of the University of Liverpool gave a lecture entitled ‘How Poppies make Opium.’ In a brief introduction the lecturer outlined how opium was derived from Papaver somniferum plants and how the alkaloids morphine, codeine thebaine and narcotine among others could be isolated from the crude mixture of materials so obtained.He then surveyed the investigations of the past ten years or so concerning the way in which the living plant synthesizes these substances from carbon dioxide; the aims of such work were to identify the intermediates on the pathway from carbon dioxide to final alkaloids and to study the detailed mechanisms of the various transformations. Professor Battersby described in detail how the path-way to morphine and related compounds from C,-C, units had been elucidated by 14C and tritium tracer methods and indicated the intermediates which had been isolated and identified.He also discussed work on narcotine which like the morphine-codeine-thebaine group is also related to the 1 -benzylisoquinoline system but possesses an additional carbon atom in the form of a lactonic carbonyl group, and finally described work on the origin of this carbon atom together with related researches on berberine. The very large attendance reflected the local interest in subject and lecturer. Dr F. R. Smith who proposed the vote of thanks referred to the lecturer’s notable gift for lucid exposition an attribute which was clearly appreciated by the response of the audience. Alkaloids 19641 SECTION ACTIVITIES 131 GLASGOW AND WEST OF SCOTLAND HULL AND DISTRICT Solid-state Disorder.On 14 February at the Royal College of Science and Technology Glasgow Dame Kathleen Lonsdale F.R.s. lectured to the Section on ‘Solid-state disorder and reactions.’ The Chair was taken by Professor P. D. Ritchie. Dame Kathleen stated that no crystal is perfect. Types of imperfection include those which refer to texture (powder mosaic single crystal fibrous or sheet texture grain boundaries in a conglomerate) or to structure (dislocations vibration vacant sites random location on sites impurities irradiation effects orienta-tional or stacking disorder). All such imperfections may act as nuclei for the initiation of chemical reactions in the solid state and some may occur as intermediate stages in such reactions. Examples of solid-state reactions include phase transitions order-disorder changes diffusion and precipitation ionic substitution, epitaxial and topotaxial growth dimerization and polymerization and slow decomposition which may occur in a single crystal via a state of partial disorder to leave a highly crystalline end-product.Particular reference was made to current crystallographic studies at University College London. After the discussion Dame Kathleen was presented with a Valentine by Professor Ritchie on behalf of the Section. The vote of thanks was proposed by Professor J. Monteath Robertson c.B.E. F.R.S. HUDDERSFIELD A joint meeting with the York-shire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 30 January in the Huddersfield College of Technology.Dr G. Sheldrick introduced Dr E. Macdonald of the Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd, Dyestuffs Division who discussed ‘Technical Aspects of Colour Photography.’ Dr Macdonald showed that to produce a colour photograph the blue green and red components of a scene had to be recorded as yellow magenta and cyan dye images. Chemistry has played a major role in making this possible; for example recording by the use of sensitizers and the introduction of dyes by transfer dye destruction and dye synthesis are chemical problems. Colour development is an integral part of most modern colour photographic processes. Continuing research has led to a steady improvement in factors such as speed sharpness colour fidelity and image stability. Chemistry in particular has played a large part in the major developments such as automatic colour correction and the production of an ‘instant’ colour print in the camera.Following refreshments in the college refectory and an interesting discussion a vote of thanks was given by Dr Foster Chairman of the Yorkshire section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Colour Photographz. Ladies’ Evening. The Annual Ladies’ Evening of the Section was held on 11 February at the University of Hull when Mr R. C. Chirnside of the General Electric Co. Ltd lectured on ‘Gemstones and jewels-natural and synthetic.’ The lecture was illustrated with slides, and a film showing the growth of synthetic sapphires was shown. The Section Chairman Mr L. H. Coulson presided, and the speaker was thanked by Mr P.Bricklebank, Vice-chairman. Medicinal Chemistry. Members were guests of the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society on 18 February when Dr A. McCoubrey of Reckitt & Sons Ltd lectured on ‘Module and molecule in medicinal chemistry.’ The lecturer discussed the thesis that any specific biological activity of a drug cannot be ascribed to any one characteristic of its molecules. The activity is probably defined by the presence in one molecular species of a variety of attributes and any difficulty in relating chemical structure to biological activity arises from the impossibility of varying any part of the molecule without affecting it as a whole. Important attributes of a drug molecule are its shape specific chemical groups, and physical properties.The importance of shape was defined as an insurance that chemical groupings of radical importance are able to assume an orientation in space free of steric hindrance to match a tissue receptor. The closer the fit of the molecule to its receptor the more readily is use made of weak molecular attractive forces to impart a ‘stickiness’ of the drug to its tissue counterpart thereby prolonging the time of occupation of the receptor. Such time of occupation has to be regarded as an important factor in drug action. These general ideas were developed by analogy and by reference to the classical triumphs of drug research, especially in relation to metabolite antagonism. Dr McCoubrey was thanked by Mr C. E. Rhodes. Mr J. Ringrose Hon. President of the host society was chairman.LEEDS A repeat of the second jubilee lecture of the Bio-chemical Society will be delivered by Professor E. Lederer of Paris at 5 p.m. on Friday 29 May in the Rupert Beckett lecture theatre at the University of Leeds. The lecture will be entitled ‘The origin and function of some methyl groups in branched-chain fatty acids plant sterols and quinones.’ Fuel Cells. On 2 March Dr A. B. Hart of the Central Electricity Research Laboratories gave a lecture on fuel cells at the University of Leeds (see J . 133). After questions the Chairman Mr W. Stones called on Professor F. S. Dainton F.R.s. who proposed the vote of thanks 132 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL LIVERPOOL AND NORTH-WESTERN Professor J. Lewis of the Uni-versity of Manchester lectured on ‘A modern approach to inorganic chemistry’ on 5 March at the Donnan Laboratories Liverpool (see J.) .After discussion the vote of thanks was proposed by Dr J. Oubridge. Fluorine. Another demonstration-lecture for sixth-formers was held on 6 March at the Donnan Labora-tories. Dr W. H. Wilson (I.C.I.) repeated an account of ‘Fluorine-the taming of an element’ to a very large and enthusiastic audience. He was ably assisted by Mr W. L. Woods. The demonstrations included the preparation and reactions of fluorine and of chlorine trifluoride and some of the fluorinated hydrocarbons (see J. 49). Mr M. T. I. Gunby of I.C.I. Mond Division lectured on ‘X-ray analysis techniques’ at the Widnes College of Further Education on 12 March.In view of the increasingly wide field of X-ray tech-niques the talk was limited to a discussion of the appli-cations of the phenomenon of X-ray fluorescence. After a brief description of the layout of a typical plane crystal X-ray spectrometer more detailed consideration was given to the physical processes involved in the generation of X-rays the excitation of fluorescence and the dispersion and detection of the resulting character-istic radiation. The simplicity and ease of measure-ment of X-ray spectra together with independence of chemical state and sensitivity down to the part-per-million level for elements above atomic number 20, makes X-ray fluorescence a very versatile method of elemental analysis. The accuracy of the method was shown to be critically dependent on sample preparation, particularly in the case of light-element analysis in powdered samples.Given adequate preparation of samples and correct allowance for inter-element effects, accuracy is limited only by the statistics of counting X-ray quanta and the stability of the electronic circuits. The possibility of non-dispersive measurement of X-ray fluorescent spectra using selective filters or energy-sensitive detectors was considered. In such cases weak radioactive sources may be used to excite the fluorescence due to the much lower geometrical intensity losses. This produces much simpler and cheaper instruments suitable for special purposes in the field of continuous on-line analysis. The principles of operation and use of the scanning microprobe analyser for surface chemistry and surface-structure determinations were briefly described.Inorganic Chmistry. X-ray Analysis. LONDON Dr D. M. Brown took the Chair at a joint meeting of the Cambridge University Chemical Society and the Cambridge Sub-section on Spec@ Enzyme In&ction. 24 January when Dr S. A. Barker of the University of Birmingham described the use of sequential enzyme induction for analysing the structures of complex natural polymers. If such polymers contain molecular groups susceptible to enzymatic breakdown they can be ‘fed’ to bacterial cells which then produce specific enzymes to break the different groups off the chain-ends in sequence. Dr Barker showed how the carbo-hydrate portion of an X-glycoprotein produced by a certain kidney ailment has been analysed (see Discovery, February 1963 pp.36-40). Another polysaccharide fraction whose structure has been elucidated is that of Type 14 Pneumococccus. A complementary technique is the precipitation of complex carbohydrate antigens by induced specific protein antibodies. The lecturer hoped that chemists would be stimulated to experiment with these and other powerful techniques borrowed from the fields of bio-chemistry and immunology. A meeting of the Kent Sub-Section was held on 13 February at the North West Kent College of Technology Dartford. Dr C. W. Rees described some of the results of recent research on heterocyclic compounds of nitrogen and oxygen carried out at King’s College London.After summarizing the formation of heterocyclic systems by the decomposition of suitable aryl diazonium compounds, he described various side-reactions including deamina-tion and dealkylation with ortho-substituted 2-amino-benzanilides. However when the ortho-substituent is an alkoxy group yet other reactions occur which involve loss of the alkyl group; formation of spirodienones and closely related compounds was described with indepen-dent syntheses of these compounds via benzyne inter-mediates and by phenolic oxidative coupling. On 18 February Professor R. A. Raphael, F.R.s. of the University of Glasgow spoke at a joint meeting of the London Section and University College Chemical and Physical Society. Professor Raphael described some fascinating chemistry of both saturated and unsaturated cyclic systems.He outlined the reasons for the high heat content of cyclodecane which were resolved in terms of predominant conformations of the ring in which transannular interactions outweighed Pitzer strain and Baeyer angle-strain. Professor Raphael then discussed some interesting attempts to prepare the cyclic trimer of o-phenylenebisacetylene which unexpectedly yielded the monocyclic dimer in which the normally linear conjugated diacetylene groups are bent. The successful application of Huckel’s (4n + 2) n-electron theory of aromaticity to the cyclic polyolefin was described and the lecture ended on the subject of catenane compounds or interlocking cyclic hydro-carbons with some speculation about their mono-molecular analogues (topological isomers).The meet-ing ended with a flurry of questions which together Heterocyclic Chemistry. Big Rings 19641 SECTION ACTIVITIES 133 with some banter between the lecturer and the audience, reflected the interest and enthusiasm provoked. Ladies’ Evening. At the Science Museum on 19 February Dr F. A. Robinson spoke of his experiences ‘With a camera in Russia’ when visiting Moscow in 1961 to attend the Biochemical Congress and afterwards when travelling privately. Leningrad Moscow Kiev, Yalta and Odessa were visited. He showed numerous colour photographs of old and more modern public buildings including many cathedrals with their ornate onion-domes of varying construction and their lavishly decorated interiors. Churches are preserved as works of art but the small congregations are old people.Athletics are taken seriously and huge modern stadiums have been built. The cities are entirely free from litter and little traffic is to be seen cars being reserved for government servants scientists and other important persons. In the modern university at Moscow about one quarter of the 25,000 students can be accommodated on the campus. There is much part-time as well as full-time education in technical colleges and some 25 per cent of all students take correspondence courses. After questions the vote of thanks was proposed by Mrs J. E. Salmon. Carbon-Silicon Bonds. Professor C. Eaborn of the University of Sussex gave a lecture on ‘Reactions of carbon-silicon bonds’ a t the Borough Polytechnic on 27 February.Carbon-silicon bond cleavage studies are of im-portance in their application to silicones as a guide to reactions of the analogous and more reactive carbon-metal bonds for the information gained about the organic part of molecules containing carbon-silicon bonds and in synthetic chemistry. If electrophilic and nucleophilic attacks on carbon-silicon bonds are compared with the corresponding cleavages of carbon-hydrogen bonds the former bonds are usually seen to be the more reactive. Nucleophilic cleavage of substituted benzyltrimethylsilanes by hydr-oxide ion was discussed in terms of carbanion stabiliza-tion. Cleavages of aryl-silicon bonds by nitrating and sulphonating agents were discussed as examples of electrophilic cleavage.The potential synthetic use of such reactions in which functional groups replace the SiR group in the ring was illustrated. A mechanism proposed for the acid cleavage of aryltrialkylsilanes involves a rate-determining protonation step which is similar to the slow steps involved in electrophilic aromatic substitutions. The lecturer indicated the importance of substituent effects in carbon-silicon cleavage studies in relation to similar studies of electro-philic aromatic substitutions. Substituent effects in acid cleavage were analysed in terms of the modified Hammett and the Yukawa-Tsuno equations applied to Dr S. A. Miller was in the Chair. acid cleavage of substituted aryltrialkylsilanes ger-manes and stannanes. MID-SOUTHERN COUNTIES A lecture entitled ‘Soil chemistry in relation to plant nutrition’ was given by Dr C.Bould to members of the Section and to sixth-form biology and chemistry students on 6 February at Canford School. Dr Bould described the classification of soil and the variations in soil texture. The properties of clays were described in detail and it was shown that clay exhibits colloidal properties. Negatively charged par-ticles of clay adsorb cations on the surface and the ion-exchange capacity of these particles plays an important part in plant nutrition. Soil pH can be attributed to the adsorption of hydrogen ions on clay particles; the methods of measuring the pH of soil were described. The mechanism and use of chelates such as Fe-EDTA which have solved many probelms in horticulture and agri-culture were explained and the audience was able to appreciate the possibility of growing plants like rhodo-dendrons in lime soil.The uses and efficacy of various fertilizers were described. After numerous questions the vote of thanks was proposed by Mr I. Wallace headmaster of Canford. Soil Chemistry and Plant Nutrition. Radioactive fall-out. On 25 February D. Scott-Wilson, of the Gas Council lectured on ‘The fall-out problem in nuclear war’ to a joint meeting with the Poole and District Technical Group. The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr H. L. G. Boot. Fuel Cells. Dr A. B. Hart lectured on this subject to a joint meeting of the Section and the Portsmouth and District Chemical Society at the Portsmouth College of Technology on 14 February.Dr Hart first compared the fuel cell with the LeclanchC cell and with the internal combustion engine. The fuel cell was first demonstrated by Groves in 1839 as a scientific novelty but it has been developed by F. T. Bacon since 1932 until the first practical fuel cell was shown on B.B.C. television in 1959. Because only pure gases may be used the only work now being undertaken on this cell is in the United States for the N.A.S.A. ‘Apollo’ project. The speaker showed that in theory the efficiency of the cell could be as high as 93 per cent but a more practical limit would be nearer 75 per cent which is much higher than for other energy transducers. Unfortunately the high price of pure gases makes the fuel cell uneconomical unless gaseous hydro-carbons are used; but here many chemical problems arise for example with hydrocarbons carbon dioxide is usually produced and the most successful electrolytes are alkaline.Dr Hart concluded with the hope that high-tempera-ture cells especially those containing molten salts may eventually prove very useful. The vote of thanks was proposed by Dr E. London 134 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL Ex$osives. On 28 February Dr B. D. Shaw whose fame had gone before him lectured to a very large audience on ‘Explosives’ at a Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society at Southampton University. The vote of thanks was proposed by Dr G. W. A. Fowles. Student Lecture Series. ‘The structure of matter,’ the second of a series of afternoon seminars on structural density was held on 4 March at Southampton Univer-sity.About 50 sixth-form pupils attended and heard discussion of X-ray diffraction visible spectra and infra-red and microwave absorption. There were demon-strations and a tour of the laboratories. The seminar was arranged by Professor G. J. Hills. PuEyacetyZenes. Professor Sir Ewart Jones F.R.s., delivered a lecture entitled ‘Naturally occurring acetyl-enes’ to a joint meeting with the University Chemical Society at the University of Southampton on 6 March. Dr I. Campbell proposed the vote of thanks. Teaching of Chemistry. On 14 March the last of this session’s refresher courses for chemistry teachers was held at the University of Southampton. This series of lectures on ‘Chemical bonding and molecular studies’ was designed to bring to the participants recent views on valence theory and chemical bonding.The lectures, given by Mr E. Cartmell and Dr Fowles followed the symposium on the teaching of inorganic chemistry at pre-university level held at Southampton last spring. NORTH LANCASHIRE Dr B. L. Shaw of the University of Leeds spoke on 6 February to a predominantly student gathering at Blackburn Technical College on ‘Some complex hydrides of group VIII metals.’ He said that the formation of molecular hydrides by transition metals had only been appreciated for about ten years. Hydrides stabilized by tertiary phosphine ligands have been the most widely investigated. This work started with the discovery of trans-[PtHCl(PEt,),], prepared by reducing cis-[PtCl,(PEt,) ,] with aqueous hydrazine or other reducing agents.The hydride, m.p. 83” is distillable without decomposition. It has a dipole moment of 42D and infra-red absorption shows absorption due to platinum-hydrogen stretching at about 2200 wave numbers although the exact value depends upon the ligand in tram-position to the hydrogen. The high chemical shift value shown by n.m.r. also confirms the metal-hydrogen bond. Chemically the hydride is stable. The halogen substitutes easily and reversible addition reactions with ammonia ethylene or HC1 occur. The palladium hydride is less stable and the correspond-ing nickel hydride has only been detected by n.m.r. A general method of preparation is to suspend phosphine complexes of the above type in ethanol and then warm with 1 mole of KOH.The results of this CompZex Hydrides. reaction on IrCl,(PEt,Ph) provide some interesting stereochemistry. Similar reactions with ruthenium and osmium gives hydridocarbonyl complexes and methane. The significance of these materials in Reppe and Ziegler catalysis and in the commercially important 0x0 reaction for alcohol was discussed with other possible processes of like nature. Afterwards Mr S. Hargreaves proposed the vote of thanks. Inorganic Chemistry. On 28 February Professor J. Lewis University of Manchester delighted his audience at Harris College Preston with his enthusiastic account of some of the recent advances in inorganic chemistry. Detailed investigation of structure and stability has been made possible by the development of new instrumental techniques.Stability is studied in terms of kinetics and thermodynamics. As there has been much recent work on structure Professor Lewis concentrated on bonding of metals which can be of ionic covalent and metallic types. The interrelation of the first two of these has received extensive study and comment but the metallic bond tends to be considered in isolation. There is however ample evidence for the transition from purely ionic or covalent bonding to metallic bonding, and examples in which this is demonstrated include NbI, (W,Cl,) 3- MoI and the familiar nickel dimethyl glyoxime compound which is a good example of a ‘one-dimensional metal.’ Bond energies in rnetal-metal bonds are high for metals with incomplete d or s shells.Energies of Au-Au and Au-Cu bonds closely approach that of the Cl-C1 bond and are uncommon, not because of inherent instability but because of the high lattice energies of the metal crystals. By ‘blocking’ with co-ordinating groups like triphenyl-phosphine, stable metal-metal bonds can result. After a brief but animated discussion Dr M. J. Monks proposed the vote of thanks. NORTH WALES The Annual General Meeting was held at Denbighshire Technical College Wrexham, on 22 January. The Chairman took advantage of the opportunity to outline the full arrangements for the Annual Conference of the Institute now being held at Bangor. The following officers were appointed for the new session Chairman Dr W. R. Angus; Vice-Chair-man Dr E.B. McCall; Hon. Treasurer Dr E. W. Claydon; Hon. Secretary Mr S. McLintock. Annual General Meeting. Cyclobutadienes. A meeting was held at Flintshire Technical College Connah’s Quay on 5 February, where Professor R. C. Cookson delivered a lecture on ‘Cyclobutadienes and their reactions.’ After reviewing the reasons for theoretical interest in cyclobutadiene the lecturer discussed the successful syntheses which have led to metal complexes of sub-stituted cyclobutadienes and to reactions in which th 1964) SECTION ACTIVITIES 135 free cyclobutadienes have been postulated as inter-mediates. The main part of the lecture dealt with the reaction of diphenylacetylene with palladium dichloride and ethanol. The two complexes isolated by Malatesta were formulated as stereoisomeric tetraphenyl-n-cyclo-butenyl palladium complexes both of which are converted by HC1 into tetraphenylcyclobutadiene palladium dichloride.Removal of the palladium by tertiary phosphines leaves the free cyclobutadiene which dimerizes if there is nothing else with which it can react. It will also add to olefins and acetylenes to give adducts of cyclohexadiene and benzene respectively. Analogous results have been obtained by Freedman by pyrolysis of 1-bromo-4-dimethylbromostannyl-tetra-phenylbutadiene at 130”. The advantage of the palladium chloride method is that it can be carried out at room temperature. After an excellent discussion the vote of thanks to Professor Cookson was proposed by Dr R. A. Baxter. DECCAN Annual General Meeting.The fourteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 18 January in the Banquet Hall of the New Krishna Bhavan, Bangalore. The following officers and Committee were elected for 1964 Chairman Dr T. L. Rama Char; Vice-Chairman M. Rajagopalan and Dr R. Rajagopalan (Mysore); Hon. Treasurer Dr J. Ganguly; Hon. Secretary Dr J. V. Bhat; Committee members Dr H. R. Cama Dr K. Kalyan Dr T. R. Kasturi Dr S. H. Mhatre Dr S. C. Pillai Mr H. Srikantiah Prof. K. R. Rao (Hyderabad) and H. Shiva Rau. Dr B. H. Iyer and D. Range Gowda were elected Hon. Auditors. The next Annual General Meeting will be held in Mysore. The business meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to the Chairman Dr T. L. Rama Char. Dr H. A. B. Parpia Director of the Central Food Technological Research Institute Mysore delivered the Annual Address on ‘The role of science and technology in the development of food industries,’ which was very much appreciated by everyone present.Dr J. V. Bhat, Hon. Secretary proposed a hearty vote of thanks to the speaker and to the Chair. The meeting was concluded with a tea party arranged in the Banquet Hall. MADRAS On 15 January Professor J. A. V. Butler F.R.s. addressed a meeting held at the State Forensic Science Laboratory Madras on ‘Nucleic acids and heredity.’ This followed the general lines of the lecture to be reported in May. Professor Butler conveyed. the greetings of Professor H. J. EmelCus c.B.E. F.R.s. President to the Section. Dr A. R. Natarajan was in the Chair and the vote of thanks was proposed by Mr N.Pitchandi. Nucleic acids and heredity. H?jpophysiaZ Hormones. Dr B. Berde of Sandoz Ltd, lectured at the Madras Medical College on 3 February on the structure-activity relationship of the hypophysial hormones and their synthetic analogues at the Madras Medical College. The large audience included many members of the medical profession. The speaker described the sequence of amino acids present in the ring and the side chain of the polypeptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin in various species. He pointed out the significance of the size of the ring the basicity of the side chain and the sulphide bridge with reference to the different aspects of biological activity. He referred also to the recent work regarding the part played by these hormones in releasing the corticotrophic principle.Dr A. R. Natarajan was in the Chair and the vote of thanks was proposed by Professor K. S. S. Varadan. Schools’ Lecture. On 26 February a meeting was arranged for the students studying in the school final class at the Hindu High School Madras. Professor Shanmuganathan gave an interesting lecture on ‘Atomic and molecular shapes.’ Dr A. R. Natarajan presided, and the headmaster Mr Rajagopala Iyengar wel-coming the lecturer and other visitors expressed the hope that similar lectures to schools will be arranged by the Section at frequent intervals. Mr R. Subramanian proposed the vote of thanks. PAKISTAN Nucleophilic Displacement. Dr Badar-ud-Din presided over two meetings at the Punjab University Institute of Chemistry Lahore.The first meeting was addressed by Dr K. M. Ibne Raza on ‘Nucleophilic displacement on oxygen.’ The mechanism of the peroxyacid oxidation of anilines to phenylhydroxylamines to nitrosobenzenes and then to nitrobenzene was discussed. Rate and other studies indicate a mechanism which involves the nucleophilic attack of nitrogen on the outer oxygen of the peroxidic compound. Reactions such as the Baeyer-Villiger reaction were mentioned as examples where the outer peroxidic oxygen behaves as a nucleophile. In view of the dual nature of the outer peroxidic oxygen it was suggested that the spontaneous decomposition of peroxy-compounds the rate of which is proportional to the product [RO-OH] [RO-01 involves the nucleo-philic displacement of oxygen on oxygen.At the second meeting a lecture on ‘Viscosity of gases as a function of temperature and pressure and their intramolecular potentials’ was given by Dr M. Afzal. A definition of viscosity of gases was given and a capillary flow viscometer for the determina-tion of gas viscosities was discussed. Viscosity isotherms for hydrogen deuterium methane and carbon monoxide were drawn in the temperature range from -50°C to 150°C and at pressures below 200 atmospheres. Viscosity of Gases News and Notes C 0 U R S E S Health Physics.-The fifth annual Summer School in Health Physics (Radiation Protection) arranged by Dr H. D. Evans health physicist and lecturer in radiation hazards Imperial College will be held in the department of chemical engineering and chemical technology from 29 June to 10 July.The course is intended primarily but not exclusively for gradu-ates in science engineering or medicine whose work involves the use of radiation or radioactive materials or whose duties involve radiation protection. The lectures are designed to provide the basic information necessary for an understanding of the subject and also cover more specialized topics. There will be a visit to the Radio-logical Protection Service and an exhibition of books will be held during the course. The fee for the full course is 25 guineas but for those wishing to attend a few lectures only the fee is 18 guineas per lecture. The course is not residential. Applications for admission should be made to the Registrar Imperial College South Kensington S.W.7. Further details may be obtained from Dr Evans. Recent Advances in Organic Chemistry.-A refresher course in recent advances in organic chemistry is to be held by the Chemical Institute of Canada in Kingston Ontario on 4-5 June immediately after the 47th Annual Conference of the Institute in Kingston on 1-3 June. Recent developments in instrumentation, methods of synthesis and theories on mechanism will be discussed. The course will have a nominal registration fee and is open to all; registration can be for the con-ference and the course or for the course alone. Further information can be obtained from Dr S. Wolfe Depart-ment of Chemistry Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario. MEETINGS AND CONFERENCES Activation Analysis.-A conference on recent advances in activation analysis will be held at the Uni-versity of Glasgow on 27-28 August.Sessions will deal with instrumental methods biological and medical applications industrial applications and future trends. Papers (20 minutes each) are invited and should deal wholly or mainly with unpublished work. Full texts will not be sought and the proceedings of the conference will not be published. Applications to attend the meeting or to present papers should be made before 31 May. Further particulars may be obtained from Dr J. M. A. Lenihan Regional Physicist 9-13 West Graham Street Glasgow C.4. Gordon Research Conferences.-The Gordon Research Conferences -international conferences on developments in the most active areas of research-will be held at five different places in New Hampshire, U.S.A.from 15 June to 4 September. There will be fifty meetings each lasting a week and each devoted to one topic. A wide range of subjects is to be covered, from catalysis organic photochemistry and high-temperature chemistry to corrosion lubrication and adhesion ; from nucleic acids steroids and heterocyclic compounds to cell structure and metabolism biomathe-matics and biological regulatory mechanisms. Further information including a complete schedule of conferences and attendance application forms may be obtained from Dr W. George Parks Director Gordon Research Conferences University of Rhode Island, Kingston Rhade Island U.S.A. International Spectroscopy Colloquium.-The Twelfth International Spectroscopy Colloquium organ-ized under the auspices of the British Spectroscopists Go-ordinating Committee in collaboration with the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society will be held in the University of Exeter from 12 to 17 July, 1965 under the presidency of Dr A.C. Menzies. The subjects to be covered are concerned primarily with analytical applications of spectroscopy. The principal topics will be optical emission absorption X-ray and mass spectroscopy and special attention will be given to chemical metallurgical medical and biological applications. Continuous process control the detection of non-metallic impurities in metals and the limitations to detection in analysis will be among the subjects discussed.Six papers will be read by invitation and there will be some open discussions on current trends. About seventy original papers will be read; contributors should submit these before the end of 1964. Accommodation for the colloquium will be available in the halls of residence of the University of Exeter. All inquiries should be addressed to the Colloquium Secretary Mrs C. A. Arregger 1 Lowther Gardens, Prince Consort Road London S.W.7. Mass Transfer.-The department of chemical engineering of the Bradford Institute of Technology has arranged a conference on this subject to be held at the Institute from 4 to 8 May. The discussions will cover principal mass-transfer operations together with a consideration of control problems and the application of computers to plant design.Contributors will include leading workers from industrial and academic spheres in Great Britain and the Continent. Further details are available from Dr C. Hanson Department of Chemical Engineering Bradford Institute of Tech-nology Bradford 7. Mechanical Handling Exhibition.-A mechanical handling exhibition will be held at Earls Court from 5 to 15 May. The newest equipment for increasing industrial output and reducing costs will be exhibited. Further information can be obtained from the Manager, 13 NEWS AND NOTES 137 Mechanical Handling Exhibition Dorset House Stam-ford Street London S.E. 1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.-The N.M.R.D.G., a discussion group for chemists and for those interested in the chemical applications of nuclear magnetic resonance has been formed.The first meeting will be held at the Northern Polytechnic on Friday 22 May. Full details may be obtained from Dr E. F. Mooney, Northern Polytechnic London N. 7. Polymerization Processes.-A symposium on ‘The chemistry of polymerization processes,’ organized by the Plastics and Polymer Group of the Society of Chemical Industry will be held in London on 22 and 23 April, 1965 and not on 29 and 30 April as originally stated. Papers dealing with any aspect of polymerization are invited and summaries of contributions should be submitted to Dr W. R. Moore Department of Chemical Technology Bradford Institute of Technology Bradford 7 before 1 July. Dr Moore will also supply details of the meeting on request. Spectrochemical Analysis.-The Spectroscopy Group of the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society is organizing a conference on ‘Limitations of detection in spectrochemical analysis’ at the University of Exeter on 2 and 3 July.The main sessions will be concerned with emission spectroscopy X-ray fluores-cence atomic absorption- and mass-spectrometry. Correspondence regarding the programme should be addressed to the Papers Secretary Mr J. A. F. Gidley, P.O. Box 2 16 Imperial Metals Industries (Kynoch) Ltd Kynoch Works Witton Birmingham 6. Full details and application forms for the conference are available from the Administration Assistant The Institute of Physics and the Physical Society 47 Belgrave Square London S.W. 1. Technical Fortnight.-A second Technical Fort-night sponsored by the Paris Chamber of Commerce, is to be held from 16 May to 2 June.During the fortnight a ‘European Energy Symposium’ will take place ; the subjects under discussion include combustion and energy conversion oil and oil-industry equipment, electronics and management techniques in the coal industry steels for the power-supply sectors corrosion problems automation and control gas-industry tech-nology (8 1 st Gas Congress) nuclear energy electro-thermics and electrical energy and its applications. Further information on the symposium may be obtained from Secretariat GCnCral des JournCes EuropCennes de I’Energie Institut FranGais des Combustibles et de l’Energie 28 rue de la Source Paris 16e. General information may be obtained from Quinzaine Tech-nique de Paris 1 rue Feydeau Paris 2e.The Chemical Institute of Canada.-A symposium on ‘Reactive intermediates in organic chemistry’ will be held at Laval University Quebec City on 27-28 August. The following topics will be discussed free radicals carbonium ions carbenes imidogens car-banions and organometallics. Accommodation will be available at Laval University and reservations can be made at a number of motels and hotels. Inquiries should be addressed to Prof. Ch. R. Engel Department of Chemistry Laval University Quebec 10 Quebec. A symposium concerned with the kinetics and mecha-nisms of thermal decompositions and isomerizations will be held at the University of Ottawa Ontario on 9-11 September. Papers concerned with special aspects, such as studies in shock tubes and decompositions at very high temperatures will be particularly welcome.Further information may be obtained from Prof. K. J. Laidler Department of Chemistry University of Ottawa Ottawa 2 Ontario Canada. A joint meeting on applied spectroscopy and ana-lytical chemistry sponsored by the Analytical Chemistry Division of the Chemical Institute of Canada and the Canadian Association for Applied Spectroscopy will be held at Carleton University Ottawa on 9-11 September. There will be separate sessions concerned with gas chromatography and instrumental methods in quality control. Further details may be obtained from the Chemical Institute of Canada 48 Rideau Street, Ottawa 2. Marchon Lectures.-Professor R. S. Nyholm, F.R.s.Fellow spent the fortnight of 2-13 March in the University of Newcastle upon Tyne as Marchon Visiting Lecturer. This visiting lectureship has been endowed by Marchon Products Ltd of Whitehaven Cumberland to enable the University to invite distinguished scientists from this country or abroad to spend some time in a Department giving lectures and having informal discussions. Professor Nyholm delivered two lectures to undergraduates on ‘Unusual coordination numbers’ and ‘Metal-to-metal bonds in chemical compounds’ ; he also gave a research colloquium in the department of inorganic chemistry on ‘Recent developments in the chemistry of metal carbonyls.’ For his University Public Lecture Professor Nyholm chose the broad subject ‘Education in science-for whom and for what purpose ?’ This provoked lively discussion both within the university and in many schools in the area.Professor Nyholm spent considerable time in dis-cussions with research students and staff in the School of Chemistry; he was present as guest of honour at the annual dinner of the Bedson Club which is the university chemical society. New Plants for 1.C.I.-I.C.I. Ltd is to invest a further L13 million on major extensions and modifica-tions at the Billingham works of its Agricultural Division on Tees-side. The project includes two new ammoni 138 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL plants and a new methanol plant. The existing naphtha-reforming plants will be modified to provide a flexible gas-making system designed to meet the expanding and variable demands of the I.C.I. Tees-side petrochemicals complex. Each ammonia plant will have a single-stress capacity of 300,000 tons per year and will at first use naphtha as feedstock. The new methanol plant with a capacity of 100,000 tons per year integrates the I.C.I. pressure steam-reforming process with an improved methanol-synthesis process developed in the research department of the Agricultural Division. Ontario Research Foundation.-Plans for exten-sive new buildings to be constructed at Sheridan Park, near Clarkson Ontario are nearly complete according to Dr A. D. Misener Director of the Ontario Research Foundation. They will form the nucleus of a new research community. Research on a wide variety of topics from chemistry metallurgy physics textiles, biochemistry and engineering to parasitology and physiography will be carried out in the new laboratories, which are designed to be as versatile as possible.The laboratories and scientific equipment for the research staff will be housed in a three-storey building 250 feet long connected to the administration and library block by an entrance linkage. The working area will be about 161,000 square feet and the total area of the site will be 90 acres. The main building will cost about $5 million; the designers are Allward and Gouinlock, Toron to architects. Payment of Patent Fees.-From 4 March the use of impressed stamps for payment of patent design and trade mark fees has ceased and these fees are now payable in money when forms are lodged.This change has made it easier for applicants for patents designs and trade marks to pay the fees they no longer have to go to Inland Revenue Offices or Post Offices to obtain the stamps before forms can be lodged. Forms bearing the stamps purchased before 4 March however may still be used after that date. The change was introduced by the Public Office Fees (Patents Designs and Trade Marks) Order 1964 (S.I. 1964 No. 45) and the order revokes the Public Office Fees (Patents Designs and Trade Marks) Order 1940 (S.R. and 0. 1940 No. 911). NEW PUBLICATION Surface Science.-The first issue of this new quarter-ly journal which will be published mainly in English has appeared recently (ed. Harry C. Gatos Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co.1 16s. per volume). It is intended to include contributions to the understanding of basic phenomena occurring on surfaces including free surfaces and interfaces. Studies of a practical nature and subjects such as catalysis sintering corrosion and colloids which are already adequately covered by specialized journals will be avoided. CORRESPONDENCE THE COMPOUNDS OF THE NOBLE GASES SIR,-I was amazed to read in the February issue of the Journal (p. 31) the statement by G. J. Moody and J. D. R. Thomas that ‘barely two years have passed since the preparation of the first compound of a noble gas,’ seeing that my late father J. J. Manley prepared the first such compound nearly 40 years ago a pre-liminary note appearing in Nature and forestalling one from E.H. Boomer a little later. An account of the formation of mercury helide HgHe, is to be found in the Philosophical Magazine for October 1927 under the title ‘The Union of Helium with Mercury.’ References to this work are given in various textbooks on inorganic chemistry one of the most recent being that by Garside and Phillips (Pitman 1962 p. 358) which also mentions Boomer’s preparation of tungsten helide WHe, and states the position generally regarding the probability of the formation of compounds by both helium and the other gases of the Zero Group. Even if Moody and Thomas have their doubts regarding the possibility of the existence of these com-pounds of helium with mercury and tungsten I would have thought that in all fairness to these early workers at least passing reference could have been made to their publications My late father’s experiments were, moreover carried out in an all-glass apparatus with the most meticulous care the initial experiments being made with nitrogen under low pressure in a tube over mercury and duly extended to helium.An account of the work was also given by request in a lecture to the Chemistry Section of the British Association which met in Oxford soon after the published results my father being a Research Fellow at Magdalen College. It is a strange thing that whilst on the one hand, earlier work even of a high order is sometimes either overlooked or ignored (as in the present case) on the other hand reference continues to be made to certain forms of outmoded apparatus when simpler and more effective forms have been introduced within recent years e.g.the straight fat-extractor as opposed to the old-fashioned Soxhlet. 3 Great Brockeridge, Westbury-on-Tryrn, Bristol. C. H. MANLEY [Professor C. C. Addison writes :-‘In their article in the February issue of the Journal Dr Moody and Mr Thomas have followed the attitude set by a large number of recent publications almost all of which assume the xenon fluorides to be the first established compounds of the noble gases. The experiments by J. J. Manley and by E. H. Boomer certainly indicate some sort of interaction between helium and mercury (or tungsten) under electric discharge conditions ; the transitor 19641 CORRESPONDENCE 139 species formed are presumably responsible for the continuous emission spectra of mercury in the presence of noble gases.Present-day research workers may feel some doubt as to whether the early experiments referred to in Mr Manley’s letter constitute evidence for specific compounds especially since the stoichiometry was not clearly established. These interesting observations would appear to be well worthy of further study.’] NECKTIES FOR MEMBERS ? SIR,-An Institute tie ?-yes-good idea. A tie with benzene rings on it ?-no-never ! Organic chemistry is no more representative of the science than is any other branch. If an organic motif is regarded as suitable then the physical chemists would be justified in demanding AG or AS; the analysts, crossed burettes; the spectroscopists rainbows ; and so on.What is needed is something more fundamental. I suggest that quite a pleasing design could be made from the symbols of the four Aristotelian elements. Or for something more unusual (and perhaps more acceptable to those who must have rings) how about the ’Ouroboros serpent ? 14 Trenant Road, Salford 6. K. H. TONGE JOURNAL CONTENTS Sm,-The Institute is concerned with the remunera-tion and security of chemists and service agreements have been discussed many times over the decades. The article ‘Restraint Clauses in Service Agreements’ in the March Journal is admirable; other articles might appear in the Journal on income and its use and be of much value to chemists of every age. As I meet professional men of all kinds I often discuss expenses allowable for tax raising of money for houses, borrowing financing of education of children and, with those a little more advanced in years investments and death duties.I know how grateful they can be for such information. Professional men rarely have enough information on these matters; they often pay the maxi-mum tax and do not do what they properly may to reduce the impact of excessive taxation. A series of wise articles on these topics would in my view be appropriate and would give other useful facets to the Journal. 74 Woodside, London S.W.19. HARRY WARD SIR,-From their letters in the March Journal I conclude that what Messrs Shireby and Wilson really need is an article on the use of libraries. Thescience Library at South Kensington and the Chemical and Metallurgical Societies’ libraries hold many journals which cater for Mr Wilson’s requirements.Obviously information on topics such as the extraction and properties of all the elements can be obtained from many standard textbooks ; the new publication, Education in Chemistry could include general theoretical information. ‘Funny bits’ are unnecessary in the Journal as there is already enough in the daily Press. I disagree with H. N. Mills (J. 28) and W. A. Forster (J. 56) who give the impression that the Journal is or has always been dull. In this connexion your readers may be interested to know that in 1959 when consideration was being given to the Journal o f the Institution of Metallurgists I carried out a survey of 60 scientific and technical journals; out of all of these I concluded that the R.I.C.Journal made by far the most interesting reading. The question is what subjects make a scientific journal interesting to read ? Firstly I suggest historical articles which are of interest generally. Biographies of famous chemists histories of universities and colleges and their connexion with chemistry and the history and development of important discoveries were included in a most stimulating series introduced to the Journal when it became a monthly in 1953. Autobiographies written for example by chemists who have just retired after an interesting career can be even more interesting than biographies. I t is particularly by the inclusion of such autobiographical articles that I think the Journal o f the Institution of Metallurgists has recently surpassed this Journal.And I would add that among the examples published it is the stories of the industrial scientists that are the most inter-esting; in industry the pressure of competition is always on changes are much more frequent than in academic life new discoveries by others must be equalled and capped and insuperable difficulties must be overcome in the shortest time. There are many more chemists than there are metallurgists so there must be much scope for interesting articles. There are subjects which should be avoided in a professional journal ; for example language lessons and original scientific papers which are for specialists and are appreciated by a limited number of readers. I t is the function of the Chemical Society to publish these papers.Summaries of progress such as ‘Radiocarbon Dating,’ which was very interesting and easy to read are excellent however. I suggest that historical articles and autobiographies will interest your readers the most. L. H. CALLENDAR 26 West Lodge Avenue, Acton London W.3. SIR,-The correspondence on the dullness or other-But it is I suggest wise of the Journal is interesting 140 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [APRIL merely symptomatic of the fact that the functions nor-mally undertaken by a single professional institute are, for chemists split amongst several organizations ; the R.I.C. as a result is only partially effective. If one compares the R.I.C. with the medical or legal organizations on the one hand or with the engineering institutions on the other one begins to see what is lacking.I t is not necessary to belong to the R.I.C. in order to practise chemistry in fact the proportion of active chemists who do belong is probably less than 50 per cent so that the Institute cannot effectively negotiate conditions of employment on behalf of all chemists nor can it set and maintain professional standards of conduct. Thus in its lack of power over all members of the profession it resembles the various engineering institutes. Unlike them it also fails to be an intellectual forum. This service is provided by quite separate organizations such as the Chemical Society. In some ways the S.C.I. is rather better than the R.I.C. for it combines both social and intellectual activities.I am not of course, forgetting the many lectures organized by the Institute but I do not classify these as up to the standard of those in the Engineering Institutes probably because the audience is predominantly undergraduate or non-specialist. The situation is similar with publications. The monographs apart the Institute produces nothing of the calibre of the Chartered Mechanical Engineer or the Journal of the I.E.E. (now Electronics and Power). Of course the R.I.C. does award certificates of quali-fication; it does look after its members and gives a first-class service; and it does try to look after their interests by negotiating with various official bodies despite its lack of authority. However I am convinced, Sir that it is high time that the R.I.C.S.C.I. and Chemical Society were amalgamated into one corporate body which would perform all the duties that a pro-fessional institute should and to which all chemists would therefore willingly belong. MICHAEL W. HILL 9 Hillside Road, Cheam Surrey. [This interesting letter should we think be read in conjunction with the Presidential Address (p. 100) , which touches on several of the points raised here. I t must however be mentioned that the figures provided in recent man-power reports suggest that the proportion of active chemists who are members of the R.I.C. is nearer 70% even without making allowance for the fact that many ‘active chemists’ do not qualify for membership. Further some Local Sections may not think that justice has been done to the programmes they arrange for their members for these ‘are not lacking in either social or intellectual content.Nor does the R.I.C. lack the authority to speak for all chemists.-E~.] OBITUARY Sydney Hoare Collins. B. 6.9.1868. Ed. University College, London 1885-88. M.Sc. (Dunelm.). In 1888 he became junior chemist with the Royal Agricultural Society of England until 1892, when for a short time he was a Gas Examiner for the London County Council. The same year he left this country to take a post as assistant agricultural chemist to the Government of India. He returned to England in 1898 to become a lecturer a t the University of Durham and adviser in agricultural chemistry to the Ministry of Agriculture. He retired in 1926.( A . 1888 F. 1891) D. 15.3.63. Leonard Ellison. B. 16.8.18. Ed. Houghton Spring Secondary School; University of Durham 1936-39. B.Sc. (Dunelm.) Ph.D. (Lond.). He was engaged in the Chemical Inspection Department of the Ministry of Supply from 1940 until 1944 when he was appointed a works chemist at Mono Containers Ltd. He left in 1946 to become a lecturer in chemistry at Woolwich Polytechnic. Some years later he joined Avery Hill Training College and at the time of his death was principal lecturer in chemistry and head of the science department. Walter Hamis Glover. B. 12.1 1.1882. Ed. Technical College, Finsbury 1898- 1902 ; University of Wurzburg 1902-03 ; Univer-sity of Leipzig 1903-04. In 1904 he became a demonstrator and lecturer at the Central Technical College, London.He left in 1910 to join Courtaulds Ltd as a research chemist. Four years later he was promoted to technical expert in artificial silk manufacture at Coventry. In 1917 he became general manager of the artificial silk works at Flint and in 1923 research manager at London. In 1937 he was appointed director and chief chemist a position which he held until his retirement in 1945. He was the author or joint author of a number of scientific papers. (F. 1924) D. 17.10.63. ( A . 1947) D. 27.12.62. Ph.D. (Leipzig). Paul Michael Mooney. B. 29.9.1895. Ed. West Ham Grammar School; West Ham Technical Institute 1912-15. B.Sc. I n 1915 he became a research chemist at the British Alizarine Co. Ltd. I n 1920 he took a post in the Laboratory of the Government Chemist.He remained there for the rest of his working life and at the time of his retirement was a principal scientific officer. ( A . 1921 F. 1924) D. 8.9.63. LOCAL SECTIONS DIARY Sections are glad to welcome members of other Sections to their meetings and social functions except where numbers are restricted as for works visits. ’Those wishing to attend meetings outside their own area are advised to write to the Hon. Secretary of the Section concerned as the Institute cannot accept responsibility for any alterations or cancellations. All times are p.m. except where otherwise stated. For key to Local Sections see J. (1963) 404. (C) Birmingham. 9 June. 6.30. Galvanic Analysis. Dr P. Hersch. Haworth Lecture Theatre. Chemistry Department University of Birm- .. ingham Cardiff. 24 April. 7. Ladies’ Evening; Film Show and Table Wine Testing. Welsh College of Advanced Technology Cathays Park. Joint S.C.I. __ 8 May. 6. Annual General Meeting. Angel Hotel Cardiff Cork. 8 May. 8. Recent Advances in Knowledge about Plant Viruses. F. C. Bawden F.R.S. University College. Joint C.S. S.C.I. I.C.I. Dublin. 6 May. 5.30. As above. University College. Joint C.S., S.C.I. I.C.I. Galway. 11 May. 8.30. As above. University College. Joint C.S., S.C.I. I.C.I. Ipswich. 1 May. 2.30. Laboratory visit Fisons Fertilizers Ltd Leving-ton. 5.30. Some Physical Methods of Moisture Determination. L. A. Kirk Dr W. R. Ladner H. Taylor Manchester. 6 May. 7.15. Ladies’ Evening. College of Science and Technology Middlesbrough.22 May. 8. Compounds of the Rare Gases. Pro-fessor C. A. Coulson F.R.S. Constantine College of Technology. Joint C.S. S.C.I. Newcastle. 6 May. 6. Annual General Meeting. 6.30. Mead, Cider and Perry. Dr D. Woodcock. Chemistry Department Uni-versity of Newcastle Readine. 1 May. Dinner. Senior Common Room University of Reading St. Andrews. 23 Apr. 5.15. Prof. B. Lythgoe F.R.S. Chemistry Department St Salvators College Southampton. 9 Apr. 5.30. Address by the President Prof. H. J EmelCus c.B.E. F.R.S. - 30 Apr. 2.30. Annual General Meeting. University of South-University of Southampton ampton (V) Swansea. 15 May. 2.30. Works visit. Mond Nickel Refinery Clydach. 6. Annual General Meetin 19641 THE REGISTER 141 THE REGISTER NEW FELLOWS (P) (PI (P) (P) (L) (OG) SRIVASTAVA Prof.Suraj Narain B.SC. (AGRA) M.SC., ASSOCIATES ELECTED TO THE FELLOWSHIP BENTON Donald Peter B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) MITCHELL John Wesley M.sc.(N.z.) D.PHIL. D.SC.(OXON.), MORANTZ Daniel Joseph M.SC. (MCG.) PH.D. (MANC.) PERRY Sidney Arthur B.SC. (BRIST.) SHAW Alfred Worthington B.SC.TECII. (MANC.) F.R.S. PH.D.(LUCK.) PH.D.(CANTAB.) ABLETT Edward Thomas B.SC. (DURH.) DIP.ED. ADAMS Richard James M.SC. (LOND.) PH.D. (COL.) ADAMSON Thomas AGARWAL Prof. Har Prasad D.SC. PH.D. (AGRA) BHUCHAR Vishwa Mitra M.SC. (PANJ.) BINES Barry James B.SC. PH.D.(WALES) BRACKENRIDGE Colin John B.A. B.SC. PH.D. ( W.AUST.) , BRETT Rowland Alfred B.SC. (LOND.) [F.R.A.c.I. BURNHAM Harold B.SC. (LOND.) CLARK Donald George Henry A.P.I.COMMINS Brian Thresher M.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) COMPTON John B.SC. (LOND.) CREETH James Michael B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) PH.D. (ADEL.) DAVIS Herbert Macdonald B.SC. (LOND.) A.INST.P. EMERSON Alfred George David EMSLEY Ernest FOREMAN James Kenneth B.SC.(LOND.) FRASER Matthew Hamilton B.SC. (GLAS.) A.M.I.CHEM.E., GIBSON Maynard [A. F.INST.PET. HEADRIDGE James Baillie B.SC. PH.D. (EDIN.) HOLBROW Gordon Leonard B.SC. (LOND.) HUGHES Robert Bryan B.SC. PH.D. (WALES) JAMES William A.M.C.T. KEIR William Frame B.SC. ( GLAS.) KENNY Andrew Paterson B.SC.(LOND.) PII.D.(GLAS.) LANGSTAFF Richard David B.SC. (LOND.) MARTIN Clifford B.SC. (SHEFF.) MASON Ronald George B.SC.(LOND.) MOONEY Eric Francis B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) MORGANS M‘ilfred Morley B.SC.(WALES) PH.D. (LOND.) OWEN Clifford Alfred M.A.(CANTAB.) PARKASH Netar B.SC.(PANJ.) B.SC.TECH. PH.D.(BOM.) REED Arthur RICHARDSON Edward B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) RUTT Alan M.SC.(BRIST.) TIBBS Geoffrey Thomas B.SC. (LOND.) VARIYAR Mooriyath Chandrasekhara MAC. (MADR.) WOOLLEN Anthony Henry B.SC.(LOND.) A.R.C.S. NEW ASSOCIATES CHALMERS Louis B.SC. (LOND.) CHAMBERS Colin B.SC. (LIV.) CHONG Yoon Hin B.SC.(MELB.) B.SC.(ADEL.) COOK Edward Ernest B.A. B.SC.(OXON.) FOSTER William Trevor B.SC. (BELF.) GERRISH John Rudolf B.SC. (WALES) HULBERT Lionel HUSKINS John Brian B.A. (CANTAB.) HUTTON Eric B.SC. PH.D. (SHEFF.) JONES Peter Gracey B.SC. PH.D. (LIV.) MCAULEY Alexander B.SC. PH.D. ( GLAS.) MEHROTRA Bam Deo M.SC. (AGRA) PH.D. (INDIANA) MORRIS Glyn Vincent B.SC. (WALES) PANT Bhuvan Chandra M.SC.(LUCK.) PH.D. ( JAIPUR) PATEL Kantilal Shanabhai M.SC. (CUJAR) SHAHID Sultan Mahmud B.SC. (PANJ.) M.SC. (ALIG.) , SMITH Alec Luke M.SC. PH.D. (NOTT.) STEWART Robert Alexander BSC. (GLAS.) VIDYARTHI Suraj Dutt; B.SC.(BAN.) A.H.B.T.I. WAITE Noel Roderick B.A. (CANTAB.) WALKER Claud Lawless WEBSTER Michael B.SC. PH.D. ( LOND.) M ILSON Shirley Jane M.SC. ( Q’LD) PH.D. (LOND.) GRADUATE MEMBERS ELECTED TO THE ASSOCIATESHIP BUCKLAND William Ernest David CLARK George Francis B.SC. (LIV.) COGGAN Colin Edgar CRIGHTON John Stephen B.SC. PH.D. (LIV.) DICK William Angus A.R.C.S.T. DUKE Brian James B.A. (OXON.) EASTWOOD Michael James M.A.(OXON.) EDMOND John Duncan A.H.-W.C. ELLIOTT Margaret Wreford M.SC. (EDIN.) FERGUSON William Gray M.A.(OXON.) FINCH Reginald George DIP.TECH. A.C.T. (BIRM) GUY George Bruce A.R.T.C.S. HANSON Peter B.SC. (ST AND.) HAWKINS Reginald Maurice B.SC. (SHEFF.) HORSPOOL William McKie A.R.C.S.T. JOHNSON Diana Nesta B.SC.(LOND.) KAPUR Raj Kumar B.SC. (DELHI) LAMMIMAN Christopher Noel M,A. (OXON.) DIP.ED. MCARDLE Colin Michael B.SC. ( LOND.) A.R.C.S. MCGROW George MCMULLAN William Alexander MARSDEN John Christopher B.A. (OXON.) MASON Michael Norman B.SC. (WALES) MORRIS John Reginald B.SC. (WALES) MORTON-JONES David Hugh O’DELL Edward Patrick B.SC. (LOND.) OSBORNE Alexander Deas B.SC. PH.D. (LIV.) OSBORNE David Richard Duke PAYNE Richard B.SC. PII.D.(LOND.) D.I.c. A.R.C.S. PHILP John A.H.-W.C. RANDELL Michael .John M.A. (CANTAB.) RANSON Sidney Rupert Hodge B.SC.(LEEDS) DIP.ED. RODGER William *James A.R.C.S.T. SUNDERLAND Philip B.SC. (LEEDS) SYME John Fraser A.H.-W.C. TEECE Raymond Francis THROWER John TUNNELL David Alan B.SC. (LOND.) URWIN Frank WALKER Michael Sanderson B.SC. (LOND.) WARD David WHITE Thomas Edward B.SC. (NOTT.) WILBRAHAM Antony Charles WILLIAMS John Leslie D.L.C. WILSON George WILSON John Nevil B.SC. (LOND.) WILSON Michael Richard B.SC.TECH. (MANC.) A.M.C.T. YOUNG Thomas A.R.T.C.S. LICENTIATES ELECTED TO THE ASSOCIATESHIP FAULDS Robert Michael WISE Brian NEW LICENTIATES ANDREWS Charles Clifford M.A. (CANTAB.) A.I.M. ASHWORTH Lawrence BANKS William Barton Clive BARNES Fred BENNETT Bruce Henry Gore B.SC. (LOND.) RILLINGTON John BISKNELL Ronald James Martin RRECKENRIDGE Gerald Lionel B.SC. (AGRA) BRIDGEMAN John Anthony BROOKS Brian Appleby BROUGHTON Brian William BURROWS Donald CHAN Ka Ku B.SC.ENG. (TAIWAN) CHEW Brian CHICK Michael Colin CHORLEY Henry DENT William Thomas DODD David Edwin John B.SC. (LOND.) ENGLEFIELD Reginald George FLETCHER John B.SC. (WALES) FRANCIS Charles Denni JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY GADD Alfred Peter GAINES Ian Malcolm GOGARTY Patrick Joseph GORTON Anthony David Trevor BSC. (LOND.) GREGSON Peter HIBBERT James Colin HILLYARD Francis Henry B.SC. (BIRM) HIRST Albert HOLLIS Allan B.SC. (LOND.) HUGHES Ian David B.SC. (S’TON) INGRAM John B.SC.(WALES) DIP.ED. JOHNSTON Robert Alan JONES Noel JONES Walter Allan KEAL Brian Ernest KING Eric Riddell KIRK Colin John LAW Yok Ming B.SC. (MALAYA) LEES Geoffrey MACDONALD Ian Alexander MADDOCK John Geoffrey MAMERS Boris A.M.INST.F. M.I.GAS E. MARGASON Michael Alan MARSHALL Frank Arthur MARTIN Alexander MATHIESON John MAWSON Jean Benson B.SC. (R’DG) MEARS Patrick Richard NEWMAN Leslie Thomas NUTTER Ivan O’GORMAN James Vivian B.SC. (N.u.I.) ONG Tiong Choo B.SC.(SYD.) OWENS Norman Frank REDMOND William James REID James Dennis RICH John Gwynfor RICHARDS Brian Neil DIP.TECH. ROBERTS Ivor Rogers SAUNDERS John Leonard SLACK Charles Roy SMITH Peter Norman SPANNER Ian Roger STERNE Alan Herbert STURZAKER Harold TAYLOR Alan Charles TREMLETT Roy B.SC. (LOND.) WILLIAMS David Arthur WILLIAMS Terence WOOD George WOODHEAD James Louis WOODIWISS Frank Slack B.SC. (LOND.) NEW GRADUATE MEMBERS ABATE Peter Anthony Hector DIP.TECH. ATTRFDGE Charles James B.SC. (LEEDS) BAXTER Charles Andrew Raymond B.SC. (WALES) BEAVIS Victor Leslie B.SC. (BELF.) BRIDGES .John BURRELL Michael Vernon CAMPBELL LING Alan B.SC. (LOND.) CAVENDISH James COLEMAN David Alan George B.SC. (LEEDS) COLLINS Angela Mary B.SC.(EXE.) CORDELL Robert Leslie B.A. (OXON.) DAVIES Daniel John DAVIES Eric Idwal DIP.TECH. DE VEKEY Robert Claude DICKSON John Edward DIP.TECH. DUNCAN Thomas B.SC. (BELF.) EASON Kenneth John EDWARDS Barrie Cyril EGGETT Geoffrey ENGLAND John Chamberlain FAIRHURST Malcolm Victor B.SC. (HULL) FIELD Gordon Arthur DIP.TECH. FINCH William Michael DIP.TECH. FISHER Sylvia Violet B.SC. (LOND.) FORSTER Thomas Edward HARRISON John Richard DIP.TECH. HARRISON Norman HAYES Robert West DIP.TECH. HEATON Brian Thomas HENRY William Malcolm LEVI Abraham LINDSAY Harold DIP.TECH. LONGMAID Francis Martin B.A. (CANTAB.) LOWE Derek Horace Michael MAUFE Anthony Peter Broadbent DIP.TECH. MILLS Stewart D.L.c. DIP.TECH. MORLEY John Oswald PHELPS Frederick William POINTON David Wellings PYE Peter William RAINE Raymond RALPH James Thomas M.SC. (LEIC.) RAMSKIR Paul Alan B.SC. (LOND.) RIDLER Raymond RIXOM Maurice Roger ROBERTSON John Edward SHELVERTON David John SINCLAIR Gordon Campbell A.R.C.S.T. SMITH Harold Tudor DIP.TECH. SMITH Robert William SYME Alistair Thomson A.R.C.S.T. TOMLINSON Roy DEATHS Fellows BUCKNELL Edwin Thomas Holman. Died 5 March, 1964 aged 85. F. 1941. DENINGTON Richard Charles. Died 1 March 1964, aged81. A. 1915 F. 1918. HALL Edward Herman B.SC. (LOND.). Died 10 Decem-ber 1963 aged 70. A. 1919 F. 1934. PATRICK Oscar James B.SC. (LOND.) Died 18 February, 1964 aged 76. SHEPHERD Evelyn Henry B.SC. ( LOND.) . Died 15 Feb-ruary 1964 aged 77. TAYLOR Charles William A.R.c.s. D.I.C. Died 30 January 1964 aged 69. VISWA NATH Rao Bahudur Bhagavatula C.I.E D.SC. (ANDHRA). Died 1 February 1964 aged 75. E. 1924. BASKERVILLE Ralph John Tozer A.I.M. Died 10 October, 1963 aged 59. A. 1946. BLACKLER Montague Bennett PH.D. (WURZBURG). Died 1 March 1964 aged 82. BROWN Frederick Charles B.SC. (LOND.). Died 8 Jan-uary 1964 aged 62. HEYES Thomas Francis M.SC. (LIV.). Died 23 February, 1964 aged 70. A. 1920. HOLDCROFT Arthur Douglas. Died .January 1964 aged 81. A. 1919. JONES Leslie Rees B.SC. (LOND.). Died 15 February, 1964 aged 42. A. 1960. LEVI Alfred Aaron M.sc.(N.z.) PH.D.(LOND.). Died 13 January 1964 aged 62. MILLIGAN James. Died 8 February 1964 aged 62. A. 1941. NLCHOLLS Stanley Frederick B.sc.(LoND.). Died 2 1 February 1964 aged 54. OSBORN Frederick George B.SC. (BRIS.). Died 3 February, 1964 aged 70. A. 1933. ROBERTS Glyn B.SC. PH.D. (WALES). Died 5 January, 1964 aged 39. A. 1946. WESTRUP Alick William B.SC. (LOND.). Died 1 1 February, 1964 aged 53. A. 1957. CHARLESWORTH Arthur. Died 4 February 1964 aged 57. L. 1963. A. 1909 F. 1912. A. 1911 F. 1916. A. 1919 F. 1933. Associates A. 1918. A. 1936. A. 1927. A. 1942. Licentiates Graduates BROWN Alan Beecroft. G. 1962. Died 18 January 1964 aged 25

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JI9648800097

出版商:RSC    

年代:1964

数据来源: RSC