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KING GEORGE VI TO HER MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH I1 May it please Tour Majesty, We the President the Council the Fellows and Associates of THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY Your Majesty's loyal subjects and dutiful servants humbly beg leave to express to Your Majesty to Her Majesty the Queen Mother to Her Majesty Queen Mary and to all other members of the Royal Family our profound sorrow and heartfelt sympathy on the death of ' HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY KING GEORGE V I our Royal Patron of beloved memory. The President and Council of the Institute record their profound regret on the death of His Majesty King George VI. On his accession to the Throne His Late Majesty had been graciously pleased to bestow his Patronage on the Institute. In 1944 the Institute was honoured and privileged to receive from his hand the grant of a Supplemental Charter and in 1949 of a new Royal Charter in substitution of that granted in 1885 by Her Majesty Queen Victoria.* * * * * * At a meeting held on 22 February the Council resolved to address the following message to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth 11. We desire humbly to tender our expressions of loyalty to Your Majesty and pray your Majesty may long reign over a happy and united Commmonwealth and Empire. HERBERT W. CREMER, President . Honorary Treasurer. Secretary and Registrar. D. W. KENT-JONES, H. J. T. ELLINGHAM, 22 February 195 THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR 1951 The year 1951 not only opened a new half-century but also marked the centenary of the Great Exhibition through which was inaugurated a new era in the application of science to industry and the welfare of the community.It was fitting that the passage of a hundred years since that great event should be celebrated by another exhibition-the Festival of Britain-and that one of its main purposes should be to illustrate the advances of science and technology over the past century and their significance in the daily life of the ordinary man and woman. Although scientific societies and professional institutions as such were not directly associated with this project a large number of members of the Institute were concerned in various capacities with its organisation -by service on advisory committees by devising and preparing exhibits and perhaps most important by guiding the interest of the public to a better understanding of the attitude and methods of science.It seems that even the exponents of the fine arts and of industrial design were strongly influenced by scientific themes and drew their inspiration not only from geometry but also from the patterns of structural chemistry crystallography and electron orbits. Science has evidently come into its own in the last hundred years and the exhibitions set up throughout the country in 1951 may well be remembered as constituting a Festival of Science. For the Institute the year began with the allowance by the Privy Council on 19 January of the new By-laws. Thus was completed a process involving the application for a new Royal Charter and its granting by H.M.King George VI in 1949 and the complete revision of the By-laws. For over five years these matters had been among the major concerns of the Council and Local Section Committees and it was therefore with feelings of satisfaction that the completion of these tasks was greeted. One of the results was to empower the Council to elect persons of distinction not necessarily chemists or of British nationality as Honorary Fellows of the Institute subject to the limitation that there should not be more than twenty such Honorary Fellows at any one time. It was with great pleasure that the Council learned just before the end of the year that H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh had accepted their invitation to be elected as the first Honorary Fellow.The interest that His Royal Highness takes in scientific matters had been shown by his acceptance of the Presidency of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and it seemed most fitting that following the outstanding success with 1 1 which he discharged the duties of that office he should become associated with the professional organisation for one of the major branches of science; also that this association should begin one hundred years after his illustrious ancestor Prince Albert had set afoot movements for the development of scientific activities in this country that are still running their course. A further consequence of the adoption of the new By-laws was that the election of the Officers and Council of the Institute was conducted in accordance with their provisions.Regret was occasioned by the fact that the Presidency of Professor J. W. Cook was thereby brought to an end after only two years in office. At the Annual General Meeting held in London on 27 April he was succeeded by Mr. H. W. Cremer who was elected for the period 1951-1953. Other changes among Officers and Members of the Council are referred to in section G of this Report and a full account of the proceedings of the Anniversary Meetings held in London on 27-28 April was published in the Journal 1951 111 178-190. During the year the extensive alterations to the Institute building at 30 Russell Square were completed and have resulted not only in providing more extensive office accommodation and additional Committee Rooms, but also in greatly improved facilities for members to meet in pleasant surroundings in the newly established Members’ Room.These facilities have not yet been as widely used as had been hoped but it is suspected that members have grown so accustomed to regarding the building of the Institute as a place to which they go only when they have professional business to transact that it will take some little time before they realise that it is in course of becoming a social centre though necessarily on a somewhat limited scale. The membership of the Institute increased more rapidly in 1951 than in recent years. Entries to the Associateship examination have continued to rise but unfortunately the proportion of successful candidates was even lower than in 1950. Membership statistics are given in section B of this Report.It is regretted that for reasons of economy cuts have had to be made in the size of the Journal. The decision to omit the formal reports of Proceedings of Council had however been taken earlier and on other grounds. It had been realised that snippets of information about im-portant services of the Institute embedded in records of the routine business of committees did not serve to give members a clear picture of what the Institute was doing in these fields. This probably applies more particularly to the activities of the Institute in matters of professional and economic status and to the work of the Benevolent Fund. For this reason more extensive surveys of these services have been included in this Report and the attention of members is particularly directed to the account that is given below under the headings “Status Privileges and Employment of Members” and “The Benevolent Fund.” It will be appreciated that in both these fields considerable discretion has to be [ 2 exercised in the publication of information in order to avoid embarrassing individuals or jeopardising the success of consultations with industrial firms Government Departments and other employing bodies.It is the intention of the Council however to keep members as fully informed as possible about developments of policy in the Institute’s professional and charitable activities. As a result of economies and certain increases in fees referred to in section H of this Report the excess of income over ordinary expenditure has been raised sufficiently to enable more appropriate sums to be set aside as reserves for intermittent publications and general contingencies.With continually rising costs however it will clearly become difficult to maintain such provisions in future and the Council is therefore giving serious consideration to means of balancing its budget in 1952. Every endeavour will be made to avoid cuts in essential services by securing additional revenue and practising due economy in all the Institute’s activities. During the year important developments have taken place in the organisation of Institute affairs in India (Journal 1951 I 43). The new scheme for forwarding applications for admission by candidates who have received their training in India or Pakistan has been brought successfully into operation.Serious attention has also been given to the possibility of holding examinations for the Associateship in India but the machinery for doing so was still under discussion at the end of the year. In the meantime the activities of the four established Local Sections in India have developed progressively though the constitution of the proposed fifth Local Section for Eastern India has not yet become effective. Only one new Local Section of the Institute was formed during the year-the Cumberland and District Section. The extent of the activities of the 26 Local Sections in Great Britain and Ireland and of the seven overseas can be judged from the detailed record of their meetings published as Appendix 111 to this Report.The Council is greatly indebted to the officers of these Local Sections through whose efforts these extensive programmes of meetings have been organised and in particular to their Hon. Secretaries on whom the main burden of the work generally falls. It was with great regret that the Council learned of the resignation of Mr. E. M. Joiner as Hon. Secretary of the Birmingham and Midlands Section through ill health. The thanks of the Council have been extended to him for his valuable services to the Institute over many years; also to Dr. C. V. Reynolds on his retirement as the first Hon. Secretary of the South-Western Counties Section. A welcome has been accorded to their respective successors Mr. S. A. Ray and Mr. E. R. Braithwaite. Several changes have also taken place in the Hon.Secretaryships of Local Sections in India. The customary two conferences of Hon. Secretaries were held during the year one in April at the time of the Annual General Meeting and 1 3 the other in October. At the second of these Conferences the draft of a Section Officers’ Handbook was approved and it is believed that this will be of considerable value to officers and members of Committees of the Sections. The system of appointing Hon. Representatives of the Institute in universities and colleges in the United Kingdom which was introduced in 1950 has already proved its value. Changes in these appointments have been recorded from time to time in the Journal. Hon. Corres-ponding Secretaries in various places abroad have continued to provide a useful link with the Institute especially where there is no Local Section.Close contacts have also been maintained with sister Chemical Institutes in Australia Canada New Zealand and South Africa. At the end of the year a notable break occurred in the continuity of the Institute’s administration through the retirement of Mr. R. L. Collett the Registrar and Miss I. Cawston the Principal Assistant Secretary. Mr. Collett joined the Institute as Assistant Secretary in 1925 and was appointed Registrar in 1944. An appreciation of his work for the Institute was published in the Journal 1951 VI 319 and members had an opportunity of subscribing to a presentation that was made to him at a dinner at Apothecaries Hall on 21 December. Arrangements were made for a presentation to Miss Cawston early in 1952 as a tribute to her devoted service to the Institute over a period of 42 years.Before these retirements became effective the Council on the recommendation of a special Committee on Future Administration had decided that the offices of Secretary and Registrar should be recombined as from 1 January, 1952 with Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham acting in the dual capacity. Other consequent changes have been reported in the Journal 1951 VI 321. The Council records its appreciation of the work of the salaried officers and staff of the Institute during the year. An increased amount of business has had to be transacted and many difficulties inherent in changing over to a new organisation have been successfully surmounted.Further details and statistics of the principal activities and services of the Institute for 1951 are set forth under separate headings below (see Index on back of the cover) A. MEMBERSHIP AND STUDENTSHIP The Council has learned with regret of the death during the year (or earlier) of 75 Fellows 22 Associates and 3 Registered Students whose names are recorded in Appendix I. Changes in membership and studentship during the year are recorded below with the corresponding figures for 1950 for comparison. Twelve months ended 3 1 December 1950 1951 Additions and promotions : New Fellows . . . . . . Fellows re-elected . . Associates elected to Fellowship' . New Associates . . . . . . Associates re-elected . . . . Students elected to Associateship New Students .. . . . . Students re-admitted . . . . Fellows . . . . . . Associates . . . . . . Students . . . . . . Fellows . . Associates . . Students . . . . Fellows . . Associates . . Students . . . . Deaths : Resignations : Removals : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4 142 358 13 196 919 4 15 2 114 400 21 226 78 1 19 60 64 24 20 2 2 5 7 52 48 51 84 5 15 71 54 258 33 1 The numbers of Fellows Associates and Students on the Register of the Institute at 31 December 1951 and at the corresponding date in 1950 were as follows:-At 31 December 1950 195 1 Increase Fellows .. . . 4,025 4,070 45 Associates . . . . 7,887 8,298 411 Total of Corporate Members . . 11,912 12,368 456 Students . . . . . . . . 2,692 2,849 157 The loss of corporate members by death resignation or removal was slightly less than in the previous year (208 against 21 7) while the net increase in corporate membership was substantially greater than it has been in the last few years (456 as cornpared with 379 in 1950 and 373 in 1949). The congratulations and good wishes of the Council were sent to 17 Fellows who had completed 50 years of membership and many appreciative letters were received from these senior members. The number of joint subscribers to at least the three chartered chemical bodies under the Chemical Council scheme was practically unchanged from that in the previous year-3,558 against 3,546; Fellows and Associates accounted for 3,470 of the number for 1951.As was pointed out in a recent editorial (Journal 195 1 V 265) this represents nearly 45 per cent of the total membership [ 5 1 - - --~ __- - - - of the Chemical Society and almost half of that of the Society of Chemical Industry-but less than a third of the corporate membership of the Institute. It is regrettable that in spite of the attractions of the joint subscription scheme, more than half the members of the Institute do not support either of the principal publishing societies or the Faraday Society or the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. On the other hand some satisfaction may be derived from the estimate that the roll of the Institute probably includes over 70 per cent.of the chemists in the United Kingdom who are qualified for admission to membership-a figure believed to be comparable with those for several other professions in which membership of the professional body is not a statutory requirement. A higher proportion is desirable however, in order that the Institute may use its influence more fully in the best interests of the chemical community. B. NOMINATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS The Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee has met on the Friday morning before each meeting of the Council in accordance with the normal practice. A report has been presented by a sub-committee appointed to consider the relationship between the curricula and examinations for University Honours degrees and those for the Institute’s own examination for the Associateship, and to consider the situation arising from the large increase in the number of candidates for the A.R.I.C.examination. It has been found necessary to make arrangements for examinations to be held in two additional centres namely King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne, in April 1952 and the University of Birmingham in September 1952. The Council has agreed that confidential information about the performance of unsuccessful candidates should be sent on request to the Heads of Chemistry Departments of recognised Colleges at which they have studied. Dr. D. J. G. Ives accepted nomination (in succession to the late Professor A. J. Allmand) as Examiner in Physical Chemistry for the Associateship and Professor E.J. King accepted the Examinership for the new Branch of the Examination for the Fellowship to be entitled Branch D.l Clinical Chemistry. Dr. D. C. Garratt was appointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch E: The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. The names of the following have been added to the list of Institutions recognised for training candidates for admission to the Associateship :-The Northampton Polytechnic London. The Schools of Technology Art and Commerce Oxford. Southend Municipal College. Whitehaven Technical Institute. It is the intention of the Council to re-inspect from time to time institutions that have been recognised for some years. By the courtesy of the Universities of Leeds and London and the Royal Technical College Glasgow examinations were held in their laboratories during the year.The thanks of the Council are accorded to them and also to a number of Fellows individually for giving facilities for examinations. The entries to examinations and the results are summarised below:-Associateship Entered Passed January . . . . . . . . 68 16 April . . . . . . 193 47 September . . . . . . 139 46 400 109 - -[ 6 Thus only 27 per cent of the candidates passed compared with 33 per cent in 1950. Fellowship Entered Passed Branch B Physical Chemistry, with special reference to-High Polymers (Old Regulations) . . I 1 of Food and Drugs and of Water . . Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy, Branch G Industrial Chemistry, 18 9 with special reference to-Petroleum .. . . 1 1 Metallurgical Industries . . . . 1 0 Textiles . . . . . . 1 0 Branch H General Analytical Chemistry . . 4 2 Sewage and Trade Efiluents . . 1 1 Branch I Water Supplies and the Treatment of - -_ 27 14 The Committee for Oral Examinations has held 22 meetings under the Chairmanship of Professor H. V. A. Briscoe with Dr. J. R. Nicholls C.B.E., as his deputy. Oral Examinations Paragraph 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . Passed . . 35* Clause 8 (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . Passed . . 35* Referred . . 16 Referred . . 20 Interviews Studentship . . . . . . . . . . . . Accepted . . 11 Associateship . . . . . . . . . . . . Accepted . . 3 Referred . . 5 Associateship to Fellowship .. . . . . . . Accepted . . 6 Referred . . 2 Fellowship Direct . . . . . . Accepted . . 3 Thanks are due not only to Professor Briscoe and Dr. Nicholls but also to the following members of Council who have acted on this Committee:-Dr. H. Baines Professor H. Burton Dr. C. W. Herd and Professor W. H. Linnell. Thanks are also due to the Committees of several Local Sections for arranging to interview students who have applied for exemption from approved Preliminary Examinations and to the Sub-committee under the Chairmanship of Mr. H. Krall with Dr. C. Forrester and Mr. E. T. Osborne which has continued its valuable work in scrutinising applications from candidates trained in India or Pakistan. The new scheme for submission of such applications direct to the Registrar on a special form (Journal 1951 I 43 71) came into operation on 1 April and has worked smoothly.* Several of these candidates had been examined previously and referred for further study. Others were required to write essays or theses before acceptance. [ 7 The Council has given sympathetic consideration to requests for arrange-ments to be made to hold examinations for the Associateship in India. The proposal has been accepted in principle but discussion of procedure was still continuing at the end of the year. C. STATUS PRIVILEGES AND EMPLOYMENT OF MEMBERS After the Annual General Meeting it was decided to reconstitute the Appoint-ments and Economic Status Committee as a Committee of Council to meet normally at monthly intervals.Since then the Committee has met on the day before each meeting of Council except in December and besides dealing with a number of specific problems has reviewed the practices of other professional bodies in protecting the interests of their members with a view to further consideration of directions in which the Institute might properly and usefully vary or extend its own activities in this field (Jourrtnl 1951 IV 259). The service of the Appointments Register has been maintained by the weekly distribution of particulars of vacancies to members who asked to receive them. It is of value to members in the capacity of employers as well as to those seeking posts. Moreover it is the most important means whereby the officers of the Institute are kept in touch with current trends in salary scaler, with the demand for chemists of various types and with dificulties that some-times arise in the relations between employer and employee-i,i ;act with most of the problems involving professional and economic status.The magnitude of the service in 1951 is indicated by the following figures (with data for 1950 for comparison) :-Number of vacancies notified during the year :-(a) Notified privately to the Institute . . . . (b) Notified in published advertisements . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . Number of persons who received the lists in some period of the year :-Fellows . . . . . . Associates . . . . Total Corporate Members Total Corporate Members Senior Registered Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . and Students . . Number of Corporate Members receiving the lists at the end of the year:-(a) Those known to be disengaged . . . . . . (b) Others . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Corporate Members . . . . . . 1950 435 2,376 2,812 -~ -166 558 1951 505 3,041 3,546 -__ -127 485 724 53 612 58 777 - -25 28 1 670 - -32 191 306 - - 223 - -The need for chemists with experience particularly in some special fields, has continued to grow as is witnessed by the considerably larger number of vacancies notified. It is satisfying to find that there has been a marked increase in the number of senior vacancies brought to the notice of the Institute, r 8 especially by firms employing Fellows or Associates in administrative positions.In fact the demand for niost categories of qualified scientists including chemists, continues to outstrip the supply in spite of the great expansion in their number that has occurred since the war. The importance of making the best use of available scientific personnel especially in relation to requirements arising from the defence programme has been recognised by the Government in reconstituting the Technical Personnel Committee (again under the Chairmanship of Lord Hankey) which was in operation during and immediately after the war (Journal, 1951 V 305). Salaries of chemists have increased notably since the last issue of ‘Remunera-tion Statistics by the Institute (Journal 1948 11 101) and it appears that the average figures then quoted for any particular age group may now apply more closely to the immediately lower age group.In order to be able to assess the position more exactly it has been agreed to conduct a further survey of salaries and to publish revised remuneration statistics as soon as possible. Data of this kind are of considerable value in explaining to employers who offer substantially lower salaries why their notices of vacancies cannot be accepted for the Appointments Register and in convincing them that they are, in any event unlikely to obtain a suitably qualified man with the required experience unless they offer a higher salary. Advice of this kind is frequently given in the normal course of operating the Appointments Register and is generally accepted. An important firm recently acknowledged that as a result of information and advice received from the Institute they had entirely revised the whole of their salary scales in an upward direction.This is only one example. In such ways the Institute has been able to do much over a period of years to secure progressively higher standards of remuneration for chemists in general. The same applies to conditions of service other than salary. Advice about the terms of contracts of service has continued to be given to both employers and employees (or candidates for posts). For this purpose the revised “Notes on Terms of Engagement of Chemists,” prepared by a joint committee of representatives of the Institute the Association of British Chemical Manu-facturers and the Standing Committee of Directors of Research Associations (Journal 1950 111 213; reprinted 1951 I 19) has provided a useful basis, and its value has been greatly enhanced by reference to the addresses given to Local Sections by Mr.Collett on the results of his long experience as an adviser in these matters (Journal 1951 I 13). During the year several firms have modified the terms of proposed service contracts as a result of such advice and in some instances have admitted that certain conditions had been inserted without their specific instruction and were inappropriate to an agreement with a professional man. The Institute has also been active largely in association with other bodies, in connection with particular aspects of appointments in the public services. In conjunction with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists informal conversations have taken place with representatives of the Ministries of Food and Health on matters arising from the revision of the Food and Drugs Act and the relevant Regulations including the remuneration of public analysts-an issue which the Society has latterly been pursuing separately with the employing authorities.Through the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society representations have also been made to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government on certain provisions of the Rag Flock and Other Filling Materials Act 1951 under which it appeared that certain chemical tests relevant to the public health were being entrusted to persons without the qualifications of a public analyst.Again through the Joint Council of Professional Scientists representations were made to the Colonial Office about the interpretation of the Regulations relating to extra-mural work an publications of scientists in the Colonial Service and an assurance has recently been received that the Regulations will not be applied unreasonably to specialist officers contributing to scientific literature or undertaking for remuneration lectures at a university or college and service as external examiners (Journal 1951 IVY 257). The Joint Council of Professional Scientists has also been concerned with conditions that have led to the growing shortage of science teachers in schools and the Institute has supported a request for a discussion on this subject to be arranged by the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee.Tnformal discussions on salary scales and conditions of service have also taken place with the Coal Board and with authorities of other nationalised industries and through a Joint Committee with the Biochemical Society and the Associa-tion of Clinical Pathologists on certain aspects of the status of biochemists in hospitals. As a result of such experience of conditions of employment in the public services and especially in the nationalised industries the Council on the advice of its Appointments and Economic Status Committee has become convinced that in general it is better for the Institute as a professional body not to seek to act as the representative of the staff side on Whitley Councils but to use its influence wherever possible in an advisory capacity.This view is known to be supported by other qualifying professional institutes. Public authorities often prefer to deal with institutions representing scientists as a whole. More-over they may feel under some obligation to conduct offcia1 negotiations with trade union bodies representing the staff side for only such bodies are legally able to commit their members to acceptance of agreements negotiated on their behalf. On the other hand it is often in preliminary discussions with employing authorities that issues affecting the course of official negotiations are raised and considered and it is at this stage that the influence of the Institute may be most effectively exerted. In other matters of more general concern the Institute has also been active.Thus informal conversations have taken place with the Home Office on the r61e of scientists in the Civil Defence Organisation (Journal 1951 111 177). The Institute has associated itself with representations made by the Law Society and the Institute of Chartered Accountants to the Millard Tucker Committee on the question of retirement benefits for self-employed professional men and is in touch with other professional bodies that have submitted evidence to the Royal Comrilission on Taxation of Profits and Income about the conditions under which subscriptions to professional institutes might be allowed as a charge on income in the assessment of tax payable under Schedule E. D. MEETINGS AND PUBLICATIONS The following lectures were delivered during the year under the auspices 1.“Organisation for Development in a Chemical Company” Twelfth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture by Mr. E. A. O’Neal in London, on 12 February. 2. “Some Thoughts on the Education of the Chemist” Presidential Address by Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. in London on 27 April. 3. “Biological Aspects of Proteins in the light of recent Chemical Studies”: Second P. F. Frankland Memorial Lecture by Dr. R. L. M. Synge, F.R.S. in Birmingham on 18 May and in London on 20 July. “One Hundred Years of Chemistry” Seventh Dalton Memorial Lecture, by the Rt. Hon Lord McGowan K.B.E. in Manchester on 27 September . of the Institute:-4. I 10 The last two lectures were specially arranged to take place in the Festival of Britain year. Public lectures in connection with the Festival were organised by the Chemical Council (see p.13). A record of the extensive programmes of meetings held by Local Sections of the Institute during the year is given in Appendix 111 (p. 22). The Publications Committee was under constant pressure to reduce expendi-ture and as a result the Journal for 1951 contained only 374 text pages as against 530 in 1950 and 590 in 1949. The publication of Obituaries was stopped after Part I1 and it was decided to discontinue after the end of the year the pub-lication of lists of “Coming Events” either in the Journal or as separate leaflets. The Journal was issued in six parts as usual and other established features were maintained except that “Institute Notes” and “Institute Announcements” were combined (from Part IV) as “Institute Affairs”; and the title “Local Section Affairs” took the place of “Local Section Activities.” These changes were discussed in an editorial in Part IV in which the serious increase in costs was also noted.Special articles published during the year (other than those to which reference is made elsewhere in this Report) were “The Chemist as a Company Director,” by Dr. W. D. Scott (p. 5); “The Development of University Educa-tion in East Africa,” by Dr. R. F. Naylor (p. 10); “The Chemist as a Technical Salesman,” by Mr. R. C. Tarring (p. 78); “Some Experiences in developing the Work of a Local Section,” by Mr. E. M. Joiner (p. 82); “The Chemist in the Information Department,” by Mr. S. E. Fox (p. 152); “The Evolution of the South African Chemical Institute,” by Dr.J. A. McLachlan (p. 225); “Some Aspects of Technical Education in the United States and Great Britain,” by Dr. P. F. R. Venables (p. 269). Editorial articles in the Journal have included I “The Half-Century”; 11 “The New By-Laws”; 111 “The Institute Building”; IV “The Journal”; V “The Chemical Community.” An appreciation of Mr. R. L. Collett M.B.E. under the title “The Retiring Registrar,” took the place of an editorial in Part VI. Only three items in the series of Lectures Monographs and Reports were prepared during the year but as noted in the Annual Report for 1950 two Reports of Symposia prepared in that year were not issued until 195 1. The items prepared and issued in 1951 were:-1. “Statistical Methods with special reference to Analytical Chemistry,” 2.Twelfth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture “Organisation for Development 3. Seventh Dalton Lecture “One Hundred Years of Chemistry,” by The Council wishes to express its gratitude to members of the Institute and others who have contributed special articles to the Journal to the reviewers of books and to the lecturers who have given permission for their lectures to be published in the series of Lectures Monographs and Reports. A new edition of the Directory of Independent Consultants (1 950) was pub-lished during the year and has been widely welcomed. Unfortunately the final stages of the preparation of the 1950 edition of the Register of Fellows and Associates had not been completed by the end of the year. The initial delay had been due to uncertainties about paper supplies; subsequently pressure of other business in the office greatly limited the time that could be devoted to the task.In December members resident in Great Britain and Ireland were advised that only a limited edition would be printed and were asked to indicate if they wished to receive a copy. It is hoped to meet these requests and to supply copies to all oversea members in the Spring of 1952. by Mr. D. R. Read. in a Chemical Company,” by Mr. E. A. O’Neal. Lord McGowan K.B.E E. OTHER EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC MATTERS Professor J. W. Cook in his Presidential Address on “Some Thoughts on the Education of the Chemist” (Journal 1951 111 142) delivered at the Annual General Meeting in April drew attention to a number of aspects of education and training in chemistry and ancillary subjects.Subsequently the Council decided to set up an Education Committee to review and report on matters of interest to the Institute in this field. So far the Committee has been largely concerned with questions of courses and examinations for National Certificates (see below) but latterly has been turning its attention to the teaching of chemistry in schools. It is believed this Committee will afford a useful link with teachers in technical colleges and schools on problems that are of great importance in relation to the Institute’s own qualifications. The preparation of a new edition of The Profession of Chemistry was not completed during the year and it was decided in the meantime to produce two pamphlets “How to become a Chemist” and “Careers in Chemistry.” These will be available in the office primarily as an aid to answering enquiries from schoolchildren parents and teachers.In the early part of the year further consideration was given to the recom-mendations on the future of higher technological education made by the National Advisory Council on Education for Industry and Commerce. A memorandum on this subject was submitted by the Council of the Institute to the Ministry of Education and representatives of the Institute discussed with officers of the Ministry the criticisms of the recommendations that had been made in the memorandum. The final report of the National Advisory Council, issued later in the year went some way towards meeting certain of these criticisms but the Institute Council was still not satisfied that a case had been made for going on with the project of establishing a College of Technologists as an awarding body.The Council has noted with satisfaction that courses for the training of laboratory technicians have been established at the L.C.C. Paddington Technical College (Journal 1951 IV 264) and are being developed at other centres to prepare candidates for the examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute in Laboratory Technicians’ Work. The Royal Institute of Chemistry has been represented on the various committees that explored this field and eventually drew up syllabuses for the courses and the Council attaches con-siderable importance to the further development of this project.No special scientific conferences or courses were held under the auspices of the Institute during the year but the Council has indicated its policy on the organisation of such events in the future (Journal 1951 I 68). National Certificates The schemes for National Certificates in Chemistry and in Applied Chemistry which are administered by the Institute in co-operation with the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) the Scottish Education Department and the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) serve to meet a growing need as is witnessed by the rapid and progressive increase in the numbers of candidates entering for the examinations in the post-war period. The figures for 1946 1950 and 1951 given below illustrate this point and make it clear that the administration of the National Certificate schemes now represents one of the major duties performed in the office of the Institute.Ordinary Certificate Higher Certificate Entered Passed Entered Passed England & Wales 1946 358 245 112 83 1950 976 633 34 1 24 1 1951 1164 644 495 324 Scotland 1946 35 20 23 19 1950 156 112 86 56 1951 200 136 137 79 l 12 The establishment of the National Certificate scheme in Northern Ireland is too recent to yield comparative figures. Abstracts of reports of the Assessors for 1949-50 were published in Journal 1951 I 51 (England and Wales) 54 (Scotland). The fee income received by the Institute for National Certificate services and the expenditure incurred are included with the sums for the Institute’s own examinations in the Examinations and Assessments Account on pp.32-33. Awards Two awards for 1950 each of one hundred guineas from the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund were made respectively to Mr. W. A. Baker and Dr. George Whittingham (Journal 1951 111 210). The Meldola Medal for 1950 was awarded to Dr. E. A. R. Braude (Journal, 1951 11 89). No award of the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize was made as no entry of sufficient merit was received. F. EXTERNAL RELATIONS AND PUBLICITY The Chemical Council has continued to administer the joint subscription arrangements for members of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry or of all three chartered chemical bodies (with special provisions for those who also belong to the Faraday Society or to the Society of l b l i c Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists) and to be responsible through the Joint Library Committee for the maintenance of the Chemical Society’s Library to which these and other bodies contribute.On the recommendation of its Publicity Committee the Chemical Council organised on behalf of the constituent bodies and in connection with the Festival of Britain four public lectures on “Chemistry in the Service of Man,” designed “to emphasise the outstanding part played by chemists in the industrial and economic advances of the last century.” These lectures delivered in the Royal Institution were as follows :-“Chemistry and the Amenities of Life,” by Professor R. P. Linstead C.B.E F.R.S.; “Chemistry and the Food We Eat,’’ by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S.; “Chemistry and the Conquest of Disease,” by Professor J.W. Cook F.R.S.; “Chemistry and Modern Thought,” by Professor Sir Cyril Hinshelwood F.R.S. The Joint Council of Professional Scientists on which the Institute is associated with the Institute of Physics the Institution of Metallurgists and the Institute of Biology (all qualifying professional bodies) has been active in various matters some of which are referred to under “Status Privileges and Employment of Members” (p. 10). In pursuance of the understanding that the secretariat of the Joint Council should be furnished in turn by the partici-pating bodies it was agreed towards the end of the year that this responsibility be transferred as soon as convenient from the Institute of Physics to the Royal Institute of Chemistry with Dr.H. J. T. Ellingham as Hon. Secretary in succession to Dr. H. R. Lang who has given valuable service in this capacity for many years. Representatives of the Institute have taken part in discussions arranged by the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee on various subjects of national importance and Mr. A. L. Bacharach served on a sub-committee to study the technical applications of science in the Colonial Empire. Friendly relations have been maintained with the Chemical Institutes in Australia Canada New Zealand and South Africa. Consideration was given to the possibility that the Royal Institute of Chemistry might accept a reduced annual subscription from its members who were resident in one of those countries and belonged to the corresponding sister Institute but it was concluded with 13 regret that any worthwhile reduction in the subscription would entail a greater loss of income to the Institute than could reasonably be faced under present economic conditions.The Chemical Conclave held in New York and Washington from 3 to 15 September included the XIIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry the XVIth Conference of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry the seventy-fifth anniversary celebrations of the American Chemical Society and the Golden Jubilee of the National Bureau of Standards. These meetings were attended by many members of the Institute in various capacities but Mr. R. C. Chirnside Professor W. H. Linnell and Mr. E. T. Osborne O.B.E.were the Institute’s official delegates ; they also represented the Institute at a Dinner of the American Institute of Chemists at which Professor Linnell was the principal guest speaker. During the year preparations were being made for the International Congress on Analytical Chemistry to be held in Oxford from 4 to 9 September 1952, under the Presidency of Sir Robert Robinson O.M. F.R.S. with Sir Wallace Akers C.B.E. as Vice-president and Mr. R. C. Chirnside as Hon. Secretary. G. THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIWS OF THE INSTITUTE ON OTHER BODIES The election of Officers and Members of Council was conducted under the revised By-laws whereby the President and the Vice-Presidents are elected for a period of two years and General Members of Council for three years.Under these provisions Professor J. W. Cook completed his term of office as President at the Annual General Meeting on 27 April 1951 and was succeeded by Mr. H. W. Cremer. A short article on the new President was published with a photograph in JournaZ 1951 111 140. At the same time Professor F. Challenger Mr. H. Krall Professor R. P. Linstead Mr. G. Roche Lynch and Mr. E. T. Osborne retired as Vice-presidents and were succeeded by Dr. G. M. Bennett Professor H. Burton Dr. W. M. Cumming Dr. C. W. Herd and Miss M. Olliver. Only Professor W. H. Linnell was eligible under the By-laws for re-election as a Vice-president; he was duly elected to the office while Professor J. W. Cook as the immediate past President, became a Vice-president ex-oficio.There were a number of changes among the General Members of Council (now reduced to 21 in number) but all who were eligible were re-elected. Subse-quently the new Council had to decide in accordance with the transitional provisions of the By-laws which of the elected Vice-presidents should continue in office for only one year and which of the General Members of Council should serve for only one or for only two years (Journal 1951 111 213). Fortunately the selection of General Members of Council for this purpose was almost completely determined by the dates of their original election and the change to the new constitution of the Council was thus readily effected. No further questions of selection will arise in future years. The Regulations for the election of District Members of Council had been amended by the Council under powers conferred by the new By-laws so as to constitute the area of the North Wales Section as a separate District and to provide for the election of two Members of Council from the District comprising the combined areas of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and the East Anglia Section.The number of District Members of Council was thereby raised to 18. Towards the end of the year a casual vacancy among District Members was caused by the resignation through ill-health of Mr. A. R. Jamieson, representing the District Scotland 111; he was succeeded by Professor F. S. Spring. I 14 Nine meetings of the Council were held in 1951-one in every month except April August and September. A list of standing Committees and their members appointed at the May meeting of the Council was published in Journal 1951 111 218.As a result of reorganisation of business it became possible to discharge the Special Purposes Committee the Membership Committee (except for the completion of the preparation of a new edition of The Profession of Chemistry) the Advisory Committee on Indian and Pakistani Affairs and the Scientific Courses Com-mittee. The Committee on Revision of By-laws was wound up on completion of its work (Journal 1951 111 213). The terms of reference and personnel of two new Committees appointed in July-the Ethical Practices Committee and the Education Committee-were given in Journal 1951 IV 258. The Meldola Medal Selection Committee (for the 2951 award) consists of the President, Professor R.P. Linstead (chairman) Professor Sir Eric Rideal and Dr. P. E. Spielmann (representing the Society of Maccabzeans). The Assessor for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize (1950) was Professor F. Challenger. Representatives of the Institute on joint committees and on other bodies appointed at the May meeting of the Council were also listed in JoLmul 1951, 111 218. Among new or special appointments made during the year but not included in that list were representatives on-The East Anglian Regional Advisory Council for Further Education, Science Sub-cornmi ttee-Dr. J. W. Corran; Norwood Technical College (L.C.C.) Consultative Committee for Chemistry-Dr. N. Booth and Professor H. Burton; Bournemouth Technical College Advisory Committee for Chemistry-Professor H.T. S. Britton and Dr. C. G. Lyons. The President and the immediate past President accepted an invitation to represent the Institute on the Corday-Morgan Memorial Executive. Mr. A. L. Bacharach was the representative at a conference sponsored by the Biological Council to consider the organisation of symposia in the field of drug action. Dr. John Haslam was appointed to represent the Institute on a committee set up by the Chemical Society on Definitions of Terms used in Analytical Chemistry with special reference to proposals by the American Chemical Society; and Dr. H. Baines on a provisional national body on Recruitment and Training of Laboratory Technicians established in connection with courses for the exaininations of the City and Guilds of London Institute.Many corporate members have continued to serve as nominees of the Institute on committees of the British Standards Institution. Among new nominations during the year were:-Units and Symbols Standards Comnittee (a new body to co-ordinate work in the field)-Professor Sir Alfred Egerton F.R.S. Technical Committee USM/2 Symbols and Abbreviations-Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham; C/13 Testing of Water-Mr. W. Gordon Carey; LBC/16: Standardisation of Glass Electrodes-Dr. D. J. G. Ives; RUC/8 Rubber Tubing and Bungs for Laboratory Use-Mr. W. H. Stevens. Special events at which the Institute was officially represented included :-XIIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry the Seventy-fifth Anniversary Celebration of the American Chemical Society and other events in the Chemical Conclave at New York and Washington-Mr.R. C. Chirnside, Professor W. H. Linnell and Mr. E. T. Osborne (Journal 1951 IV 263); the Royal Sanitary Institute Health Congress at Southport-Mr. J. F. Clark. The Council accords grateful thanks to all who by service on committees and joint committees and as representatives on other bodies have contributed so largely to the advancement of the interests of the profession H. FINANCE HOUSE AND STAFF MATTERS, The Financial Statements for the year 1951 which form part of this report (see pages 27-41} have been prepared in accordancewith the procedure established in 1947 and modified in subsequent years. No major changes have been made in presentation and comparison with the corresponding figures for 1950 can therefore be readily made.The capital position as indicated by the Balance Sheet at 31 December 1951, does not give cause for immediate concern although the sharp decline in the market price of gilt-edged securities has reduced the current value of invest-ments by more than E10,OOO. Fortunately this loss of capital is potential rather than actual for it should not be necessary to sell any further investments in the immediate future. National War Bonds (1952-54) with the nomiiial value of E8,500 were sold during the year to meet part of the cost of alterations and additions to the Institute’s building but further realisation was avoided by arranging a temporary overdraft with the Westmiiister Bank of up to E6,000 for the last few weeks of the year.These improvements to the building have now been completed and the cost has been added to the Balance Sheet value. A further Capital Redemption Policy to realise E10,OOO in A.D. 2010 has been taken out so that a total of S80,OOO will become available towards the purchase of a new building when the lease of 30 Russell Square expires. Capital expenditure amounting to E2,lll was incurred in furnishing the Members’ Room and equipping the new offices. These changes which were fully reported in the Journal 1951 IIJ, 137; IV 257 have done much to improve the amenities of the Institute’s building have added to the facilities and services available to members and have improved the working cofiditions of the Staff. At the end of December investments previously held in connection with the Superannuation Suspense Account were sold and a payment of E2,313 (since received) was due from the Institute’s Brokers.The sum outstanding is included among the Sundry Debtors in the Balance Sheet. These investments had been sold in order to provide part of the funds for the purchase of annuities for salaried officers who retired at 31 December 1951. The total cost of these annuities as shown in the Staff Superannuation Reserve Account amounted to E392 more than was provided by the matured endowment policies and other accrued capital sums The balance was therefore drawn from the General Contingencies Reserve Account. The General Income and Expenditure Account shows an increased sub-cription income related to the growth of membership but the number of current annual Associateship subscriptions outstanding at 3 1 December was larger than usual.Almost all the items of expenditure reflect the continued rise in prices and, in particular the disproportionate rises in stationery and printing costs. The charge for printing the Annual Report of the Council which was previously included in the general printing account has been added to the cost of the Anniversary Meetings and the figures for 1950 have been similarly adjusted for comparison. The proportion of Staff salaries and overhead expenses charged to the Special Accounts has not been altered but most items of expenditure in these accounts show substantial increases. In 1950 the excess of income over expenditure before making any appro-priation to reserves had fallen to E675 and it had not been possible to make these appropriations on the scale required to provide for intermittent publications and general contingencies.Steps were therefore taken during the year to secure increased revenue and to reduce expenditure. Examination fees were raised and the contribution payable by members using the Appointments Register was increased from 10s. to 21 s. for each period of six months; moreover, the annual fee payable by Registered Students was put up from 10s. to 21s. [ 16 The substantial savings that should have been effected by cutting down or even omitting certain features of the Journal and limiting the number of items in the series of Lectures Monographs and Reports (Journal 1951 IV 221; VI 369) were largely offset by rising costs of paper and printing; on the other hand, this was the first complete year of carrying advertisements in the Journal and a useful addition to revenue wils thus obtained.Although the effects of some of these changes were not fully felt during the year the excess of income over expenditure was raised to 21,539 before making appropriations to reserves. It has thus been possible to allocate 2750 to Intermittent Publications Reserve Account and f500 to General Contingencies Reserve Account. It is clear however that there is a limit to which any activity of the Institute can be cut without destroying its value and the Council is therefore considering the possibilities of securing additional revenue in 1952, as well as means for effecting economies with the minimum restriction of essential existing services.J. CHARITABLE TRUSTS THE BENEVOLENT FUND It is perhaps unusual to open an account of the work of the Fund during a particular year by referring to an event that took place in the last week of that year but at a time when the financial position of the Fund is causing some concern it is fitting that a generous bequest should be gratefully ack-nowledged. Under the provisions of the will of the late Mr. H. L. Heathcote, Feliow the Fund became entitled to a share in his residuary estate; the sum of f650 was duly received from the executors and added to the Capital Account for investment. Assistance from the Fund was given to thirty-five beneficiaries five of whom had not previously received such help.Regular allowances for periods of more than six months were made to twenty-one of these beneficiaries but the Com-mittee was able to terminate three such allowances during the year because of the improved financial position of the recipients. The no table increase in expenditure on reguiar allowances-22,440 as compared with 22,094 in 1950-was due not only to a rise in the number of beneficiaries but also to the decision to increase the rate of the allowances granted to three cases so that a reasonable standard of comfort might be maintained. Special grants totalling f345 were made to eight beneficiaries and loans amounting to 2296 were made to five applicants in temporary financial difficulties. Among the new cases a regular allowance at the rate of 30s.a week was made to the young widow of a Fellow who had died in January 1951 after a long illness. The Fellow had been unable to make suitable provision for life assurance owing to the nature of his illness and persistent ill health had depleted his savings. His widow with a child aged two was dependent on a National Insurance pension and a small ex grntin allowance from her late husband’s employers. A similar allowance was made to the elderly widow of a Fellow who had died in 1946. Her husband had spent most of his life abroad and at one time received an adequate income from oversea investments but both capital and income had been lost as a result of the war. The widow was in poor health and unable to undertake regular employment.She was not entitled to any National Insurance pension having ceased to contribute when she married, and had been obliged to sell some of her furniture and personal belongings. Otherwise she was dependent on such help as friends could provide. These two examples serve to illustrate the grievous and totally unforeseen misfortune that can occasionally overtake a family in spite of provident living, and will give an indication of the valuable work the Fiind can do. [ 17 Three particularly distressing cases were kept closely under review. The widow of a member reported that her only income apart from a regular grant from the Fund was her widow’s pension for she had been obliged to give up the sale of home-made cakes from which she had previously supplemented her income.Her younger daughter suffered from a form of muscular paralysis and was completely dependent and her elder daughter was unable to make any contribution towards the upkeep of the home. The regular grant was raised from El28 to 5156 p.a. Further help in the form of a regular grant was also given to the widowed mother of an Associate who had entered a mental hospital. Her husband had been killed and her home destroyed during the war. Since 1949 the son had not been fit enough to undertake any form of work and his condition had shown little improvement after prolonged treatment. The widow was not eligible for National Assistance and her only income apart from her widow’s pension was a small net sum from letting a furnished room. In July the Committee learned of the difficult circumstances that faced the widow of a Fellow who had died suddenly.The worry of an unsuccessful business enterprise had contributed to his early death and the widow was left in debt and without resources. Her two children aged 14 and 13 had been removed to less expensive schools and she had taken all possible action to reduce expenses. Grants were made from the Fund to meet funeral expenses and certain other bills so that the widow inight resume without an impossible burden of debt the employment for which she was trained before her marriage. Grants were made to five elderly Fellows whose resources from savings or pensions were insufficient to maintain their wives and themselves without privation. Special consideration has always been given to the needs of young children of beneficiaries.Grants were made to enable twenty-one children to enjoy summer holidays and letters of thanks from their parents and the children themselves clearly showed how greatly this help was appreciated. A third and final instalment towards the purchase of a bursary at Reed’s School was made and the direct donation of 5100 to the School was maintained. Contact was also made with the Royal Wolverhampton School at which younger children are accepted whereby it is hoped that the son and possibly the elder daughter, of an Associate will be admitted to the School. The grateful thanks of the Committee must again be accorded to the New Zealand Section of the Institute and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry for their generosity in continuing to send food parcels to many beneficiaries of the Fund.The Accounts of the Fund are published on page 38. In accordance with established practice the sum necessary to maintzin a balance on the Loans Reserve equal to one half of the total loans outstanding has been transferred from the Current Account. The income from Subscriptions Deeds of Covenant and Income Tax recovered was again less than expenditure and the sum of 2380 has been withdrawn from the General Fund to meet the deficit. The financial position of the Fund must give cause for some concern and it is appropriate that this section of the report should conclude with a quotation from the special appeal made by the President and Honorary Treasurer in December 1951 :-“Any member of the Institute may suffer unexpected misfortune through illness or accident and untimely death may result in hardship to his dependents.Few of those who have received help from the Fund expected in their earlier days that a time would come when they or their dependents would need assistance. We therefore urge all members to give generously according to their means in order that due help may be provided for those who are in trouble. THE RESIDENTIAL CLUBS FUND Doubts about the future of the Residential Clubs Fund had already been expressed in the Report for 1950 when it was noted that very few firm applica-tions for accommodation of the proposed type had been received. Replies to the Chairman’s request for opinions on the application of the Fund had indicated a general feeling that the basic idea of the scheme was sound and that it should not be abandoned lightly.On the other hand it became clear that old people especially married couples were reluctant to give up their own homes however inconvenient or difficult to manage particularly if joining a residential club meant abandoning most of their cherished possessions and moving to a different locality away from friends and established interests. Following further discussion of the whole position the Residential Clubs Fund Committee decided in July to recommend that the Fund be wound up as soon as the necessary arrangements could be made. This recommendation, which was made with considerable regret was accepted by the Council and the officers were authorised to obtain professional advice on the various legal and financial questions involved.Complete answers to these questions had not been obtained by the end of the year but it had been recognised that any final decision to wind up the Fund would need to be taken by a General Meeting. In that event it would be for the Council to decide to what other charitable purpose or purposes the assets of the Fund should be devoted. It would not be legally possible to give contributors the option of receiving back sums that had been given outright to the Fund whether as individual donations or annual con-tributions under Deed of Covenant. Sums advanced as loans to the Fund could of course be reclaimed by the lenders in accordance with the stated conditions and would be returnable on the winding-up of the Fund.In view of the remaining uncertainties about the position particularly on the question of charitable status contributors were asked to maintain their contributions under Deed of Covenant until these matters had been settled when a full statement would be issued APPENDIX I OBITUARY Fellows Charles Thomas Abell Arthur John Allmand M.C. F.R.S. Edward Ardern Bernard Cracroft Aston C.B.E. George Alec Awcock Kenneth Claude Bailey Tsidore Elkanah Balaban D.C.M. William Henry Ballantyne Charles Kepler Barnes Arthur George Vale Berry Robert Bickerstaffe William Blyth Robert Boyd Richard Victor Briggs George Bernard Brook Howard Alfred Caulkin Richard Westman Challinor William Samuel Clark O.B.E. Frank Edwin Connah Thomas Henry Cooke Douglas Henry Bellars Cowman Henry Edward Cox Harold Thomas Cranfield Thomas Rayner Dawson Alfred Theophilus De Mouilpied William Michael Doherty William Donovan Thomas Wallace Fagan Thomas Harold Fairbrother Hugh Findlay Frederick John Flowerdew Ernest George Gaul Charles Denis Victor Georgi O.B.E.Charles Arthur Hallas Harri Heap John Brownlie Henderson O.B.E. Henry James Hodsman M.B.E. John William Ingham Rev. Alfred Francis Joseph Aruppillai Kandiah James Kewley Joseph Henry Lane William Lowson Robert Ferris Lyle Charles Edgar Male Edward Alexander Mann Alexander McKenzie F. R. S, Kenneth Stuart McManus Charles McMullan Alexander Henry Mitchell Muter Nagendra Chandra Nag William Bayley Parker Leonard Roger Batten Pearce Edmund George Vincent Percival William Edmund Francis Powney Henry Stanley Raper C.B.E.F.R.S. Frederick William Richardson Joseph Gold Robertson Thomas Chilwell Sharrott St. Clair Overbeek Sinclair James Frederick Spencer Vernon Thorpe Tadman Leonard Thompson William Heaton Thorns Charles Kenneth Tinkler Thomas Turner Douglas Frank Twiss John Allsop Walker Robert Walter Warrick Eric Edmund Watson Frederick William Watson John Adam Watson Emil Alphonse Werner Frank Ramsay Weston Walter Collingwood Williams Associates Wallace Berry Eric Francis James David Alexander Brown William George Campbell Samuel Morris George Shearer Christie Norman Partington Arthur James Curtin Cosbie Harold Roy Crumpler Wilfred Sheldon Humphrey Cathair Doyne George Dunn Harold Taylor Eric Morgan Hall Vicky Rustomjee Heeramaneck Philip Uryash Sydney Hill Charles Reginald Wilkins Keith Michael Roberts Michael Whitehead Alan Garroch Kruger William James Sanderson Appadvedula Lakshmi Sundara Rao Hugh Arwel Thomas Registered Students Frank Alfred Wood [ 20 APPENDIX I1 MEMBERSHIP OF LOCAL SECTIONS The number of corporate members attached to each Local Section at Number of Section.Members. 31 December 1951 is given below:-Aberdeen and North of Scotland . . . . . . 107 Belfast and District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Birmingham and Midlands . . . . . . . . . . 726 Bristol and District . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Cardiff and District . . . . . . . . .. * . 202 Cumberland and District . . . . . . . . . . 75 Dublin and District . . . . . . . . 107 Dundee and District . . . . . . . . . . 62 East Anglia . . . . . . . . 118 East Midlands . . . . . . . . 388 Edinburgh and East of Scotland. . . . . 229 Glasgow and West of Scotland . . . . . . . . . . 545 Huddersfield . . . . . . 112 Hull and District . . . . . . . . . . 146 Leeds Area . . . . . . 328 Liverpool and North-Western . . . . . . . . . . 891 London and South-Eastern Counties . . . . . . 4,270 Manchester and District . . . . . . 945 Mid-Southern Counties . . . . . . . . 203 Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast . . . . 173 North Wales . . . . 103 Sheffield South Ydrkshiie and North Midlands . . . . 175 South Wales .. ,. . . . . 105 South-Western Counties . . . . . . 106 Stirlingshire and District . . . . . . . . 88 Tees-side . . . . . . . . . . 227 Total in Great Britain and Ireland . . . . . . 10,797 Cape of Good Hope . . . . . . 78 Northern India . . . . 89 Madras . . . . ,. . . 70 Western India . . . . . . 1 24 Malaya . . 32 New Zealand . . ,. . . . . 96 India Bangalore . . . . . . 41 Total in Oversea Sections . I . . . 530 The remaining 1,041 corporate members were resident in other places abroad not served by any Local Section except for a few in Great Britain and Ireland whose current addresses were unknown. APPENDIX I11 LOCAL SECTION MEETINGS The following lists of meetings held by Local Sections have been supplied by Hon.Secretaries. Many of these meetings were arranged jointly with other bodies. Annual General Meetings and other meetings of a purely business nature film exhibitions unaccompanied by lectures works visits and social events and meetings of other bodies to which members of the Institute were invited are not included. Aberdeen and North of Scotland “Ion Exchange in Crystals,” by Professor R. M. Barrer; ‘‘Chemistry in Relation to Soil Science,” by Dr. W. T. H. Williamson; “Applications of Electric Dipole Momefits to the Determination of Structure,” by Dr. L. E. Sutton; “Mould Metabolic Products,” by Professor A. Robertson; “The Trout’s Habitat,” by Mr. A. Dargie; “In the Realm of Carbon” (two Christmas Lectures for Senior Pupils of Secondary Schools), by Dr.N. Campbell. Belfast and District “Colour and Chemistry,” by Dr. B. C. Gee (lecture and demonstration for school children); “The Photographic Image,” by Dr. M. R. Wright; “A new monomer Acenaplithylene its polymers and co-polymers,” by Mr. A. Fowler Williams and Mr. M. Kaufnian; “Some effects of the artificial alteration of the thyroid function on the growth and develop-ment of farm animals,” by Mr. K. L. Robinson and Mr. W. 0. Brown; “Forty-eight Years in the Profession of Chemistry,’’ by Mr. R. F. Innes; “Recent Developments in the Chlorination of Water,” by Mr. H. Pirie; “An Innocent Scientist Abroad,” by Dr. C. L. Wilson; “The Organic Chemist’s Approach to the Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis,” by Dr. V. C. Barry; “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural By-products,” by Dr.F. N. Woodward. Birmingham and Midlands “Sound and Music” (Christmas Lectures for School children) by Mr. K. A. Macfadyen; “Silicones,” by Dr. R. A. Gregory and Mr. A. W. Wolstenholme; “Operational Research,” by Professor P. M. S. Blackett; “Research and Fuel Problems in Great Britain,” by Dr. A. Parker; “The Relationship between Priestlzy and Wedgwood,” by Dr. J. Thomas; Second P. F. Frankland Memorial Lecture “Biological Aspects of Proteins in the light of recent Chemical Studies,” by Dr. R. L. M. Synge; “Metallurgical and Chemical Problems in the Casting of Aluminium Alloys,” by Mr. D. C. G. Lees; “Decomposition Reactions of Organic Peroxides,” by Dr. W. Cooper; “Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Bacterial Nucleic Acids,” by Dr.A. S. Jones; “Anionic Polymerisation,” by Dr. N. S. Wooding; “Science in the Colonies,” by Sir John L. Simonsen; “Chemistry and Atomic Power,” by Dr. R. Spence; ‘‘Industrial Toxicology,” by Dr. A. J. Amor. Bristol and District “Light and Colour,” by Dr. T. Vickerstaff (Christmas lecture); “Modern Laboratory Glass Apparatus,” by Mr. B. H. Turpin and Mr. L. Curtis; “Some Aspects of Polysaccharide Chemistry with special refer-ence to Plastics Polymers,” by Dr. J. K. N. Jones; “The Structural Relationships in the Group of Cell-Wall Polysaccharides,” by Professor E. L. Hirst; “Solid and Catalytic Reactions with reference to the Practical Problems of Industry,” by Professor W. E. Garner; “Recent Progress in the Study of Metallic Oxidation and Corrosion,” by Dr.W. H. J. Vernon; “Some Thoughts on Chemical Safety,” by Mr. A. Webster; “Modern Applications of Analysis,” by Mr. R. Belcher; “Plastics in Chemical Plant,” by Mr. G. H. Black; “Developments in Anti-biotics,” by Mr. B. K. Kelly; “Recent Advances in Coal Science,” by Dr. R. Gordon; “Chemical Engineering Applied to the Fertiliser Industry,’’ by Mr. K. Sharples and Mr. F. G. Shipstone. [ 22 Cardiff and District “The Oil Laboratory’s Contribution to Technical Service” (with film) by Dr. K. M. Davics; “Chrcmatography-Some Achieve-ments and Possibilities,” by Dr. T. G. Williams; “The Analysis of Plastic Materials,’? by Dr. J. Haslam; “Toxic Fire and Explosive Hazards in Industry,” by Mr. A. S. Minton; “Soapless Detergents” (with film) by Mr. K. Burrow; “Applications of Radio Isotopes to Industry,” by Mr.E. W. Jones; “Titanium and its Compounds,” by Dr. N. M. Cullinane; “Some Aspects of Flour Treat-ment,” by Mr. H. K. Rout; “Some Recent Trends in the Application of Plastics,” by Mr. J. E. Whitney. Cumberland and District “Sonie Applications of Science in the Detection of Crime,” by Dr. J. B. Firth. Dublin and District ‘‘American Visit,” by Professor T. S. Wheeler; “Thirty Years in the Dyestuffs Industry,” by Mr. H. W. Moss; “Humour and Humanism in Chemistry,” by Professor 3. Read. Dundee and District “Sweet Food Maiiufacture,” by Mr. A. E. Pouncy, Mr. J. G. Weir and Mr. D. R. Brow; “The Trout’s Habitat,” by Mr. A. Dargie; “Some Recent Advances in Chemotherapy,” by Nlr. S. Ellingworth; “Chemistry and the Community,” by Professor A.Findlay; “That’s Shell, That Was,” by Dr. R. Roger; “Noises Old and New” (Christmas Lecture to senior pupils of secondary schools) by Professor G. H. Bell; “Thermo-plastic Processing,” by Mr. G. F. P. Parsons Mr. F. B. Makin and Mr. J. Smart. East Anglia “Some Rccent Developnents in Stereochemistry,” by Dr. F. G. Mann; “From Mouse to Microbe,” by Dr. E. C. Wood; “Some By-ways of Chromatography,’? by Dr. T. C. J. Ovenston; “Corrosion and its Control,” by Dr. U. R. Evans; “Some Random Recollectiom,” by Mr. R. L. Collett; “The Science and Art of Breadmaking,” by Dr. A. J. Amos; “General Principles of Boiler Water Treatment,” by Mr. W. F. Gerrard. East Midlands “Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Natural Products,” by Professor R.D. Haworth; “Inorganic Chromatography,” by Mr. R. A. Wells; “Silicones,” by Dr. D. S. P. Roebuck; “Aspects of Industrial Toxicology,” by Dr. W. M. Goldblatt; “Some Recent hdva.nces in Stereochernistry,” by Professor E. E. Turner; “Industrial Application of Atomic Energy,” by Sir Wallace Akers; “The Anatomy of the Chemist,” by Dr. T. S. Stevens; “Acetylene Chemistry,’’ by Professor E. R. H. Jones. Edinburgh and East of Scotland “Some Problems in the Structure and Physical Properties of Industrial High Polymers,” by Professor P. D. Ritchie; “Application of Exothermic Solid Reactions to Jet Propulsion and Industrial Purposes,” by Dr. J. Taylor; “Some Aspects of Infra-red Measurements,” by Dr. H. W. Thompson; “Some Observations on Materials of Construction for Chemical Plant,” by Dr.N. P. Inglis; Symposium on “Newer Biochemical Methods,” by Professor J. N. Davidson Dr. C. P. Stewart and Dr. G. R. Tristram; “Micro-Photography-The Production of Minute Photographs,” by Dr. G. W. W. Stevens; “Life and Work of William Higgins,” by Professor T. S. Wheeler; “The Assimilation of Amino-Acids by Bacteria,” by Dr. E. F. Gale; “Seaweed and Waste,” by Dr. F. N. Woodward (Christmas lecture). Glasgow and West of Scotland “Chemical Engineering Research,” by Professor M. B. Donald; “Chemistry in the Diagnosis of Disease,” by Dr. J. C. Eaton; “Chemical Principles of Colour Photography,” by Dr. C. H. Giles; “Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry,’’ by Dr. A. B. Crawford. Huddersfield “Phthalocyanine Type Dyestuffs,” by Mr. N. Haddock; “Natural Products of the Cycloheptane Group,” by Professor R.D. Haworth; “The Education of a Scientist,” by Mr. A. R. Bielby; “Ardil,” by Mr. R. H. K. Thomson; “Automatic Control and Its Application,” by Mr. J. C . Farquhar. [ 23 Hull and District “The Design and Qperation of Laboratory Fractionating Coluinns,” by Kr. L. J. Williamson; “The Developnient of Chemistry in the University of Glasgow,” by Professor J. W. Cook; “Agricultural Problems of the Colonial Empire,” by Sir Harold Tempany; “The Origin Composition and Properties of Honey,” by Mr. J. Pryce-Jones; “Some Peculiar Properties of Industrial Dusts,” by Professor H. V. A. Briscoe. keeds Area “Pectin in Industry and in the Laboratory,” by Miss M. Olliver; “Nascent Hydrogen-a Re-interpretation,” by Professor F.S. Dainton; Con-ference on “The Training of the Chemist”; “Rockets and Chemistry,” by Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths; “The Ubiquitous Chemist,” by Mr. H. W. Cremer. Liverpool and Northwestern ‘‘Thirty Years of Institute Service,” by Dr. H. H. Hodgson; “The Aililler the Baker and Bread throughout the Ages,” by Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones; “Viscosity of Lubricating Oils at High Rates of Shear,” by Dr. A. F. H. Ward; “Submerged Combustion,” by Mr. N. Swindin; “The Chemist in Local Government Service,” by Mr. N. Heron; “The Applica-tion of Radiation Counting Techniques to Chemistry,’’ by Mr. J. W. Lucas; “Publicity for Chemistry,” by Mr. B. D. W. Luff “Chemical Engineering,” by Sir Christopher Hin ton; Symposium on “Chemical Microscopy,” by Dr. J. G. A. Grifiths Mr.J. King and Lt.-Col. N. H. Hartshorne; “Fibres-Natural and Synthetic,” by Professor C. E. H. Bawn; “Medicine in Industry,” by Dr. E. F. Edson; “Radioactive Isotopes in Biochemical Research,” by Dr. J. Glover; “Radiation and Light Sources for the Chemist,” by Mr. H. W. Cumming; “Scottish §hale-Oil Industry,” by Mr. G. H. Smith; “Spectrography in the Aluminium Industry,” by Mr. H. R. Clayton. London and South-Eastern Counties “Atomic Reactors-Their Development and Economics,” by Mr. J. Smith; “Some Oxidase Systems in Flour,” by Pro-fessor H. Burton; “Some Stereochemical Features of Polycyclic A omatic Hydrocarbons,” by Professor J. W. Cook; “Synthetic Liquid Fuels,” by Dr. C. C. Hall; “Corrosion Processes and their Prevention,” by Dr. W. H. J. Vernon; ‘‘Rational Chemotherapy,” by Dr.H. N. Rydon; “The Biocheinistry of Fat Absorption,” by Professor A. C. Frazer; “Luminescence in Inorganic Chemistry,” by Mr. C. G. A. Hill; “Some Applications of Microbiology to Analytical Chemistry,’’ by Mr. S. Price; “Rockets and Chemistry” (with films), by Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths; “Some Experiences of a Chemist in the Museum Service,” by Mr. F. Greenaway; “Recent Advances in the Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis,” by Mr. D. E. Seymour; “Some Fundamental Problems of Analytical Chemistry,” by Dr. H. M. N. H. Irving; Symposium on “The Applications of Colloid Science to Industry”; “Recent Trends in Fuel Research,” by Dr. A. C. Monkhouse; “Early Developments in the Fine Chemical Industry -An Historical Survey,” by Mr. J. C. Hanbury; “The Microbiological Aspects of Egg Storage,” by Dr.J. R. Vickery; Discussion on “The Application of Statistical Methods to Chemistry”; “Stereochemical Aspects of Organic Reaction Mechanisms,” by Dr. D. H. R. Barton; “The Chemistry and Physics of Paint-ings,” by Dr. A. E. Werner; “The Manufacture of Glass” (with film) by Mr. P. M. Davidson; “Some Aspects of the Silicosis Problem,” by Dr. P. F. Holt; “Some Aspects of Colloid Chemistry Applied to Soil Science,” by Dr. R. K. Schofield (read by Mr. J. P. Quirk); “Some Recent Developments in Steroid Chemistry,’’ by Professor F. S. Spring; “Corrosion Processes-Their Cause and Prevention,” by Dr. F. Wormwell; “The Separation of Gases by Low Temperature Methods,” by Dr. J. B. Gardner; “Byeways in Chroniato-graphy,” by Dr. T. S. G.Jones; Symposium on “Radiochemistry,” opened by Dr. Henry Seligman. Manchester and District “Oxidation,” by Professor M. G. Evans; “Men at;d Machines,” by Professor R. E. Lane; “The Art and Science of Glassware,” [ 24 lecture (by Professor H. Moore) demonstration (Mr. Moxon):,exhibition and films; “Some Problems in the Oxidation of Hydrocarbons by Professor A. R. Ubbelohde; “One Hundred Years of Chemistry” (Seventh Dalton Lecture), by The Lord McGowan of Ardeer; Symposiuni CII “The Chemistry of Cell Division”; “The Anatomy of the Chemist,” by Di-. T. S. Stevens; “Scientific Problems in the D.S.I.R.” by Sir Ben Lockspeiser; “The Extraction and Processing of Magnesium,” by Dr. S. J. Fletcher; “The Uses of some Newer Drugs in Medicine,” by Dr. J. F. Wilkinson.Mid-Southern Counties “The Newer Plastics,” by Mr. G. N. S . Farrand; “Neutron Diffraction by Crystals,” by Professor Kathleen Lonsdale; “The Chemistry of the Blood,” by Dr. E. M. Darmady; “Chemotherapy,” by Professor J. W. Cook; “By-products of Atomic Energy,” by Dr. R. Spence; “The Chemist at Work,” by Mr. W. B. Chapman Mr. J. A. Stock and Mr. W. T. Tweed; Colloquium on ‘‘Some Applications of Microscopy,” by Mr. K. W. Keohame, Mr. E. 0. Powell and Dr. D. G. Thomas; “Rockets and Chemistry,’’ by Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths; “Modern Trends in Pharmaceutical Research,” by Dr. R. E. Stuckey; “Chemical Engineering and Thermodynamics,” by Professor M. B. Donald; “A Solution Method for Spectrographic Determination of Major Constituents,” by Mr. L. G. Young; “Fluorine and its Newer Compounds,” by Mr.A. K. Barbour; Symposium on “New Materials in the Chemical Industry derived from Oil Products,” by Mr. J. D. Sandrock, Mr. F. Chapman and Dr. E. S. Paice; “Sex Hormones,” by Mr. G. A. Stephens; “Some Recent Developments in the Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements,” by hlr. J. S. Anderson; “The Comparative Chemistry of Carbon and Silicon,” by Professor E. D. Hughes; “Automatic Analysis,” by Dr. Cule Davies; “Colour Colour Measurement and Its Uses in Industry,” by Mr. C. G. Cham berlin. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast “Oxidation and Corrosion,” by Dr. U. R. Evans; Symposium on “Infra-Red Spectroscopy,” by Dr. H. W. Thompson Dr. A. E. Martin and Mr. J. C. 0. Rochester; “Recent Research on the Structure of Crystalline Proteins,” by Dr.M. Perutz; “The Structural Chemistry of Colchicine,” by Professor J. W. Cook. North Wales “Submerged Combustion,’’ by Mr. N. Swindin; “The Research work of the Birmingham University Analytical School,” by Mr. R. Belcher; “The Development of Uses of Rayon Staple,” by Dr. H. A. Thomas; “Forestry in Britain” lectures by Professor E. C. Mobbs and Mr. W. G. Campbell; “Food Eread and Some Modern Problems in Nutrition,” by Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones; “A Survey of Alloys suitable for Resisting Hot Mineral Acids,” by Mr. M. M. Hallett; “Chemistry and Atomic Power,” by Dr. R. Spence. Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands “Agreements for Chemists,” by Mr. R. L. Collett; “Research Work of the Atomic Energy Establishment,” by Sir John D. Cockcroft; “Petroleum-derived Solvents,” by Mr.L. W. Chubb; “Thoughts on Examinations in Technical Subjects,” by Mr. W. F. Andrews; “Colour Photography,” by Dr. H. Baines; “Lacquer-Chinese Japanese and Burmese,” by Dr. D. H. Peacock; “Some Aspects of Emulsion Technology,” by Mr. E. D. Gilbert; “Science in the Detection of Crime,” by Dr. J. B. Firth; “Rockets and Chemistry,” by Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths. South Wales “Laboratory Hazards in the Teaching of Chemistry,” dis-cussion opened by Miss E. Leyshon; “Natural Products Related to Tropolone,” by Professor A. R. Todd; “The Training of Chemists,” discussion opened by Professor C. W. Shoppee; “The Electronic Structure of Organic Compounds,” discussion opened by Mr. E. E. Ayling; “Electrochemical Aspects of Colloid Science,” by Mr. D. C.Henry; “Cortisone,” by Professor C. W. Shoppee. [ 25 South-Western Counties “Some Chemical Problems Affecting Public Health,” by Sir William G. Savage; “Training of Scientists.” ii discussion; “Food Adulteration,” by Dr. J. R. Nicholls; “A Chemist at Sea,” by Dr. L. H. N. Cooper; “Chemicals as a Source of Energy with special reference to Industrial Application and to Set Propulsion,” by Dr. A. C. Hutchinson and Mr. A. N. Philips; “Soilless Culture,” by Mr. J. W. Godber; “Base Exchange in Soils,” by Dr. R. K. Schofield; “Scientific Aids in Detection,” by Dr. F. G. Tryhorn. Stirlingshire and District “Photo-Reactions in the Solid State,” by Dr. M. Ritchie; “Stereochemistry of High Polymers,” by Professor P. D. Ri tchie; “Some Chemical Aspects of Metals,” by Mr.A. J. Field; “Some Recent Work on Hormones,” by Dr. C. P. Stewart; “Technical Education,” by Dr. H. B. Nisbet. Tees-side “Chemical Constitution and Biological Activity,” by Dr. W. A. Sexton; “Electron-Transfer Reactions,” by Professor M. G. Evans; “Physical Chemistry in the Iron and Steel Industry,” by Sir Charles Goodeve; “The Anti-Knock Action of Lead Tetraethyl,” by Dr. A. D. Walsh; “Modern Views of the Nutritive Value of Bread,” by Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones; “Science in the Detection of Crime,” by Dr. F. G. Tryhorn; “Physical Laboratory Methods in the White Pigment Industry” papers by Dr. F. R. Williams Dr. W. Hughes, Mr. H. Smith and Mr. C. T. Morley-Smith; “The Scientific Examination of Paintings,” by Dr. A. E. Werner; “The Structural Chemistry of Colchicine and some of its Biological Properties,” by Professor J.W. Cook; “The Ter-restrial Distribution of the Elements,” by Dr. D. T. Gibson. Bangalore “The Profession of Chemistry in India,’’ by Dr. V. Subrahmanyan; “Synthetic Fibres,” by Dr. M. S. Muthanna; “A Critique on Linus Pauling’s Theory of Antigen and Antibody Precipitation,” by Dr. C. V. Natarajan; “The Chemical Properties of Mustard,” by Dr. J. W. Corran. Cape of Good Hope “Thirty Years of Electrochemistry in South Africa,” by Professor E. Newbery. Madras First Anniversary Meeting. Malaya “Modern Deve1opn:ents in the Vitamin Industry,” by Dr. R. R. Williams; “The Manufacture of Storage Batteries,” by Mr. McClintock; “The R6le of the Chemist in the Manufacture of Drugs,” by Mr. G. K. Parman. New Zealand Combined Annual Conference with the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry.Northern India “Certain Pyrone Derivatives as Potential Insecticides,” by Professor T. R. Seshadri; “The Salt Industry in India,” by Dr. K. L. Moudgill; “The Technical Reparation and Uses of Acetylene,” by Professor R. D. Desai; “Chemistry and Public Health,” by Mr. K. V. Sundaram Ayyar; “Nitrogen jn Indian Agriculture,” by Rao Bahadur Dr. B. Vishwanath; “The Chemical Aspects of Canning,” by Dr. D. V. Karmarkar; “Chemistry and Biological Properties of Colchicine,” by Professor J. W. Cook. Western India “Chemotherapy of Malaria,” by Dr. G. G. Kalthod; “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Nucleotides,” by Dr. A. M. Tyabji; “Ion Ex-change,” by Dr. W. A. Shah; “Chinese Origin of the Word ‘Chemistry’,” by Dr.S . Mahdihassan; “The Uses of Hydrogenated Oils,” by Mr. G. Ford. Address by Professor B. B. Dey ANNUAL STATEMENTS OF ACCQIJNT FOR THE YEAR 1951 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31 December 1951 of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Statements of the Accounts, including those of charitable trusts administered by the Institute, for the year ended 31 December 1951 with the books and vouchers, and we have obtained a11 the information and explanations necessary for the purpose of our audit. The investments scheduled in the Statements of Investments have been verified by Certificates of Registered Stocks and by a Certificate from the Bank of England of stocks inscribed in the name of the Institute. The market value at 29 December 1951 of investments on all accounts was less than cost and in the event of realisation any loss would be charged to the appropriate Fund.Subscriptions in arrear are not included in the Balance Sheet. Cash reserves with Local Sections have been certified by their Honorary Secretaries or Treasurers. Subject to these remarks the Balance Sheet and Statements of Account are in our opinion properly drawn up in accordance with the entries in the books. E. Q. LAWS K. A. WILLIAMS Hon. Auditors 1951-52 J. Y. FINLAY ROBERTSON & Co., Chartered A cco un tan ts 28 February 1952 1950 E 20,978 53,522 7,21 I 56,285 38 250 6,301 730 1,497 2,843 315 206 1,121 91 2 5 72 2,122 I 75 765 2,457 &I 58,300 BUIEDIN~ FUND 3 1 December 1920 SURPLUS on Valuation of Building 31 BALANCE SHEET 1951 € f.* . 20,978 December 1947 . 53,522 - 74,500 SURPLUS on Valuation of other fixed Assets 31 December 1947 7,211 ~NVESTMENT FuND-as scheduled on page 34 . . 57,610 SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES FUND . . 38 NEWTON CHAMBERS PRIZE FUND * . 355 RESERVE ACCOUNTS-as scheduled on page 34 Intermittent Publications . . . . 6,929 - Staff Superannuation . . * . General Contingencies . I . . 1,445 8,374 SUNDRY CREDITORS 2,595 RECEIPTS IN ADVANCE-Examination Fees . . . . 487 Annual Subscriptions . _ 245 Application Fees in Abeyance . . . . 1,070 General * . . * * . . . 1,157 2,959 INCOME TAX LIABILTTY . . * . * . 602 ACCUMULATED SURPLUS ON INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT, Add Excess of Income ove;'Expenditure; i951 .. 1 January 1951 . . 2,297 . . 245 2,542 BANK OVERDRAFT LONDON . . . 5,499 - SUPERANNUATION SUSPENSE ACCOUNT . . I €1 62,285 AT 31 DECEMBER 1951 1950 € 74,500 LEASEHOLD BUILDING-at valuation 31 December 1947 . . 74,500 68,288 - Add Structural Additions 1951 6,212 Less LEASEHOLD PROPERTY REDEMPTION FUND . . 6,212 LEASEHOLD PROPERTY REDEMPTION POLICY (surrender value) . . FURNITURE FITTINGS AND EFFECTS at valuation 3 1 December, 1947 . . * . Additions 1951 . . . . * . Add Addikons to'i951 . . I 1951 E E 74,500 10,852 85,352 6,826 78,526 6,826 6,726 2,111 1,459 10,296 Less Sales 1951 . * . 325 Depreciation prior to 1951 .. . . 1,568 Depreciation 195 1 . . . . 521 6,944 7,882 FURNITURE FITTINGS AND EFFECTS WITH LOCAL SECTIONS at - 2,414 cost 31 December 1949 . . 4 . 35 Add Additions 1951 . . 1 . * . * . 5 40 Less Depreciation prior to 1951 . . 2 Depreciation 195 1 I . I . 3 5 LIBRARY at valuation 31 December 1947 * . . - . . 2,003 -38 35 Add Purchases prior to 1951 . . 147 Purchases 1951 . * . . . . . . . . 75 1,967 68,723 546 I50 71 0 559 131 1,685 2,347 € 158,300 2,225 Less Sales prior to 1951 . . 55 Sales 1951 . . . . 360 Depreciation prio; to 1951 . . 128 Depreciation 1951 a . . . 20 - 563 1,662 INVESTMENTS (as scheduled on page 35) . . . . 60,223 (Market value €49,746) STOCK OF STATIONERY as valued by Officials of the Institute, 31 December 1951 .. * * I . 689 HOUSE SUSPENSE ACCOUNT. . . . . . * . 150 SUNDRY DEBTORS . . . . 3,7 13 PAYMENTS IN ADVANCE . . - . . . 495 ADVERTISING PRELIMINARY EXPENSES . . . . . . BALANCES AT BANKERS--Australia and New Zealand (in sterling) . . . . 1,761 *With Local Sections (Reierve Funds) . . 323 2,084 E l 62,285 SUPERANNUATION SUSPENSE ACCOUNT INVESTMENT-at Cost . . * Total cash balances with Local Sections amounted to €1,099. I 2 9 GENERAL INCOIME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER I951 INCOME. 195 I f f 1950 E 300 746 104 384 429 484 553 EXPENDITURE. PREMISES-Ground Rent . . . . . . Rates and Schedu1~’“A” Tax . . . .. . Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . Repairs Maintenance and House . . . . Light Water Power and Fuel . . . . . . Leasehold Property Redemption Fund . . . . Depreciation on Furniture and Fittings . . f 360 360 360 I80 -1,588 1,588 1,588 794 -. 1951 E E E 1950 f f I 740 7,674 1,421 1,679 599 5,972 6,282 1,268 3,684 500 -SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR 195 1 Fellows . . . . . . Associates . . . . . . Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,753 . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,913 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,628 28,294 -300 753 10,618 15,614 1,419 27,651 -1 04 516 458 596 52 1 3,000 1,260 11,893 1,339 ~ 3,248 SUBSCRIPr1ON.S FOR EARLIER YEARS Fellows . . . . . . Associates . . . . . . Students .. . . . . PAID DURING 1951- . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -Less Transfers to Special Accounts-(12%) Examinations Account (12%) ( I 27;) Local Sections Account ( 12%) (12”/,) Publications Account (12%). . . . . , (6%) Appointments Register Account (6%) 450 638 7 1,093 -390 390 390 I94 .-985 1,364 12,654 1,175 - 1,884 STAFF-Salaries and National Imurance. . . . . . Superannuation . . . . . . . . . . 1,952 2.059 INTEREST ON INVESTMENTS (GROSS) . . . . . . 13,232 5,558 553 627 90 151 ~ 1,646 33 -1,615 225 I9 157 63 70 200 510 32 307 4 76 10 13,829 . 1,659 . . 1,659 . . 1,659 830 5,807 ~ 8,022 L ~ s s . Transfers to Speciiil Accoiints-(12%) Examinations Account (12%) (12%) L.ocal Sectiotts Account (lZU/,) (12%) Publications Account (127i).. . , (6%) Appointments Register Account (6%) MISCELLAMOUS-Laboratory Rent . . . . Fees Forfeited . . . . Sundry Receipts . . . . 112 54 23 169 -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 92 OH. ICI-Printing and Stationery . . . . . . . . Postage . . . . . . . . . . . . Tclcphone . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscc!laneous Office Expenses . . . . . . LIBRARY-Contribution to Chemical Society . . , Depreciation on Textbooks . I . . . 1,705 20 ~ 1,725 259 6,140 5,599 1,154 EXAMINATIONS AND ASSESSMENTS ACCOUNT DEFICIT PIIDLITATIONS ACCOUNT DEFICIT APPOINTMENTS REGISTER ACCOUNT D E F I C ~ .MISCEL.I.ANEOUS-LOCAI. SECTIONS ACCOUNT l>EFlClT . . . . . . Council and Committee Travelling Expenses . Olficers’ Travelling Expenses . . . . . . Advertising. . . . . . . . . . . . Auditors’ Fees . . . . . . . . . . Legal Expenses . . . . . . . . . . Donations . . . . . . . . . . . . Presidential Expenses . . . . . . . . Annual Report and Anniversary Meetings . . S pecia 1 Meet i rigs Conioint Chcrnical Office . . . . . . Income Tax Schedule “D” . . . . . . Frankland Award . . . . . . . . . . Intermittent Publications Reserve . . . . General Contingencies Reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPROPRIATIONS TO RESERVES-1,279 112 31 157 58 71 200 88 I 25 295 228 I - 3,337 €30,994 - BALANCE EXCtSS OF INCOhlE OVER EXPENDITURE 1951 .. 245 f 31.323 -175 f30,99 SPECIAL ACCOUNTS for the year ended 51 December 1951 Examinations and Assessments Account 1951 I950 2 € . . 3,211 5,338 Examination and Assessment Fees Received I . . . 917 599 Deficit transferred to General Income and Expenditure Account 496 101 . . 1,659 . . 390 1951 E . . 6,515 . . 259 1950 25 2,802 814 285 88 IJ88 360 Examiners’ and Assessors’ Fees . . Hire of Laboratories and other Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Printing and Stationery Postage . . Proportion of stiff Sala’ries . . Proportion of Overhead Expenses . . . . &6,774 ;f5,937 &6,774 E5’937 __-Local Sections f . . . . . . 2,243 . . . .. . 351 . . . . . . 1,427 . . 390 . . 1,659 . . . . . . 390 3 Accoiint f f 358 Sheet . . . . . . . . . I 323 6,140 Reserves with Local Sections at 3 I December 195 1 carried to Balance Deficit transferred to General Income and Expenditure Account. . . . 5,972 E 2,384 Section Grants . . . . . . . . . . * . 360 Secretaries’ Conferences . . . . . . . . 1,295 Printing and Stationery . . . . . . 340 Postage . . . . . . 360 Proportion of Overhead Expenses . . 1,588 Proportion of Staff Salaries . . . . 3 Depreciation on Equipment held by Local Sections €6,463 - €6,330 f6,463 E 6,330 Publications Account f. f 352 Revenue Crom Advertisements ’in J o u k l . . . . 1,039 5,599 339 Sale of Publications . . . . . . . . . . 382 6,282 Deficit transferred to General Income and Expendit;ire Ac&mni.. . . € . . . . . . 3,063 Journal . . . . 915 Lectures Monographs and Reports . . . . . . 2,588 Proportion of Staff Salaries . . . . . . 162 Journal Advertising Agent’s Expenses . . . . 895 Postage . . . . - Miscellaneous . . 360 Proportion of Overhead Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,072 . . 647 . . 335 . . 889 . . 28 . . 1,659 390 . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . €7,020 f7,020 E6,983 €6 983 Appointments E 170 . . 192 155 . . 830 . . . . 194 Register Account E f 291 Contributions received from Members . . 387 1,268 Deficit transferred to General Income and Expenditure Account.. 1,154 E 150 234 201 794 180 €1,559 Advertising . . Printing and Stationery Postage . . Proportion of Staff Salaries . . Proportion of Overhead Expenses f 1,541 E1,559 51,541 -I 32 1 1 33 INTERMITTENT PUBEXCATIQNS RESERVE ACCOUNT Printing Directcry of Indepen- Balance 1 January 1951 . . 6,301 Balance 31 December 1951 . . 6,929 am! Fspenditure Account . . 750 &7,05 1 E E dent Consultants 122 Transfer from General Income ___ E7,05 I GENERAL CONTINGENCIES RESERVE ACCOUNT Past Service Pensions . . . . Ti89 Balance 1 Janua:y 1951 . . 1,497 f E Printing New By-laws . . . . 158 Transfer from Investment Fund Transfer to Staff Supcrannuntion (One-half of Entrance Fees Balance 31 December i451 . . I,M? li’r:insfer from General Income Reserve Account .. ? 9 l 1 cccived in 1951) . . . . 787 and Expenditure Account . . 500 E 2 ’784 f2,784 - _ _ -- -^-STAFF SUPERANNUATION RESERVE ACCOUNT Transfer to Staff Superannunticn Balance 1 January 1951 . . 730 Purchase of Annuities . . . . 4,496 Accrued Czpittl1 Sums . . . . 4,104 gcncies Reserve Account . . 392 €5,226 E E Account . . . . * . . . 730 Endownmi t Policies Matured and Transfer fiom General Contin-I__ _- €5,226 ~ -INVESTMENT FUND E Brokerage on Stock Sold . . . . 15 Depreciation on Stock Sold . . 30 Transfer to General Contingencies Reserve Account . . . . 787 Balance 31 Decembcr 1951 . . 57,610 E58.442 -f. Balance 1 January 1951 . . . . 56,285 Entrance Fees . . . . 1,577 Life Composition Fees .. 387 Capital Appreciation on Invest-rnents SOIC~ . . . . 193 258,442 I 34 STATEMENT OF INVESTMENTS held and Interest received during I95 B Commonwenlth of Australia Loan 34% 1964.74 . . . . . . . . Port of London Authority Registered Stock 34% 1965-75 . . . . . . London County Consnls 3”/, 1956-61 . . . . . . . . . . Was Stock 34-o/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defence Bonds (Conversion Issue) 29% . . . . . . . . . . War Stock 3”/, 1955-59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Savings Bonds 37; 1955-65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savings Bonds 3x 1960-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Savings Bonds 37;. 1905-75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defence Bonds 3% . . . . . . . * . . . British Transport Stock 3”/, 1 ?78-88 . . . . . . . . South Rhodesia Stock 2:-q; 1965-70 .. . . . . . . . . . . Conversion Stock 3q% . . . . . . . . . . Metropolitan Water Board “B” Stock 3% Newcastle-upon-Tync Consolidated Rcdeemable Stock 24%; ’1970-’75 *N;ttioncd War Bonds 2i-x 1952-:54 . . . . . . . . . . . . British Elccti,icity Guaranteed Stock 3%; 1968-73 . . . . . . . . Newfoundland C;uarnnteed’Srcck,’3% 1943-63 . . . . . . . . . . . . Nominal Value. f. 4,000 1,000 I00 9,000 1,000 500 (8,500) 3,000 2,304 6,000 1,000 5,467 8,000 5,000 3,000 2,800 6,5 13 1,503 260,287 -cost. f. 3,985 1,033 101 9,384 1,000 500 3,000 2,500 6,026 1,000 5,452 7,885 4,600 3,075 2,849 6,375 ! ,458 f60,223 -___. Market Value 3 1 December, 1951. f. 3,380 835 94 7,245 1,000 500 2,745 2,09 I 5,040 1,000 4,2 10 6,760 3,950 2.460 2,604 4,690 - __ 1,142 €49,746 Gross I n tercs t.f. 139 35 3 312 25 15 106 YO 72 180 30 164 240 125 105 84 195 38 &I ,952 * Sold 1951 SIR ALEXANDER PEDLER FUND Current Account for the year ended 31 December 1951 Balance 3 1 December 195 1 transferred to Accumulated Interest . . . . . . 119 f. t: Fund . . . . 119 ~ -€1 19 & I 19 -L- .~ -Balance Sheet at 31 December 1951 € 5 Accumulated Balance of Fund 1 January 195 1 . . . . 6,741 Investments at Cost . . . . 6,905 Add Balance on Current Account 1951 . . 119 Balance at Bankers . . . . . . . . 133 -6,860 Sundry Creditors . . 178 €7,038 w o\ Statement of Investments held and Interest received 1951 Nominal Holding.€ British Transport Stock 3% 1978-88 . . 1,918 Treasury Stock 3% 1966 . . 3,250 British Electricity Guaranteed Stock +A 1968-73 . . 1,600 Defence Bonds 29% . . . . . . 400 €7,168 -Market Value Cost. 31 Dec. 1951. E & 1,856 1,478 3,07 1 2,275 1,578 1,352 400 400 €6,905 &5,505 - -Interest. € 57 97 48 10 €212 -c Tax. E 26 45 22 -593 -27,038 .- .-Net. E 31 52 26 10 €119 - MELDOLA FUND 31 December 1951 &75 Commonwealth of Australia Loan 3&%. Market Value f63. Balance of Fund 1 January 1951 96 Investments a t Cost . . . . 75 Add Interest 1951 . . . . 2 Balance a t Bank . . . . .. 23 f98 f98 f. € __-S. M. GLUCKSTEIN MEMORIAL FUND 31 December 1951 2240 Conversion Stock 33%. Market Value f195. f. E Balance of Fund 1 January 1951 602 Investments at Cost . . 241 Add Interest 1951 . . . . 15 Balance at Bank . . 376 5617 - -__ __ f617 - -HENDERSON MEMORIAL LECTURE FUND 31 December 1951 E1,483 17s. 7d. Met. Water Board “B” Stock 3%. Market Value E1,066. L E Balance of Fund 1 January 1951 1,469 Investments at Cost . . . . 1,397 Add Interest 1951 . . 33 Balance at Bank . . 105 €1,502 E1,502 [ 37 1950 € 522 2,094 215 200 5 22 - - €3,058 w 00-BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNTS for the year ended 31 December 1951 Current Account 195 1 EXPENDITURE Grants . . Regular Payments Donation to Reed’s School .. Audit Fee . . . . . . Printing and Postage . . Appropriation to Loans Reserve Account . . Children’s Holiday Granis‘ . . 1951 € 345 2,440 170 200 5 1 184 1950 2 1,608 609 398 --443 INCOME 1951 € Subscriptions . . 1,831 Annual Subscriptkns and Deeds of Covenant 467 Interest on Investments . . 412 Grant Repaid . . . . 20 Income Tax Recovered . . 175 Deficit withdrawn from General’Fund . . 380 €3,345 €3,058 €3,345 Capital Account 1951 1950 1951 1950 1951 .€ f. f 55 Brokerage and Stamp Duties . . - I I9 Donations 137 € 9,323 Balance added to Capital Fund 791 9,249 Bequests 650 Science”. . 4 f791 Proceeds “*What ’Indust;; owds‘ to Chemical --~-€79 1 €9,368 ___ i9,368 __ 1950 f 24,340 -w Q Y 1,781 2 78 2 79 200 f26,878 -. -___ Benevolent Fund Balance Sheet at 31 1951 f f Capital Fund-Accumulated Balance 1 January 195 1 21,340 Add Balance on Capital Account, 1951 . . . . 791 25,131 ____ General Fund-Accumulated Balance 1 January, Add Income Tax’ recobered in 1951 . . . . 1,781 respect of previous years . . 729 2,510 1951 380 ___ Less Deficit on Current Account, - 2,130 Loans Reserve-Balance at 1 January 195 1 . . 278 Less Loans written off . . 193 1950 € 21,399 2,000 555 1,448 689 78 7 85 Account 184 269 General Reserve . . 279 Sundry Creditors . . 55 Add Appropriation from Current __-E26,878 _~ €27,8 64 __-December 1951 1951 f. f Invest men ts at Cost-Capital Fund Investments held 31 December 1951* . . General Fund Investment . . . . Loans Outstanding . . . . Westminster Bank Ltd. . . Savings Bank Sundry Debtors Balances at Bankers-21,399 2,000 23,399 538 3,017 806 3,823 104 . - __ €27,864 * Market Value a t 31 December 1951 f20,83 Y a E a Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v t-I v . w . . . . . . . . . . . . .o\ . . . . . . . . . . RESIDENTIAL CLUBS FUND Current Account for the year ended 31 December 1951 EXPENDITURE INCOME f. f Interest Paid on Loans . . . . . . 18 Donations . . . . 4 Balance carried to General Fund . . . . . . 182 Contributions received un’der Deeds of’covenant . . 166 Interest received on Loan to Crossways Trust . . 30 €200 - -__ . €200 -Y Balance Sheet at f; General Fund Balance 1 January 1951 . . 2,182 Add Balance of Current Account transferred . . 182 2,364 Interest-bearing Loans . . . . . . . . . . 240 Interest-free Loans . . . . . . . . . . 3,100 Sundry Creditors . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 -31 December 1951 a: Loan to Crossways Trust . . . . . . . . 1,000 Sundry Debtors . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Balance at Bankers . . . . . . . . . . 4,655 €5,725 - -. €5,725 PRINTED BY W. HEFFER & SONS LTD CAMBRIDGE ENGLAN

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JI95276FP001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1952

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY PART I1 ‘952 THE SECRETARY AND REGISTRAR On 1 January 1952 Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham having been Secretary of the Institute for seven years took over the dual office of Secretary and Registrar offices that had been separated in 1945 when Mr. Pilcher retired and Mr. Collett was appointed Registrar. Mr. Collett having recently retired the Institute again finds itself with a single person responsible for the whole of its administration and uniquely answerable to Council for carrying out its decisions on matters of training qualification professional and economic status publication finance benevolence external affairs and the hundred and one other matters of policy and organisation arising inevitably in a professional body with over 12,000 corporate members.It is probably true to say that Dr. Ellingham is known personally to at least as many British chemists as is any other man in the world; yet there must still be a majority of Institute members to whom he is so far little more than an impressive name or a natty signature. These may well ask “What manner of man is this on whom the destinies of our Institute so much depend?” And when they ask this question they indeed mean “what manner of man,” not “what manner of chemist.” Dr. Ellingham came to the Institute from the Imperial College of Science and Technology. There he had been first a student and there, after a period of military service he had spent 25 years as a member of the staff of the Chemistry Department the last seven as Assistant Professor and University Reader in Physical Chemistry.His high reputation as a lecturer especially in devising and “putting over” special courses for students of chemical and electrical engineering and of metallurgy has been pithily recorded in the comment that hecould make even thermo-dynamics somewhat entertaining and almost comprehensible. Electro-chemistry early became his special interest. He was joint author with the late Professor Allmand of a well-known text-book on the principles of applied electrochemistry he also published a number of papers largely in collaboration with his research students in the journals of the Chemical and Faraday Societies as well as articles and reports in various techno-logical periodicals on electrolytic processes in the chemical and metallurg-ical industries.His specialised experience in this field enabled him to act as consultant on the technical development of such processes and to play an active part in the affairs of the Electrodepositors’ Technical Society of which he became President. Among his earlier incursions into applied science were running a water works in Babylon (during the first World [ 49 War) and doing shift-work on a pilot plant making carbon disulphide in Clapham! His tendency to emit snatches of Arabic or Hindustani as well as Cockney may thus be explained. We indeed could fill pages with a detailed account of Dr. Ellingham’s scientific and professional activities but we see no justification for turning this Journal into a kind of biographical Beilstein.Rather would we attempt the more difficult task of indicating to those who have not the pleasure of knowing from personal experience just “what manner of man” is this experienced efficient polite alert witty sometimes even mildly sardonic always cheerful and apparently imperturbable senior official of the Institute. The organisation and administration of scientific institutions seem always to have had a fascination for Dr. Ellingham. Having been an Hon. Secretary of the Chemical Society for five years during a period of exceptional activity in that Society’s affairs he afterwards served the Society of Chemical Industry in a similar capacity for a short time thus he has achieved the unique distinction of having been a secretary honorary or salaried of all three chartered chemical bodies.He has also served on the Councils of several other scientific societies as Recorder of the Chemistry Section of the British Association and as a member of the Board of Visitors of the Royal Institution; he has recently been elected Hon. Treasurer of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee and appointed Hon. Secretary of the Joint Council of Professional Scientists. During World War I1 his administrative experience was extended through his being “seconded” as Assistant Secretary to the Scientific Advisory Council of the Ministry of Supply and subsequently as Acting Secretary of Imperial College and by membership of government com-mittees on such diverse matters as the utilisation of scientific man-power and the conservation of materials.In these and other capacities Dr. Ellingham has contributed many new ideas for the development of the activities of various organisations and has always been prepared himself to do much of the hard work required to put them into practical form. For example he played an important part in laying the foundations of the Chemical Council’s joint subscription scheme in co-ordinating the scientific and industrial classifications of the Central Register (Ministry of Labour) in its early stages and in planning our own Directory of Independent Consultants. He has also been active in securing a wide measure of agreement among chemists physicists and engineers on the use of symbols and abbreviations at both national and international levels, latterly as chairman of the Commission on Physico-chemical Symbols and Terminology of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.We cannot even try to list here the distinctions ranks and offices that have from time to time been accorded to Dr. Ellingham though we happen to know that of these perhaps the most prized is one singularly rare award-the Honorary Fellowship of the Imperial College of Science [ 50 and Technology. He was for some time Hon. Secretary of the Royal College of Science Association (Old Students and Staff) and was later elected President. Enough we hope has been said to show his first hand experience of most of the diverse scientific and professional activities in which members of the Institute engage and of all types of administration which an officer of the Institute might he expected to encounter.It may be well to remind members however that his connection with the Institute goes back many years. The Register records his election to the Associateship in 1919 and to the Fellowship in 1939. Immediately thereafter he was appointed an Examiner for the Associateship but other commitments (war had already broken out) compelled him to give this up after only a short spell. Indeed it is a surprise to us that Dr. Ellingham has not more often found it necessary to give up one commitment for another so many and varied have been his official activities apart from his more specialised personal interests. At one time the latter included the study of Law (not pursued very far) and of Philosophy (not taken too seriously) but among those that have become more permanent are an addiction to pencil sketching and a well-tended enthusiasm for bringing together miscellaneous information in the form of diagrams and charts.Teachers and research workers in metallurgy have taken to their hearts what their French colleagues have dubbed “les diagrammes d’Ellingham,” and much interest has been shown in his chart of the relations between the branches of science and technology reprinted in this Journal in 1949. This creative instinct of Dr. Ellingham’s it must have been that led him to construct a genealogical tree illustrating the relations licit and other-wise between Greek gods demi-gods and any mere humans involved in their more intimate intrigues thus possibly laying the foundations of a new science that may come to be known as theogenetics! Doubtless Dr.Ellingham’s excursions in literary and artistic directions are an outward expression of an inner awareness that there are important things men and ideas existing outside what for most of us is science even in its widest sense. Among the influences that keep Dr. Ellingham in-tellectually mobile we must certainly include Mrs. Ellingham’s interests in such diverse matters as choral singing interior decorating and the work of the Red Cross. His success in organising social events of the kind that have become a feature of our anniversary meetings certainly owes much to her support. His material mobility used to be typified by an enthusiasm for walking along and across international frontiers; in recent years it has been exhibited more by his travels to centres of our Local Sections.Like all fully busy men he finds time for leisure-indeed he is certainly one of those who knows that without it he could not possibly remain as active as he is. In the cultivation of leisure he has a habit of appearing in various places sedate or not so sedate where he meets not only fellow [ 51 scientists but also men of similar standing in other learned professions and in the arts of painting drama music and literature. Indeed if we were asked to indicate in a phrase Dr. Ellingham’s most outstanding trait we would be inclined to describe him as one of those rare men who are equally welcome and equally at home among-well7 shall we say the Palladians the Aboriginals and the Enzymes.Let him read who runs. THE HONORARY FELLOWSHIP OF THE JNSTITUTE The election of H.R.H. The Duke of Edinburgh as the first Honorary At their meeting on 22 February the Council elected the following as Sir Henry H. Dale O.M. G.B.E. M.A. M.D. F.R.C.P. F.R.S. Sir Harold Hartley K.C.V.O. C.B.E. M.C. M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. The Rt. Hon. Lord McGowan K.B.E. Hon.LL.D. H0n.D.C.L. Richard Bertram Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. Professor Arne Tiselius D.Sc. H0n.M.D. Sir Henry T. Tizard G.C.B. A.F.C. M.A. F.R.S. It is not proposed to elect more than one additional Honorary Fellow this year. During an interval in the Council meeting an inscribed declaration of election was presented by the President to Mr. Richard B. Pilcher the former Registrar and Secretary of the Institute who expressed his gratifi-cation at receiving this tribute to his 53 years of work for the Institute and at being brought again into closer association with its current activities.Fellow has already been reported (Journal 1952 I 36). Honorary Fellows of the Institute :-c 52 THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL PROFESSION” By RICHARD L. KENYON A.B. Ph.D. In presenting a skeleton description of the organisation of the American chemical profession it seems fair to consider the American Chemical Society as its heart and centre. The A.C.S. is a professional society, the greatest efforts of which go into scientific and technical publications, but which puts a great deal of energy into the other professional matters. It is the oldest major organisation of American chemists.Founded in 1876 the A.C.S. has grown constantly particularly in the last 10 years, and at the end of 1951 membership was more than 66,000. In the early stages of growth there was a demand for organisations of narrower scope to serve specialised fields. This led to the formation of the Electrochemical Society the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and other societies. The A.C.S. met the need by creating divisions within the Society. This process has continued until there are now 20 Divisions.? The number of specialised organisations has also increased ; they include many technical people not eligible for membership of the A.C.S.-for example there are several organisations in the pharmaceutical field that have chemists as members but also include pharmacologists medical doctors and others.The broad A.C.S. pro-gramme supplements rather than competes with the specialised organisa-tions. We know from the membership rosters that most of the chemists in the specialised groups belong also to the A.C.S. Another very important aspect of A.C.S. organisation is the inclusion of chemists and chemical engineers from both academic and industrial work giving proportionate attention to the interests of each yet bringing all together in a common activity. This has been very beneficial by encouraging a better understanding among the branches of the profession. In 1937 the American Chemical Society was granted a National Charter by the 75th Congress This is something rarely done. To the writer’s knowledge no other scientific and professional society in the United States holds such a charter from the Congress.It reads:-“The objects of the American Chemical Society shall be to encourage in the broadest and most liberal manner the advancement of chemistry in all its branches ; the promotion of research in chemical science and industry; the improvement of the qualifications and the * A lecture to the London and South-Eastern Counties Section of the Institute on 20 February 1952 at the Waldorf Hotel. Dr. Kenyon is European Associate Editor of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry and Chemical and Engineering News publications of the American Chemical Society ; he is located in London. t Agricultural and Food ; Fertiliser ; Industrial and Engineering ; Organic ; Physical and Inorganic ; Medicinal ; Biological ; Water Sewage and Sanitation ; Rubber ; Sugar ; Cellulose ; Petroleum ; Chemical Education ; Gas and Fuel ; Colloid ; History ; Paint Varnish and Plastics ; Analytical ; Chemical Literature ; Polymer.1 5 3 usefulness of chemists through high standards of professional ethics, education and attainments ; the increase and diffusion of chemical knowledge ; and by its meetings professional contacts reports papers, discussions and publications to promote scientific interests and enquiry ; Thereby fostering public welfare and education aiding the development of our country’s industries and adding to the material prosperity and happiness of our people.” A great deal of attention has been given to the following of these objectives and they have been very valuable in maintaining the character of the A.C.S.during the years of rapid growth when there was an almost infinite variety of suggestions for developing its character according to a multitude of ideas. Organisation of the A.C.S. The general system of organisation of the A.C.S. is along lines combining those of a business and a government. The Society is headed by a President directly elected by the members; he serves for a year as President-Elect before assuming his more responsible position. By tradition but not by rule the presidency has passed for many years alternately to academic and non-academic chemists. This tradition frequently has been broken; the most recent occasion was in 1944. The Council is the popular deliberative assembly of the Society.It consists of about 300 representatives of local sections 40 divisional councillors past-presidents the Executive Secretary the Treasurer the Directors and the Society’s editors. The Council meets twice a year, has advisory powers in matters pertaining to general management and policy and is charged with specific responsibility for the nomination of certain officers and the election of others. It also charters local sections, divisions and student affiliate chapters. Standing and special committees of the Council study problems and make recommendations. The Board of Directors consists of 10 elected members with the past, current and rising presidents as ex-oficio members. It is the legal representative of the Society charged with administering all business affairs of the Society in accordance with the Federal Charter.Four members are elected by the Council and all others by the members. Members of the Board are ex-oficio members of the Council. The headquarters office in Washington under the Executive Secretary, administers the policies and executes the instructions of the Council and the Board of Directors. It deals with dues and subscriptions maintains records provides data and working information and attends to other business that can best be handled by a central office. The divisions of the A.C.S. are organised in accordance with the scientific interests of their members and do much of the work in arranging the scientific programmes of national meetings as well as of special symposia.Local sections of which there are now 139 are geographical, [ 54 and more than 90 per cent. of the members belong to one or other of them. The sections elect their own officers and develop their own programmes, and many have their own news publications. Each section elects councillors to the national council in proportion to its membership. While the A.C.S. has many foreign members it has no foreign sections and does not intend to have any; it does not wish to detract the energies of foreign members from the activities of the professional societies in their own countries. Meetings are important from both the scientific and professional points of view. During each of these there are presented 800-1,300 technical papers there are many meetings of professional groups and bodies and there is a great deal of informal exchange of information and development of professional acquaintance.When the average attendance at these 6-day meetings passed 7,500 with a peak of 13,500 it was decided that they had become too large. Experiments are now in progress in which the national meeting is divided some divisions meeting in one city and some in another but to date no all-satisfying answer has been found. The national meetings are organised by a special team from the Executive Secretary’s office assisted by members of the local section in the meeting area. In addition the divisions sponsor meetings and symposia in their own fields-for example the biennial Organic Symposia and the annual symposia of the Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.The local sections also sponsor regional or sectional meetings of one to three days’ duration giving an opportunity for chemists in the vicinity to present papers. These have been increasing. An effective employment clearing-house system is maintained by the A.C.S. In each of several cities members may file their data for perusal by employers in search of chemists. During national meetings a special employment clearing-house is run for those attending the meetings and the clearing-house staff arranges interviews between prospective employers and employees. Hundreds of interviews are thus arranged during each national meeting (3,705 during the last). In matters of public policy the A.C.S. has taken an active hand. Government agencies frequently ask advice.The president or chairman of the Society has testified before Congressional committees on matters of manpower and drafting for military service. The A.C.S. was asked by the National Security Resources Board to develop a plan for the use of scientific and technical manpower during mobilisation and under wartime conditions. The insistence of the Society that technical men should not be included in heterogeneous labour unions was fought successfully through legal channels and the decision formed a precedent for subsequent court decisions. Legislative efforts to put the qualified chemist out of significant control of clinical laboratories have been fought successfully in many states with A.C.S. advice and assistance. r 55 1 The A.C.S.holds two national meetings a year A very important section of the programme is that dealing with education including the accrediting of curricula. In addition attention is given to vocational guidance lectures by authoritative speakers and, through local sections and student affiliate chapters sponsorship of student awards and co-operation with local high schools evening and extension courses and aids to libraries. The A.C.S. maintains its own committees and co-operates with other bodies both national and international on standardisation of nomen-clature atomic weights reagents apparatus biological stains hazardous chemicals and other topics where agreement is needed. A.C.S. Publication Programme The publication programme is the biggest single aspect of A.C.S.activity. In 1951 more than 20 million words were published which members received at costs varying from 1.3 to 4 cents per 10,000 words, depending on the type of journal. Some journals are published com-pletely by the Society while others are published for them.* Chemical Abstracts has a world-wide circulation and world-wide coverage. In order to provide more extensive information from the literature the A.C.S. offers a microfilm service covering any articles abstracted by Chemical Abstracts. Before 1945 almost all of the material published by the A.C.S., excepting that in Chemical Abstracts was contributed. Since 1944 a strong effort has been devoted to the building of an editorial staff through which to increase publication of the type of material that is difficult to gather by depending on voluntary contribution.This is centred particu-larly around Chemical and Engineering News with the same staff con-tributing to Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. The same office recently has begun publication of the “Advances in Chemistry” series, consisting of groups of papers dealing with topics in a single field bound into a single volume. Under this editorial organisation offices have been opened in key points over the U.S.A. and in 1951 an office has also been set up in London for editorial purposes as well as for any other service through which international scientific co-operation and exchange of technical information may be brought about. Another important and growing section of the editorial work under the same editor is the A.C.S.News Service. This was established in 1917 and has been growing constantly. A11 information released to the press on papers presented before A.C.S. meetings is controlled by the * Owned and published by the A.C.S.-Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Chemical and Engineering News Analytical Chemistry Chemical Abstracts, Journal of the American Chemical Society Journal of Physical Chemistry. Edited by and published for the A.C.S.-Chemical Reviews A.C.S. Monographs. Owned and published by A.C.S. Divisions-Journal of Chemical Education, Rubber Chemistry and Technology. Owned and published by A.C.S. Local Sections-A variety of local sections news publications. [ 56 News Service. In addition it issues releases on important activities of the Society and its sections.Through this service the confidence of the news writers has been acquired to the extent that they co-operate very well in careful reporting and during the past 20 years there has been a manifold increase in newspaper publication on chemical subjects. One of the results of this effort has been a much better public understanding of the chemical profession and its work and a much higher public prestige for the chemist. 0 ther Professional Organisations The American Institute of Chemical Engineers founded for the advancement of chemical engineering in theory and practice and the maintenance of high professional standards among its members is limited to those whose training and experience qualify them to co-operate with engineers in the advancement of chemical engineering knowledge and practice.While much smaller than the A.C.S. its activities are of a similar nature with emphasis on publications professional standards (including accrediting of college curricula) and other professional development efforts. The American Institute of Chemists established by a group of interested chemists in 1923 now has a membership of about 2,500. It was set up to provide and enforce a code of ethics for chemists to give attention to the economic status of the profession to provide means of recognition of service to the profession and to aid in any other way the most beneficial line of professional development. The Manufacturing Chemists’ Association is entirely an industrial group in which the members are companies.Its interests lie in the problems of industry and are developed particularly through committees, dealing with such matters as air pollution abatement chemicals in food, defence advice defence mobilisation manpower tariffs patents public relations safety tank cars and metal packages. The Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturers’ Association is a similar organisation though more restricted in scope. In addition there are numerous industrial and trade organisations interested in both the technical and economic aspects of their fields. Examples are the Society of the Plastics Industry, the American Leather Chemists’ Society the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colourists and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers. Professional Training The practice of a profession demands a sound basis of education.In this field both the A.C.S. and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers have been active. The A.1.Ch.E. took a lead in the accredit-ing of curricula as early as 1920 and its published list of accredited curricula in 1925 was the first of its kind in the U.S.A. Since 1932 the [ 57 A.I.Ch.E. has worked closely with the Engineers’ Council for Professional Development one of the aims of which is to encourage a high level of education in the engineering professions. The A.C.S. began working on an accrediting programme in 1935 and went into practice in 1939 for the accrediting of undergraduate curricula. This system involves the examination of the curricula and training systems of universities and colleges granting degrees in chemistry, but no set curricula are demanded.No fee is charged; accrediting investigations are carried out only on invitation from the university or college and the study is done by chemists from academic work the majority of whom have held or hold academic administrative posts. No effort is made to block the employment of men not graduated from these accredited departments. Accreditation of a chemistry department means that its graduates may advance from Junior to Senior A.C.S. Mem-ber status after two years’ professional practice following graduation ; for others five years are required. The A.C.S. accepts the accreditation recommendations of the A.I. Ch. E. for departments of chemical engineering. During the past few years the evaluation of postgraduate training curricula has been under study and consideration but no programme is now in process.During 1951 there has been a drive by a group called the National Commission on Accrediting formed by a number of academic leaders, which is undertaking to eliminate accrediting by professional societies and other groups and has recommended that accrediting be done by six regional organisations on an institution-wide basis. While the A .C.S. has agreed not to expand its accrediting activities during the remainder of the academic year as a means of giving this new organisation an opportunity to offer a plan it is felt at present that accrediting in a professional field is judged better by men in that field and should be done in the area of that profession rather than on an institution-wide basis.The early part of the training in chemistry is devoted to fundamental science courses and general education while during the last two years the amount of attention to chemistry has been increased through inter-mediate courses For outstanding students planning postgraduate work special tasks are often given to develop interest in independent study. Postgraduate training is devoted almost entirely to chemistry although a minor study in another scientific field is not unusual. The last half of postgraduate work is taken up mostly by research with some seminar courses included. Research is conducted under the supervision of a professor and a doctoral thesis must be presented and defended before a committee in order to earn the Ph.D.degree. The chemist is not encouraged to aspire to a research career either academic or industrial, without a Ph.D. degree. The American system of training chemical engineers appears to vary more from the European system than does the training of chemists. 58 The “unit operations” method of teaching was developed under the leadership of W. K. Lewis at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and this grew rapidly to replace the teaching of chemical technology, industry by industry until there are now almost no schools in the U.S.A. in which “chemical engineering” still means “applied chemistry.” It is emphasised that the objective is the development of qualities in the student that will enable him to act with confidence skill and leadership when faced wj th a new and unfamiliar situation.In the unit operations system fundamental chemical and engineering scientific training is followed by practical training in broad fundamental techniques which can be applied to a great variety of situations through different combinations. The equipment usually industrial pilot plant units and the problems studied are as near as possible to those met in industrial work but each is related to a broad variety of conditions. Theoretical studies of the processes are co-ordinated with the practical, and emphasis is put on the development of continuous processes. Chemical engineers are taught not to expect to be confronted with the same situations they met in school. Adaptability of training and knowledge are foremost.Consulting and Academic Work There is some disagreement in American academic circles on the matter of industrial consulting by professors but it is widely practised in a great many of the universities producing leaders in the chemical profession. Some of those favouring it hold to the idea that men training technologists should have as close a knowledge of industry as they can get. The stronger university administrations usually exercise care that the industrial consulting work is a supplement financially as well as technically and not a major pursuit. Some of these will not accept industrial grants stipulating that research be directed toward the solution of a problem specifically applicable to the company’s com-mercial interests ; furthermore the amount of academic achievement required for advancement within the department is so high as to eliminate any likelihood that industrial interests might interfere with the professor’s main task.High productivity of outstanding academic research is found in many departments in which industrial consulting is regularly practised. It is interesting to note also that some companies encourage academic work by their chemists in outstanding cases allowing a year’s leave of absence to do university teaching and research with the idea that it brings their basic knowledge up to date and freshens their approach. The Extra-Laboratory Rise of the Chemist What becomes of chemists and chemical engineers after they have graduated? It should be emphasised that there is a decreasing tendency to feel that the usefulness of a man trained in chemistry or chemical engineering is limited to the laboratory plant or academic work.The chemical industry has realised the value of technical knowledge in its [ 59 AVERAGE 0.S. SALARIES OOLLAPS PER MONTH 0 2 4 6 8 10 I2 14 I6 YEARS S I N C E 8 . 5 . DEGREE AVERAGE B.S. SALARIES DOLLARS PER MONTH YEARS SINCE B.S. DEGREE Reproduced by kind remission of Chemical and Engineering News AVERAGE PH.0. SALARIES YEARS SINCE 8.5. DEGREE AVERAGE PH.D. SALARIES 0 2 4 6 6 I 0 12 14 16 IS 2 0 Y E M S SINCE 8 . 5 DEGREE Reproduced by kind permissicn of Chemical and Engineering News salesmen its lawyers its market research experts and in a host of other callings and the chemist is coming to realise that he can be much more versatile than was generally thought 25 years ago.Particularly striking is the rise of chemically trained men in the executive ranks. A study of the list of vice-presidents of the leading chemical companies now as compared with 25 years ago will show a strong increase in the percentage who have chemical training. A recent survey based on the records of 328 men from the executive rosters of 100 chemical processing companies showed that while some 40 per cent. of the presidents were technical graduates nearly 85 per cent. of the executive promotions in 1951 went to technical graduates among which scientists outnumbered engineers more than two to one. Another striking characteristic is youth. The young men are being pushed into positions of responsibility as rapidly as possible with an eye to developing young executives with high stamina and a spirit of willingness to consider changes.The older men who move out of the positions these youngsters are to occupy are not discarded but are kept in positions where their experience judgment and wisdom may be used to guide the drive of the younger executives. To illustrate this one leading vice-president recently made the statement that the average age of the graduates on his research staff from the vice-president down was 32 years. The Economic Position of Chemists A point that never lacks interest is just how well is the chemist faring economically and what type of work is the most lucrative? A survey has been conducted during the past three years by the personnel department of the Atomic Energy Commission on average salaries of chemists in the U.S.A.and the differences among the averages in the major classifications of employment. It indicated that contractors for the Atomic Energy Commission give chemists the highest living during their first 10 years out of college but after that private industry pays best. In general men taking Ph.D. degrees average higher salaries throughout, depending on the number of years out of school. These comparisons can best be illustrated by means of graphs (pp. 60 & 61). The importance of these curves lies in their relationships and shapes. The greatest caution is urged in attempting to draw comparisons between these salaries and those of chemists in the United Kingdom or other countries.The significance of a salary is obviously the buying power it gives its recipient. The decline in the purchasing power of the dollar and the increasing tax burden in the U.S.A. now makes necessary a much higher salary than was needed fifteen years ago to live at a given level. The government chemists start at salaries comparable with the others but after the first few years the level is lower. This appears generally true of government salaries. There has been loud complaint in recent years that the government cannot expect to hold its most capable men at the poor salaries offered Government Research There has been a great expansion of government research in the past decade through increases in Government laboratories as well as extensive grants tb institutions Certainly there is no government organisation which can be directly compared with the D.S.I.R.A small beginning may be under way with the National Science Foundation' but appropriations, planned at 14 million dollars for 1952 fared badly the final figure being 3.5 million. This budget will be used for the support of basic research, for training scientific manpower and for development of a national policy for promotion of basic research and dissemination of information. A great deal of money is now being spent by government organisations in the support of research in universities and research institutes. A number of institutions are drawing a large portion of their financial support for research from these sources.As might be expected active debate continues as to whether this is a sound policy or a trend in the wrong direction. The Chemical Industry Conviction as to the value of chemical research strengthened greatly during the war adding impetus to a trend already growing. To-day research is flourishing. As an example of what has brought about this conviction it has been estimated that among major companies 40 per cent. of 1950 sales were in products unheard of commercially in 1935. In the presence of this condition and with the expansion of the industry there is a shortage of chemists. An important factor is military conscription. The future output of the universities promises to drop sharply. One of the best authorities on the subject has recorded and estimated the number of B.S.degrees in physical sciences through to 1954 as follows : 1950 . . 75,000 1953 33,500 1951 . . 46,800 1954 . . 28,800 1952 . . 35,800 This constant decrease of trained men in the face of an increasing need is causing much concern. The figures for engineers are worse. To date there seems to have been no agreement on a practical solution. Expansion under way is striking. On the basis of the issue of Certificates of Necessity the government estimates that the chemical and allied industries spent 2,500 million dollars on new plants and equipment in 1951. Certainly not all the expansions were covered by these certificates. Some estimates place the expansion investment figure at 4,000 million. Government figures show 1,300 million for steel and 2,000 million for petroleum.One can get various answers depending on the choice of figures but it appears certain that the chemical industry is among the three American industries which led in expansion invest-ment in 1951. [ 63 To try to analyse and predict is dangerous but it can be said that the American chemical industry is in the midst of remarkable growth and the chemical profession is at a new high in prestige economic position, and size. A COMMENT BY PROFESSOR A. FINDLAY Professor Findlay in proposing the vote of thanks said that the organisation and work of the American Chemical Society had received the admiration of many chemists in this country but in considering what lessons we might learn from our American colleagues it was important to bear in mind not only the different conditions prevailing in the U.S.A., but also our own past history.On two occasions in the past in 1877 and in 1881 when the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry respectively were founded the Council of the Chemical Society (founded in 1841 as a publishing Society for the advancement of the science of chemistry) refused to accept the responsibilities of a qualifying and registering body or to undertake the work for which the Society of Chemical Industry became responsible. Need we regret the past ? Organisation is not an end in itself but a means to an end and the success with which the three Chartered Bodies have each of them achieved the varying aims and objects for which they were founded has justified their existence and their long life as independent Societies.There is no reason to believe that these aims and objects would have been more effectively achieved if they had been pursued by an all-embracing Chemical Society. American chemists have chosen a great central organisation concerned with all the activities of chemists in the administration of which however, the individual members can play but a very small part. In this much smaller country we have preferred smaller and more intimate independent associations with restricted aims and objects-associations in the work and direction of which the individual members feel that they can take a more personal and active interest-and associations which although completely independent are nevertheless always willing on suitable occasions to engage in most friendly co-operation.That is the form of organisation which has been evolved in this country and it is one more in keeping with the genius of our people. Some of the advantages possessed by a single central organisation we have sought in this country to secure by the constitution of the Chemical Council under whose aegis a valuable joint subscription scheme was instituted a number of years ago. In this country the largest organisation of chemists is the Royal Institute of Chemistry with something over 12,000 corporate members, all of whom have attained the high standard of qualification required for membership of the Institute. 1 6 4 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES THE TERRESTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ELEMENTS By D.T. GIBSON D.Sc. [Tees-side Section at Stockton-on-Tees 6 December 1951 ] Geochemistry offers an opportunity to survey familiar chemical phenomena under conditions in which very high temperature pressure very large quantities of material and above all plenty of time are available. The earth’s history may be divided into three phases before during and subsequent to the solidifica-tion of the crust. Seismology suggests that the earth is built of an iron core, surrounded by several concentric zones and enclosed finally in the familiar silicate crust. It is assumed that the flaming gas from which the earth condensed segregated into four concentric zones metallic sulphide silicate and gaseous. The elements can in fact be divided into four groups according as their preferred habitat is the metallic sulphide silicate or gaseous phase.Two important consequences follow from this. Since liquids are seldom wholly immiscible no constituent will be completely absent from the crust; but the crustal proportions will bear little relationship to the true terrestrial abundance. In 1941 Kuhn and Rittman pointed out that since gravity falls to zero at the centre of the earth there would not be any force adequate to bring about the supposed zonal segregation and they suggested that the earth’s interior contained a large proportion of undifferentiated solar material. Some years later Eucken pointed out that in the proto-terrestrial era conditions were changing so substantially that the phases which separated to form the earth did so only after reaction with the major constituent of the planet (hydrogen) which has since been largely lost to space.Thus the consolidation of the present components did not follow the sequence of decreasing vapour pressure. Iron and aluminium which do not combine with hydrogen would forin the core while silicon was still in the gas phase as silane. The silicate crust would form only when sufficient hydrogen had escaped to allow the equilibrium SiH + 2 0 2 + SiOz + 2H20 to proceed to the right. In strong contrast to these views on the genesis of the earth, Urey has recently attempted to analyse the conditions which would account for the enormous difference between the cosmic and terrestrial abundance of the elements; but as his theory will shortly be published in the Journal of the Chemical Society it need not be summarised here.The first parting of the elements is controlled by the electronic arrangement of the elements concerned metallic covalent and electrovalent bonds corre-sponding to the core the intermediate sulphide zone and the crust respectively. This parting is complete once and for all. The secondparting is effected by the solidification of the crust. Magma is composed of silica and the oxides of Al, Fe Ca Na Mg and K. With eruptions from the still molten interior early crusts were repeatedly remelted and gradually sorted out into peripheral zones rich in silica and alumina (sial) silica and magnesia (sima) and iron oxide and magnesia (fema). These zones are the source material of granite and basalt. Crystals built up on a silicate or aluminosilicate lattice contain more than 90 per cent.by volume of oxygen. Into the cationic positions other elements are withdrawn from the disorder of the melt to the order of the crystal in proportions in which they happen to be available. The crystallisation may be subdivided into three stages-early in which separation of the sulphides and phosphates is accompanied by the earliest silicate crystallisation; main in which pyroxene felspar and quartz are the predominant minerals formed; and final in which the volatile constituents of the original intrusion have so far accumu-lated as to assume the role of solvent and silica becomes the solute. The magma contains other constituents minor in amount but of great natural and economic significance.In the formation of crystals these minor constituents deputise pro rata for those more abundant cations which they most nearly resemble in size. If the minor constituent is slightly smaller than the major, it is preferentially incorporated in the earliest crystals and vice versa if it is slightly larger. If the valency of the minor constituent is greater than that of the major the minor is admitted to the early crystals but if it is less then it is not admitted until the latest crystals are forming. If as with zirconium and hafnium valency and size are the same no separation is effected at all. The minor is camouflaged by the major constituent. While processes that effect accumulations of rarer elements are naturally attractive to us it must not be forgotten that crustal crystallisations have not been staged to provide economic deposits of strategic materials and in fact metamorphism of rocks tends to smooth out segregations which other processes may have effected.From the molecular standpoint this development of order from disorder proceeds by two convergent paths. Light minerals have a felspar lattice in which the earlier crystals contain the more firmly bound Ca++ ion. As crystallisation proceeds, more and more of the less firmly bound Na+ ions are incorporated passing from anorthite via albite towards orthoclase (K+). In the less abundant dark minerals stability is adjusted to falling temperature by the formation successively of independent SiO tetrahedra and then chains bands and finally sheets of tetrahedra.Olivine is thus succeeded by pyroxene hornblende and mica. In both series the size of the cation is significant the smaller being accommodated before the larger. Such enrichments of the major cations as occur in the second parting are very far from complete. An understanding of the effects just described enables the chemist to make a reasoned estimate of the capital store of the rare elements in the earth‘s crust, and to recognise into which minerals biologically important catalysts like Mo, B I and Co may have been concentrated. Goldschmidt’s pioneer work has been greatly extended by Wickman and by Wager. Wickman emphasises that acceptance into a lattice is conditioned not merely by size but also by the stabiIity of the accepted ion in the environment of the lattice.His con-clusions are obviously an expression of Goldschmidt’s own later ideas but, as yet they lack precision. Wager’s work which elucidates the behaviour of a wide variety of rare ions at all stages of the crystallisation of one intrusion, emphasises the importance of concentration on the tendency of the rare ion to avail itself of accommodation in a structure spatially suitable. At the end of the main crystallisation an extraordinary phenomenon takes place. The pressure of the system rises with falling temperature. Niggli offered the following explanation. With progressive crystallisation of the silicates the volatile constituents of the magma which made up a bare 1 per cent. of the original intrusion have now become predominant and fused silica and water change roles as solvent and solute.At first so much silica is in solution that, in spite of the high temperature the vapour pressure of the system is com-paratively low. As the temperature falls the solubility of the silica falls so steeply that the diminution in solute concentration more than compensates for the lowering of temperature. The result is a greatly increased pressure which acting on a far less viscous medium drives the crystallising solution into every cranny of the rock. In these solutions outsize cations e.g. Li+, Be++ Zr++++ UOz++ and rare earth cations and outsize anions e.g. F- Cl-, S- B0,- PO,-- combine to form the characteristic minerals of pegmatites. By no means all igneous intrusions terminate with such an accumulation of attractive and above all accessible minerals.In fact Kennedy believes that it is only when material has already been concentrated by weathering an then re-fused that the richest pegmatites are formed. The very last fractions of an igneous intrusion may reach the surface as a mildly warm mineral spring. Among the gases which accompany such springs hydrogen is regarded by Lepape as the one certain diagnostic of deep-seated material coming to the surface for the first time. The third parting of the elements is effected by selective solution of the solidified crust and is called weathering. This process is of course physical as well as chemical. In so far as it is chemical silica clay and ferric oxide are left as residue while Na+ K+ Ca++ Mg++ and Fe++ ions are carried off in solution.The latter are selectively removed from solution again by adsorption hydrolysis precipitation and biological intervention. The residual solution constitutes sea-water which in exceptional circumstances may undergo local concentration with crystallisation to produce salt beds and in extreme cases deposits of magnesium and potassium salts. Since these processes of ion abstraction occur in solutions which are moving seawards valuable deposits of minerals are frequently formed in different localities. Though only 5 per cent. of the surface rock has undergone weathering more than 90 per cent of our mineral resources come from sedimentary ores. This very important sorting of the elements is controlled by their ionic potential which is equal to ionic charge/ionic radius.Thus ions for which the ionic potential is low tend like Mg++ and Na+ to remain in solution and accumulate in the sea. Those for which it is high tend to form covalent bonds with oxygen and so to exist as anions like SO4- and PO4--. Those with an intermediate value form hydrolysate precipitates especially if by oxidation, the ionic radius is diminished and the charge increased e.g. Fe(OH), MnO,. An important consequence of this process is that elements which have quite different ionic radii and consequently no tendency to juxtaposition during the formation of igneous rocks will appear as 'bedfellows in the products of weathering if their ionic potentials are similar e.g. Be++ 2/0-31 = 6.4; Al+*+ 3/0-50 = 6.0. The prevailing tendency in weathering is however to separate elements which have much in common in the laboratory; thus K and Ca are locked up in clay and limestone respectively while their partners Na and Mg accumulate in the sea.Tropical weathering separates silica and alumina and so on. From the amount of the non-metals present in igneous rocks it is possible to calculate the quantity that has been transported to the sea during the 5 per cent. weathering of the surface rocks. From such a calculation it is evident that some anions notably SO,- C1- and B0,- exist in the ocean in amounts in excess of any probable transport by rivers. They must to some extent be condensates from the original atmosphere. Some e.g. C1- and SO4- are believed to be still participating in the rain cycle. As the earth's original atmosphere was predominantly hydrogen and helium, the elements nitrogen carbon and oxygen then occurred as hydrides.This equilibrium was eventually upset by the escape of hydrogen (and the major part of the inert gases) from the weak gravitational field of the earth. Two processes have been proposed to account for the subsequent product of an oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere. To begin with water vapour underwent a (slight) dissociation either thermally or photochemically. The gradual escape of hydrogen from this dissociation left a small concentration of oxygen in the early atmosphere. From this photo-synthetic production of carbohydrate has provided our planet with the unique luxury of a 20 per cent. oxygen atmosphere. Finally it may be recalled that nearly a century ago Delesse showed that a wide range of igneous rocks contained a small but definite content of nitrogen as ammonia.Whether this is a souvenir of our primeval atmosphere and whether it is present as NH,+ deputising for K+ in felspars is of course quite unknown, but in any case it must form an agricultural asset particularly valuable because of its slow release. 67 RECENT ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY By Professor KATHLEEN LONSDALE F.R.S. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at the Waldorf Hotel 16 January 19521 Modern crystallography is concerned with problems of crystal morphology, texture atomic and molecular arrangements atomic vibrations and fields of force in relation to physical and chemical behaviour.Chemical crystallography deals especially with the identification and analysis of solids the stereo-chemistry of molecules and their accurate dimensions the nature of bonds and ionic co-ordination and the course of chemical reactions (especially those occurring in the solid state or of which the beginning and end products are solids). Great advances have recently been made in the exact stereochemistry of moderately complex molecules such as those of calciferol strychnine penicillin and camphor by the use of heavy atom techniques and the comparison of series of isomorphous compounds. Structure analyses have given a new meaning to the word “isomorphism” by the extension of the term to include structurally similar atomic and molecular arrangements.The Fourier analysis of crystalline substances such as coronene has given accurate values of bond lengths and angles for comparison with quantum mechanical calculations and many quite simple structures such as that of maleic acid show points of great interest and have only recently been investigated because they have to be analysed by the difficult process of trial and error. It has recently proved possible to determine the absolute configuration of an optically-active compound and to show that the Fischer convention is correct. Various derivatives of cyclohexane have been studied and it has been shown that the ring which occurs only in the chair form can be distorted considerably, if necessary to avoid the too close approach of substituent atoms.Magnetic measurements of principal susceptibilities can assist markedly in the problem of structure analysis. It is possible by crystal investigations also to follow the course of chemical reactions. One interesting and very simple investigation recently carried out on lithium hydride has shown that the atoms are not fully ionised and that probably the correct formula is near Li+i . . . H-t In general hydrogen cannot be located by X-ray methods because of its feeble scattering power in organic compounds but recently more refined methods of Fourier analysis have shown electron density contours which do correspond to hydrogen atoms. Electron diffraction methods have also been improved to give Fourier patterns of the crystal potential and here again the hydrogen positions can be identified.The development of neutron diffraction methods makes the problem much more manageable and has thrown light on the difficult question as to where the hydrogen atoms are in ice crystals. The structure of ice shows a certain randomness which is now being recognised as a not un-common feature of many otherwise simple structures decaborane (BloH14) proved more difficult to analyse than might have been expected partly because of a randomness of its structure. Finally H. M. Powell’s “clathrate” structures which include crystalline compounds of the rare gases with organic complexes have been shown to be one of the types of molecular compounds that exist only in the solid state, and they may have important technological applications.68 RADIATION AND LIGHT SOURCES FOR THE CHEMIST By H. W. CUMMING B.Sc. A.R.I.C. [Liverpool and North-Western Section at Widnes 8 March 1951; Preston, 12 December 1951; and Liverpool 7 February 19521 The various devices for producing radiation by electrical conduction can be conveniently divided into two types in which the radiating source is either a solid or a gas (or vapour). Of the solids the most important light and radiation source is the incan-descent tungsten filament; apart from special sources the construction of such lamps is sufficiently well known. By adjustment of the temperature of operation of the filament the quantity and distribution of energy radiated can be varied within wide limits and from a knowledge of that temperature an approximate energy distribution can be calculated from Planck’s equations.While theoretically the tungsten filament can be operated at any temperature up to its melting-point (3655” K at which temperature the life of the filament will be zero) in practice most lamps are designed to operate with the filament at 2600” to 2900” K. “Projector” class lamps having a life of about 100 hours operate at a temperature between 2900” and 3200” K. The radiation from a tungsten filament is continuous although absorption by the glass envelope takes place below about 3200 A; in the infra-red regions absorption is almost complete beyond 50,OOOA. The life of the tungsten filament depends on the temperature of operation and therefore on the applied voltage. The sensitivity of the filament to changes in voltage is not generally appreciated.If V is the rated voltage of the lamp and Vl the voltage at which it is operated then the wattage at Vl = wattage at V x (V‘JV,)1.52; and the life at Vl = life at V x (V1/V2)-13-5. From the second equation it follows that a 5 per cent. increase in supply voltage halves the life of the filament. Applications of a chemical nature for tungsten filament lamps arise mainly from the following characteristics. The radiation is continuous enabling any desired portion of the spectrum to be selected; a high and constant intensity can be obtained; the source is cheap; replacement is simple and the life is reliable and relatively long; there is no auxiliary equipment as with discharge lamps. Special forms of tungsten filament lamps have been designed for certain applications the most important being (a) tungsten ribbon lamps in which a source of radiation is provided some 2 mm.x 7 m. of high and uniform brightness (b) lamps with quartz envelopes in which the radiation from the filament can be used down to wavelengths of the order of 2000 A and (c) infra-red drying lamps consisting of a tungsten filament placed at the focus of a glass envelope having a parabolic section internally aluminised to conceutrate the whole of the radiant energy into a beam emerging along the axis. Non-metallic refractory conductors such as the Nernst lamp and more recently the Globar have been used in infra-red work and infra-red absorption spectroscopy particularly at wavelengths in the region of 400,000 A.These sources operate in free air and may be obtained in a wide variety of sizes and wattages. The physical make-up and methods of operation of the gaseous type are not so widely known. In gaseous conduction the radiation emitted is not generally continuous; the current in the arc has to be limited by means external to the discharge tube and this current does not pass until the “striking” voltage has been exceeded. These properties can be readily observed in the well-known sodium vapour 1amp.l This form of light source rated commercially at 45, 60 80 and 140 watts has an extremely long life and provides radiation which is virtually confined to the sodium D lines of 5890 and 5896 A. Special laboratory forms may also be obtained. In general these lamps operate in [ 69 double-walled vacuum jackets so that their equilibrium temperature at rated wattage can be controlled accurately.Under-running the lamp causes loss in emission due to low vapour pressure and low sodium atom concentration in the arc; increasing the arc current above the rated value results in excessive sodium vapour pressure with losses due to self-absorption of the resonance radiation. Thus for most practical purposes the energy distribution cannot be varied; it may be taken as 11 per cent. of the lamp wattage concentrated at 5890 and 5896A. Chemical uses for the sodium lamps have been mainly limited to providing monochromatic light for instruments such as AbbC type refractometers and polarimeters. The mercury vapour type of radiation source is that most widely used in photochemical processes.Broadly the mercury vapour arc discharge may be divided into three main groups distinguished by the order of pressure developed within the lamp envelope during operation a pressure which is dependent on the temperature of the lamp envelope. The low pressure mercury arc has no practical application as a light source. It is used exclusively for its radiation at 2537 A. It is essential to maintain a low mercury vapour pressure to prevent reversal of the 2537 A resonance radiation of mercury. If therefore a high wattage source is required the surface area of the discharge tube must be made large to maintain a low operating temperature; consequently it is extended rather than compact in form. Approxi-mately 25 per cent.of the wattage input is radiated at 2537 A. This form of tube has numerous applications. In medium pressure lamps where the mercury vapour may develop some 1 to 5 atmospheres self-absorption of 2537 A radiation is severe. The excited mercury atoms give out energy in complex stages and the ultra-violet line at 3650 A is radiated powerfully together with the well-known visible lines 5770/91, 5461 4358 and 4047A. The lamps may be obtained rated from about 80 to 3,000 watts. In some forms an outer jacket is provided which removes visible radiation and transmits the 3650 A line. Typical energy values for a 400-watt lamp are given in the table. A 24-volt source of 3650 A is available for use where mains voltages are undesirable or absent. Medium pressure tubes may be used for testing faults or leaks for “end-point” determinations in turbid or highly coloured solutions and for chromatographic examination where the column has little or no colour.In the 1951 Progress in Physics Reports reference was made to the high pressure water-cooled lamp in which due to mercury vapour pressures of about 100 atmospheres the spectrum is almost continuous. This type of lamp is available rated at 500 or 1,000 watts. Typical energy values are given in the table. PER CENT. ENERGY RADIATED Light source (mercury) 400-watt Glass lamp 1,000-watt Quartz water-cooled lamp . . . . Waveband 2800 less than to 2800 A 3200 - 0.0003 3.1 7.5 3200 to 3800 1-1 9.0 -5000 to 6000 6.8 10.5 3800 to 5000 6000 to 7000 0-27 3.7 -3.9 15.0 High pressure high wattage xenon-filled arc discharge lamps are proving of great interest photochemically.The radiation consists of the normal emission spectrum of xenon (containing a large number of lines not unevenly distributed) superimposed on which is a continuum of appreciable intensity extending from some 9OOO to 2000A The first form of xenon lamp to be [ 70 investigated was rated at 5,000 watts2 and was designed for operation under conditions of forced liquid cooling from either A.C. or D.C. mains. This type of source can be loaded by adjusting the arc current from 1,000 to 5,000 watts. The energy distribution in the arc remains sensibly constant with wide variations in total quantity of radiation. Other xenon lamps have been de~eloped,~ the most important photo-chemically and spectroscopically being the compact arc form which has been shown to be considerably more powerful than the hydrogen lamp for producing an ultra-violet ~ontinuum.~ A tube operated by discharging through a rare gas the energy contained within an electrical capacitor charged to a relatively high voltage has been developed by Norrish and Porter for studying free radical reactions.Currents of the order of several thousands of amperes may pass in the arc giving an instantaneous loading which may exceed one million watts. Discharge lamps specially designed for laboratory purposes are available, containing hydrogen sodium thallium cadmium cadmium-mercury alloy and zinc; of these the hydrogen lamp is of greatest interest to the chemist.REFERENCES 1. Funke and Oranje Gas Discharge Lamps 1951 (Eindhoven N.V. 2 . Aldington Trans. IZZum. Eng. SOC. (London) 1949 14 19. 3. Cumming ibid. 1951 16 129. 4. Baum and Dunkelman J. Opt. SOC. Amer. 1950 40 782. Philips’ Gloeilampen-Fabrieken). GENERATION OF POWER FROM TURF By E. E. Cox F.I.C.I. F.R.I.C. [Dublin and District Section 13 February 19521 In Europe turf (peat) has been used for many years as a primary source of power and as far as can be ascertained the U.S.S.R. have some 3,500,000 kW. of electrical generating capacity based on turf as fuel. At Portarlington Co. Leix the first turf-burning power station in Ireland was commissioned on 19 January 1950 and was designed to produce 9O,OOO,OOO units per annum consuming 120,000 tons of air-dried machine-won turf; this corresponds to a life of 25 years for the 4,400 acre bog at Clonsast 4 miles to the north of the station.The undeveloped bog contained 92 to 94 per cent. water, reduced to 90 per cent. by drainage. The raw turf is excavated by means of a bucket dredger from trenches 3 yards deep. The dredger feeds the turf to a macerator. The macerated turf is then forced through a former and the issuing turf approximately 4 in. x 4 in. in cross section is cut into sods 12 in. long. The sods are spread out to dry partially in the air and are then placed in small piles or “footings” to complete the process. The turf sods are then loaded into waggons for delivery to the power station by rail. Proximate AnaZysis Per cent.Ultimate Analysis Moisture . . 23-43 (Dry mineral-matter-free basis) Ash (on dry basisj’ 1 43-4.7 Per cent. The turf delivered last year had the following characteristics :-Volatile Matter (on d& Carbon . . 57-58 basis) . . . 66.6-71.6 Hydrogen . . . . 5-6 Nitrogen . . 1.3-1.5 Sulphur . . * . . . 0.2-0.4 Chlorine . . 0.05-0-1 Oxygen . . ,. 34-3 Calorific Value (Gross ; on dry basis) 91 30-9470 B.T.U./lb. ; Bulk Density (large volumes) 120 ft.,/ton. Sod turf can be burnt successfully in normally designed large boilers except that certain slight modifications are necessary since twice the weight and five times the volume of turf are required to give the same net heating value as say, a clean well graded meta-lignitous coal. Also 10 per cent.more air is required for combustion and the flue gas volume is some 20 per cent. larger. When 50 per cent. excess air is used the flue gas contains approximately 13 per cent. carbon dioxide. The boilers have a maximum continuous rating of 150,000 lb. steam/hour at 425 1b./ina2 and 850" F. They are single drum natural circulation boilers, having integral superheaters with attemperators smooth tube steaming econo-misers and tubular air heaters travelling chain grate stokers water-cooled furnaces and suction ash plants. In place of the usual shutes from the bunkers to the grates feeder shafts are used. These are some 4 ft. deep and cover the full width of the grates being virtually extensions of the bunkers. They are refractory lined and pre-heated air may be admitted through a series of ports in front of the shafts to assist in drying turf of specially high moisture content.Saturated steam sprays are fitted for use if the fire should travel back to the bunkers. In order to allow partly for the larger volume of fuel the grate area is approximately 25 per cent. more than that of a coal burning boiler of similar output. The thickness of the fuel bed is normally 20 in. as against say 5 in. for coal and is regulated by means of water-cooled doors as ignition starts at the bottom of the feeder shaft. The combustion chamber is also approxi-mately 25 per cent. larger in volume. This enables the larger volume of flue gases to move forward at a normal velocity so that combustion is complete before the gases enter the boiler passes and normal heat transfer rates obtain.The ash fusion temperature is approximately 1,150' C but little trouble due to slagging is experienced. With flame temperatures of 1,200" C the grate temperature is such that normally only sintering takes place giving a very friable ash. "Bird nesting" and other types of flue deposits are much less troublesome than with coal-burning boilers. Analyses of deposits show the iron content to be much higher than in the coarse ashes due to the inherent ash having a much higher iron content than the extraneous ash which has a correspondingly higher lime content. The inherent ash is carried forward with the fine turf particles burning in the combustion space while the extraneous ash is mainly left on the grate. The most interesting fact about all the deposits produced right through the flue-passes to the stack itself is that they are all strongly alkaline (as distinct from the strongly acid deposits found in coal boilers).The sulphur in turf is 95 per cent. combustible and it appears that very little conversion of SO to SO occurs. The deposits show little or no bonded structure and are removable by washing with water; the SO content varies from 8 to 40 per cent. and the PzO content from 0.9 to 1.9 per cent. Stack deposits are highly carbonated and contain much combined water. The turbines and feed system are normal in design incorporating the usual stages of feed heating and mechanical de-aerating plant. Make-up feed water is obtained from the River Barrow which has an average hardness of 300 p.p.m.and is first treated in a 2,000 gall./hour lime-soda-aluminate cold-process soft-ener which reduces the hardness to 20 or 30 p.p.m. The softened water is passed through a gravity sand filter treated with trisodium phosphate and pumped to the evaporators the evaporate being fed into the intermediate pressure heater. Provision is made for the injection of caustic soda and sodium sulphite after the de-aerators if necessary. Normally there is sufficient NH3 in the system to maintain a pH value of 8 in the feed water. About 5 per cent. of the boiler water is re-circulated into the feed water at the economiser inlets. [ 72 This enables satisfactory chemical treatment of the feed to be maintained without increasing the concentration of solids in the boiler.Chemicals are injected direct into the boilers as required to maintain the necessary reserves of phosphate and sulphite and the correct alkalinity ratios to solids and sulphates. The evaporator capacity has been found to be insufficient during prolonged low-load conditions and an ion exchange plant is being installed. This will operate on the new “mono bed” principle using a mixture of strongly basic anion and strongly acidic cation exchange resins of the polystyrene type. It is anticipated that water with an electrical conductivity of 0.1 reciprocal megohms, after de-aeration will be obtained. The condenser circulating water is cooled in a concrete hyperbolic tower of 1,800,000 gall./hour capacity. Losses are made up with river water which is chlorinated by direct injection of chlorine gas.After some months’ operation it was found that the whole of the circulat-ing water system became sterile and at present residuals of 1 p.p.m. of free chlorine are maintained by a weekly injection of chlorine for a few hours. Polyphosphates are also added to maintain 2 p.p.m. of NaPO in the water for the inhibition of lime deposits in the condensers. BOOK REVIEWS Man and the Chemical Elements. J. Newton Friend. Pp. ix -t 354. (London : Although the formal study of the history of the development of scientific knowledge does not yet receive the attention it deserves there is now more perhaps than at any previous time a general recognition by chemistry teachers of the value and importance of the historical approach in studying the facts and theories of their science.This method of approach not only powerfully stimulates the interest of the student in his science but also has a cultural value of the greatest importance. It is therefore with much pleasure that one welcomes this book by one whose writings on historical aspects of chemical science are well known. In the volume under review founded on a series of articles published ten or eleven years ago in Chemistry and Industry Dr. Friend gives a comprehensive historical account of the discovery and utilisation of the chemical elements “from stone-age hearth to the cyclotron.” Here is to be found a great wealth of information “culled,” as the author states “from many and various sources,” lightened by many literary allusions and by tales both grave and gay.It is a book that should prove useful to teachers and students of chemistry to be read along with the ordinary text-books. The general reader also will find much to interest him. Apart from a number of obvious misprints the book is written with all the author’s usual accuracy and it is therefore a pity that on page 38 the term dynes instead of ergs should have slipped in. It may also be mentioned that the tin content of bronze coinage which was reduced to 3 per cent. in 1942, was increased to 3 per cent. in 1946. Readers may be confused also by the statement on p. 2 that mercury can be converted into gold while th:‘ref:rence there given to p. 221 emphasises the conversion of gold into mercury an inver-sion of the alchemists’ dream.’’ Charles Griffin & Co.Ltd. 1951.) 27s. 6d. net. ALEX. FINDLAY c 73 Textbook of Electrochemistry. G. Kortiim and J. O’M. Bockris. Vol. 11* q. xiii + 353-882 (Amsterdam Elsevier Publishing Co.; London Dis-tributors Cleaver-Hume Press Ltd. 1951.) 70s. Dr. Bockris’ main contribution to this volume consists of the first two chapters (10 and ll) most of which he appears to have rewritten. They deal with electrical phenomena at interfaces including electro-capillarity, Donnan membrane potentials charge on colloidal particles and electrokinetic potentials; and irreversible electrode phenomena associated with which is some account of polarography electrolysis in the fused state and fuel cells. In his treatment of overpotential Dr. Bockris has drawn extensively from the results of his own researches and has largely ignored the contributions to the subject made by earlier workers such as Newbery Sand Glasstone Bowden and Erdey-Gruz.The treatment seems to be based on the supposition that the present knowledge of irreversible electrode phenomena has reached a substantial degree of finality. Instead of a presentation of experimental observations and the deductions arising therefrom a theory is expounded on which are based mathematical derivations. This style of treatment occasionally culminates in anticlimax. Thus after an elaborate derivation of Tafel’s overpotential equation it is stated that the equation is not always applicable through the “complexity of some of the experimental results,” but the text affords no information of what the results are.Chapter 12 a revised translation from the original German version deals with the electrochemistry of gases. In addition to material which is generally sought in elementary books on physics there is a section devoted to chemical reactions that occur under the influence of electric discharge e.g. dissociation of diatomic molecules the formation of free radicals syntheses and decompositions. These three chapters extending over 167 pages complete the revised and amplified text of Kortiim’s Lekrbuch der Elektruchemie. The remaining 338 pages of the text are new approximately the first half having been written by Dr. Roger Parsons and the second half by Dr. B. E. Conway both of the Imperial College of Science and Technology. Dr. Parsons writes on experimental methods of electrochemistry.They are described with brevity and are uncommonly like “Laboratory Notes.” Whilst they will undoubtedly be found useful they would have been more easily understood and at the same time would have made the general discussion clearer had they been incorporated in the body of the text. Dr. Conway’s contribution is a rather confused compilation of tables of physico-chemical data. It is doubtful whether many of the data are sufficiently important or useful to warrant their inclusion in an elementary treatise. For instance why give extensive tables of the mean activity coefficients the conductances and transference numbers of hydrogen chloride in various dioxane-water mixtures? The appendix of 87 pages consists of numerical examples and their solutions.In the opinion of the reviewer this book as far as the presentation of the fundamentals of electrochemistry is concerned does not reach the high standard already set by MacInnes and Glasstone in their well-known texts. H. T. S. BRITTON A Text-Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. Theory and Practice. Arthur I. Vogel. Second Edition. Pp. xxiii + 918. (London Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd. 1951.) 48s. Vogel’s well known text-book has run through many reprintings since it was first published in 1939. Apart from general revision and the inclusion of accounts of some new reagents and procedures the very considerably increased length of this second edition is due largely to the extra space devoted to physical * Vol. I was reviewed in Journal 1951 VI 337.74 methods for the author has tried to give a really “up-to-date picture of quanti-tative inorganic analysis.” On this he is to be congratulated though many will question whether the extra space has been used to the best advantage. For instance the description of some dozen instruments for use in “colorimetric analysis” takes up 18 pages and reads too much like a maker’s catalogue. The account of a home-made polarograph and of commercially available equipment occupies 16 pages but details of actual experiments in polarography are limited to six pages and conclude with a paragraph beginning “Space does not permit the description of numerous other determinations for which the polarograph is particularly suitable. . . .” The new chapters on potentiometric and con-ductimetric methods and on micro-gravimetric and micro-volumetric analysis will be generally welcomed but among unsatisfactory features of the first edition which have not been revised may be noted the incorrect formulae for nitron and the red ferric thiocyanate complex the account of the colour of phenolphthalein as an indicator and the estimation of lead by dithizone.There is so much information crammed into this book that students and teachers alike may well be baWed if called upon to make a choice between the many different methods proposed for the determination of the same metal or radical. Elementary text-books invariably evade this fundamental issue and advanced works are generally written for analysts who have acquired such knowledge by long and bitter experience.But some helpful and critical guid-ance should be available even at this level for the student who reads the state-ment (p. 48 1) that magnesium can be quantitatively determined by precipitation with 2-methyloxine followed by the caveat “numerous ions interfere,” may well wonder why the procedure is then described in full. No book of this size and avowed scope can hope to please everyone and to answer all problems equally well. The new Vogel will certainly please the majority and the excellent format and wealth of illustrations and examples are a real credit to author and pub-lisher alike. It is a worthy successor to a book already to be found wherever analysis is practised. A Text-book of Practical Organic Chemistry. Arthur I.Vogel. Second edition. Pp. xxiii + 1,033. (London Longmans Green and Co. Ltd., 1951.) 50s. In the years that have elapsed since it was published in 1948 Vogel’s “practical organic” like his “quantitative inorganic” has become famous; deservedly so, for it is a work of distinction. Its main characteristics are accuracy and thoroughness; no effort has been spared to do a complete job and to provide a book to meet the requirements of the student of chemistry throughout the whole of his training. The first chapter discusses the theory of general techniques such as distillation melting sublimation and drying which are used in practical organic chemistry. The second chapter which runs to some 180 pages describes the experimental details of these techniques. It could be read as a refresher course by many chemists no longer students to correct bad habits developed with the years.The next eight chapters (about 660 pages) give preparative details for some 600 substances representing the main classes of aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Many of the accounts are preceded by a short discussion of the relevant chemical theory. An important chapter is devoted to qualitative organic analysis; there is also an appendix that deals with among other topics the literature of organic chemistry and includes some new material -for example reactions in liquid ammonia the Wohl-Zeigler and Wolff-Kishner reactions reductions with lithium aluminium hydride cyano-ethyla-tion and synthesis with organolithium compounds. There are over 300 diagrams mainly of modern apparatus and a large number of valuable tables of physical constants.H. M. N. H. IRVING 75 The book can be strongly recommended to organic chemists at all levels from the student upwards. It should be freely Available in every Department of Chemistry. The author and the publishers are to be congratulated on an excellent production containing a vast amount of chemical information. T. S . WHEELER Medicinal Chemistry. C. M. Suter Editor-in-Chief. Volume I. Pp. vii + 473. (New York John Wiley and Sons Inc.; London Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1951.) 80s. net. The organic chemist called upon to enter a new field of chemotherapeutic endeavour begins by preparing a literature survey reviewing existing knowledge of the subject. First he will make a general statement of the objective and then proceed to an historical account showing the extent of current achievement.At some point will be included comprehensive tables of substances already studied giving chemical formulae and noting biological properties. These will in turn call for a description of methods of synthesis and pharmacological test procedures. Since it is usually desirable to include every substance that has been considered for the purpose in hand the sources of information will range from careful and critical studies of individual preparations to statements in patent specifications relating to compounds or even to families of compounds, which may be entirely unsupported by separate biological data. Next will follow an attempt to relate chemical structure to biological effect as far as possible in terms of mode of action; and finally the outlook for the future.Such might well have been the pattern for the contents of Volume I of Medicinal Chemistry the first of a series of reviews prepared under the auspices of the Division of Medicinal Chemistry of the American Chemical Society and supervised by an editorial board of distinguished American scientists. The five topics selected (or perhaps first available for the press) are :-antithyroid compounds; antispasmodics (derivatives of carboxylic acids); antibiotics from plants; benzoates and substituted benzoates as local anaesthetics; and analgesics, further subdivided into “aralkylamines” and “partial structures related to morphine.” The magnitude of the tasks undertaken by the several authors is illustrated by the scope of the section on antithyroid compounds.Over 900 compounds are listed and yet in the 150 page article there is found room not only to discuss half-a-dozen experimental assay procedures and some of the variables affecting the results obtained with them but also to give a brief comparative pharmacology of substances in clinical use. The other subjects are handled with equal thorough-ness and it is clear that the volumes in this series will be of great value and interest not only to the laboratory worker in chemotherapy but additionally as a source of information for the theorist. F. L. ROSE Biochemistry of B Vitamins. R. J. Williams R. E. Eakin E. Beerstecher Jr., and W. Shive. Pp. x + 741.(New York Reinhold Publishing Corpora-tion 1950.) $12.00. This book is clearly destined to become a standard work of reference for those engaged in advanced research in the specialised field of the biochemistry of the B group of vitamins. It is not-and obviously it is not intended to be-a text-book for the mere undergraduate student any more than for the physician or for the pure organic chemist. As the publishers state “the primary aim of the authors has been to present constructive and suggestive view points so that the reader could benefit from a full discussion of the pros and cons involved in this fast moving branch of science.” In consequence of this the book whil no easy reading for the casual “dipper,” admirably exhibits both the deep learning of its four authors and the comprehensive treatment they have bestowed upon their undertaking.The subject matter is divided into four separate sections each contributed by one of the four authors. The first section “Characterisation Distribution, Assay and Biogenesis of the B Vitamins” is by Roger J. Williams; the second on “The Catalytic Functions of the B Vitamins” is by Robert E. Eakin; the third “The Role of the B Vitamins in Animal and Plant Organisms” is by E. Beerstecher Jr. ; and the fourth “The Comparative Biological Activities of the B Vitamins and Related Compounds” is by W. Shive. (All the authors are members of the staff of the University of Texas.) This method of dividing up the labours of the joint contributors while novel has certainly well justified itself; although as they themselves admit there has been some unavoidable duplication in different areas of the discussion.Dr. Williams and his colleagues ask that their readers will be charitable in judging the products of their labours and beg for indulgence for mistakes and imperfections. They may rest assured that their labour will earn nothing but praise and very high praise indeed. Only two points occur to the present reviewer which might be remedied in later editions. The first is that in several chapters the bibliography could well have been drawn in a more representative way from the whole world literature instead of so largely from American journals; and the second that the great value of the text would be still further enhanced by the addition of an author index.To conclude this book can be unreservedly recommended for the special class of reader to whom the authors are so wisely addressing themselves. Vitamin biochemists everywhere will be in their debt. L. J. HARRIS The Thermodynamics of the Steady State. K. G. Denbigh. Pp. vii + 103. (London Methuen and Co. Ltd.; New York John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1951.) 6s. 6d. net. The author considers his title to be more appropriate than “Thermo-dynamics of Irreversible Processes,” for “it is a method which gives thermo-dynamic relations as distinct from kinetic ones only when the system is in a stationary condition.” The inclusion of this book in the series of monographs on chemical subjects is misleading as only one chemical is mentioned in the index viz. helium 11, and this refers only to the fountain effect when it flows spontaneously through a capillary connecting two vessels at different temperatures.The treatment is, in fact entirely mathematical. The subject was first broached by W. T. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) who applied the second law of thermodynamics to the thermo-electric effect in which both the heat conduction along the wires and the heat effect due to a current passing along the wires were not reversible. The author is interested in thermo-osmosis occurring when a gas passes through a porous plate separating two vessels at different temperatures until a given pressure is reached and the system is in a steady state. He points out that it is “not at equilibrium because of the flow of heat.” The molecular principle that under equilibrium conditions the forward and reverse processes are taking place at the same average rate was developed by Onsager in 1931 for thermodynamic purposes.The author reviews this development and his own contributions to the mathematics of thermodynamics. M. B. DONALD r 77 Statistical Methods for Chemists. W. J. Youden. Pp. x + 126. (New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.; London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1951.) 24s. net. It is now becoming generally realised that a knowledge of modern statistical methods can be of great profit to the chemist as well as to the biologist and agricultural worker on whose behalf they were first developed. Dr. Youden’s book forms a useful addition to the existing array of statistical text-books of various types for it gives a short and highly practical exposition of the various statistical techniques that will be of direct value to the chemist in his experi-ment a1 work.The opening chapters (1-3) deal with the elementary basic material the measurement of precision calculation of the standard deviation the normal law of error confidence limits and the t- and F-tests for assessing the statistical significance of differences between means. As stated in the preface “the book is characterised by an absence of statistical theory and proofs,” and “a good deal of the usual introductory material is missing.” This kind of treatment will appeal to those chemists who do not want to study more statistical theory than is really necessary; and the majority of practical statisticians will agree at least to some extent that such treatment is preferable to one where theory is emphasised at the expense of practical outlook in spite of the possibility of misapplication by the user (which the author admits may occur).However, the reviewer feels that in this book the curtailment of theoretical introduction has perhaps been carried a little too far and that most readers would probably have appreciated a somewhat more detailed exposition of basic statistical concepts. Such an expansion would also have allowed a more systematic treatment thus adding considerably to the value of the book as a whole. The remaining chapters (4-10) deal with the resolution of errors (for example, the separation of components due to sampling and analysis); determination of linear relationships between two variables; analysis of variance (general analysis and interpretation of experiments with one or more factors); and experimental design.Most of this further material is very well presented the section on experimental design forming a particularly valuable contribution for the chemist who seeks to make the most of his resources. It is a pity that the author has not included more references for the guidance of those readers who wish to study certain aspects of the subject in greater detail; but the book itself contains about as much information as most chemists will feel they require to begin with and those who study it carefully will acquire a working knowledge of many useful statistical methods. D. R. READ A Textbook of Pharmacognosy.T. C. Denston. Fifth edition. Pp. xviii + This work gives a systematic account of the cultivation collection drying and preservation characters and constituents of drugs of vegetable and animal origin with their commercial varieties and common adulterants. The book was originally intended for students preparing for the Chemist and Druggist Qualifying Examination; for that purpose it is concisely adequate and has already found wide recognition among teachers and students of pharmacognosy. The lay-out is excellent and the large type pleasant for perusal; no typo-graphical errors were detected. It has been revised considerably in all sections for this edition and thereby its value is extended to a wider field. This is evident from the introduction of the descriptions of insecticidal materials of plant origin spices and filtering agents and other vegetable substances such as dried yeast sterculia and carob gum.A section on microscopy includes a description of the characters of filtration materials and fibres used as surgical dressings. A very useful description of the significance and detection of insect infestation has been added and might well be extended in future editions. 637 (London Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. 1951.) 45s. r 78 Microscopical characters of drugs have not been included except where macroscopical diagnostic features are insufficient. Hence the book has limited value in the systematic examination of powdered drugs and the general in-formation is not sufficiently concise for it to be used as a laboratory handbook.However the structure of the book is admirably suited for expansion on these lines so as to'become of value for the laboratory worker wishing to undertake the examination of crude drugs. Special attention is drawn to standards; reasons for official tests and ex-planations of the reactions are given particularly in the sections on fixed oils, fats and waxes and volatile oils; few books will have such information collected together in this way and the book is very worthy of a place in the library of practising pharmacists and pharmaceutical analysts. D. C. GARRATT BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS RECEIVED BUT NOT REVIEWED Heat and Thermodynamics. Mark W. Zemansky. Third edition. Pp. xiv 4-465. (London McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd. 1951 .) 42s.6d. Chemical and Electro-Plated Finishes. H. Silman. Second edition revised. Pp. xv + 479. (London Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1952.) 50s. net. [Principal Contents Corrosion of metals and alloys; descaling and pickling processes; polishing; degreasing and cleaning; metal colouring; electro-plating; electro-deposition of the precious metals; nickel-plating; chromium-plating; copper and brass deposits; deposition of tin and its alloys; cadmium zinc and lead plating; finishing of light alloys; testing methods. ] The British Pharmaceutical Codex 1949 Supplement 1952. Pp. xii + 148. (London The Pharmaceutical Press 1952.) 25s. net. The National Formulary 1952. Pp. 196. (London The British Medical Association and The Pharmaceutical Society 1952.) 4s. 6d. The Registers of Pharmaceutical Chemists and Chemists and Druggists.Pp. v + 710. (London The Pharmaceutical Society 1952.) 63s. Fuel Research 1949 to 1950. Report of the Fuel Research Board with the Report of the Director of Fuel Research. Pp. vi + 60 (London H.M. Stationery Office for the D.S.I.R. 1951.) 2s. 6d. net. [The last report of the Fuel Research Board was for the period 1946/49 and dealt largely with the transition from short-term wartime researches to post-war reconstruction projects. The present report covers the period 1 April 1949 to 31 December 1950 and paves the way for the resumption of the pre-war practice of presenting reports annually. The main effort has been concentrated on the more efficient use of fuel and has yielded results which to a growing extent are being applied successfully in industry.] Review of Coal Tar Technology January-June 1951.Volume 111 Part I. Pp. 75. (Gomersal Coal Tar Research Association 1952.) Non-members C.T.R.A. 5s. 658 1952. Apparatus for the determination of Distillation Range. Pp. 846 1952. Burettes and Bulb Burettes. Pp. 29. 4s. net. 914 1952. Quality of Laboratory Porcelain. Pp. 10. 2s. net. 1132 1952. Automatic Pipettes. Pp. 9. 2s. net. British Standards. 20. 2s. 6d. net 1428 Part A2 1952. Nitrogen Combustion Train (Micro-Dumas). Microchemical Apparatus. Group A Combustion Trains for the Determination of Elements. Pp. 12. 2s. net. 1428 Part H1 1952. Weighing Vessels for Microchemical Analysis. Microchemical Apparatus. Group H Weighing Accessories. Pp. 7. 2s.net. 1673 Part 1 1952. Methods of Testing Raw Rubber and Unvulcanized Compounded Rubber. Part 1 Sampling. Pp. 8. 2s. net. 1752 1952. Sintered Disc Filters for Laboratory Use. Pp. 1 1 . 2s. net. 1756 1952. Code for the Sampling and Analysis of Flue Gases. Pp. 78. 10s. 6d. net. 1796 1952. Methods for the Use of B.S. Fine-Mesh Test Sieves. Pp. 27. 3s. 6d. net. 1797 1952. Tables for Use in the Calibration of Volumetric Glassware. Pp. 87. 10s. 6d. net. 1834 1952. Isopropyl Acetate. Pp. 8. 2s. net. 1835 1952. 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol (2-Ethylhexanol). Pp. 8. 2s. net. (P0t.t free from British Standards Institution 24 Victoria Street, National Bureau of Standards (Washington Government Printing Office.) Circular 507,195 1. X-ray Calibration of Radiation Survey Meters Pocket Chambers and Dosimeters.Frank H. Day. Pp. ii + 11. 15 cents. Circular 512 1951. Methods of Measuring Humidity and Testing Hygro-meters. A Wexler and W. G. Brombacher. Pp. ii + 18. 15 cents. Handbook 49,195 1. Recommendations for Waste Disposal of Phosphorus-32 and Iodine-131 for Medical Users. Pp. iv + 11. Safety Rules for use in Chemical Works. Part II. Detailed Instructions. First edition. Pp. ix + 282. (London Association of British Chemical Manufacturers 1952.) 25s. [Extract from Preface Part I1 is intended as a reference book for those people who have to deal with safety matters in a chemical works such as managers supervisors safety officers and medical officers by bringing together the accumulated experience of the industry in what has been found to be a practical interpretation of the law.. . . The information applies not merely to works where chemicals are manufactured but should be of value in all processes where chemicals are handled or used.] London S.W.1.) 10 cents. LOCAL SECTION AFFAIRS Birmingham and Midlands.-On 18 December some three hundred nieinbers and friends attended a Christmas Party and Dance at the Moseley and Balsa11 Heath Institute Birmingham. A varied programme of dancing interspersed with games and variety acts was enjoyed by all present and the function can be considered an unqualified success. The Annual Christmas Lecture for Schoolchildren took place on 4 January, in the Physics Theatre of the University Edgbaston Birmingham. Dr. T. Vickerstaff Deputy Chief Colourist I.C.I.Dyestuffs Division addressed a large audience on surface tension effects under the title of “To Wet or Not to Wet-The Behaviour of Molecules at Surfaces.” The audience highly appreciated the numerous experiments and demonstrations. This lecture was the subject of a three-minute account in “Midland Newsreel,” in the Midland Home Service of the B.B.C. on 6 January. Dr. E. I. Akeroyd Technical Director Permutit Co. Ltd. delivered a lecture -b ‘A Century of Ion-Exchange”-at Regent House St. Phillip’s Place, 1 80 Birmingham on I5 January. The speaker pointed out that it was almost exactly a century since the first ion-exchange materials became available and traced their development up to the present time. An interesting discussion ensued after which the vote of thanks was proposed by Mr.Drake. On 16 January the Annual Dinner-Dance organised by the Midland Chemists’ Committee was held at the Town Hall Sutton Coldfield. The guests of honour at the dinner were Mr. John Rogers O.B.E. Chairman of I.C.I. and Mrs. Rogers. The toast of the Guests was proposed by Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. In his reply Mr. Rogers gave some advice to chemists on how to succeed in the commercial field his theme being that personality was quite as important as academic distinction. The right to call oneself a chemist was of itself not sufficient to qualify one for the heights. After the dinner dancing continued until 1 a.m. The Annual Joint Meeting with the Wolverhampton Society of Applied Science was held this year on 22 February at The Technical College Wolver-hampton.Dr. S. W. Challinor Department of Industrial Fermentation, University of Birmingham spoke to the gathering on “Some Aspects of the Chemistry and Microbiology of Fermentation in relation to Cider Making.” The lecturer gave a lucid account of the processes involved in cider-making and of his original work carried out at Long Ashton to solve some of the many problems which occur in this ancient industry. After a lively discussion the vote of thanks was proposed by the President of the Wolverhampton Society, Mr. M. Campbell Orr. Under the title “The Sulphur Shortage-a Challenge to the Chemical Industry,” Dr. A. E. Callow of British Titan Products Co. Ltd. addressed the Section on 5 March. After reviewing sources of elemental sulphur alternative to American Dr.Callow went on to consider the use of pyrites anhydrite and sulphurous gases in sulphuric acid manufacture. The Nicholls-Freeman pyrites flash roaster and the Mantius acid concentration plant were dealt with in detail. After an interesting discussion the vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. C. L. Evans. Bristol and District .-The autumn meetings of the Section were as in previous years all held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and one at Gloucester with the Plastics Institute as well. The Bristol meetings with the exception of the Social Evening were held at the University and the Gloucester meetings in the Technical College. The opening meeting was on 4 October when Mr. A. Webster gave a paper on “Some Thoughts on Chemical Safety.” The speaker discussed the scope of Safety Officers’ duties in the chemical industry and stressed the importance of adequate instruction in safety matters and constant contact with the medical services.On 26 October at Gloucester Mr. G. H. Black of the Kestner Evaporator Co. spoke on “Plastics in Chemical Plant.” He described the practical applica-tion to chemical plant of polythene polytetrafluoethylene polyvinyl chloride, nylon and the well-known “Keebush” material. On 1 November Mr. R. R. Belcher read a paper on “Modern Applications of Analysis.” The Annual Social Evening and Film Show was held in the Grand Hotel, Bristol on 13 November. This popular event was as usual well attended and Dr. C. G. Lyons District Member of Council was again able to be present.Mr. G. H. Moore Chairman of the Bristol Section presided and after light refreshments Dr. Lyons gave a short account of topical affairs of the Institute. This was followed by a short general discussion during which Mr. B. W. Minifie summarised the main activities of the Section during the past year and asked for criticisms or suggestions. Three films were then exhibited-“Pattern for Progress,” an excellent description of steel production; “Terra Incognita,” [ 81 about the electron microscope with very clever animated illustrations of the working of this instrument; and “Wee Blue Blossom,” a short film on flax and linen fibre manufacture. At the end of the meeting Mr. R. E. Coulson proposed the vote of thanks to the projectionist Mr.Tugwell and to Messrs. J. S. Fry & Sons for the loan of the projector. On 22 November Mr. B. K. Kelly of the Medical Research Council, Clevedon lectured on “Recent Developments in Antibiotics.” Mr. Kelly gave an account of the main work of the laboratories and small-scale plant installed at the Station. At Gloucester on 29 November Dr. R. Gordon of the National Coal Board Cheltenham read a paper entitled “Recent Advances in Coal Science.” The lecturer described the organisation of the Cheltenham Research Station and the main research being carried out there. The annual joint meeting with the Chemical Engineering Group of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 6 December. The programme consisted of an afternoon visit to the fertiliser factory of Messrs.Fisons at Avonmouth followed in the evening by a paper entitled “Chemical Engineering Applied to the Fertiliser Industry,” read by Messrs. K. Sharples and F. G. Shepstone. After the meeting the Annual Dinner was held in the University Common Room. As a result of the very successful Christmas lecture for schoolchildren last year the event was repeated on the afternoon of 2 January. Before several hundred schoolchildren Mr. R. C. Tarring of Shell Chemicals gave a most instructive talk and demonstration on “Surface Activity.” The Section was again fortunate in having placed at its disposal the University Royal Fort Physics Lecture Hal. This with its excellent equipment and the assistance of very efficient demonstrators enabled Mr. Tarring to explain a difficult subject in a fashion that strongly appealed to the juvenile audience.The Section Committee is greatly indebted to Mr. G. H. Moore and Dr. T. Malkin who were largely responsible for the arrangements for this special meeting. Dublin and District.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department University College Dublin on 13 February. In the unavoidable absence of Mr. J. Andrews Chairman the chair was taken by Professor T. S. Wheeler. Mr. E. E. Cox gave a lecture entitled “Generation of Power from Turf,” in which he described the problems encountered and the experience gained in the new turf-burning power station at Portarlington Co. Leix. (See p. 71.) Dundee and District.-On 18 January a lecture entitled “Chemical Process Equipment” was delivered by Mr.H. D. Macmurray Director Messrs. George Scott & Son (London) Ltd. and Ernest Scott & Co. Ltd. Mr. Macmurray gave an illuminating account of the essential qualities and the manufacture of enamel and glass-lined metal vessels and equipment for the chemical and allied industries. A lively discussion followed the lecture and the concluding vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. Alex. Hood. Mr. A. E. Pouncy was in the chair. The Dinner and Social Evening arranged for 15 February was cancelled owing to the death of H.M. the King. East Midlands.-A well-attended meeting of the Section was held on 17 January at the College of Technology Leicester. Mr. L. P. Priestley the Section Chairman presided. Dr. A. E. Braude gave a lecture on “Anionotropy,” which was illustrated by lantern slides.After a discussion the vote of thanks was moved by Dr. S . R. Robinson. The Deputy Director of the East Midlands Forensic Science Laboratory, Mr. C. H. Edlin was the speaker at a meeting of the Section held on 21 Februar at the Nottingham and District Technical College. Mr. Priestley occupied the chair and Mr. Edlin took as his subject “Scientific Aids in Detection.” The lecturer gave many illustrations of the work of the laboratory with the aid of lantern slides. The vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. Finlayson and seconded by Mr. Oldham. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The annual joint meeting with the Edinburgh University Chemical Society was held on 5 February when Dr. T. S . Work of the National Institute for Medical Research spoke on “A Biochemical Approach to Chemotherapy.” He described how modem chemotherapeutic agents were made to “deceive” bacteria into accepting them as essential nutrients, whereas they blocked vital metabolic processes in the bacteria.Turning to recent work in his own laboratory he explained how the study of the synthesis of milk protein was being used to investigate the role of polypeptides as antibiotics. At the Annual General Meeting of the Section in the North British Station Hotel the principal business comprised the adoption of the reports of the Hon. Treasurer Secretary and District Member of Council and the election of the following officers :-Chairman G. E. Dodds; Vice-chairman H. H. Campbell; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer J.K. Grant; Hon. Auditor C. G. Cochrane; New Members of Committee I. A. Preece G. Barclay M. Ritchie and B. Raistrick. Following the business meeting recent trends in research on refractories were described by Dr. A. E. Dodd Information Officer of the British Ceramic Research Association. After dealing with improvements in fire bricks and silica bricks Dr. Dodd turned to the use of rare oxides in the production of jet engine turbine blades and the development of “cermats”-new materials that combine the advantages of both ceramics and metals. Huddersfie1d.-The first meeting of the 1951-52 session was held on 1 1 September when Mr. A. R. Bielby Headmaster of Huddersfield College, gave a lecture entitled “The Education of a Scientist.” This non-technical talk dealing with the potential effects of present-day education provoked a great deal of discussion to which almost all present contributed indicating the keen interest of members in this subject.The second lecture held on 9 October was given by Mr. R. H. K. Thomson, of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. and dealt with the new fibre “Ardil,” its properties being compared with those of other synthetic and natural fibres and consideration being given to its application in the textile trade. The meeting was well attended and Dr. W. McMeeking expressed thanks to the lecturer. On 20 November Mr. J. C. Farquhar of George Kent Ltd. gave a lecture on “Automatic Control and its Application.” The lecture covered the various methods of applying automatic control to chemical processes and outlined the principles incorporated in various instruments for providing the required degree of regulation.The lecturer was thanked by Dr. G. Sheldrick. The Annual Dance was held on 7 December and was thoroughly enjoyed by all present. The attendance was rather smaller than had been anticipated. The fourth lecture of the session was on 8 January when Mr. S . H. Bales, of the Ministry of Supply gave a talk entitled “The Production and Application of Radioactive Isotopes.” The talk dealt mainly with the application of radio-active isotopes as a new tool for the analytical chemist. Mr. R. Scott proposed the vote of thanks to the lecturer. The Chairman of the Section Mr. T. Ritchie presided at all the lectures. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held in the University of Leeds on 21 January.Professor E. G. Cox Chairman of the Section presided and Professor E. R. H. Jones F.R.S. lectured on “Recent Developments in [ 83 Acetylene Chemistry.” A brief history of the production of acetylene and its development into one of the fundamental raw materials of the organic chemical industry was followed by a survey of some of the more intriguing chemical reactions that have emerged from its study such as the preparation of alkynols, acetylenic acids polyacetylenes and the syntheses of linoleic acid and of /3-carotene. In reply to questions it was stated that in the polyacetylene series colour first appears in dimethylpenta- and diphenytriacetylene and that whereas catalytic reduction of the acetylenic to the olefinic linkage always give cis-products reduction by chemical agency yields trans-compounds.Dr. K. Bowden voiced the thanks of the audience for Professor Jones’ admirable exposition. A meeting of the Section was held on 18 February at the University of Leeds Professor E. G. Cox presiding. Dr. G. Gee F.R.S. lectured on “Some Equilibria and Reactions of Sulphur.” Dr. N. H. Hartshorne expressed the thanks and appreciation of a large audience. Liverpool and North-Western.-The Thirty-third Anniversary Dinner and Social of the Section was held on 11 January at Reece’s Restaurant Liverpool. This annual event judged by attendance is still very popular. Owing to Mr. B. D. W. Luff’s indisposition the Vice-chairman Dr. F. J. Smith presided and welcomed the new Associates.He also conveyed congratulations on behalf of the Section to Professor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. upon having been made Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the New Year’s Honours List. He expressed a wish that the Professor’s long and helpful association with the Section Committee would be continued in his new capacity of Permanent Vice-Chairman. A meeting of the Preston Sub-section was held at the Town Hall Preston, on 24 January when His Worship the Mayor of Preston (Mr. J. W. Taylor) presided. The lecture entitled “Some Aspects of Science in the Detection of Crime” was to have been delivered by Dr. J. B. Firth but owing to his indis-position it was very ably given at short notice by his colleague Mr. A. Thompson Principal Scientific Officer of the North-Western Forensic Science Laboratory.Mr. J. A. Ryan proposed the vote of thanks. On 7 February at the University of Liverpool Mr. H. W. L. Cumming, of the research staff of Messrs. Siemens Electric Lamps & Supplies Ltd. Preston, delivered an address entitled “Radiation and Light Sources for the Chemist.” Mr. Luff presided over what proved to be a most instructive lecture and a literally illuminating demonstration. The measure of appreciation for this subject is shown by the fact that this occasion was the third on which Mr. Cumming had lectured on it before the Section the first being at Widnes in March last year and the second at Preston last December. Speakers contributing to the discussion were Messrs. Luff Wild Riley Hill and MacDowell. The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr.P. N. Williams and seconded by Mr. C. A. MacDowell. (See p. 69.) A good attendance on 14 February marked the meeting of the Preston Sub-section at the Storey Institute Lancaster. Under the chairmanship of Mr. D. J. Williams Dr. K. W. Pepper Head of the High Polymer Group at Teddington lectured on “Ion Exchange.” Questions were put to the lecturer by Messrs. Johnson Thompson Goodfellow Roberts Dukes and Wilson. The vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. G. R. Gedye. On 27 February a joint meeting was held with the Institute of Petroleum, Stanlow Branch at the Grosvenor Hotel Chester. Mr. Luff presided and Professor E. R. H. Jones F.R.S. lectured on “Acetylene Chemistry.” Dr. B. J. F. Hudson Dr. J. B. Matthews and Mr. N. Heron took part in the ensuing discussion.Mr. V. Biske proposed and Dr. Hudson seconded the vote of thanks. [ 84 London and South-Eastern Counties.-The programme of joint meetings with various technical colleges to which we referred in our previous notes, has continued throughout the autumn and winter there was however some slight slackening in activity near Christmas. On 8 November a joint meeting with the West Ham Municipal College Scientific Society heard Mr. G. M. Davidson speak on “The Manufacture of Glass” this was a repetition of the lecture given at Isleworth on 7 November (reported previously) and was equally successful. From West Ham to Walthamstow is but a proverbial “stone’s throw,” which brings us to the meeting at South-West Essex Technical College on 5 December.The meeting heard Dr. Tudor S. G. Jones give a lecture supported by demonstrations on “Byeways in Chromatography.” The joint meeting with the Welwyn Garden City Scientists’ Club has become a regular event in the Section’s calendar. This year on 20 November the meeting was addressed by Professor F. S. Spring on “Some Recent Develop-ments in Steroid Chemistry.” The work of our active Kent Sub-section was reflected in the meeting held at Medway Technical College Gillingham when a large number of members and friends attended to see the film “Atomic Physics.” The special programme for Registered Students was continued with two most interesting works visits to Messrs. A. Boake Roberts Ltd. Stratford E. 15. on 28 November and 5 December. Manchester and District.-The Thirty-third Annual General Meeting was held in the Reynolds Hall Manchester College of Technology on 24 January.This constitutional and necessary meeting gives members an opportunity of taking annual stock and it was quite evident that the stock of the Section had been fully held during the preceding session. With Dr. M. Barak in the chair the Hon. Secretary Mr. A. Carroll gave a rksume of the year’s activities an account which was indeed impressive. Not only that but the Hon. Treasurer Dr. E. Isaacs was able to announce a very satisfactory financial position. Tribute was paid to the Officers of the Section for their very fine work. The meeting then proceeded to the election of Officers and Committee Members. Dr. P. F. R. Venables proposed that Dr.Barak be re-elected Chairman and gave high praise for his services during the past year. The proposal was carried with acclamation. The following members were then elected :-Chairman Dr. M. Barak; Vice-chairman Dr. G. N. Burkhardt; Hon. Secretary Mr. A. Carroll; Assistant Hon. Secretary Mr. W. E. Portwood; Hon. Treasurer Dr. E. Isaacs; Hon. Auditors Dr. M. E. Probert and Mr. R. M. Gray; Committee Members Dr. S. J. Fletcher and Messrs. R. H. Horrocks, S. G. Lawrence and J. T. Marsh. At this point though not strictly part of the Annual General Meeting it would interest members to know the composition of the Sub-committees formed at the first General Committee meeting following the Annual General Meeting :-Programme Dr. M. Barak Dr. G. N. Burkhardt Messrs.E. G. Edwards, R. H. Horrocks S. G. Lawrence M. A. T. Rogers and the Hon. Secretary; Social Messrs. G. Osgood H. Gudgeon A. L. Hock R. H. Horrocks and the Hon. Secretary; Students Dr. P. F. R. Venables Mr. E. G. Edwards Dr. S. J. Fletcher and Messrs. S. G. Lawrence A. N. Leather and the Assistant Hon. Secretary; Publicity Mr. F. W. Thomas Dr. H. Gudgeon and the Assistant Hon. Secretary; Finance Dr. E. Isaacs Messrs. H. Brindle and J. T. Marsh and the Hon. Secretary The business of the meeting being completed we then had the pleasure of hearing the Chairman’s Address. Dr. Barak had chosen as his title “Funda-mental Problems in the Manufacture of the Lead-Acid Accumulator,” and the talk gave an interesting .and comprehensive survey of both academic and practical considerations.Continuing the policy of the Section in catering for members living at a distance from Manchester a lecture was given at the Bolton Municipal Technical College on 26 February by Dr. G. €3. Manning Home Office Pathologist, on “The Pathologist and Crime.” The lecturer gave an absorbing account of some of his medico-legal experiences concentrating particularly on carbon monoxide poisoning alcohol intoxication drowning and bu,rns and the lecture was well illustrated by lantern slides. The Section is indebted to Dr. D. C. Griffiths of the Bolton Technical College for his ready co-operation. North Wales.-At a meeting held in the Lecture Theatre of the Department of Chemistry University College of North Wales Bangor in conjunction with the Students’ Chemical Society on 6 December Dr.R. Spence lectured on “Chemistry and Atomic Power.” Dr. Spence illustrated his lecture by slides of experimental piles and of possible applications to power raising, defined the requirements of a suitable unit and discussed the difficulties to be encountered. The vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. W. Rogie Angus Chairman of the Section who also thanked the Students’ Chemical Society for their hospitality. At the Fourth Annual General Meeting held at Monsanto Chemicals Ltd., Ruabon on 30 January Mr. N. F. Rapps was re-elected Hon. Secretary. Dr. W. Rogie Angus and Mr. V. H. Williams continue in office for a further year as Chairman and Vice-chairman respectively. Mr. K. L. Graham had been re-nominated as Hon. Treasurer but he signified that for private reasons he would be unable to serve.The appointment remains to be filled. Messrs. S . Hibbert Fellow E. Taylor-Austin Fellow E. V. Weekes Associate and Dr. T. I. Kyle Associate were elected to serve on the Committee in place of Dr. W. A. Hayward Mr. T. 0. Griffiths and Mr. J. G. S . Jeffery who completed their term of service and Mr. K. L. Graham. The chair was taken by Mr. V. H. Williams in the absence of Dr. Angus through illness. South Wales.-On 25 January a meeting was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Swansea with Dr. A. G. Ramsay presiding. A discussion on “Electrode Processes” was opened by Mr. R. H. Davies. The meeting had been arranged in response to requests from a number of local teachers of chemistry for whom it was primarily intended.There was a good attendance and a keen discussion. A meeting was held on 5 February at University College Swansea with Dr. A. G. Ramsay in the chair when Dr. A. E. Werner of the National Gallery, London delivered a very informative and interesting lecture on “The Scientific Examination of Paintings.” A number of visitors from the Swansea School of Art were present and the interest aroused was shown by the number of questions put to Dr. Werner during the discussion. Cape of Good Hope.-A meeting of the Section held in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Cape Town on 30 May was privileged to hear an address by Dr. E. B. .Hughes of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co. London, entitled “The Chemist in the Food Factory.” On 7 September a meeting of the Section was held in the Department of Chemistry University of Cape Town to hear Dr.H. M. Schwartz a member [ 86 of the staff of the C.S.I.R. deliver a lecture on “Recent Advances in Protein Chemistry.” Dr. F. Sebba of the University of Cape Town addressed a meeting of the Section held in the Department of Chemistry University of Cape Town, on 18 October the subject of the lecture being “Polarography-a Versatile Analytical Technique.” The actual production of polarograms was demon-strated. As a result of the continued operation of a reciprocal agreement between the local section of the South African Chemical Institute the Cape Chemical and Technological Society and this Section members were invited to a number of other lectures and took part in several works visits.TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION In his Presidential Address to the Association of Principals of Technical Institutions Dr. P. F. R. Venables of the Royal Technical College Salford, reviewed future needs in technological education in the light of the present grim economies. Referring to his recent visit to the U S A . (Journal 1951 V 269) Dr. Venables said that one could not but be greatly concerned about the differences in staffing ratios equipment and buildings between the two countries. Never-theless many general issues such as curricula teaching methods laboratory instruction and related topics had only a small dependence upon material conditions and they were problems that both countries must face. In this it was a matter of striving to obtain a better balance of the many conflicting factors and new restraints.The problem of how to stimulate the student’s powers of thinking without loading him with a mass of “inert ideas” had grown out of all proportion under the impact of the tremendous recent developments in science and technology that now made it virtually impossible for a part-time student to succeed in obtaining the external B.Sc. degree of the University of London, notably in chemistry. Here the change of equilibrium was in the right direction; whether the balance would be found by rearranging the National Certificate examination system or by having no part-time courses at a high level in certain subjects or by transferring students from the later stages of a part-time course to a full-time one or to a sandwich course were questions still open to discussion and experiment.The student’s interest should be directed to the techniques of study and to the problems of revision; he should systematically find out what he does not know instead of repeatedly conning the pleasantly familiar. He should discover whether he has a good visual or aural memory and learn how to use it to advan-tage. Attention should be given to the techniques of analysing new situations or problems and also to the techniques-not to be despised-of passing examinations. The relative balance of theoretical and practical studies must be re-examined. There was a new-found enthusiasm in some Universities for students to have works experience in the long vacation; this and the increasing number of sand-wich courses now being established were to be welcomed.In this however, we had some way to go before we could compare with the Americans. Far more attention should be given in England to the possibility of spending some part of the practical period working in a Research Association; the connection between the technical colleges and the various Research Associations could and should be greatly strengthened. r 87 The balance of general social and vocational studies should also be care-fully adjusted. The Report of the National Institute of Adult Education on the Social Aspects of Further Education vitally concerned the work of the higher technical colleges. Towards the end of their courses students should be assisted to transfer to adult education and an attempt should be made to extend the links of the colleges with University extra-mural departments and such providing bodies as the W.E.A.These courses should lead students to a greater understanding of things historical political psychological and philosophic while not neglecting economic realities. Such books as Lewis Mumford‘s Technics and Civilisation and the recent Report on The Changing Culture o f a Factory by Dr. Elliott Jacques and co-workers should give us enough background and insight to avoid such self-contradictory concepts as “human engineering,” “social technology” and the like so that in future we shall not be at the mercy of a mechanically efficient technocracy devoid of ultimate human values.EXAMINATIONS JANUARY 1952 ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS Examinations were held as under:- Entered Passed For the Associateship. Examiners Professor H. J. EmelCus Professor D. H. Hey and Dr. D. J. G. Ives. The examination was held in the Examinations Hall and Chemical Laboratory of the University of London South Kensington theoretical papers being taken also at various local centres in the week beginning Monday 14 January, 1952. 72 23* For the Fellowship. The examinations were held in the Examinations Hall and Chemical Laboratory of the University of London South Kensington in the week beginning Monday 21 January, 1952. Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. Examiners Dr. D. C. Garratt and Dr.H. E. Archer. Examiners Mr. R. C. Chirnside and Dr. J. Haslam 10 2t Branch H General Analytical Chemistry. 1 0 83 25 - -* Some candidates completed their examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts in which they had previously failed and some failed in part only of the examination. p 2 candidates failed in part only of the examination EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP MONDAY 14 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer FIVE questions ONLY.] 1. Give a brief historical account of the discovery of neutrons. Discuss the preparation of artificially radioactive elements. Give two examples of the use of radioactive isotopes as “tracer elements” in chemical investigations. 2. Write a short essay on EITHER (a) the structures of naturally-occurring silicates OR (b) the classification of binary alloys.3. Describe the preparation properties and structures of FOUR of the following :-(a) LfilH4 (@ BrF3 (4 CSe, (4 B3N3H6 (4 K2S208 cf Fe,(CO)s 4. Discuss with examples general or special methods which are available for the preparation of metals in a high state of purity. 5. What meaning is now attached to the term “transition element”? What special physical and chemical properties are associated with these elements ? How are these properties explained in terms of electronic structures ? Illustrate your answer by reference to elements in the first long period of the periodic classification of the elements. 6. Compare (a) the hydrides and (b) the oxides of FOUR of the following elements:-K Si N C1 Pd. 7.Write an account of EITHER (a) the oxy-acids of sulphur OR (b) the chemistry of fluorine. 2 to 5p.m. [Answer FOUR questions ONLY.] 1. (a) What electrode reactions occur in the following cell? H2 Pt I HCl(aq.) AgCl 1 Ag Calculate (i) the standard E.M.F. of the cell and (ii) the temperature co-efficient of the E.M.F. using the following data for standard heats and free energies of formation :-- AH”(kca1) - AGO (kcal) AgCl 30.59 26.22 HCl(aq.) 39-55 31.35 The data relate to the standard conditions of 25” C. and 1 atm. pressure and to an aqueous solution of HCl of unit activity. 1 cal = 4.1 85 joules. 1 Faraday = 96,500 coulombs. (b) The dissociation pressure of solid phosphonium chloride is 39.8 mm. at -63.0’ C. and 760 mm. at -26.8’ C. Calculate the mean heat of dissociation per mole of PH,C1 over this temperature range.Comment briefly upon the approximations which may be involved in your calculation. R = 1.986 cal. mole-1 deg.-2. Show that the Gibbs Phase Rule follows from a thermodynamic criterion of equilibrium in a multi-phase system. In the light of the Phase Rule discuss the behaviour of a two-component condensed system in which the components are completely miscible in the liquid state form no solid solutions but form a compound with an incongruent melting point. Illustrate your answer by means of a phase diagram and appropriate cooling curves. 3. Write an essay on EITHER (a) acid-base catalysis OR (b) hydrogen over-voltage. 4. The solubility of lanthanum iodate in water is first decreased and then increased by successive additions of lanthanum nitrate.Explain these effects. Give a concise account of ONE physico-chemical investigation based upon solubility measurements. 5. What do you understand by “entropy”? Derive expressions for (a) the dependence of entropy on temperature at constant volume and (b) the depend-ence of entropy on volume at constant temperature. Indicate any important applications of the relationships you derive. 6. Give an account of the methods which are available for investigating the mechanism of a photochemical reaction. 7. Discuss the types of monolayers formed by long-chain compounds on an aqueous substrate. TUESDAY 15 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer FOUR questions ONLY.] 1. Outline two methods for the preparation of propylene in the laboratory.Indicate how this hydrocarbon reacts with (a) chlorine (b) hypochlorous acid, (c) sulphuric acid and (d) hydrogen bromide. Give the experimental conditions and discuss the mechanism of the reaction in each case. 2. Write the structural formulae for the isomeric hydroxy-acids having the molecular formula C,H,O,. Describe one method of preparation and the chemical properties of each acid. 3. Give a concise explanation of the following terms with the aid of specific examples inductive effect electromeric effect resonance or mesomerism, electrophilic or cationoid reagent homolytic reaction. 4. Discuss with examples the uses in organic chemistry of (a) ozone (b) lead tetraacetate (c) N-bromosuccinimide (d) ketene (e) selenium dioxide.5. Give a brief survey of the chemistry of THREE of the following cyclic systems :-(cz) fluorene (b) carbazole (c) acridine (d) furan. 6. Outline a convenient method for the preparation from accessible starting materials of (a) diphenylamine (b) diphenylmethane (c) triphenylcarbinol (d) trip henyle thy lene and (e) p-diphenyl benzene ( p - terp henyl) . 7. Write an essay on the chemistry of ONE of the following :-(a) The Vitamin B complex; (b) Hormones ; (c) Azo dyes 2 to 3.30p.m. [The use of dictionaries is allowed.] FRENCH Translate into English :-Une comparaison des volumes molkulaires a des tensions superficielles kgales est significative car elle tient compte des grandes variations de pression interne des liquides. La pression interne ne peut &re mesurb directement pas plus que son rapport avec la tension superficielle ne peut &re exprim6 simplement, Ctant donnC que la loi d’attraction entre molCcules liquides affecte une forme trks compliquk.Toutefois comme la tension superficielle et la pression interne augmentent simultankment une comparaison des volumes molkculaires a tension superficielle Cgale sera grossih-ement Cquivalente B une comparaison sous pression interne Cgale. On devrait donc s’attendre 2 ce que les rkgularitks constatks il y a bien des annks par Kopp pour les volumes molkculaires B la tempkrature d’ebullition prennent une signification plus prkcise si l’kgalite de tension superficielle est imposCe comme base de comparaison. Cette attente a CtC justifik puisque le parachor s’est rCv61C comme une fonction additive simple de certaines constantes representant la part d’influence des atomes et des modes de liaison existant dans la molkcule.GERMAN Translate into English :-Zur Darstellung monoalkylierter Benzole kann man nach der Methode von Fittig-Wurtz sowie Friedel-Crafts arbeiten. Bei der Synthese nach Friedel-Crafts geht man entweder von Alkylchloriden oder von Saurechloriden aus. Der Weg uber die Alkylchloride fiihrt zwar rascher zum Ziel birgt aber die Gefahr in sich isomere Korper entstehen zu lassen. Die Trennung bzw. Reinigung der erhaltenen Produkte wird dadurch sehr erschwert. Wir wiihlten daher den Weg uber die Saurechloride der zu Ketonen fiihrt die durch Destil-lieren oder Umkrystallisieren leicht zu reinigen sind. Die Reduktion der Ketone stellt den schwierigsten Teil des Herstellungsganges dar.Zuerst wurde die Reduktion nach Clemmensen versucht. Die Ergebnisse die wir erhieltx, waren unbefriedigend. Es entstanden ungesattigte Verbindungen und Ole, wahrscheinlich Styrole und ihre Kondensationsprodukte. Bei dieser Methode scheinen geringe Verunreinigungen des Zinks und der Salzsaure eine Rolle zu spielen. Versuche mit Rohzink oder Zink-Cadmium sowie mit roher Salzsaure, die wir zur Klarung obiger Zusammenhange unternahmen verliefen erfolglos so dass wir unser Interesse einer anderen Methode zuwandten und in der Methode von Kishner und Wolff ein brauchbares Darstellungsverfahren fanden. WEDNESDAY 16 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. [Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required.Make concise notes of your experiments as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State your final conclusions clearly.]* 1. The solution (A) contains sodium chloride and sodium oxalate. Deter-mine the chloride gravimetrically and the oxalate volumetrically by the method prescribed.? Express your results in terms of grams of C1 and of Cz04 per litre of solution. 2. Identify the compound (B). [(B) = EITHER sodium hexametaphosphate OR sodium dithionate]. * This note was repeated on each of the three following papers. t Not reproduced. [ 91 THURSDAY 17 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 3. Determine the copper content of solution (C) by the method prescribed.7 Express your results in terms of grams of copper per litre of solution. 4.Analyse qualitatively the mixture (D) which contains six radicals. [(D) = EITHER PbO, MnCO, ZnCO and Na,B,O OR CaF, CdBr and Bismuth Carbonate]. t Not reproduced. FRZDAY 18 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the liquid (E). (This exercise must be completed to-day.) [(E) = EITHER p-phenetidine OR o-anisidine]. 2. From the aldehyde (F) prepare specimens of (a) the oxime (b) the phenylhydrazone and (c) the acid obtained on oxidation. Use 3 g. for each preparation. Submit specimens of the three derivatives for inspection and record their melting-points. Identification of the aldehyde is not required. [(F) = salicylaldehyde]. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) SATURDAY 19 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2.3. Report as fully as possible on the nature of the sample (G). [(G) = EITHER calcium lactate and oxamide OR magnesium citrate and oxamide]. EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP BRANCH E THE CHEMISTRY INCLUDING MICROSCOPY OF FOOD AND DRUGS AND OF WATER MONDAY 21 JANUARY 1952 10 to 11.30 a.m. 1. Recommendations have been made to the Ministries of Food and Health that the 1925 Preservative Regulations be amended. In what respect do you consider this necessary in order that the Regulations be brought into line with modern practice ? 2. Outline the methods available for determination of nitrogen present as Give your reasons for the method you prefer. nitrate in water and sewage. What is the value of this determination in assessing the quality of a water ? 3. Write an essay on thedetermination of iron in pharmaceutical preparations.1 92 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. [THREE questions ONLY to be answered.] 1. Give an account of the pharmacology of caffeine and the methods of its administration. 2. Bismuth carbonate magnesium trisilicate magnesium oxide and sodium bicarbonate are given in the treatment of hyperacidity. Compare their modes of action and the advantage or disadvantage that each may show in its use. 3. What methods would you adopt to confirm that a liquid labelled 10 per cent. solution of cocaine hydrochloride had been correctly dispensed ? 4. How may the reaction of the urine be influenced by (a) diet (b) drugs. 2 to 5p.m. 1. 2. How may @carotene be determined in the presence of other biologically active vitamin A precursors? Give in brief outline the technique for the Rideal-Walker Value of disinfectants.Point out its shortcomings and indicate other tests you may consider preferable for assessing the quality of a disinfectant. 3. Write a short essay on the use of diphenylthiocarbazone in the deter-mination of metallic impurities in food. 4. Describe briefly the analytical methods you would employ to assess the purity of a meat extract. What standards do you consider suitable for this product? 5. Given the following analytical data on formal samples of milk whisky and dried parsley write your Observations for Food and Drugs certificates :-(a) Milk fat 2.05 per cent.; non-fatty solids 6.17 per cent.; freezing-point (Hortvet) -0.379'. (b) Whisky alcohol content 37.0 degrees under proof.(c) Dried parsley acid-insoluble ash 19.6 per cent.; arsenic 3.5 parts per million. TUESDAY 22 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.nt. 1. Report on the sample of butter. WEDNESDAY 23 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 5p.m. 2. Report on the sample of peppermint cordial on the Food and Drugs 3. Determine the hardness of the well water. certificate provided. THURSDAY 24 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Sample (A) is a mixture of two vegetable fatty oils with medicinal paraffin. Ascertain its probable composition using as few analytical determinations as possible. 5. The six samples of foodstuffs each contains a contaminant. Identify each contaminant. (Chemical analysis would not be of value.) 4. I 93 FRIDAY 25 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.6. Analyse the medicine dispensed to the prescription attached and sub-7. Report on the sample of powdered cinnamon. mitted under the Food and Drugs Act. SATURDAY 26 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make a microscopical examination and identify the powdered drugs (A), (B) and (C). Sketch describe and name the structures seen, 2. The sample of gastric contents (D) was removed post mortem in a case of death due to an irritant or corrosive poison. Identify the poison. 3. Make a qualitative analysis of the urine (E) and report any abnormal constituents due to pathological processes. 4. The tablets (F) contain phenacetin. Determine the quantity of phen-acetin per tablet. BRANCH H GENERAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY MONDAY 21 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer FOUR questions ONLY.] 1.Discuss how colloidal and adsorption phenomena enter into analytical processes other than chromatography. Illustrate your answer by specific examples. 2. Give an account of the methods available for the determination of potassium including any recent developments. 3. Give an account of principles underlying the application of conducti-metric methods to analytical investigations. 4. How would you proceed to carry out an examination of a sample of white paint intended for exterior house decoration ? 5. Indicate briefly how you would carry out any FIVE of the following A small amount of:-determinations :-(a) phenol in mixed cresols, (b) m-dinitrobenzene in nitrobenzene, (c) methanol in ethanol, (d) formic acid in acetic acid, (e) styrene in ethylbenzene, cf) carbon tetrachloride in chloroform, (9) glycerol in ethylene glycol.6. Give an account of the analytical chemistry of EITJBR (a) chromium, molybdenum and tungsten OR (6) titanium zirconium and thorium. r 94 2 to 5p.m. [Answer FOUR questions ONLY.] 1. Discuss critically the value for analytical purposes of visual absorptio-metric and spectrophotometric methods of examination of coloured soh tions. 2. Give an account of the techniques generally described as “micro-diffusion.” Mention some of the applications in general analytical work. 3. Assuming that you have satisfactory methods for the analysis of a sample of some material used in large quantities e.g. a mineral ore or a clay what considerations would you have in mind in (a) securing a representative sample of the material for test and (b) reporting the results of your tests? 4.Discuss recent developments in the use of 8-hydroxyquinoline for the 5. Write an essay on chromatographic analysis. 6. Discuss methods suitable for the determination of cobalt. Describe specifically how you would determine cobalt in (a) an alloy steel (b) cobalt naphthenate (c) commercial nickel sheet (4 a soda-lime glass. photometric determination of small amounts of metals. TUESDAY 22 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Report qualitatively on the substances (A) and (€4). [(A) = yellow iron oxide; (B) = fumaric acid]. (This exercise is to be completed by noon.) 2. Determine the percentages of silver and copper in the sample of silver solder (C).WEDNESDAY 23 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 5p.m. 3. Report on the nature of the sample (D) and make as complete an analysis as time permits. [(D) = calcium chlorophosphate]. (This exercise may be continued to-morrow.) THURSDAY 24 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Continue yesterday’s exercise 3. 4. Sample (E) is an ester which contains a small proportion of a stabiliser. [(E) = methyl Identify both and determine the proportion of the stabiliser. methacrylate containing 0.1 per cent. hydroquinone]. (This exercise may be continued to-morrow.) FRIDAY 25 JANUARY 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Continue yesterday’s exercise 4. 5. Examine and report on the sample (F) which is used as a colouring agent in the printing ink industry. [(F) = lead eosin lake on alumina-barium sulphate].[ 95 REPORT OF THE EXAMINERS Examination for the Associateship Inorganic Chemistry Answers were fairly evenly distributed among the seven questions. Question 1 presented some difficulty to many candidates and it is apparently not realised that the more general aspects of radioactivity and the use of radioactive isotopes as tracers come well within the scope of the examination. Many answers to Q. 4 were also weak largely because of failure to differentiate between metals of normal commercial purity and of high purity. In Q. 6 candidates were expected to draw attention to points of resemblance and difference within the two groups of compounds and not merely to describe the preparation and properties of the separate compounds. In the practical examination there was a fair proportion of good results in the quantitative exercises though some were very poor.The two single substances were identified by few candidates and many missed at least one radical in the mixture. Far too many candidates made errors in the calculation of their quantitative results. Physical Chemistry The standard of performance of the candidates was again disappointing, the only two questions to which some first-class answers were made being Q. 2 and Q. 6. In Q. 1 there was confusion in relation to signs and memorising of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation was defective. Many candidates thought the solution of silver in aqueous HCl to be a normal process and there was failure to observe that the dissociation of PH,Cl provides two moles of vapour.A number of candidates were unable to derive the Phase Rule or to apply it correctly when discussing the behaviour of an important and standard example of a two-component condensed system they evidently altogether lacked ap-preciation of the content of the Rule. Surprisingly poor results came from Q. 3 (a) on acid-base catalysis and from Q. 7 on monolayers. Q. 4 on solubility can only be described as disastrous in effect and most of the few answers made to this question were quite deplorable. It seems remarkable that knowledge of Brransted’s work in this field should be so lacking. Q. 5 the only one on pure thermodynamics was poorly answered on the whole apart from inability to derive the required relationships (which are of the highest practical importance) there was much inexactness carelessness in symbolisation and general muddle which spoiled potentially good answers.Standards of clarity in writing and expression were in too many cases quite inadequate for the transmission of scientific information. Organic Chemistry The general standard reached in the theoretical paper snowed some slight improvement on that of recent examinations. The question on propylene and its addition reactions provided some very uneven answers. The addition reaction of hypochlorous acid proved to be a stumbling block to many and a number of candidates persisted in assigning a sulphonic acid structure to the product of the addition reaction with sulphuric acid. Few candidates were acquainted with the reactions of N-bromosuccinimide and many confused the reactions of selenium dioxide with those of selenium.Several candidates regarded diphenylamine as synonymous with benzidine. The most popular essay was that on Azo Dyes but their poor quality suggests that the choice was made by a process of elimination rather than selection. Many valiant but E 96 completely unsuccessful attempts were made to construct an essay on factual knowledge limited to the coupling of diazotised aniline with phenol or p-naphthol. On the other hand the small number of essays on the Vitamin €3 complex and on Hormones were of good quality. In the practical examination the organic bases were fairly fully characterised. Specimens of the phenylhydrazone were good but the oxime proved to be difficult and the acid still more so.The mixture proved troublesome but even without a clean separation many candidates were able to identify oxamide and some identified the acid as well although many ignored the metal. Examination for the Fellowship Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Foodand Drugs and of Water The examiners were satisfied from the results of this examination that many of the candidates presented themselves with experience in only a limited portion of the syllabus. The answers to the theoretical questions showed some good feats of memory but little critical discussion based on personal experience. The practical work was not well done even allowing for examination nervous-ness and it was disturbing to find some candidates completely out of their depth on quite straightforward analytical determinations and hence unable to give any adequate opinion on the samples.The rancid butter caused little difficulty although as it had a Reichert Value of about 30 diligent search for adulterants did seem unnecessary. The constituents of soft drinks are the subject of a S.R. and O. butprosecution for contravention of the order based on the results returned for the analysis of the peppermint cordial would generally have been disastrous. Few noted the presence of 10 p.p.m. of lead or gave a correct result for the saccharin content which was double the maximum permitted. No candidate attempted to determine the benzoic acid by distillation. Few candidates detected that the water whose hardness was required was an alkaline well water.A determination of the proportion of castor oil in a mixture either by specific gravity or solubility in alcohol is too inaccurate to be acceptable. The identity and proportions of the components the third one of which was cotton seed oil could have been found very approximately by determination of specific gravity acetyl value unsaponifiable matter and colour reaction; other methods are also available. Contaminated foodstuffs again presented difficulties. Apart from the mites in semolina the contaminants were all visible with a lens. Although nylon fibre might be acceptable to the lady who supplied the hair its description as wool, mouse or dog hair was hardly flattering ! The analytical determinations of the constituents of the medicine-phen-azone bromide and sodium salicylate-were done satisfactorily.It had been accurately dispensed apart from the replacement of sodium bromide by potassium bromide; few candidates appreciated that this accounted for the apparent deficiency of bromide. Candidates were informed that the sample had been taken under the Food and Drugs Act and it was presented to them correctly divided and sealed. It was not expected that thereby several candidates would report a large deficiency in the amount dispensed; this is inexcusable. The examination of the powdered cinnamon bark was generally well done. In therapeutics pharmacology and microscopy Q. 1 was on the whole well done and showed evidence of careful reading. Answers to Q. 2 showed that many candidates had very hazy ideas of the modes of action of the antacids.The quite simple Q. 3 was attempted by only a few candidates. Q. 4 attracted nearly all the candidates but the answers were poor and most of the information was quite irrelevant. [ 97 All candidates detected the irritant poison but only a few gave convincing details of their analyses. Examination of the urine was done reasonably well but most candidates failed to notice the presence of blood. There was a tendency to report the presence of normal constituents such as phosphates chlorides and sulphates. The microscopy was well done by nearly all candidates. In the quantitative analysis of the tablet information as to how the answer was obtained was minimal and in some cases only the result was given. PASS LIST EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP Beckett Ronald George Royal Technical College Salford.Brooks Arthur James B.Sc. (Lond.) Royal Technical College Salford. Brown Lorna Bedford College for Women London. Fuller Robert Frederick South-East Essex Technical College Dagenham, Goodman Albert Henry B.Sc. (Lond.) Acton Technical College London. Houslay Ralph John Gilbert College of Further Education Widnes. Johnson Derek Raymond Technical College Coventry. Lavin Owen College of Technology Liverpool. Lester Patrick Medway Technical College Gillingham. Oakes Vincent College of Technology Manchester. Ogden Kenneth George Technical College Doncaster. Poole Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) Technical College Bradford. Prince Leon James Stephen Municipal College Portsmouth. Reynolds Malcolm Frank B.Sc.(Lond.) North Staffordshire Technical College, Stoke-on-Trent and University College Leicester. Schaverien Derek Bernard B.Sc. (Lond.) Brighton Technical College Brighton. Scotson William Raymond Royal Technical College Salford. Shepherd John Malcolm College of Technology Bristol. Simmonds David Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) Sir John Cass College Acton Technical College and Chelsea Polytechnic London. Stannard Brian William B.Sc. (Lond.) Mid-Essex Technical College Chelms-ford and South-West Essex Technical College Walthamstow. Sumner Jack Harris Institute Preston. Swaby Ronald Egerton The Polytechnic Regent Street London. Turner Alan Nottingham and District Technical College Nottingham and Wolverhampton and Staffordshire Technical College Wolverhampton. Tyler John Edward College of Technology Birmingham.and West Ham Municipal College London. EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. Chilwell Edwin Dawson B.Sc. (Lond.). Drewery George B.Sc. (Lond.) INSTITUTE AFFAIRS DEATH OF H.M. KING GEORGE VI At the meeting of the Council on 22 February members stood in silence as a tribute to the memory of His Late Majesty King George VI. A message of condolence and loyalty sent to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth I1 on behalf of the Officers Council and Corporate Members of the Institute was reproduced as a frontispiece to the Annual Report of the Council for 1951 (Journal 1952 Supplement). EXAMINATIONS Examinations will be held in September 1952 as follows:-For the Associateship : Theoretical papers in London Birmingham and Glasgow and if required, in other centres on Monday and Tuesday 8 and 9 September.Practical exercises in London Birmingham and Glasgow on Wednesday to Saturday 10 to 13 September inclusive. If the number of entries is large some candidates in the London area may be required to do their practical exercises either on Monday to Thursday 15 to 18 September inclusive or on Monday to Thursday 22 to 25 September inclusive, Candidates will be asked to state their preference as to the centre for their practical exercises but no guarantee is given that their wishes can be met. Candidates who have not yet been accepted should obtain from the Assistant Registrar the prescribed form of application without delay so as to leave ample time to secure thereon the necessary signatures certifying that they have complied with the Regulations concerning their courses of training.The completed application form must reach the Institute not later than Monday 9 June. No application in respect of the September Examination will be considered if received later than that date. Entry forms will be sent as soon as they are ready to all candidates who have been already accepted and to those whose applications have been received as above and accepted. The last date for the receipt of entry forms will be Monday 30 June after which no entry can be accepted, For the Fellowship : In the week beginning Monday 15 September in London or elsewhere at the discretion of the Council. Last dates for application and for entry will be as for the Associateship except that candidates who desire to present themselves for examination in Branch G Jndustrial Chemistry with special reference to a particular field of work or in a Special Branch must submit their entry forms not later than Monday 9 June.EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP BRANCH D.1 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY The Council has decided to institute an examination for the Fellowship in a new Branch related to the present Branch D Biochemistry to be called Branch D.1 Clinical Chemistry. The general Regulations covering admission to the Fellowship and examination for special certificates will apply. If candidates are forthcoming the first examination in Branch D.1 will be held in September 1952. Professor E.J. King has accepted the Council’s invitation to become Examiner. [ 99 The Council has approved the following statement of the scope of the examination :-The candidate will be expected to show a fundamental knowledge of chem-istry and biochemistry and of the theory and practice of the analytical and other procedures common to clinical chemistry in all its aspects. He will be further required to show evidence of a proper understanding of the physiology (normal and abnormal) underlying the application of the various biochemical procedures applied to human material and a reasonable understanding of the clinical interpretation to be put on them. Three written papers will be set one on general biochemistry and two on clinical chemistry. A practical examination will be held extending over four days.MELDOLA MEDAL 1951 The Meldola Medal is the gift of the Society of Maccabzeans and is normally awarded annually the award for any year being made to the chemist who, being a British subject and under 30 years of age at 31 December in that year, shows the most promise as indicated by his or her published chemical work. On the recommendation of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry, the Society has decided to award two medals for 1951 there being two candidates adjudged to be of equal merit in diverse fields of work. They are Charles Kemball M.A. Ph.D. (Cantab.) and George Wallace Kenner M.Sc. (Manc.), Ph.D. (Cantab.). Charles Kemball was educated at Edinburgh Academy and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1943 he joined the Department of Colloid Science University of Cambridge working with Professor E.K. (now Sir Eric) Rideal on the adsorp-tion of vapours on mercury. The researches showed that many of the phenomena that were known to occur with surface films of long-chain molecules on water also took place with smaller molecules on the more strongly adsorbing mercury surface and led to interesting developments in the use of entropy measurements for investigating the state of adsorbed substances. In 1946 he was elected to a Fellowship at Trinity College and to a Commonwealth Fund Fellowship at Princeton University where in collaboration with Dean H. S. Taylor he studied the catalytic rupture of the carbon-carbon bond in ethane on nickel surfaces. Returning to Cambridge in 1947 Dr.Kemball applied the technique of surface potentials to following chemisorption of vapours on mercury and in the Department of Colloid Science and later in the Department of Physical Chemistry developed a mass spectrometer for studying catalytic reactions on evaporated metal films. Dr. Kemball was Junior Bursar of Trinity College Cambridge from 1949 until his appointment as Lecturer in Physical Chemistry at the College in 195 1. In the same year he was appointed Demonstrator in Physical Chemistry in the University of Cambridge. In August 1951 he delivered a series of Humble Science Lectures on “Adsorption and Catalysis” at the invitation of the Humble Oil and Refining Company, Texas. G. W. Kenner entered the Victoria University of Manchester in 1939 and took the B.Sc.degree with first class honours in 1942 being awarded the Mercer Scholarship and the M.Sc. degree in 1943. His first work under Professor A. R. Todd’s direction was on the reactions of amidines with derivatives of malonic acid and the synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives. These substances were used in his work in Manchester and then after 1944 in Cambridge on the synthesis of purine nucleosides. This series of investigations culminated in 1948 with the synthesis of adenosine. In 1944 Kenner entered Christ’s College, Cambridge as a Research Student and was awarded the Darwin Prize for his Ph.D. dissertation in 1946. At this time he was elected a Fellow of Trinit Hall Cambridge and appointed University Demonstrator. During the academic year 1948-9 his tenure of a Rockefeller Fellowship under leave of absence from these posts enabled him to spend a year at the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich studying the structure of the erythrina alka-loids with Professor V.Prelog. Since his return to Cambridge in 1949 Dr. Kenner has been collaborating with Professor Todd in his work on the synthesis of oligonucleotides while developing another investigation into the peptide field. This has led to new methods for the synthesis and selective degradation of peptides such as form the active constituents of the pituitary hormones. OTHER AWARDS Sir George Begby Memorial Fund Awards for 1951.-The Administrators of the Fund have decided to make two awards for 1951 each of 100 guineas. The recipients are Dr. K. H.Jack M.Sc. F.R.I.C. now Lecturer in Chemistry at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne; Dr. W. A. Wood F.Inst.P. Senior Research Fellow Baillieu Laboratory University of Melbourne. Biographical notes will be published in the next issue of the Journal. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1951.-The Council has awarded the Medal and Prize to Mr. Geoffrey W. Smith for his essay on “The Effect of National Service on Chemical Training and Education,” and has recorded as proxime accessit Mr. Angus Macdonald (“The Scientist as a Writer and Reader”) and as an effort of some merit Mr. R. J. Ball’s essay on “The Examination System.” PERSONAL NOTES Among the new Fellows of the Royal Society elected on 20 March 1952, are Sir Wallace Alan Akers C.B.E. and Professor F. S .Spring Fellows. The following Fellows of the Institute have been elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh:-Mr. D. MacDougall O.B.E. Professor Hugh Nicol and Dr. J. A. B. Smith. Dr. F. Bergel Fellow has left the service of Messrs. Roche Products Ltd., where he has been director of research since 1938. Mr. Arthur Carroll Fellow has taken up a new appointment as Technical Advisor to the Birmingham Chemical Co. Ltd. Lichfield. This has necessi-tated his resignation from the office of Hon. Secretary of the Manchester and District Section in which he has been succeeded by Mr. A. Ormrod Associate. Dr. B. K. Blount Fellow has become a Deputy Secretary in the D.S.I.R. The appointment was made by the Lord President of the Council with the approval of the Prime Minister.Mr. K. R. Green Associate has been appointed sales manager (scientific and industrial products) of Sunvic Controls Ltd. Mr. E. Le Q. Herbert Fellow has been appointed general manager of the Shell Refining and Marketing Co. Ltd.; he succeeds Mr. J. A. Oriel C.B.E., Fell0 w . Mr. Emlyn Jones Fellow has been appointed Principal of Kingston upon Hull Municipal Technical College as from April 1952. Mr. D. E. Ladhams Fellow has been made Secretary to the Heavy Chemicals Productivity Team now in the U.S.A. under the auspices of the Anglo-American Council on Productivity. Dr. Nripendra La1 Lahiry Associate who has been at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for about four years has recently been awarded the degree of Doctor of Science (in Food Technology) and is planning to return to India in the near future Dr.Arthur Marsden M.B.E. Fellow is a member of the gas industry productivity team visiting the U.S.A. Dr. W. T. J. Morgan F.R.S. Fellow has had the title of Professor of Bio-chemistry conferred on him in respect of his post at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine. Dr. R. S . Nyholm Associate now at the University of Technology Sydney, has been awarded the Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize for 1950 by the Council of the Chemical Society. Mr. P. J. Platt Fellow has left Monsanto Chemicals Ltd. on being appointed Works Manager Associated Ethyl Co. Ltd. Northwich. Dr. K. J. Reed Associate has recently been appointed Chief Chemist and Director of Photocolour Laboratories Ltd. Mr. John Rogers O.B.E. Fellow President of the Society of Chemical Industry and Chairman of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.is one of. the four eminent men on whom the University of St. Andrews conferred the hon-orary degree of Doctor of Laws to mark the official opening of Dean’s Court as a University residence for research students. Dr. Charles B. Taylor Fellow has been appointed Director of the Fish Culture Research and Training Institute Penang Malaya. Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. Fellow has been appointed by the Lord President of the Council to be Chairman of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy on the retirement of Sir Henry Tizard F.R.S. at the end of March. Dr. P. F. R. Venables Fellow has been elected President of the Association of Principals of Technical Institutions. Dr.L. Whitby Fellow Director of the Paint Industries’ Research Institute, South Africa is shortly relinquishing this post to accept an appointment with the Magnesium Division of the Dow Chemical Company U.S.A. Over 50 years of Membership.-The Council has conveyed congratulations and good wishes to Mr. J. R. Swan who was elected to membership of the Institute in 1897 but whose name had inadvertently been omitted from the list of those to whom greetings were sent on completing their golden jubilee as members. Presentation to Miss I. Cawston.-During an interval in the Council Meeting on 22 February the President presented to Miss Cawston a cheque representing the subscriptions of members and a souvenir book containing the signatures of the subscribers as a tribute to her devoted service to the Institute in the past 42 years.At Miss Cawston’s request the presentation was not made an open ceremony but there were present in addition to the officers and Council, Professor A. Findlay and Dr. G. Roche Lynch (past Presidents) Mr. Richard B. Pilcher (past Registrar and Secretary) and Mrs. Pilcher Dr. K. G. A. Pankhurst (Hon. Secretary London and South-Eastern Counties Section) and Mr. George Newman (Managing Director W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.) to whose kindness and generosity the preparation of the very beautifully bound and inscribed souvenir book was due. In acknowledging these tributes Miss Cawston referred to her happy memor-ies of work for the Institute and expressed thanks to the members who had subscribed to the presentation.DEATH OF OLDEST MEMBER By the death of Dr. Leonard Dobbin (see p. 111) the Institute has lost its oldest corporate member. For many years Dr. Dobbin held this record by some seven years and at his death on 3 March 1952 at the age of 93 he had been a member for 72 years. After studying in Belfast Dublin and Wurzburg [ 102 (under Wislicenus) he was appointed in 1881 as assistant to Crum Brown in Edinburgh. His personal file in the Institute includes a letter he wrote from Wurzburg in 1879 entering for the competition for the President’s prizes, and letters from the President (Sir Edward Frankland) to Dr. Groves com-mending this entry to the consideration of the Committee. His application for promotion to the Fellowship in 1885 was accompanied by a supporting letter from Professor Crum Brown.Dr. Dobbin’s connection with the Institute thus extended over all but a few years of its existence. The last letter received from him was written in his own hand on 14 July 1949 when he expressed gratification at receiving the Council’s congratulations on 69 years of member-ship. INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS At recent meetings of the Publications Committee and of the Council considerable attention has been given to developing the Institute’s publishing policy. It has been recognised that for the majority of members the publica-tions represent the principal medium of contact with Institute affairs. This applies particularly to the Journal and the Council has expressed concern at the extent to which improvements in the Journal introduced in the period 1946 to 1949 have had to be withdrawn through financial stringency.From correspondence with members and discussions at Conferences of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections it appears that there is no feature of the Journal that can be removed without causing dissatisfaction to some readers. At the last Conference of Hon. Secretaries particular objection was taken to the disappearance of obituary notices. This and other contents of the Journal have been under review by the Publications Committee but it has been difficult to arrive at any conclusions without a decision on how much can be expended on the Journal and on the series of Lectures Monographs and Reports. Esti-mates of such expenditure have now been approved by the Council and these should permit a substantial improvement in the extent and character of these publications over what was possible in 195 1 .It is of course difficult to predict the changes that may occur in costs of paper and of printing. It has now been decided to re-examine the publications of the Institute as a whole including such intermittent publications as the Register of Fellows and Associates the Directory of Independent Consultants a proposed new edition of The Profession of Chemistry and various pamphlets that it may be desirable to issue. At its meeting on 7 March the Council received from the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section a resolution urging the Council to put into effect at once the publication of an annual Register. While the Council appreciates this desire for an up-to-date Register of corporate members it has been obliged to decide that present costs of paper printing and time of staff make it hardly practicable to embark on producing a Register every year.Even before the war the Register was published only in alternate years and the Council has re-affirmed its intention of reverting to this practice as soon as the long delayed current Register has been issued. The Council has concluded moreover that in order to improve the regular publications steps should be taken to limit the expenditure on intermittent publications. On the recommendation of the Finance and House Committee it has agreed that copies of editions of the Register published after 1952 shall be issued only to members who undertake to pay an appropriate sum (which at current prices would be about 5s.Od.). It has also been agreed that the members whose practices are included in future issues of the Directory of Independent Consultants should be invited to make a contribution (probably about a guinea) towards the cost of publication. These provisions would reduce appreciably the amount of money that has at present to be set aside annually as reserves for intermittent publications an would give greater scope for improving the Journal and the series of Lectures, Monographs and Reports. The Council has now remitted to the Publications Committee the whole question of directions in which the publications of the Institute should be developed in the best interests of the members. INSTITUTE ORGANISATION Ballot for the election of Officers General Members of Council and Censors, 1952.-At the meeting on 22 February the Council made nominations under By-laws 25 and 54 and at the following meeting appointed Mr.L. M. Miall and Dr. H. G. Smith as Scrutineers for the ballot. First Meeting of the new Council.-It has been agreed that the first meeting shall be held on Friday 16 May. The business of the meeting will include the appointment of Committees and representatives on other bodies for 1952-53. Local Section Reserves.-In 1947 there was deposited with each Local Section in Great Britain and Ireland the sum of El0 or 25 per cent. of the annual grant (whichever was the greater) as a “continuing reserve” to meet expenses in the first month or two of each year before the grant for that year was received.At that time the amount of any unexpended balance in the hands of a Local Section at the end of a year was deducted from the grant for the ensuing year and that grant could not be paid to the Section until its accounts to the previous 3 1 December had been submitted. This often involved considerable delays and it was important that Sections should have some reserves to draw on in the meantime. Now that the amount of the annual grant to a Section is determined without reference to any balance in hand the grant is paid at the beginning of each year and the need for the reserve has disappeared. The Council has accordingly decided to call in these reserves by 30 April 1952 but will consider allowing deferment of payment where necessary.Manchester and District Section Honorary Secretaryship.-On the resigna-tion of Mr. Arthur Carroll from this office owing to his impending removal from Manchester the Council has expressed to him cordial thanks for the valuable services he has rendered to the Section and to the Institute in the past five years. A welcome has been extended to his successor Mr. A. Ormrod. Local Section Boundary.-The Council has approved a proposal by the Committee of the Tees-side and Leeds Area Sections for prescribing more precisely the boundary between the areas of the two Sections. District Member of Council Overseas.-Under the provisions of By-law 17 (d) the Council has elected as District Member of Council to represent parts of the world outside Great Britain and Ireland in succession to Dr.CharleS Forrester who has completed his term of service in this capacity. Mr. Cummins is the Chief Australian Scientific Liaison Officer in London and has for several years taken a great interest in the promotion of closer relations among qualifying professional chemical institutes in the Commonwealth. Honorary Corresponding Secretary for Southern Rhodesia.-The Council accepted with regret the resignation from this office of Mr. A. W. Facer who has gone to live for some time in the Cape Province and has appointed Mr. W. H. Kitto M.Sc. Fellow as his successor. Mr. Kitto followed Mr. Facer as The Government Analyst of Southern Rhodesia and is thus well placed to act as Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute in that country. John Edward Cumins M.Sc.F.A.C.I. 104 Institute Affairs in India.-At the meeting on 22 February the Council was privileged to receive from Professor J. W. Cook Past President a statement of his observations on university courses in chemistry in Indian universities and on the development of Institute affairs in India. During his recent visit to India, Pakistan and Ceylon as a delegate to a Commonwealth Inter-University Con-ference Professor Cook had taken the opportunity of meeting officers of all four Local Sections of the Institute in India and had addressed three of these Sections. He had heard many expressions of appreciation of Professor Findlay's visit to India in 1947-48 which had evidently done much to stimulate interest in the Institute and the profession of chemistry.It was generally recognised that, although it was desirable that there should eventually be a national chemical institute in India with high standards of qualification and professional practice, the establishment of such standards would inevitably take some years and that in the meantime the Local Sections of the Institute could do much to advance the status of the profession in the Country. Following discussion of a number of matters arising from Professor Cook's statement the Council confirmed its decision to hold examinations for the Associateship from time to time at suitable centres in India and it was agreed that subject to suitable arrangements being made the next examination should be held in Bombay within the next twelve months. This possibility is now being explored with a view to appointing a supervisor in India who will be directly responsible to the Council for the conduct of the examination.Malayan Section.-The Council has accepted a proposal by the Section Committee that a medal be awarded annually by the Section to the most meritor-ious student of chemistry in the University of Malaya as a memorial to members who lost their lives during the occupation of Malaya by the Japanese. Approval was given on the understanding that the cost of the medal would be met either from voluntary contributions or from surplus Section funds and would not result in any restriction of normal Section activities; also that no award would be made in any years unless there was a candidate of sufficient merit. Per-mission was given to reproduce the name and seal of the Institute on the surface of the medal.MISCELLANEOUS Education and Training of Chemical Engineering Technicians.-The Council has appointed Professor M. B. Donald as the representative of the Institute on an Exploratory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute considering this subject. British Standards Institution.-Technical Committee OC/8-Statistical Methods (Standardisation and Specifications) has been re-constituted as USM/3 under the new Units and Symbols Standards Committee. Mr. A. H. Dodd has been re-nominated as representative of the Institute on the re-constituted Committee. WARNING NOTICE Members are warned that a lady who claims to be related to a distinguished deceased Fellow has again been visiting a number of well-known chemists and has obtained SUMS of money from them on a variety of pretexts.The Benevo-lent Fund of the Institute is available to assist genuine cases of distress amongst the dependents of deceased members. Any member who may receive a call from this lady is therefore asked to refer her to the officers of the Institute. 305 OTHER NOTES AND ANNOUNCEMENTS SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES Chelsea Polytechnic.-A Course of six postgraduate lectures on Human Biochemical Genetics will be given by Dr. H. Harris on Monday evenings (7.30 p.m. to 8.30 p.m.) from 5 May to 16 June 1952 excluding Whit-Monday. The fee for the Course is 10s. Further particulars are obtainable from the Secretary of the Polytechnic, Manresa Road Chelsea London S.W.3.The Chemical Institute of Canada.-More than 1,OOO chemists and chemical engineers are expected to attend the 35th Annual Conference and Exhibition of the Chemical Institute of Canada in Montreal from 2-4 June. Special events will include the presentation to an outstanding scientist of the Chemical Institute of Canada Medal the paper of the Westman Memorial lecturer, plant tours and a golf tournament. Dr. H. G. Thode of McMaster University, is this year’s president. South African Chemical Institute.-The Sixth Annual Convention of the Institute which will be celebrating its Ruby Jubilee is being held during the first week of July 1952. Any members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry who expect to be in South Africa at that time may obtain further particulars from the Secretary and Registrar of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.International Congress on Analytical Chemistry Oxford.-Arrangements for the forthcoming International Congress on Analytical Chemistry are now practically complete. The Congress will be held under the patronage of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and will meet at Oxford during the period 4-9 September. The President of the Congress is Sir Robert Robinson O.M. F.R.S. and Sir Wallace Akers C.B.E. is Vice-president. Three main lectures will be given by Dr. C. J. van Nieuwenburg Professor of Chemistry at the Technical University of Delft Holland; Dr. Ralph H. Muller Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory New Mexico; and Dr. L. H. Lampitt, Chief Chemist and Director J.Lyons & Co. Ltd. The Scientific Sessions have been divided on a broad basis of techniques, into nine sections microchemical biological electrical optical radiochemical, organic complexes reporting of results adsorption and partition methods, miscellaneous techniques. The whole of the proceedings will be published, as soon as possible after the Congress in a special number or numbers of The Analyst. Accommodation for men has been arranged at various colleges and full details will be set out on the application form to be Sent to those intending to be present at the Congress. There will also be some accommodation for ladies at a few of these colleges and fuller details will be given on the application form. The registration fee for the Congress is €2.Those who hope to attend should write as soon as possible to the Honorary Secretary R. C. Chirnside Esq., F.R.I.C. Research Laboratories The General Electric Co. Ltd. Wembley, England. Symposium on Analytical Chemistry.-Under the auspices of the Midlands Society for Analytical Chemistry a short Symposium on Analytical Chemistry, dealing with fundamental theory and original methods will be held at the University of Birmingham on 10-12 September immediately following the International Congress on Analytical Chemistry at Oxford. Details will be announced later FEES FOR PART-TIME PUBLIC ANALYSTS The Joint Negotiating Committee for Public Analysts which comprises representatives of the County Councils Association the Association of Munici-pal Corporations the Urban District Councils Association the Metropolitan Boroughs’ Standing Joint Committee and the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists was set up last year and given functions relating to the remuneration of both full-time public analysts the maximum of whose salaries exceeds El ,OOO a year employed by county county borough borough and urban district councils in England and Wales and analysts engaged by such councils on a fee basis.The Committee have given prolonged and detailed consideration to the fees they could recommend for payment to public analysts employed by food and drugs authorities on a fee basis and now recommend as follows:-1. For performing the duties of public analyst for the purpose of the Food and Drugs Acts and any Regulations made thereunder remuneration to be based on the number of samples analysed at the rate of one guinea for each milk sample and thirty-five shillings for each sample other than milk; 2.Samples involving specially difficult or complicated analyses to be the subject of special local agreement in each case; 3. The effective date for the above terms to be 1 January 1952 save where the authority have undertaken to pay fees at the figures recommended by the Committee from an earlier date; 4. Where a public analyst enjoys better terms of remuneration or appoint-ment the acceptance by the food and drugs authority of the foregoing recom-mendations shall not prejudice the present holder of the office. It is not the present intention of the Committee to make any recommenda-tions about fees payable to official agricultural analysts appointed under the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act 1926 because of the varying nature and quantity of these samples and the limited number of analysts who undertake this work.The Committee have under consideration the salaries payable to full-time public analysts. The Ministry of Food have written to say that the Minister’s approval to the terms of appointment of a public analyst as required by section 66 (3) of the Food and Drugs Act 1938 would not be withheld if the above terms were applied to that appointment. (Ministry of Food letter dated 22 November, 195 1 reference FSL/PA/GEN.) LABELS FOR GASSING CASUALTIES SENT TO HOSPITAL The Works Safety Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manu-facturers has for some time been considering means whereby hospitals could have a correct history and diagnosis of cases of gassing sent from chemical works in order that the appropriate treatment might be instituted without delay.The comparative rarity of the cases and to a lesser extent the variety of the causative agents have sometimes resulted in delay in exact diagnosis and therefore in selecting appropriate treatment; moreover certain casualties require rather specialised treatment details of which are often not readily available. The Works Safety Committee some time ago appointed a Panel composed mainly of industrial medical officers to investigate this matter. As a result a series of labels has been evolved which the Council of the A.B.C.M.has wel-comed and recommended to all its members so that a completed card or label can be sent with gassing casualties to hospital. It has been decided to make the information available to a wider circle by issuing it in the form of a booklet both the booklet and the labels can be purchased by manufacturers and users of chemicals who are likely to encounter these risks. Medical members of the Panel which drew up the wording for the labels have sought the opinion of a number of hospital medical officers and have been assured that the scheme will be welcomed by these hospitals provided it is introduced by consultation and discussion beforehand and not simply applied to the first casualty that occurs. The labels are intended to give guidance rather than instruction to medical staff so that a casualty officer could take immediate action in an unfamiliar type of emergency with safety pending further advice.The scheme has also been welcomed and supported by H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories and the Senior Medical Inspector and the Ministry of Health have approved the idea. Copies of the booklet can be obtained from the Association (price 3s. post free cash with order). The labels themselves can be purchased ready for use from the A.B.C.M. 166 Piccadilly London W.l by quoting the appropriate reference letter on the label (price 2s. per dozen cash with order). They can be supplied only in minimum quantities of a dozen of any particular label. MISCELLANEOUS Post-Graduate Scholarships in Textiles.-The British Rayon Research Association invites applications from University students who expect to graduate this year for Scholarships in Textile Technology Textile Engineering Textile Chemistry or Dyeing.The Scholarships are normally of the value of $300 a year plus fees but in special circumstances an increased allowance may be paid. Scholarships are tenable at Leeds Manchester or other Universities or technical colleges where there are appropriate facilities for a period of two years, though this may be extended in suitable cases by a year of study overseas. For further particulars and application forms write to the Secretary British Rayon Research Association Barton Dock Road Urmston nr. Manchester. Awards for the Study of Management.-It is proposed to offer forty awards in 1952 to candidates in the age range 23-35 for the study of management in the United States of America.Funds for these awards are to be provided by the Mutual Security Agency (formerly Economic Co-operation Administration), and the scheme is under the sponsorship of the Ministry of Education the Scottish Education Department the Ministry of Education for Northern Ireland, and the British Institute of Management. Successful candidates will normally spend approximately six months taking a special course in management subjects and techniques at selected universities or technological institutes together with periods in industrial plants and in visits to professional government and labour organisations. Applications are invited from persons of adequate educational standard, who are potential managers or occupying positions of responsibility in industry or who propose to teach management subjects.A minimum of three years’ industrial experience will be a condition of entry. The prescribed forms can be obtained from the Ministry of Education (F.E. Division l) Curzon Street House Curzon Street London W.l or for candidates resident in Scotland or Northern Ireland from the Scottish Education Department (“T” Branch), St. Andrew’s House Edinburgh 1 or the Ministry of Education for Northern Ireland Netherleigh Massey Avenue Stormont Belfast respectively. All applications must be returned to the address from which the forms were obtained not later than 30 April 1952. Candidates may be invited to attend for inter-view in London shortly thereafter Ramsay Memorial Fellowships for Advanced Students of Chemistry.-The Trustees will consider in June applications for two Ramsay Memorial Fellow-ships for advanced students of chemistry.The value of each Fellowship will be S400 per annum to which may be added a grant for expenses not exceeding El00 per annum. The Fellowships will normally be tenable for two years. The Trustees are able to offer these two Fellowships to mark the centenary of the birth of Sir William Ramsay on 2 October 1852 the necessary funds being provided through the generosity of Messrs. British Celanese Limited and the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Full particulars can be obtained from the Joint Honorary Secretaries, Ramsay Memorial Fellowships Trust University College London Gower Street W.C.l to whom applications must be forwarded not later than 17 April, 1952.The Chemical Council.-In submitting its Sixteenth Annual Report (1951) the Council emphasised that it has continued to give particular attention to one of its main objects the raising of money to aid the publishing societies in meeting the ever-increasing cost of their publications over and above the amount which members of the Societies themselves contribute. The increased response from industry during the year was most gratifying. During the year the three Constituent Bodies have approved the Council’s recommendation that the Chairman shall be eligible for re-election annually for a period of not more than five consecutive years; the Hon. Treasurer shall be eligible for reelection annually for a period of not more than seven con-secutive years and that the re-election of the Chairman or of the Hon.Treasurer may take place irrespective of whether or not these officers are still representa-tives of a Society or nominees of other bodies on the Council. The Vice-Chair-man and Hon. Secretary remain eligible for re-election annually so long as they are still members of the Council. The three Constituent Bodies also approved an addition to the Constitution of the Chemical Council of a supplementary clause in order to bring the New Standing Orders into harmony with the Constitution. Parliamentary and Scientific Committee.-The following have been elected officers for 1952:-President Lord Samuel Chairman Sir Wave11 Wakefield M.P.Vice- Chairman: Deputy Chairmen: Won. Treasurer: Hon. Secretaries: Sir Henry Tizard F.R.S. Sir Ralph Glyn M.P. Mr. W. T. Wells M.P. Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham Mr. C. I. Orr-Ewing M.P. Mr. A. Albu M.P. Dr. W. R. Wooldridge. Heavy Chemicals Productivity Team.-Representatives of the British Heavy Chemicals Industry sailed for the United States on 6 March to study over a period of six weeks the level of productivity attained in the equivalent American industry. The visit is undertaken under the auspices of the Anglo-American Council on Productivity and the technical aid programme of the Mutual Security Agency (former€y Economic Co-operation Administration) which meets the dollar costs involved. The team is under the leadership of Mr. J. Grange Moore M.A.and the secretary is Mr. D. E. Ladhams B.Sc. Fellow. A report embodyingfindings and recommendations considered applicable in the interests of efficiency and productivity in Britain will be published in due course. r 109 THE REGISTER NEW FELLOWS Dawson Ian Macphail B.Sc Ph D (Glas ). (P) Roff Ernest Avery B.Sc. (Lond.). Musgra;e Forrest Fai;broth& B:A.; D.Phh. (P) Rosenthal Ernst Georg Dr.Ing. (Charlotten-Nabar Govind Malhar B.A. M.Sc. (Bom- (A) Synge Richard Laurence Millington B.A., Perrin Michael Willcox O.B.E C.B.E. B.A. (EE) Wilkins Frederick James M.Sc. (Lond.), (Oxon.) F.Inst.Pet. burg) A.M.I.E.E. bay) M.Sc.Tech Ph.D. (Manc.). B.Sc. (Oxon.) M.A. (Toronto). Ph.D. (Cantab.) F.R.S. Ph.D. (Cantab.). ASSOCIATES ELECTE Anderson John Ragnar Augustus.B.Sc. Beecroft George Frederick. Chanmugam Samuel Manoranjan B.Sc. Chilwell Edwin Dawson B.Sc. (Lond.). Cluley Herbert Joseph M.Sc. (Lond.). Davies Walter Cule. D.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales), Ph.D. (Cantab.). Drewery George B.Sc. (Lond.). Eaton John Kenneth B.Sc. (Wales) M.Sc. Tech. (Manc.) Ph.D. (Lond.). Garton Frederick William John B.Sc. (Lond.). Gorvin John Henry B.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales). Hamilton Leonard Joseph B.Sc. (Lond.). Heywood Basil Jason B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.), (N.S.W.) A.A.C.I. (Lond .) . D.I.C. A.R.C.S. :D THE FELLOWSHIP (Sheffield) A.I.M. Hobson John Douglas B.Sc. (Lond.) A.Met. Holland David Oliver B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Jones Robert M.Sc. (Liv.). Murty Gundu Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha, D.Sc. (Andhra) M.Sc. (Allahabad). t) Naganna Bheemarasetty M.Sc.(Andhra). Nunn Ronald Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.). Planer George Victor M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.), Plesch Peter Hariolf M.A.' (Cantab.) Ph.D. Shatwell. Hugh George B.Sc. M.Sc.Tech. Tebboth John Arthur B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). A.R.C.S. (Manc.). (Manc.) Ph.D. (Birm.). RE-ELECTED ASSOCIATE (P) Clamp. William B.Sc. (Lond.). NEW ASSOCIATES Alexander Rosemary Eudenie B.A. B.Sc. (0) Delamere Cecil Ernest B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Dias Gilbert Michael M.Sc. (N.U.I.). Allen Geoffrey B.Sc. (Leeds). (OG) Doraiswamy M. E M.A. B.Sc. (Madras). Ash Anthony Stanley Fenton. B.Sc. Ph.D. (W) Dougall Bristow Moody B.Sc.Agric M.Sc. (Dublin). (Leeds). Balsara Jamshed Sorabji B.Sc. (Bombay). Barker William Richard B.Sc. (Lond.). Baynes-Cope Arthur David B.A.B.Sc. (T.C.D.). Beckett Ronald George. Beynon. Eric B.Sc. (Lond.). ) Bhatnagar. Parmatma Sarup. M.Sc.Tech. - . (Punjab). Birrell. Peter B.Sc. (Edin.). Blackburn. Alan. B.Sc. (Lond.). Blurton Sydney 'Edward B.SC. (Notts.). Botham Raymond A.A.C.I. Boyd William Ian A.H.-W.C. Bray Robert Cecil B.A. (Cantab.). Brener. Morris. B.Sc.Chem.Eng. (Witwaters-rand). Brick Eric Charles B.Sc. (Wales). Briggs Alan B.Pharm. (Lond.). Brindley Peter Bertram B.Sc. (Lond.). Brooks Arthur James B.Sc. (Lond.). Brown Frank B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Brown Lorna. Bullen Graham John B.Sc. (Lond.). Burgess Joseph Stuart B.Sc. (Lond.). Cameron Mary Davidson B.Sc. (Glas.), Carter Frederick Denis B.Sc. (Wales). Castle Walter Francis B.Sc. (Lond.). Chaplen Peter B.Sc.(Lond.). Chaudhuri Maii Ali Mohamed B.Sc. (Calcutta). M.Sc. (Dacca) Ph.D. (Lehigh, U.S.A.). Churcher Thomas Christopher B.Sc. (Lond.). Colman-Porter Charles Arnold B.Sc., Dip.Ed. (Wales) Dip.Ed. (Oxon.). Cowell. David Brian B.Pharm. (Lond.). Dale Berrick. B.A. (Oxon.). Davies Leslie B.Sc. (Lond.). Davidson Roger Alleyn. BSc. (Lond.). A.R.T.C. (Dunelm.). (P) DOW James B.A. (Cantab.). Draper William B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). (P) Elks Sydney Albert B.A. (Oxon.). (P) Ettinger. Jacob M.Sc.Chem.Eng. M.Ph. (Warsaw). (P) F~rm;~~Thomas Henry B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.), (H) Farrell Philip Dukes B.A. (Oxon.). (N) Fishwick. Brian. B.Sc. (Leeds). D.I.C. A.R.C.S. (P) Flegg PAer Beaumont B.Sc.Agric. (Reading). (P) Fleming Robert B.Pharm. (Lond.). (OBI Friend Maurice Temple B.Sc.(S.A). (P) Fuller Robert Frederick (C) Gilbert Charles Wilson B.Sc. (Birm.). (H) Gilks James Harris B.Sc. (Notts.). (P) Goodman Albert Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). (R) Griffith Philip David B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. (V) Griffiths David Morgan Luther B.Sc. (Wales). (OG) Guha Subramanyam Rama Das M.A., M.Sc. (Madras) Ph.D. (Bombay). (P) Gundry Philip Musgrave B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. (U) Hammond Edmond B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.D. (Sheffield) A.M.1nst.F. (N) Handley Douglas. (C) Herbert Dennis Alec. (P) Hooper. Kenneth Charles B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. (0) Houslay Ralph John Gilbert. (C) Hybs Zdenek B.Sc. (Birm.). (C) Johnson Derek Raymond. (K) Johnson Francis B.Sc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. Kandasamy Thambipillay B.Sc. (Ceylon). (P) Kapur Brij Lal M.Sc.(Allahabad) Ph.D. 03) Keast Cyril John Mitchell B.Sc. (Lond.). (B) Kenyon William Charles B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). (Q) Kershaw Philip B.Sc. (Liv.). (Lond.) D.I.C (L) (P) King John B.Sc. (Lond.). (C) Reynolds Malcolm Frank B.Sc. (Lond.). Knowles Charles Barry M.Sc. Ph.D. (C) Rice Geoffrey Felix B.Sc. (Lond.). (Manc.). (P) Richenberg Cecil Simon B.Sc. (Lond.). Kut Siegmund B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (S) Roberts John Osman B.Sc. (Dunelm.). Labaton Vivian Yomtob B.Sc. (Wales). Robinson John Brian Dudley B.Sc.Agric. Laidlaw John Mackay. B.Sc. (Glas.) (Reading). A.R.T.C. (Q) Rushton Ronald Seymour B.A. (Cantab.). Langford David Houlden. (P) Schaverien .Derek Bernard B.Sc. (Lond.). Lappert Michael Franz B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (Q) Scotson William Raymond. Laurentius Solomon Fredric B.Sc.(Lond.) (F) Scott Francis Leslie M.Sc. (N.U.I.). MSc. Tech. (Manc.). (V) Scott Kenneth Arne Caleb B.Sc. (Wales). Lavin. Owen. Sentheshanmuaanathan. Suvviah. B.Sc. Laxton William John Fox B.Sc. (Lond.). Lester Patrick. Lloyd John Patrick Crosfield B.Sc. (Lond.). McCall Ernest Bryson B.Sc. Ph.D. (Edin.). McCormick Joan Elizabeth B.A. M.Sc. McEwan. Archibald Cook A.H.-W.C. McEwan John Archibald B.Sc. (Glas.), McHale David B.Sc. (Lond.). McKenna James A.H.-W.C. Mackenzie. John. B.Sc. (Lond.). (Dublin). A.R.T.C. Morrow ’David’ George Dickson B.Sc. Moulden David McKechnie B.Pharm. (Q.U.B.). (Lond.). Namasivayam Ponniah B.Sc. (Ceylon). Neal Edward George B.Sc. (Lond.). Oakes Vincent. Ogden Kenneth George. O’Kelly Brendan Mary M.Sc.(N.U.I.). Overell Brian George M.Sc. (Lond.). Percival Ethel Elizabeth B.Sc. (Birm.) Ph.D. Peters. John. B.Sc. (Lond.). (Edin.). Pickeiing. ‘Dennis’ Clareborough BSc., Pinto Francis Charles B.Sc. (Ceylon). Poole Arthur BSc. (Lond.). Preston. Ronald. B.Sc. (Leeds). B. Sc.Zoology (Leeds). Prince .Leon James Stephen. . Priscott Barry Hugh B.Sc. (Lond.). Ramaswamy Magadi Subbaiya, V) Rankine James B.Sc. (Glas.). Rasburn Jack Watson B.Sc. (Lond.). Rastrick Alan B.Sc. (Lond.). Rawcliffe Fred B.Sc. (Lond.). Rees Alun Hywel B.A. (Cantab.). (Mysore) A.I.I.Sc. .B.Sc. .- (Ceylon). (D) Shepherd John Malcolm. (P) Simmonds. David Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Smith Allan Campbell B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Smith Harold John B.Pharm. (Lond.). (C) Smith Walter George B.Pharm.(Lond.). (P) Spencer Michael B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Stannard Brian William B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Strauss Hans Edgar M.Sc. (Lond.). (OG) Sud Lajpat Rai MSc. (Puniab). A.P.I. (0) Sumner Jack. (P) Tanenbaum Arnold. B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Tatchell Austin Robert M.Sc. (Lond.). (J) Temple Arthur Frederick A.H.-W.C. (J) Thomson Thomas Bernard A.H.-W.C. (P) Thornton Ralph B.Pharm. (Lond.). (C) Turner Alan. (P) Turvey James Robert B.Sc. (Wales). (C) Tyler John Edward. (K) Veitch. James B.Sc. (Glas.). (OG) Venkateswarlu Dendulury M.Sc.Tech. DEATHS Fellows (Andhra). (OE) Venkatraman Vydinatha B.Sc. (Madras). (M) Vickers Clive. (P) Walker John B.Pharm. (Lond.) Ph.C. (P) Walpole Rex Edward B.Sc. (Lond.). (0) Walsh William Derek B.Sc. (Sheffield).(K) Ward Robin McGregor B.Sc. (Glas.), (Q) Williams Horace Osborne B.Sc. (Wales). (C) Williamson Colin Potter B.Sc. (Lond.), (V) Willows Helen B.Sc. (Sheffield). (K) Winning Herbert BSc. (Glas.). (P) Woollen Anthony Henry B.Sc. (Lond.), (M) Young George Raymond B.Sc. (Lond.). A.R.T.C. A.R.C.S. Wilson. John Gerald M.Sc. (Sydney). A.R.C.S. Henry Drysdale Dakin B.Sc. (Vict.). Hon.Ph.D.(Heid.) Hon.D.Sc. (Yale) D.Sc., LL.D. (Leeds) F.R.S. Died 10 February, 1952 aged 71. Leonard Dobbin Ph.D. (Wurz.). Died 3 March. 1952. aged 93. A. 1880. F. 1885. A. 1901 F. 1904. Leonard. Gowen Gabriel B.SC. (Lond.), F.Inst.Pet. Died 28 February 1952 aged 51. A. 1935 F. 1939. Robert Duncan Masson. Died 28 January, 1952 aged 71. A. 1908 F. 1912. Archibald Rayner B.Sc.(Lond.). Died 21 March 1952 aged 61. A. 1912 F. 1915. Associates Frederick Hartridge Branson. Died 10 February 1952 aged 65. A. 1917. William Be;erley f?ayley-Mann B.Sc. (Lond.). Died 20 February 1952 aged 73. A. 1919 William Joseph Eliord B.Sc Ph.D. (Bris.): F.R.S. Died 14 Fedruary,”1952 aged 52. A. 1924. William Donaldson Mackenzie B.Sc. (Glas.). Died 19 February 1952 aged 45. A. 1932. Alfred Mead,’ B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bris.). Died 12 February 1952 aged 43 A. 1946 Reginald Gkorge jeffreys Phillips B.Sc (Liv.). Died 22 January 1952 agedi41. A. 1940 LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections are glad to welcome members of other Sections to their meetings and social functions except when Members travelling abroad who desire introductions where there are Local Sections or Honorary numbers are restricted as for works visits.Corresponding Secretaries of the Institute are advised to notify the Secretary of the Institute. Secf ions. (A) (B) Belfast and District: (C) Birmingham and Midlands: @) Bristol and District: (E) Cardiff and District: (EE) Cumberland and District: (F) Dublin and District: (FF) Dundee and District: Aberdeen and North of Scotla East Anglia: East Midlands : Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Glasgow and West of Scotland: Huddersfield : Hull and District: Leeds Area: Liverpool and North-Western : London and South-Eastern Manchester and District: Mid-Southem Counties: Newcastle upon Tyne and North-North Wales : Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands: South Wales: South-Westem Counties: Counties: East Coast: Hon. Secretaries. ad H. G. M. Hardie Ph.D A.R.I.C. 21 Braeside Avenue Aberdean. C. S. McDowell B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Belmont Milebush. Carrickfergus. S. A. Ray B.Sc. F.R.I.C. c/o British Titan Products Co. Ltd., 72-73,High Street Birmingham 4. B. W. Minifie F.R.I.C 8 Oakenhill Road Brislington Bristol 4. G. M. Kerman F.R.I.C. c/o The Aberthaw and Bristol Channel Portland Cement Co Ltd East Aberthaw Barry Glamorgan. K. A. Swinburn B.Sc. A:R.I.<. c/o Ministry bf Supbly Chemical Inspectorate. Windscale Works Sellafield Cumberland. H. D Thornton BSc A R C S c I F R I C City Laboratory, Municipal Bhdkg; &s;le’ Sir& D i b d . J. B. Wilson B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. The Corner 73 Commercial r ) Stirlingshire and District: Tees-side : (OA) Malaya : (OB) Cape of Good Hope: (OC) New Zealand: (OD) Bangalore : (OE) Madras: (OF) Western India: (OG) Northern India: Street Dundee. Suffolk. John Williams B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. 28 Corder Road Ipswich, C. W. North B.Sc A.K.C F.R.I.C. F.T.I 582 Nottingham Road Derby. University of Edinburgh Teviot Place. Edinburgh 1. Sloan Ltd 38 French Street Glasgow S.E. J. K. Grant B.Sc. Ph.D A.R.I.C. Department of Biochemistry, W. G. D. Wright. A.R.T.C. F.R.I.C. c/o Messrs. James Macneilldt A. K. DuAn Bk.,’A.R.I.C. SanAbeds Hohey. Nr. Huddersfield. M. D. Rogan F.R.I.C.,British Cocoa Mills.(Hu!l) Ltd. Hull. W. A. Wightman M.A. F.R.I.C. The University Lteds 2. J. Ashley-Jones A.R.I.C. c/o J. Bibby & Sons Ltd Great Howard K. G. A. Pankhurst B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. C/O B.L.M.R.A., A. Ormrod B.Sc.Tech. A.R.I.C. Hardman and Holden Ltd., G. H. Osbom F.R.I.C. Glenburst 78 York Road Broadstone, J. 0. Harris B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Chemistry Department King’s N. F. Rapps B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Analytical Department Monsanto K. C. Barraclough B.Sc. F.R.I.C The Brown Firth Research E. E. Ayling. M.Sc F.R.I.C. University College Singleton Park, E. R. Braithwaite BSc. A.R.I.C. Research Department. Acheson F. S. Fowkes B.S:. Ph.D A.R.i.C. 28 Learmonth Street Falkirk, A. R. Martin D.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. 80 High Street Norton, Street Liverpool 3. Milton Park Egham. Surrey. Manox House Miles Platting Manchester 10. Dorset. College Newcastle upon Tyne. Chemicals Ltd. Ruabon Wrexham Denbighshire. Laboratories Princess Street Sheffield 4. Swansea. Colloids Ltd Prince Rock Plymouth. Stirlingshire. Stockton-on-Tees Co. Durham. C. L. Chia MSc. A.R.I.C. Department of Chemistry Outram H. W. Lhirach. B.b.’. A.R.I.C P.O. Box 1065. Cam Town. Road Singapore 3 . - South Africa. Sydney Street West Wellmgton C.1 New Zealand. Science Bangalore 3 India. TNagar Madras 17 Madras India Mayo Road Bombay 1 India The University Delhi 8 India. N. H. Law MSc. A.N.Z.I.C. F.R.I.C. Dominion Laboratory, T. L. Rama Char. B.Sc.,’M.Sc. Ph.b. AyR.I.C. Indian Institute of K. V. Sunciaram Ayy&,’M.Sc. F.R.I.C. 3 Jagadiswara Street, Professor S. M. Meh& S.A M.Sc. A.R.I.C. Institute ofScience, K. B. L. Mat& D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Department of Chemistry

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JI9527600049

出版商:RSC    

年代:1952

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JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY PART I11 I 952 H.M. QUEEN ELIZABETH 11 The President has had the honour to acknowledge receipt of a message from the Keeper of Her Majesty’s Privy Purse announcing that Her Majesty has been graciously pleased to grant her Patronage to the Royal Institute of Chemistry. EDITORIAL SEVENTY-FIVE YEARS The last year or two has seen an unusually large number of celebrations, both national and professional accompanied by a tidal wave of literature giving the interested public an outline of progress in the sciences and the arts both in the first half of the twentieth century and also during the century since the holding of the Great Exhibition in 1851. As far as chemistry is concerned certain authors on both sides of the Atlantic have pointed out that the developments of the last hundred years have owed much to the work of Professor (later Sir) Edward Frankland who was to become our first President in showing that atoms have definite combin-ing powers that determine the formulas of compounds.This one of the great discoveries of the scientific imagination deserves mention in this number of the Journal for it was on 10 May 1852 that Frankland made known his views through the medium of the Royal Society. We propose to take advantage of this opportunity to indicate some of the major landmarks in the history of the Institute since the celebration of our centenary is still some twenty-five years away and custom demands no jubilees during that interval. Our parent body as mentioned in the Presidential Address (see p.117), was the Chemical Society. It was on 24 February 1877 that the first Officers Council and Fellows of “The Institute of Professional Chemists,” as we were first called were elected. The “Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland” was incorporated by Board of Trade Licence on 2 October that year and the first volume of the Proceedings consisted of the text of the memorandum and articles of association The first Annual General Meeting was held on 1 February 1878 and, in view of the insistence of the Institute right from the first on an adequate knowledge of mathematics in its members there will be few who are not prompted to ask why the anniversary meetings recently held in Dublin should have been the seventy-fourth and not the seventy-fifth.The reason is to be found in the events of 1885 and the following two years. The original Institute was wound up and ceased to exist on 30 June 1885 a new Institute incorporated by Royal Charter having come into being on 13 June. The Charter provided that the new by-laws should not take effect until they had been allowed by the Privy Council but approval was not given until 24 February 1887 and so it was not possible to hold the first annual meeting of the new association until the following March. Thus there was no annual meeting in 1886. The original objects had been the promotion and encouragement of a thorough study of chemistry and allied branches of science “in their application to the Arts to Agriculture to Public Health and to Tech-nical Industry”; and the adoption of measures for the advancement of the profession of chemistry “and particularly for the maintenance of the Profession of the Consulting and Analytical Chemist.” Already by 1885 the terms of the articles of association were found to be too restricted and the purposes of the Institute were restated in the Charter rather differ-ently.They were to promote the better education of persons desirous of qualifying themselves to be public and technical analysts and chemical advisers on scientific subjects; to examine candidates and to grant certifi-cates of competency; and to elevate the profession of Consulting and Analytical Chemistry. From this time onwards members were entitled to use the letters F.I.C. or A.I.C. after their names to indicate their grade of membership.For some years the Annual General Meeting was numbered from the first meeting of the new Institute in 1887 and it was not until the turn of the century that the custom of numbering from the first meeting of the old Institute was introduced. Thus the 15th A.G.M. in 1901 was followed by the 24th in 1902. For the last fifty years the numbering has been consecutive and without interruption. Another landmark which will be of particular interest to 356 of our members was the admission by examination of the first woman Associate in 1892-Emily Jane Lloyd-despite the fact that a Council minute of November 1888 had said that it was not contemplated to admit women candidates to the examination. Miss Lloyd studied at Aberyst-wyth and Birmingham and passed the B.Sc.and the A.I.C. examinations in the same year. She taught science at a public school for girls at Port Elizabeth Cape Colony and later in Llanelly. The first woman Fellow, however was Lucy Everest Boole on the staff of the London School of Medicine for Women who passed the examination for the Fellowship and was admitted direct in October 1894. Miss Lloyd became a Fellow in January 1897. c 114 In 1897 also on the occasion of the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria’s accession to the throne knighthoods were conferred on two distinguished members of the Institute-Dr. Edward Frankland first President and Mr. William Crookes a member of the first Council. Meanwhile the offices of the Institute which for some years had been housed in 9 Adelphi Terrace moved to 30 Bloomsbury Square early in 1893 and remained there until our present building had been erected and occupied in stages during 1915.The Annual General Meeting for that year was held in the new building. The membership of the Institute which was 1,291 in 1910 rose to 2,756 by 1919 a substantial increase in numbers having resulted from the revision of the regulations in 1917 in order to strengthen the position of the Institute as a representative professional body and to allow those who had been prevented by their war service from presenting themselves for exam-ination to be admitted if they could produce evidence of proper training and competence. However the occasion on which the modern shape of the Institute was first clearly perceived and fully discussed was the Extraordinary General Meeting held on 27 April 1918 under the chairmanship of Sir Herbert Jackson.The main subjects thrashed out then were the regulations for adinission of members other than by examination and the formation of Local Sections made possible by the greatly enlarged membership. A good deal of preliminary work had already been carried out draft rules had been drawn up and arrangements were in progress for the formation of seven sections. By the end of the year it had been announced that sections had been formed at Edinburgh Glasgow Liverpool Manchester Swansea and Dublin-and Gretna; the records have been carefully searched but no other reason can be found for this than the operation of a nearby ordnance factory! During this time the Proceedings had likewise grown considerably.The first twenty volumes occupy some 83 in. of the editorial book-shelf, the second twenty 17 in. The new title Journal and Proceedings was introduced in 1920. A step towards the idea of a journal had been made in 1919 when for the first time articles on matters of professional interest had been included. The official publication of the Institute was now to be published six times in the year paged consecutively and provided with an index. To the proceedings of the Council and of Local Sections reports of examinations and matters of an official character that had previously been included there were now added notes and articles on current topics reports of meetings and conferences reports of law cases of interest to chemists comments on Government orders and regulations, as well as notices of books and their contents.Thus by 1920 the characteristic features of the Institute had been chiselled out and with these as a foundation it has been possible to meet the rapidly increasing demands from the profession which has grown almost beyond recognition since then. During that year the membership [ 115 figure passed the 3,000 mark and there were 10 Local Sections. By 1927, the Jubilee Year the membership exceeded 5,000 and the Sections had increased to 16. In 1921 discussions with the Board of Education resulted in a decision to introduce a scheme of examinations for young people who were unable to study for a University degree or the Associateship of the Institute.The first examination for the award of National Certificates in chemistry was held in 1922 and 104 candidates presented themselves of whom 26 passed. This part of the Institute’s work has continued to grow and may now be regarded as one of its larger responsibilities. The last landmark we need mention here was the Jubilee Celebrations held under the patronage of the Prince of Wales from 14 to 16 December, 1927 in London-the date having no special significance. They began with a Conversazione at the . Hotel Great Central Marylebone, attended by over a thousand people. On the following morning films showing the part played by chemistry in British industries were exhibited at the New Gallery in Regent Street and the President and Officers of the Institute with delegates from the Local Sections were entertained to luncheon by the Master and Wardens of the Salters’ Company.In the evening the Jubilee Banquet was held at the Hotel Great Central 550 persons being present. An exhibition illustrating the history of the Institute was shown in the Council Room during the celebrations. What of the future? In the words of Professor H. E. Armstrong, whose lively addresses brighten several pages of the Journal and Proceedings-“we have to wave our flag of chemistry for all it is worth.” THE HONORARY FELLOWSHIP OF THE INSTITUTE At its meeting on 16 May the Council elected to the Honorary Fellow-James Bryant Conant Hon. C.B.E. A.B. Ph.D. For.Mem.R.S., The election of Dr. Conant brings the number of Honorary Fellows of the Institute to 8 (see Journal 1952 11 52) and it is not proposed to consider any further elections to the Honorary Fellowship during 1952.ship of the Royal Institute of Chemistry : President of the University of Harvard U.S.A WORTHY ENDS AND EXPECTATIONS Presidential Address delivered in Dublin on 18 April 1952 by Herbert W. Cremer C.B.E. The words I have chosen for the title of this address occur in one of Bacon’s essays but in a different sense to the one intended here. Lest there be any misunderstanding as to their significance in the present instance I think I should make it clear that by “ends” I mean “things aimed at” and by “expectations”-“prospects of good to come.” It will not have escaped your notice that this is the 75th Anniversary of the foundation of our Institute.Whereas it has been indicated to us that the days of man are but threescore years and ten no limit (so far as I am aware) has been suggested for the life of scientific and professional communities and our revered progenitor the Chemical Society with whom we are delighted and honoured to share this meeting in Dublin, has set us a fine example of longevity. For ourselves and since we are now about to embark upon the fourth quarter of the first century of our existence I feel that it would not be inappropriate for a short while to summon up some remembrances of things past. You may be led to agree with me that the result should occasion even greater satisfaction that our present meeting is a joint one with the Chemical Society for most of our founders and some 75 per cent.of those who joined the Institute during its first year of existence were Fellows of that Society. I will not burden you with historical and statistical details for these are recorded and can be studied by those who are so disposed and there are various other matters which are more relevant to the theme of this address. Briefly, then the emergence of our Institute as a separate entity occurred in this wise. In the year 1867 discussion took pIace among Fellows of the Chemical Society concerning the conditions for admission. Some contended that the Society’s Charter intended that anyone interested in the advancement of chemical science should be eligible for election if supported by a sufficient number of Fellows. Others held that the Fellowship should confer distinction on the holder and that candidates should be required, therefore to show that they were competent to practise.A number of suggestions were made during succeeding years and in 1872 Professor (later Sir) Edward Frankland drew attention to the increasing importance of chemistry in the world at large and pointed out the usefulness of an Institute which would be to chemists what their respective organisations were to the legal medical and engineering professions. Three years later a meeting was held to consider the advisability of founding an institution to promote the education and to protect the interests of professional chemists and it is a very satisfying thought to me when I realise that the first Professor of Chemistry under whom I studied John Millar Thomson, was there.He held later the position of Honorary Registrar and Secretary 117 of our Institute and subsequently the office of President. Our present Honorary Treasurer Dr. Kent-Jones was also a student of Professor Thomson and I imagine that he also derives pleasure from this same thought. At the meeting to which I have just referred an Organising Committee was formed of which Walter Noel Hartley was Honorary Secretary, and one hundred and twenty-four well-known chemists were circularised and invited to attend a meeting on 27 April 1876 in the Rooms of the Chemical Society. Professor Frederick Augustus Abel (then President of the Society) occupied the Chair and forty-six of those invited were present.A resolution “That it is desirable that an organisation of professional chemists be formed” was carried and a committee was appointed to confer with the Council of the Chemical Society “with the view of ascertaining how far that Society may be able and willing to carry out a scheme for the organisation of professional chemists.” A scheme was prepared and carefully considered by the Council of the Chemical Society but after legal opinion had been obtained it was concluded that there were insuperable difficulties in establishing a distinct section within the Society and that a separate organisation was desirable. At a further meeting in the Rooms of the Chemical Society held on 4 November in the same year the views of the Society were reported and a motion in the following terms was carried unanimously-“That the cordial thanks of the meeting be tendered to the President and Council of the Chemical Society for the consideration given by them to the pro-posals of the Organisation Committee and for the efforts made by them to meet the views of the Committee in relation to these proposals.” Thereupon Professor Edward Frankland proposed and Dr.Augustus Voelcker seconded “That having regard to the limited powers of the Chemical Society under its Charter it is desirable that an Association be formed that shall be independent of the Chemical Society and that the Organisation Committee already formed be dissolved and that the following gentlemen or such of them as may be willing to act form a new Committee (with power to add to their number) to settle the form and details of the scheme and to take all steps necessary to secure the forma-tion and incorporation of the proposed new Association.” This resolu-tion also was carried without a dissentient.The new Committee consisted of fifty-one members all but two of whom were Fellows of the Chemical Society. Some of their names will live on wherever the language of chemistry is spoken and some of them will (I hope) always be of special significance to ourselves on account of the intimate association which others bearing them have had subsequently with the work of our Institute. The Memorandum and Articles of Association having been drawn up by the new Committee applicatioii was made to the Board of Trade for registration as “The Institute of Professional Chemists.” Correspondence ensued as a result of which the title of our organisation became “The [ 118 Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland.” It was incorporated by Licence of the Board of Trade on 2 October 1877 and Professor Edward Frankland was elected its first President.Eight years later the young Institute was granted a Royal Charter with specific authority to issue certificates of competency and to register persons qualified to practise. Our second President was Professor Abel himself (later Sir Frederick Abel Bart. K.C.B. G.C.V.O.) who thus completed the link between our respective bodies which he had commenced to forge during his Presidency of the Society a few years earlier. A comparison of the list of Past Officers of the Chemical Society with that of our own reveals that of the twenty-six persons who have held the office of President of the Institute, approximately half of them have held similar office with the Society.I daresay if one extended the comparison to holders of other offices the result would be found to be even more striking. Thus despite the passage of time and that perverseness which manifests itself from time to time between parent and offspring even in the most devoted family circles, it4s abundantly clear that the link has remained unbroken. I do not doubt for one instant that it is your hope as it is mine that it will always continue so. Most of you will be aware that since the time to which I have been referring further developments have taken place in our own domestic circle.The Supplemental Charter of 1944 enabled our name to become “The Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland.” This, under the Second Royal Charter (granted in 1949) was abbreviated to “The Royal Institute of Chemistry,” our present title. Some may have thought-some may still think-that this shortened title denoted a narrowing of outlook and a more parochial frame of mind. Actually the reverse is the case. It was a consequence of the desire of our Institute to maintain the territory from which it first drew its members-not to diminish it. Our new By-laws allowed by the Privy Council on 19 January last year make it quite clear that the former eligibility for cor-porate membership of the Institute remains unimpaired.At the same time it is the policy of the Institute to establish brotherly relations with national chemical Institutes that have been set up within that territory-in Australia Canada New Zealand South Africa and most recently of all in Ireland itself where the Institute of Chemistry of Ireland is now in being with which we are extremely happy to collaborate and to which we offer our warmest good wishes. It is not my purpose to dwell upon such matters but I may perhaps be excused for the passing comment that the professional politician may have something to learn from the professional chemist when it comes to resolving his international difficulties ! As I indicated previously the primary object of these very general observations on our past history is to emphasise the peculiar appropriate-ness of our conjunction with members of the Chemical Society in this Anniversary Meeting and (if I may venture to do so) I would remind the [ 119 members of our Dublin and District Section that the astronomical defini-tion of the word conjunction is “the state of being seen in the same part of the heavens.” Although my knowledge of the celestial sphere (up to the present) is extremely limited I am quite certain that there is no place in which a Joint Meeting of this kind could have been held where the warmth of our welcome would have been more apparent and the general atmosphere more conducive to good fellowship than in our present surroundings.Of these things we are fully appreciative and for them we are truly grateful as we are to those of our members here who have worked so wholeheartedly and so assiduously to ensure the success of this meeting.Having I trust made it quite clear that we are not unmindful either of “the rock whence we were hewn” or of the very pleasant circumstances in which we are enjoying this family reunion it is time that I tried to justify the title of this address-“Worthy Ends and Expectations.” I have endeavoured to strike an essentially human note in the foregoing remarks, and it is more particularly to the personal aspect of our Institute’s work that I wish to refer during the time which now remains to me, It has already been mentioned that under its Royal Charter our Institute was empowered to issue certificates of competency and to register persons qualified to practise-worthy aims in themselves as I am sure you will agree-but if a Professional Body is to become a living being and no mere automaton a Spirit also is required.Furthermore not all the tradition not all the great men who have gone before can keep such a body as it should be kept unless in each generation are to be found those who will take the torch from the generation that is passing keep it bright and hand it on. A word which used to be applied more in the past than it is nowadays to classes of persons engaged in a profession is the term “calling.” To me it is a very suitable word-it implies a summons-and an entrance under a vow into an order. Unless I am greatly mistaken, many of our forefathers in the profession did so regard it and I do not think our Institute would have won through to its present standing in the face of all kinds of trials and vexations had its members not been imbued from the outset with an abounding sense of duty and an outlook which accepted it as implicit that a professional organisation as a whole should be greater by far than the mere total of the human beings who comprise it.Wordsworth expressed some sentiments in a context which was different but not altogether unrelated to what I have in mind:-“High is our calling friend! Creative Art (Whether the instrument of words she use, Or pencil pregnant with ethereal hues,) Demands the service of a mind and heart, Though sensitive yet in their weakest part, Heroically fashioned.” r 120 By “heroically fashioned,” I imagine that the poet meant clear-seeing, self-reliant and courageous.That our Institute has plentifully enjoyed the service of the minds and hearts of its members few if any will question. Furthermore or so it seems to me one of the greatest sources of its strength has been that it has never yet lacked the devotion of clear-seeing self-reliant and courageous persons-persons moreover who have had no ambition to get where the limelight is brightest and the publicity greatest. As long as our profession can continue to produce that type of individual we can surely face the future with equanimity. I truly believe that the aims of our forefathers in the Institute were in fact worthy ones. I believe too that they possessed also those in-comprehensible things which are known as ideals.But aims and ideals are not maintained of themselves. If they are to be preserved and to yield the fruit that those who believe in them would fain see the only way it can be done is by all concerned according to their several powers, equipping themselves and contributing themselves in such a way as to keep the whole collective body nourished and vigorous. I suppose that all of us have been brought to realise to-day that no community (social or professional) is bound necessarily by an inscrutable fate to progress. Mere existence affords no guarantee either for continuance or for progress. Unless therefore we and those who follow us are the faithful guardians of previous achievement there is a risk of the progress that has been made with such infinite labour up to our own time gradually slipping away.Doubtless some of you are feeling that I am becoming rather intro-spective-rather sombre-in voicing these opinions. Perhaps you are thinking that I am not justified in holding them. But from personal observation in many different places and amongst all sorts and conditions of people I have come to this conclusion-that in common with the rest of mankind the professional classes of the present day appear to be divided into three parts. There are the comparative few who make things happen-the many who watch things happen-and the over-whelming majority which has little or no idea at all of what does happen, but which criticises nevertheless. It is not easy I doubt if it is practicable to make evident to the sceptical or to the listless what contributions a professional organisation such as our own makes to the welfare of its individual members or to the reputation of the profession which it is intended to serve.There are in-tangible things-things imperceptible; intimate and private matters-matters which are personal and so can obviously find no place in our Annual Reports these concern essentially the individual in relation to himself and to his own particular occupation as well as to his corporate membership of our Institute. Sometimes I wonder whether the term “corporate membership” still bears the significance which is its due. I have always assumed that “corporate” means shaped into a body collec-tively united. Surely a worthy aim if there ever was one! E 121 Admittedly modern conditions of existence make it almost inevitable that those who experience them particularly the younger ones look for something which is obvious-something which is immediately related to themselves-something which is not unduly subject to sentiment and tradition.To those who have thoughtfully perused the Annual Report of the Council it may have occurred that between the lines there could be detected some of the very things I have just mentioned. Reference was made you may remember to status privileges and conditions of employment of members-to external relations including representation on other bodies Government Committees and the like (whereby we see the point of view of others and they we hope see ours)-to our home at 30 Russell Square and to the wish that our members will regard it as such-and perhaps most important of all to the assistance that we try to bring to those who need help when in difficulty want or distress.These aspects of our corporate life are largely undefinable-some of them as I have already remarked are so intimate and personal that one cannot speak or write of them openly. There are other aspects however which can be much more clearly recognised. There are the Local Sections of our Tnstitute-otherwise we should not be here this day. There are twenty-six of them within these Islands and there are seven more overseas. The correspondence with these Oversea Sections is sometimes very revealing for in spite of the existence or coming into being of the indigenous Societies and Institutions in the countries which I have mentioned there still remains some sort of influence that causes chemists abroad to welcome and to value member-ship of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.I do not think that this is entirely for the reason that the Institute has authority to issue certificates of competency and to register persons qualified to practise. Perhaps there is some magic that transforms extremely diverse individuals, scattered in all sorts of places throughout the world into members of a professional family. Whatever the cause may be magic or otherwise, if it could be applied more generally the task now laid upon the human race might be a great deal easier namely the refashioning of a shattered and distracted world. To my simple way of thinking it has always seemed that despite even acute differences of scientific opinion (whethzr in the pure or applied fields) there is far less risk of international acrimony between professional people than between politicians and in turn nations.Hence my fervent desire for the fullest possible support by scientific and technical persons of their appropriate professional organisations. I am not quite so naive as to imagine that Utopia can be reached by professional men and women without sustained effort and patience any more readily than by nations but I think they have a much better chance of making themselves understood to each other and of settling their differences without having recourse to violence. Holding these views I am naturally greatly disappointed and concerned when chemists ask of me “Why should I apply to become a member of 122 the Institute-what shall I get out of it? I am in a good job and there appears every prospect of my advancing in it; I can attend as a visitor your Lectures and the Meetings of your Local Sections in any case; I have easy access to your Journal and the other publications of the Institute I can purchase if I wish to have them by me; what point is there in my paying your subscription?” That is one way of looking at the position certainly but it is one which does not commend itself to me in the slightest degree.Such a view-point implies that the questioner quite apart from lack of vision possesses no inherent sense of obligation and I must confess to a profound reluctance to have to try to explain to anyone that there should be a natural instinct amongst individuals in the same profession to give to it as well as to receive from it.That there should be “worthy expectations,” i.e. prospects of good things to come is only natural and (particularly in these hard times) quite understandable-I do not cavil at that in the least. Nevertheless I feel there is little which is inspiring in having to apply a sort of mental artificial respiration to a person who is clearly the victim of his own ignorance selfishness or perverseness as the case may be. Proselytism is quite obviously not one of my strong suits-I believe that our energies can be better expended in other directions. But despite these personal opinions (which are shared I gather by many other members of the Institute) I am not oblivious of these words of Henrik Tbsen in the First Act of The Master Builder-“The younger generation will come knocking at my door.” That the younger generation has every right to search for truth (to say nothing of convincing itself of the necessity for the outlay of an annual subscription) 1 have no doubts at all and I have therefore great sympathy with the view expressed by a former Lord Rector of the University of Edinburgh at his inauguration ceremony rather more than a quarter of a century ago.He said: “Philosophy forces the student to examine the assumptions on which all other sciences rest the hypotheses by which they all work. You ask not only How? but Why? You challenge all appearance; you doubt science itself in your search for reality.Magic myth, ritual religion; the mysterious and emotional story of human belief; the theological speculations of mankind; the very instrument by which man knows anything at all-all are cross-examined as facts by ex-perience and an attempt is made to interpret them and fit them into some coherent explanation of our life and destiny.” Earlier in his address the same speaker had referred to the fact that the ideal character is a harmony of many virtues and that it is a tradition amongst us to give to truthfulness the position of the cardinal virtue. He mentioned the curious power of a certain Member of the House of Com-mons who was known to have said there “I know this to be right-I cannot remember why-but you may take it that it is so,” and they believed him.Alas! I do not possess a similar power of engendering r 123 belief but I do believe myself and with every fibre of my being that our Institute has in every respect “Worthy Ends and Expectations.” This does not mean of course that as the shadows of my life lengthen I must be expected to remember why but at present the reasons are very vivid in my mind. Your President is in a position to see things clearly see them whole, and I have been immensely impressed by the’essentially human spirit of understanding which underlies the whole fabric of our Institute. One encounters a quite amazing series of situations-personal professional, and (in the widest sense of the term) political. In my own case were it not for the loyalty the support the wisdom and above all the friendship of my colleagues (whether as regular officials of the Institute as members of the Council and its Committees or amongst the general body of members) I could not even have hoped to carry out my task.To me, and quite unmistakably what I referred to earlier as the “Spirit” of the Institute has made this experience a most exhilarating one and the exactions of the Office altogether so well worth while. One is conscious all the time of an undercurrent of purposeful work and endeavour which affect very markedly the day-to-day life of the members of our profession, even if many do not realise these things for themselves. Our central organisation is no mere machine doing little beyond sending out receipts for Subscriptions notices of Meetings and agenda for the Council and its Committees.There is a pulse of real life beating all the time. On occasions-for instance of excessive awkwardness on the part of Members, of recalcitrance on the part of Government Departments of undue worldliness on the part of Employers-the blood pressure may indeed run a little high (my own included) but the pressure is never low. I will not enlarge upon the benefits which I am convinced in my own mind accrue to those who are corporate members of our Institute-I could do so but I think it is rather degrading to try to list them. They are there for all to see if they care to look particularly so if they care also to use a little imagination. No one will dispute that the world is a far cleverer place than it used to be but along with true knowledge there have crowded in upon us all kinds of exotic and extravagant ideas.Unfortunately wisdom (that lovely thing) which is surely the right use of knowledge-the choice of worthy ends and the best means to accomplish them-the exercise of sound judgment either in avoiding evils or in attempting good-does it not tend sometimes to fly out of the window? I cannot help wondering how the youth of to-day manages to dissect the real from the spurious, such is the turmoil in the world and the outpouring of fallacious reasoning which is in great measure its cause. False words said the dying Socrates, are not only evil in themselves but they infect the soul with evil. I do not think for one moment that the embryo chemist is more prone to be deceived by them than the rest of his fellows but I do think it should be impressed upon him particularly during the early stages of his career, r 124 that the need for clear thinking is more important to-day than ever it was, and no whit less to those engaged in the field of chemistry a subject which in one way or another contributes ever increasingly to the affairs and to the welfare of mankind.One of the very obvious ways of achieving this end is to mix as much as possible with those who are engaged in other branches of the subject than one’s own and with persons who have had opportunities to acquire through practical experience a sense of true values. I hope I am wrong, but I find it difficult to escape from the opinion that the idea still persists in the minds of many of the younger generation of chemists that their purely scientific training should be all-sufficing.Isolation of this kind not infrequently results in some rather barren years being spent in the wilderness-years of frustration and disconsolation-years when a warped outlook may be formed on the world in general and on the profession of chemistry in particular. I think it was Chekhov who said that a thinking life without a definite outlook is not life but a burden a horror; and I remember that he also remarked on some occasion or other that “It’s easy enough to be a philosopher on paper it isn’t so easy in real life.” It has always appeared to me that such difficulties could be largely avoided if the individual showed interest in the human as well as in the scientific side of professional relationships.An Institute such as ours provides many opportunities for this to be done opportunities which are taken by many of the older members but unless again I am greatly mistaken not accepted to anything like the same extent by those whose professional life is beginning. Besides there are all sorts of tasks need-ing to be performed within our household minor as well as major ones, and the more who are ready to share them the lighter will be the load upon each. After all our profession calls for service as well as recom-pense and unless my knowledge of language is even less than I suppose it to be recompense means an equivalent returned for something. What more shining examples of service and devotion could be provided than those of the Honorary Secretaries of our Local Sections? Dear me! This is supposed to be a Presidential Address far too imposing a term where I am concerned as must now be very apparent to all of you.Lacking the judgment and stability of my predecessors in this great Office and having chosen such an abstract title as I did I should have known that anything might happen. I should have realised as Robert Burns wrote in an Epistle to a Young Friend: “Perhaps it may turn out a sang, Perhaps turn out a sermon.” If it has transpired that the latter is the case I can only ask you to believe that this was not premeditated. Having commenced this talk in the historical vein I will end in the same way but this time on a more individual note.On 3 March last there passed away at the age of 93 Dr. Leonard [ 125 Dobbin who was elected an Associate of the Institute in the year 1880, five years before our first Royal Charter was granted. He studied in Dublin (an additional reason why it is appropriate that I should refer to this event) and he later became an assistant to Professor Crum Brown in Edinburgh. Incidentally he was elected the first Vice-chairman of our Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section at its inaugural meeting in October 1918. His personal file contains original letters which passed between our first President (Sir Edward Frankland) and Dr. Groves our first Secretary concerning an award for which Dobbin was eligible. His application for promotion to the Fellowship in 1885 the year in which the first Royal Charter was granted was accompanied by a support-ing letter from Crum Brown.Our Secretary Dr. Ellingham has shown me this correspondence fascinating on account of its historic interest as well as for its wonderfully human aspect. As I read these letters, and the message of good wishes which was sent to him by our Council three years ago on his having been for 69 years a member of the Institute -together with his charming and most appreciative reply-I was very conscious of something of that magic to which I referred previously, which transforms a set of persons engaged in the same profession into one family bringing companionship in its wake. When the last page of our Institute’s history comes to be turned which I trust will not be for very many years if ever my hope is that it can then be truthfully said of its members (and now I use the words of Francis Bacon in the actual sense in which they were written) “Above all believe it the sweetest canticle is Nunc dimittis when a man hath obtained worthy ends and expectations.” I think most of you will agree with me that it should encourage us all to further and continued endeavours to know that up to his death a few weeks ago our oldest surviving Fellow felt happy in the way things had gone during his own lifetime.As for those who are carrying on it might be well to remind themselves from time to time of those words of Horace in his Ars Poetica-“It was a wine-jar that was to be moulded as the wheel runs round why does it come out a pitcher?” If the world around us appears to have become somewhat mis-shapen in the course of time let us and those who follow us see to it at all cost that our own vessel shall preserve to the best of our and their ability the design the potter appears to have intended SUMMARIES OF LECTURES FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE By M.BARAK M.Sc. D.Phil. F.R.I.C. LEAD-ACID ACCUMULATOR [Manchester and District Section 24 January 19521 Electric batteries may be said to have originated in the discovery made by Volta towards the end of the eighteenth century that an electric current was produced when certain pairs of metals were brought into contact with certain liquids and connected externally. This discovery led to the well-known “Voltaic Pile,” one of which consisting of 17 half-crowns and pieces of Zinc interleaved with pieces of absorbent paper saturated with salt solution was used by Nicholson and Carlisle in 1800 when they showed that water could be electrolytically decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen.Volta’s discovery led to the development of primary or non-reversible cells culminating in 1868 with the Leclanche cell which was the forerunner of the modern dry battery. Many of these early primary cells were adversely affected by gas polarisation of the electrodes and it was during investigations of this phenomenon that Gaston Plante in 1859 first discovered the almost unique reversibility of lead electrodes in dilute sulphuric acid electrolyte. The development of the lead-acid re-chargeable battery or accumulator followed and because of its high voltage and the large capacities which could be obtained the lead-acid accumulator opened up vast new fields of usage.In the first Plante batteries the active materials porous lead peroxide and spongy lead were formed on the surface of lead sheets by the tedious process of repeated reversal of the current a process which sometimes took several months to complete. This process was ultimately shortened to a matter of about 24 hours by the use of lead-corroding reagents such as nitric acid perchloric acid and so on. In 1881 Faure revolutionised the manufacture of lead-acid accumulators by the invention of a method of preparing the active materials from pastes made by mixing lead oxide with water and sulphuric acid. And although plates of the Plante type are still used in stationary batteries in tele-phone exchanges and electric power stations by far the largest groups of accumu-lators made to-day embody pasted plates made on the Faure principle.To appreciate the problems of manufacture it is necessary to understand the chemical reactions taking place during discharge and charge. The basic reactions are as follows:-at the positive PbOz + 2HB0 + Pb++++ + 40H-HZO + H+ + OH- Has04 + 2H+ + SO,-Pb++++ + 2e + Pb++ at the negative Pb - 2e + Pb++ These reactions are typical oxidation-reduction reactions. During discharge, electrons are absorbed at the positive electrode and released at the negative, giving divalent lead ions and therefore lead sulphate at both electrodes as was first shown experimentally by Gladstone and Tribe in 1882.During charge these reactions are reversed and it is the relative insolubility of lead sulphate in dilute sulphuric acid-from 0.0002 to 0-0006 per cent. according to the concentration in the cell-which gives the lead-acid accumulator such a high degree of reversibility. Another fundamental property which makes lead so suitable for this purpose in spite of its high specific gravity is the large difference between the electrode potentials of the two electrodes lead peroxide and lead. [ 127 1 Pb++ + SO,- + PbS04 Pb++ + SO4- s PbSO This gives the E.M.F. of the couple and in the concentration of sulphuric acid generally used namely 30 to 40 per cent. W/V this is slightly over 2.0 volts. A study of all the known electrode potentials of oxides and elements indicates that there are no other practical combinations of electrodes and electrolytes with such a high E.M.F.The E.M.F. of the standard alkaline accumulator, having a nickel oxide positive and a cadmium negative electrode in caustic potash electrolyte is only 1.3 volts. To obtain any given battery voltage the ratio of the number of alkaline to lead-acid cells is thus 5 to 3 which more than nullifies the advantage of the lower specific gravity of nickel and cadmium. Dealing now with specific problems of manufacture. Firstly the grids as used in the pasted type of plate. During discharge electrically-resistant layers of lead sulphate form around each particle of active material which gradually becomes polarised. Also the diffusion of acid into the porous mass becomes more and more restricted as the lead sulphate accumulates.These factors obviously become more important the higher the current density. To enable the transfer of electrons to take place freely between the conducting grid and the active material the grid is dispersed throughout the active material in the form of a lattice. In addition to its function as a conductor it provides support for the active materials and the members of the lattice must be robust enough to withstand the severely anodic conditions which exist at the positive electrode during charge. The design of the lattice therefore depends on the service for which the plate is intended. Where low currents are required extending over periods of many hours as for example with low-tension wireless cells the grids may be thick and the lattice very open.On the other hand the grids for a car starter battery which may be required to give currents of several hundred amps for a few minutes only may vary in thickness from 0.05 to 0.125 in. and have very close-pitched ribs. The reasons for the choice of lead as the metal for the grids are obvious but lead is too weak mechanically and a hardener must be added. Antimony is universally used for this purpose and the addition of antimony not only improves the mechanical properties but also lowers the melting point and improves the casting characteristics of the alloy. The latest phase diagram of the lead-antimony system published by the Institute of Metals (G. V. Raynor 1951) shows the eutectic at 11.1 per cent.of antimony with a melting point of 252” C. A metallographic study of the structures of these alloys with the concentration of antimony increasing up to about 12.8 per cent. indicated a gradual reduction in the size of areas representing the solid solution phase with a corresponding increase in hardness and tensile strength but a fall in ductility. At concentra-tions near and just above the eutectic there was a tendency for the separation of massive crystals of an antimony-rich 8-phase which caused a marked decrease in ductility. The presence af small amounts of various impurities such as copper arsenic nickel and tin appeared to increase the precipitation of the p-phase. In two alloys both containing 12.7 per cent. of antimony the presence of impurities up to about 0.22 per cent.caused a fall in ductility as indicated by notched impact strength tests and notched slow bend tests of about 50 per cent. By careful attention to these factors it has been possible to reduce substantially the amount of “works scrap” in cutting the finished plate to size. The second important process of manufacture is the preparation of the active materials and the two problems of interest are those associated with the setting of the paste and the electrical performance of the finished plate. The active materials are made in the form of a stiff paste by mixing one or more of the oxides of lead with sulphuric acid and water. This mixture is very complex, containing in addition to the original components lead hydroxide lead sulphate and the various basic sulphates of lead.Setting and drying must be controlled so that the resulting mass is hard firmly held in the grid and free from shrinkag cavities and cracks. Setting takes place by a process analogous to the setting of plaster of Paris. The essential chemical reactions appear to be those involved in the formation and de-hydration of the tri-basic sulphate 3Pb0.PbS04.xH,0. The growth of the appropriate crystals produces a rigidly interlocked lattice of sufficient strength to retain its form after the water molecules have been driven off. The best results are obtained under conditions favouring slow crystal growth the setting process being carried out at 100 per cent. humidity and room temperatures for periods from about 12 hours up to 3 or 4 days.The dried paste in the positive plate is ultimately converted into porous lead peroxide and in this form the active material must be rigid enough to withstand the disruptive strains to which it is subjected during each discharge when up to 60 per cent. may be converted into the more voluminous lead sulphate. The formation of the hydrated tri-basic sulphate also affects the porosity of the paste on which the output at high current densities largely depends. Where low rates of discharge are required both polarisation and diffusion are relatively unimportant and hard dense pastes can be used. Similar considera-tions apply to plate thicknesses. The higher the current density the more nearly does the discharge reaction approach a purely surface reaction and the thinner the plate must be made.It has been shown for example that at the 10-minute rate of discharge an increase in the plate thickness from 0.064 to 0.190 in.-that is about 200 per cent.-gave an increase in output of only 25 per cent. The third manufacturing process concerns the electrochemical conversion of the pastes into the active materials lead peroxide and spongy lead. This is done by charging the plates in sulphuric acid of concentration equal to about N/3 at 40 to 55” C. The efficiency of this process depends on the rate at which lead ions are produced at each electrode and this is governed by such factors as the current density and the duration of charge as well as the concentration of the acid and the temperature. The presence of impurities in the electrolyte is also of importance particularly where the negative is concerned.Any metals more noble than lead are electro-deposited on the surface of the negative during formation or for that matter during the working of the accumulator and having a different electrode potential from lead they set up “local action,” causing self-discharge of the spongy lead negative and if the hydrogen over-potential is favourable the evolution of hydrogen. The marked effect of platinum provides a typical illustration. For a negative poisoned by immersion in a solution containing only O-OOOl per cent. of platinum the current required to be passed continually through the plate to prevent sulphation or self-discharge has been shown by experiment to be 1-7 amps.Platinum is fortunately a very rare impurity. Antimony however behaves similarly although with con-siderably less activity; its electrode potential differs from that of lead by 0.22 volt whereas the potential difference between platinum and lead is about 0.96 volt. Antimony also forms a gaseous hydride (stibine) and towards the end of charge this can be produced at the negative electrode when nascent hydrogen is being freely liberated. It is possible therefore to allay the deleterious effects of antimony by ensuring that the accumulator has an adequate amount of “gassing charge” and the great benefits in the casting process and in the behaviour of the grids resulting from additions of antimony far outweigh the adverse effects due to its action as a poison of the negative plate.CRYSTALS AS SORBENTS By Professor R. M. BARRER D.Sc. Sc.D. F.R.I.C. [Tees-side Section 28 February 19521 Crystals often show unusual powers of occluding gases. The well-known, highly specific sorption of hydrogen by palladium is an example. Others ar the sorption of hydrogen by titanium and vanadium of oxygen by silver and of nitrogen by iron. For each metal sorption is specific for the particular gas. Certain minerals such as vermiculite and montmorillonite show a similar but less specific type of sorption. It is most strongly exhibited by zeolites which are crystalline aluminosilicates of the general formula where in naturally occurring minerals X is Ca or Ba and Y is Na or K although other cations are present in ion-exchanged forms prepared in the laboratory.Zeolites differ from permutits which are gels in being crystalline. Montmorillonite one of the clay minerals is built up of aluminosilicate sheets with intercalated cations and water molecules. It is one of the expanding and collapsing sorbents which show marked volume changes on sorption and desorption. These minerals show hysteresis effects which may be illustrated by the sorption of ammonia by montmorillonite. Occlusion as distinct from adsorption starts only at a certain threshold pressure and then rises rapidly with increase of pressure to a limiting saturation value. On desorption occluded ammonia is not released in large amount until a much smaller pressure than the original threshold pressure is reached so that a wide hysteresis loop appears.The threshold effect is caused by the difficulty of forming the first nuclei of the expanded lattice on or inside the collapsed lattice. Similar hysteresis effects are shown in the sorption of hydrogen by palladium and of benzene by potassium benzenesulphonate. The special sorbent properties of dehydrated zeolites are due to the presence of channels of molecular dimensions which run through the crystal lattice. The channels are a necessary result of the crystal structure and are not due to defects. They are continuous. Mere cavities in the crystal such as occur for instance in beryl do not produce the special sorbent properties of zeolites because they are isolated from the gas phase. The volume of the channels available for sorption is often a considerable fraction of the total volume of the crystal.For example the following figures give the volume of water which can be held by unit volume of the compact crystal of the zeolite named: (X YAO A1203 nSi02 mH20 Chabazite 0.50 C.C. per C.C. Mordenite 0.33 , ,, Analci te 0.20 Y 3 , Sorption by dehydrated zeolites is limited by the cross-sectional area of the channels to molecules whose cross-sectional area is small enough for them to be able to enter the channels. Zeolites with channels of larger cross-sectional area can sorb larger molecules. Thus with the three zeolites chabazite sodium-rich mordenite and calcium- or barium-rich mordenite it is found that the first sorbs methane ethane and the higher normal paraffins the second does not sorb higher normal paraffins or aromatics but sorbs methane and ethane slowly and nitrogen and oxygen rapidly while the third sorbs nitrogen and oxygen but not methane and ethane.Flat molecules such as benzene are not sorbed so that the cross-section of the channels at least at the points of greatest constriction is not in the form of a wide slit but is probably roughly circular. In the n-paraffin series sorption in chabazite is not prevented by increase of chain length although velocity of sorption decreases with increasing chain length. It is therefore the aspect of the molecule of smallest cross-sectional area which determines whether the channel in the zeolite accepts or rejects it. A long molecule has as it were to wriggle about in order to enter the channels and so is sorbed more slowly than a shorter one of similar breadth.Chain-branch-ing however prevents sorption altogether. Thus chabazite can sorb n-heptane but not isobutane. The specific sorbing powers of zeolites can be used to separate many mixtures. For example the separation of ethane from propane can be effecte with chabazite because it sorbs ethane much more rapidly than propane. It can also separate propane from impentane and butane from isobutane. Calcium-rich mordenite can similarly be used to remove water from ethanol. At - 184" C . levynite can separate oxygen from argon. The effective cross-sectional area of the channels can be reduced by the introduction of molecules of water or ammonia. The cations which fit into the basic anionic framework can also form barriers in the channels.The relative blocking power of some cations as shown by their retarding effect on the sorption of argon at -78" C. increases in the order Li+ < NH4+ < Na+ < Ba++ < K+ < Ca++ and factors other than ionic radius sometimes appear to operate. The channels in chabazite and mordenite have been widened as follows. First the ammonium zeolite is made by base-exchange. The ammonium is then burnt out with oxygen leaving H+ ions which form OH groups with anionic oxygens of the aluminosilicate framework. This leaves the walls of the channels free from cations and so gives a more open structure into which molecules can diffuse. The heats of sorption of krypton argon and neon in ion exchanged chabazites decrease as the polarisability of the cation decreases.This suggests that sorp-tion occurs around the cation sites in the channels. Heats of sorption in zeolites are often very great for instance that of ammonia on chabazite is initially about 30,000 cal. per mole. The heat of sorption is an important but not the only thermodynamic function which determines the amount sorbed at a given pressure of gas. Particularly for long-chain molecules the entropy of sorption is also important. The reason for this is that the number of con-figurations which can be taken up by a long molecule clasped in a channel in a zeolite is very much less than the number which are available to it in the gas phase. The decrease in entropy on sorption of a long-chain molecule is there-fore very much greater than on sorption of a short molecule which can take up fewer configurations in the gas phase.The larger heat of sorption of long-chain molecules is therefore counteracted by the larger decrease in entropy which accompanies their sorption. THE CHEMISTRY AND USES OF MUSTARD By J. W. CORRAN B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. pangalore Madras Western India and Northern India Sections 1951-521 Although mustard and its virtues have been known since very early times, it was only during the reign of George I11 that it became widely popular as a condiment. Since then in one form or another mustard has been a common flavouring adjunct throughout the world. There are a number of varieties cultivated the most important being the English white and brown seeds (Brassica Alba and Nigra) Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) and Chinese Mustard.It needs a rich soil and in England it is found in the Eastern Counties. The English seed is harvested in August and September and is dried for storage. The manufacture involves the crushing of the seed and separating the flour by careful sifting. The milling of mustard is made difficult by the high vegetable oil content which contributes one-third of the weight of the flour. The mustard flour of commerce is practically always a blend of the flour obtained from white and brown seeds. These seeds differ in size and appearance, the white seed being similar to radish whilst the brown resembles cabbage seed. During the milling of mustard the main by-product is mustard bran. This on hydraulic pressure yields a low quality vegetable oil and a cake which is very popular with farmers who are troubled with wire-worms in their soil.This cake appears to be relished by wire-worms who therefore leave alone the par-ticular crop under cultivation. The white mustard bran contains a mucilaginou substance which is responsible for the particular consistency observed in stone-ground French mustards. Mustard flour in the dry state possesses no pungency. It contains however, two glycosides one from white mustard and one from brown. It also contains an enzyme myrosin. When water is added to mustard these glycosides under the catalytic influence of myrosin are split by hydrolysis. The glycoside in brown mustard is sinigrin which on hydrolysis yields glucose potassium hydro-gen sulphate and ally1 isothiocyanate better known as volatile oil of mustard.This is the ingredient obtained from mustard flour that possesses the well known tear-producing properties. This particular pungent principle is well known and can be prepared in the pure state and readily estimated chemically by distillation. It exhibits the characteristics of a true essential oil. The corresponding glycoside in white mustard is sinalbin which yields on hydrolysis glucose the acid sul-phate of the organic base sinapin and a non-volatile pungent principle p-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate. This substance has never been isolated in the pure state and until recently there was no method for its estimation. It possesses throat heat only and is somewhat unstable. Nevertheless it is as important in the condimental field as the better known volatile oil.Thus whereas normal quality English brown flour can produce about 1-4 per cent. volatile oil of mus-tard English white mustard flour will produce about 3.2 per cent. of p-hydroxy-benzyl mustard oil. Since the development of these two pungent principles is dependent on the presence of the enzyme myrosin any influence which inactivates myrosin such as excessive heat will suppress the formation of pungency in mustard. Mustard flour is best known for its condimental uses; it has however certain other useful but little known properties which add to its commercial importance. Thus in edible emulsions the stability of the oil-in-water emulsion is essential. Mustard can play an important part in combating the un-stabilising influences of those emulsifying agents which produce water-in-oil emulsions.Thus mustard when used with egg-yolk in mayonnaise adds considerably to its stability. Moreover, like most surface-active emulsifying agents mustard has useful adsorptive qualities. It is used in the fermentation industries for removing slight degrees of mustiness. The pungent principles of mustard have been shown to possess fungicidal properties. Indeed it can be safely claimed that mustard through its pungent principles is probably the most powerful natural edible preservative known and is largely responsible for the freedom from spoilage of such articles as pickles and sauces of which it is a constituent. A further use of mustard in the wine industry is to preserve the wine from unwanted fermentation during the transport of the must and it is also used for the treatment of wine before bottling to prevent secondary fermentation.In the field of human diseases mustard flour by virtue of its pungent prin-ciples has in the past been used to some extent for the treatment of human fungus diseases such as athlete's foot Bengal and Singapore rot and dhobi's itch. It is known that the pungent principle of mustard will inhibit the growth of the dermophyta in vitro. In this connection both the volatile oil of mustard and the pungent principle of white mustard are effective. Other well known uses of mustard in the medical field are the concentrated preparations of mustard such as plasters or poultices for the relief of pain and of congestion.The virtue of the mustard poultice for the treatment of such con-ditions as neuralgia stiffness and chilblains lies in its rapidity of action. Here the active factor is the volatile oil of mustard but such preparations should not be applied to the skin for more than 15 minutes owing to danger of blistering BOOK REVIEWS An Introduction to the Chemistry of the Silicones. E. G. Rochow. Second Edition. Pp. xiv + 213. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc.; London: Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1951 .) 40s. net. This excellent book claims the attention of all chemists. The author is a pioneer both on the academic and the technical sides of his subject and through-out this work he stresses the fundamental chemistry of the “silicones” and the methods employed in their preparation.These while based on reactions well known to workers on organo-metallic compounds have been modified and made available for silicon. The production of dialkyldichlorosilanes from alkyl chlorides and silicon in the presence of copper is an example. Many elements react with alkyl halides in a similar manner but the author’s use of copper and his discussion of the free radical mechanism merit special attention. The addi-tion of trichlorosilane to olefines in the presence of peroxides or ultra-violet light and the interaction of zinc silicon tetrachloride and alkyl halides are also discussed. The new chapters on the carbon-silicon bond the synthesis of organo-silicon compounds and the physical chemistry of silicones are on modern lines throughout and the results of studies of electron and X-ray diffraction and absorption spectra are considered both for simple and poly-merised organo-silicon compounds.Tribute is paid to the work of Kipping with perhaps the hint that he should have realised the potentialities of his glue-like products and the future development of his subject. Kipping had however two over-ruling purposes-the elucidation of problems which happened to interest him and the training of students in research. Such an attitude allows the future to take care of itself. In 1937 he said “the known types of organic derivatives of silicon . . . are very limited in their reactions . . . the prospect of any immediate and important advance in this section of chemistry does not seem very hopeful.” He was not so poor a prophet as might appear.The whole of this book is based on the hydrolysis of organo-silicon halides-an important but “very limited” reaction. The author (p. 76) thinks it “surprising that they [Kipping’s school] were able to isolate as many of the simpler cyclic and linear polymers as they did.” No one who knew Kipping who admired his persistence and uncanny laboratory skill or survived his severe but stimulating discipline is at all surprised. FREDERICK CHALLENGER Progress in Organic Chemistry I. Edited by J. W. Gook. Pp. viii + 287. (London Butterworths Scientific Publications Ltd. 1952.) 50s. net. In his foreword to this book Professor Cook lays down as its object the presentation of concise but adequate reviews of recent developments in selected fields of organic chemistry.This object has certainly been attained in the eight articles which go to make up the complete volume. On the natural product side chemists will especially welcome the articles on Strychnos alkaloids (by Sir Robert Robinson) heartwood constituents (by Professor Erdtman) and photodynamic pigments (by Professor Brockmann); written by leading workers in their fields they cover subjects of considerable topical interest on which adequate reviews for the general reader are not readily available. The same is true of the article on drugs inhibiting symptomatic stimulators (by Drs. Bergel and Parkes) where the chemical and pharmacological literature is covered very widely indeed. Other articles deal with free radicals in organic chemical reactions (Professor Hey) and the problem of starch and its enzymic degradation (Professor Preece) while the survey of acetylene chemistry (Dr.Weedon) summarises recent developments in the synthetic applications of acetylenic [ 133 compounds in a way that may suggest to workers in other fields numerous possibilities for the application of these flexible intermediates. The article on chemicals from petroleum (Dr. Birch) is somewhat different from the others in that it is primarily an account of current industrial processes rather than a detailed treatment of the fundamental aspects. This however is not a fault because it brings clearly to view the spectacular developments in the petroleum chemicals industry-developments which are perhaps too little known among chemists outside the industry.It would appear from the title that this represents the first of a series of volumes of review articles on organic chemical topics. Serial publications of this nature have in receht years become a feature of chemical and particularly of biochemical literature. Their justification lies in their value to research workers anxious to keep abreast of the latest developments in fields other than their own. This in turn depends on careful selection of authors as well as topics and on the provision of comprehensive bibliographies. In these respects Professor Cook has been most successful and organic chemists will look forward to the appearance of further volumes of this high standard. The publishers, too are to be congratulated on their production; the book is well produced and the numerous chemical formulae are well set out and clearly printed.Heterocyclic Derivatives of Phosphorus Arsenic Antimony Bismuth and Silicon. F. G. Mann. Pp. ix + 180. (New York Interscience Pub-lishers Inc.; London Interscience Publishers Ltd. 1950.) 34s. (sub-scribers) 42s. (non-subscribers). This book will be a valuable addition to the library of most organic chemists. It affords very useful information on a rather specialised section of organo-metallic compounds and reveals many promising lines of research which have hardly been traversed since they were first laid down; the heterocyclic compounds of bismuth and silicon occupy only six pages and even the treatment of antimony compounds only 28. It is surprising that preliminary studies of “silicones” of this type have not yet appeared.The use of 2:3-dithiopropanol-“British Anti-Lewisite”-in combating the toxicity of chloroarsines or arsine oxides R.As:O and as a synthetic agent for the preparation of heterocyclic types containing carbon arsenic and sulphur is discussed at some length. The reaction is of course identical in type with the simple precipitation of arsenious sulphide in qualitative analysis and allied to the accumulation of arsenic in the hair skin and nails after administration of arsenious oxide due to reaction with the -SH group of the cysteine of keratin. As would be expected there are several references to the therapeutic possi-bilities of arsenic and antimony compounds and “Fuadin,” derived from anti-mony trioxide and catechol-3 :5-disulphonic acid and also the condensation product of 2 3-dithiopropanol with 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenylarsenoxide hydrochloride are of interest in connection with the treatment of schistosomiasis, filariasis and trypanosomiasis.One of the most valuable features of the book to the teacher and research worker is the account of the stereochemical results which have accrued from a study of the asymmetry of the phosphorus and arsenic atoms in tetrahydro-isophospholinium and tetrahydro-isoarsinolinium salts and of dissymmetric molecules such as 10-methylphenoxarsine-2-carboxylic acid 1 0-p-carboxy-phenyl-2-methylphenoxstibine and As-spiro-bis-l:2:3:4-tetrahydroarsinolinium bromide. The cis-trans isomerism of 5 10-di-p-tolyl-5 10-dihydroarsanthrene is also considered.The outstanding work of the author and Turner and their colleagues is concisely and critically discussed. The reviewer recalls no other book in which these results are so conveniently summarised. A. R. TODD FREDERICK CHALLENGER 134 Physical Biochemistry. Henry B. Bull. Second Edition. Pp. iX + 355. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc.; London Chapman & Hall Ltd., 1951.) 46s. net. The dust-cover claims this to be “an extremely helpful book for anyone who intends to use physical chemistry in medical or biological problems.” The reviewer is in full agreement. He would further recommend Professor Bull’s book to physical and other brands of non-biological chemists who would learn something of biochemical problems of a physical nature and also something of the results achieved from the use of physical measurements.Clarity of presentation both of the subject matter (which is descriptive and theoretical rather than “practical”) and of the diagrams and tables is notable. This is a readable book in which the author never fails to emphasise the dynamic nature of biological systems and the fact that they are usually and essentially dilute aqueous solutions. Roughly the first half of the book is concerned with atomic ionic and molecular phenomena where the importance of hydration of ions is suitably emphasised. This last is too often disregarded by biologists. Energetics, reaction kinetics ions in solution electrical phenomena of various kinds, acids and bases and oxidation are the main subjects.The second portion of the book is mainly concerned with the study of large molecules (“biopolymers”) and includes chapters on osmotic pressure and related properties viscosity, diffusion and the ultracentrifuge. References to further reading material and to original papers are numerous, but they by no means swamp the main text. Each chapter concludes with problems and questions; to the mathematical questions answers are provided. The reviewer was sorry to see several familiar names mis-spelt; otherwise he obtained great pleasure from reading Physical Biochemistry. D. J. BELL Handbook of Dangerous Materials. N. Irving Sax. Pp. viii + 848. (New York Reinhold Publishing Corporation; London Chapman & Hall, 1951.) 120s. net. This large and very informative book is a valuable addition to safety litera-ture.It is American in origin and outlook all the quoted orders and almost all the references being American. Users will need to bear this in mind when interpreting the data given. The guidance is however there. The book is divided into five separate and individually complete sections dealing respectively with general chemicals explosives fungus diseases and fungicides radiation hazards transport and shipping regulations. The general chemicals section is in alphabetical order both toxic and fire hazards being described in detail as appropriate. Physical constants are given when necessary. Suggestions for storage handling and protective devices are given in many cases. Classes of substances e.g. leather polishes and paint strippers, are treated as separate items.These collective references cover American practice which in some cases may be different from the British. The explosives section is mainly concerned with storage of finished products and the disposal of waste and unwanted explosives. This is very sound and contains much very useful information although one would feel a little appre-hensive about authorking the removal of nitroglycerine with a stiff brush and sawdust. Section three classifies the main fungus diseases according to sources of infection. Suggested methods of treatment are given usually in non-medical language. This part might have been better if it had been dealt with on less i 135 broad lines. There is an alphabetical list of fungicides (with the composition of proprietary articles where known).Section 4 (radiation hazards) gives a full account of the current American views on the subject. The last section includes a complete set of the American Inter-State Commerce Commission regulations for the transport of dangerous goods. These regulations cover all aspects of the subject. In a book of this size it is not usually difficult to find points to criticise. One doubts for instance the wisdom of putting fungus diseases and fungicides in the same section where as here they are not complementary. In this book, such cases are rare. It is well printed and the price is reasonable. ALEC WEBSTER Experimental Spectroscopy. Ralph A. Sawyer. Second edition. Pp. x + 358. The chemist who wishes to practice the craft of experimental spectroscopy successfully will do well to have this book readily available for reference.In it he will find the basic theory and characteristics of spectroscopic instruments and auxiliary apparatus such as microphotometers and light sources appropriate for work in the vacuum ultra-violet ultra-violet visible and infra-red regions of the spectrum; he will also find admirable surveys of the principles and practices of photography as applied in spectroscopy and of emission spectroscopy adapted to spectrochemical analysis. This body of knowledge will enable the chemist confidently to select spectroscopic equipment adequate for the tasks in view to adjust it and to use it to the best advantage. (London Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1951.) 30s. net. J. G.A. GRIFFITHS BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS RECEIVED BUT NOT REVIEWED Ultraviolet Spectra of Aromatic Compounds. Robert A. Friedel and Milton Orchin. Pp. vi + 52; 579 spectra. (New York John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; London Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1951.) 80s. net. [This volume contains an introduction of 34 pages dealing with nomenclature, instruments and experimental procedure theoretical aspects of ultraviolet absorption spectra and quantitative analysis. Details of the arrangement adopted immediately precede the collection of 579 spectra. There are compre-hensive name and formula indexes. The whole is printed on separate sheets, with coil binding and semi-stiff cover.] Reports on Progress in Physics. Vol. XV (1952). Executive Editor A. C. Stickland. Pp. 338. (London The Physical Society 1952.) Non-Fellows 50s.net. Acids and Bases. Their Quantitative Behaviour. R. P. Bell. Pp. vi + 90. (London Methuen & Co. Ltd. 1952.) 6s. 6d. net. [Methuen’s Monographs on Chemical Subjects give brief authoritative accounts of the present state of knowledge in various fields and are intended for teachers students and the general reader. Contents The nature of acids and bases; acid-base equilibria in water; acids and bases in non-aqueous sol-vents; interionic attraction in acid-base equilibria; acid-base strength and molecular structure; acid-base catalysis; alternative uses of the terms acid and base; index. British Standards. 65 1952. Salt-Glazed Ware Pipes. Pp. 23. 3s. net. 539 Part 1 1951. Drain Fittings Salt-Glazed Ware and Glass (Yitreous) Enamelled Salt-Glazed Fireclay.Pp. 39. 5s. net. 539 Part 2 1951. Drain Fittings (Scottish Type) Salt-Glazed Ware and Glass (Vitreous) Enamelled Salt-Glazed Fireclay. Pp. 15. 2s. 6d. net. 540 1952. Glass (vitreous) Enamelled Salt-Glazed Fireclay Pipes. Pp. 23. 3s. net. 604 1952. Graduated Measuring Cylinders. Pp. 13. 2s. net. 605 1952. Distillation Receivers (Including Crow Receivers). Pp. 13. 2s. net. 1079 1952. Haemoglobinometers Haldane Type. Pp. 15. 2s. net. 1428 Part A3 1952. Halogens and Sulphur Combustion Train (Pregl). Microchemical Apparatus. Pp. 10. 2s. net. 1428 Part DI 1952. Burettes with Pressure-Filling Device and Automatic Zero. Microchemical Apparatus. Pp. 14. 2s. net. 1751 1952. General Purpose Glass Stopcocks. Pp. 10. 2s. net.1792 1952. One-Mark Graduated Flasks. Pp. 11. 2s. net. 1837 Part I 1952. Methods for the Sampling of Ferrous Metals and Metal-lurgical Materials for Analysis. Part I Iron and Steel. Pp. 17. 2s. 6d. net. (Post free from British Standards Institution 24 Victoria Street, London S.W. 1 .) National Bureau of Standards. (Washington Government Printing Office.) Circular 499 Supplement 2 (July 1950 to January 1951). Nuclear Data. Pp. 63. (Circular 499 price $4.25 includes 3 supplements for periods ending 1 July 1950 1 January 1951 and 1 July 1951.) Circular 513 1951. Bibliography on the Measurement of Gas Temperature. Paul D. Freeze. Pp. iv + 14. 15 cents. Circular 515 1951. Energy and Angle Distribution of the Photoprotons from Deuterium. Martin Wiener. Pp.ii + 13. 15 cents. Handbook 51. Radiological Monitoring Methods and Instruments. 1952. Pp. iv + 33. 15 cents. SCIENTISTS AND CIVIL DEFENCE Regional Scientific Advisers for Civil Defence A list of Honorary Scientific Advisers which included all those appointments that had been announced up to the middle of February 1952 was given in Journal I 35. The following further appointments have been announced :-North-Western Region (Manchester). Senior Scientific Adviser Professor E. R. H. Jones (Fellow); ScientiJic Advisers Professor C . E. H. Bawn and Dr. G. D. Rochester. I 137 SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT EDUCATIONAL MATTERS House of Lords Debate.-A debate on Education took place in the House of Lords on 19 March. The debate was initiated by Lord Silkin and members of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee participated.Earl De La Warr replying on behalf of the Government referring to tech-nical education said that whilst obviously it would be desirable to do more it was worthy of note that El5 million worth of projects are now being built and another E3 million worth being started. The Government had not yet reached a decision on the question of higher technological education. In the meantime, the Chancellor had made it clear however that he envisaged both the contin-uance and development of the assistance on scientific and technological work in the universities. House of Commons Debate.-On 25 March a debate on Education took place in the House of Commons. Miss Horsbrugh Minister of Education referring to technical education said that the Government wished to provide more and better education for all grades of workers.In the new building programme priority must be given to new buildings in connection with mining engineering, textiles and the building industry. Graduate Teachers of Science.-On 21 February the Minister of Education (Miss Horsbrugh) in a reply to a question by Mr. C. I. Orr-Ewing relating to the shortage of trained science teachers in secondary schools said:-I have no information as to unfilled vacancies but we are certainly not recruiting as many graduate teachers of science as we should like in order to meet the actual and prospective needs of the schools in England and Wales. Any questions as to Scotland should be put to my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State.The solution of our difficulties depends primarily on establishing a better relation between the total odtput of science graduates from universities and the total demand for their services in all forms of employment. The problem is not one which can be solved by my Department alone but I shall certainly make every effort to help towards its solution. Treasury Grants to Universities.-On 21 February Mr. Hollis asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer the amount of the annual grant which he proposes to make to the Universities for the next quinquennium 1952-57. Mr. R. A. Butler in the course of his reply said:-I propose to provide recurrent grant as follows for the five next academic years : 1952-53 . . ;E20,000,000 1953-54 . . E21,000,000 1954-55 .. . . %22,250,000 1955-56 ;E23,500,000 1956-57 . . . . ~25,000,000 The first year’s provision is the least sum with which the universities can maintain their present activity; it makes no allowance for fresh expansion. Part of the increases in the later years will be needed to meet the rising expenditure to which the universities are already committed but they should also enable some develop-ment to be undertaken particularly towards the end of the quinquennium. In making some provision for development I have in mind particularly the need for scientific and technological progress and I am sure that the University Grants Committee will keep this in mind in distributing the grant THE ANNIVERSARY MEETINGS 1952 The anniversary meetings of the Institute this year were remarkable for several reasons.It was the first time such meetings had been held jointly with the Chemical Society and the first time they had taken place in Dublin. It is of course only in recent years that the Institute has adopted the practice of holding anniversary meetings outside London in alternate years. The first occasion was in Birmingham in 1948 and the second in Glasgow two years ago. These were meetings of the Institute alone arranged by invitation of the corre-sponding Local Sections but the date of the Glasgow meetings was fixed in consultation with the Chemical Society so that these meetings should follow on immediately after those of the latter in Edinburgh and members could there-fore attend both without making separate journeys to Scotland.This year the collaboration was closer for the Local Representatives of the Chemical Society in Dublin and the Dublin and District Section of the Institute had invited their respective bodies to come to the capital of the Republic of Ireland and it was agreed that it would be to the general advantage that they should hold their meetings during the same period 15-18 April 1952. It was necessary of course that each body should hold its own separate Annual General Meeting for the transaction of formal business but as most of those who went to Dublin were members of both even this separation was not very apparent. A full report of the Annual General Meeting of the Institute appears on p. 142. The Presidents of the two bodies-Sir Eric Rideal and Mr.H. W. Cremer-gave separate Presidential Addresses under the respective titles “Colloid Science-A Chapter in Chemistry” and “Worthy Ends and Expectations” but although these were designed primarily to interest their own members the meetings were open to all-and were attended by large audiences, including ladies and other guests. The full text of our own President’s address is gived on p. 117 and further reference is made in the Editorial to this issue to the fact that this year marks the seventy-fifth anniversary of the foundation of the Institute-another reason why the Annual General Meeting in Dublin was of special significance. The vote of thanks to Mr. Cremer for his presidential address was proposed by Professor F. S. Spring seconded by Mr. J. Andrews, the Chairman of the Dublin and District Section and carried with prolonged applause.The Chemical Society held the Annual Meeting of its Local Representatives on the morning of 17 April and the 26th Conference of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections of the Institute took place in the afternoon of that day. Both of these meetings took on a somewhat special character through being held on the stage of the Rupert Guinness Hall-behind the safety curtain and without footlights! A summary of the proceedings of the 26th Conference of Hon. Secretaries will be found on p. 153. Although these two conferences were necessarily separate and closed events they were linked in a very happy manner by a luncheon given by Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd. at St. James’s Gate Brewery in the intervening period.To this luncheon were invited the Officers of the two bodies their Local Representatives and Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections and a number of members of Council. Cordial thanks have been expressed to the Directors of Messrs. Guinness for their magnificent hospitality. The company was particularly gratified by the fact that Mr. C. K. Mill the Managing Director and the Right. Hon. Lord Moyne were both present as hosts at the luncheon. Mr. Mill welcomed the guests and the thanks of the company were expressed by Mr. Cremer whose neat Latin quotation was particularly appreciated although its authenticity remains a matter of doubt. All other events in the programme were open to members of the Chemical Society and the Institute with their guests and were thus truly joint occasions.[ 139 Although the number of applications for tickets had exceeded expectations it was possible to meet most of the requirements of those who applied before the specified date except for the reception given by the Government of Ireland. Here priority had to be given to visitors from the United Kingdom and we are grateful to our Irish colleagues for their forbearance. The total number of persons who registered for the Joint Anniversary Meetings was 384 which included 214 members of one or both of the bodies of whom 150 came from outside Ireland. It was a surprise and a source of gratification to the organisers that so many of the visiting members were accompanied by their ladies. It is suspected that the ladies themselves had some influence in this matter.The meetings opened with a reception given by Messrs. W. & H. M. Gould-ing Ltd. at the Shelbourne Hotel in the evening of 15 April. The company, consisting of some 250 members and their ladies were received by Sir Basil Goulding and were afforded an excellent opportunity for a preliminary social meeting before the more serious business began. On the afternoon of the follow-ing day a visit to Trinity College Dublin was greatly appreciated. The old-world charm of this ancient institution in the centre of a busy city was a revelation to many. Even those who had been to Trinity on other occasions were pleased to have most of its remarkable features pointed out by well-informed guides and all were delighted to be received by Professor McConnell the recently appointed Provost on behalf of the Board.This reception took place in the Provost’s House and those who attended were made to feel that they were his personal guests. A similar warmth of welcome was apparent in all the other events to which members and their ladies were invited. At the reception given by the Govern-ment of Ireland the company was received by the Minister for Health and Mrs. Ryan in Iveagh House-formerly the town house of the Earls of Iveagh but subsequently presented to the Government. It would be difficult to imagine a more suitable place for a reception of this kind in which stateliness and friendly hospitality were so happily conjoined. The Institute and the Society are indeed grateful to the Government of Ireland for according to them the honour of an official reception and to the Minister and his lady for the graciousness with which they were received and entertained.Cordial thanks have also been expressed to Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. for the reception and dance they gave at the Royal Hibernian Hotel on the evening of 18 April. At this the concluding event of the Anniversary Meetings, members and their guests were received by Mr. and Mrs. E. D. G. Lewers. Our hosts were left in no doubt about the extent to which their generous hospi-tality was enjoyed by the fact that as midnight approached there were many expressions of regret at the pending termination of the dance which soon turned to pleasure when it was learned that an extension to 1 a.m. had been arranged.Here again the graciousness of our hosts turned what might have been a formal occasion into a joyous family party. There were two major events organised by the Society and the Institute themselves one scientific and one social. The former was a lecture by Dr. V. C. Barry on “Studies in the Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis.” This lecture included an account of the variety of organic substances prepared and examined in the Laboratories of the Medical Research Council of Ireland as possible agents in the fight against tuberculosis. The lecture was attended by a large audience in the Rupert Guinness Hall and is being printed in full in the series of Lectures, Monographs and Reports. The principal social event was the Joint Anniversary Dinner on the evening of 17 April at the Gresham Hotel.This function was attended by nearly 300 people and provided an opportunity for returning in some measure the hospitality provided by organisations and colleagues in Ireland. Sir Eric Rideal President of the Chemical Society was in the Chair and the principal guest was Dr. [ 140 Michael Tierney the President of University College Dublin with Mrs. Tierney. Other official guests included the Provost of Trinity College and Mrs. McConnell; Lord and Lady Moyne (Messrs. Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd.); Mr. and Mrs. L. V. Bishop (Messrs. John Jameson & Son Ltd.); Sir Basil and Lady Goulding; Mr. J. J. Hickey (Messrs. Brown Thomas Ltd.); Mr. and Mrs. E. D. G. Lewers (I.C.I. Ltd.); Mr. W. V. Griffiths President of the Institute of Chemistry of Ireland and Mrs.Griffiths; Mr. D. J. O’Sullivan President of the Irish Public Analysts’ Association and Mrs. O’Sullivan; Professor F. E. Hackett Treasurer of the Royal Irish Academy and Mrs. Hackett; Major A. McMorrough Kavanagh President of the Royal Dublin Society and Mrs. McMorrough Kavanagh. Societies and Institutions having their headquarters in Great Britain were also represented the Society of Chemical Industry by its Vice-president Mr. J. W. Tullo with Mrs. Tullo and by its General Secretary, Lt. Col. F. J. Griffin; the British Association of Chemists by its Past President, Mr. C. S. Garland with Mrs. Garland; the Institution of Electrical Engineers, by the Chairman of its Irish Branch Mr. B. O’Mongain with Mrs. O’Mongain; the Faraday Society by its President Sir Charles Goodeve with Lady Goodeve; the Institution of Metals and the Institution of Metallurgists by Dr.C. J. Smithells the President of both societies with Miss Jennifer Smithells; the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists by its President, Dr. J. R. Nicholls; the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors by the Chair-man of its Irish Branch Mr. A. Aston with Mrs. Aston; and the Textile Institute by the Chairman of its Irish Section Mr. L. B. Jones with Mrs. Jones. Following the toasts of The President of Ireland and of H.M. Queen Elizabeth 11 the toast of “The Chemical Society and the Royal Institute of Chemistry” was proposed by Dr. Tierney who in happily chosen words welcomed members of the two bodies to Dublin and hoped that they might come again.The two Presidents Sir Eric Rideal and Mr. H. W. Cremer responded in turn and in their different ways indicated the pleasure of all members‘ in the warmth of the welcome they had received in Dublin and in the excellence of the arrangements that had been made for their meetings and entertainment. In a sparkling speech, Professor T. S. Wheeler proposed the toast of the guests whom he classified in terms of electron levels concluding with the g-level signifying “the girls,” which provided the opportunity we believe all Irishmen enjoy of paying compliments to the ladies-whereafter any distinction between “the good” and “the inter-esting” seemed to vanish. In replying for the guests Mr. W. V. Griffiths refrained from attempting to follow the surely inimitable style of the proposer, but delighted us with incursions into Celtic legends the relevance of which nobody wished to question and the sincerity of which was apparent to all.Other events in the programme included coach tours to the Hill of Howth and Dublin Airport and of the Boyne Valley alternative events for ladies included a coach tour of the City of Dublin a fashion display arranged by Messrs. Brown Thomas Ltd. and a shopping tour for which ladies resident in Dublin offered to act as guides but which we understand served mainly as a starting point for ladies who knew what they wanted and did not need guides for long. No expedition to Dublin would be complete without visits to the estab-lishments of some of the major industries. That these should have been restricted to the St.James’s Gate Brewery of Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd., and the Bow Street Distillery of John Jameson & Son Ltd. was perhaps not quite fair to the industrial activity of the City but the fermentation industries are naturally of special interest to chemists and we are grateful to these two renowned firms for providing facilities for viewing their processes which are of such absorbing scientific and human interest. In his speech at the Annual Dinner Sir Eric Rideal referred to the possibilities of further industrial developments in the Republic of Ireland having as important an effect on the economy of the country as such industries had produced in [ 141 Switzerland-another small country without appreciable resources of coal or petroleum.Those who saw something of the spring-time beauty of the Irish countryside on the coach tours may hope however that such developments will not lead to its desecration or that grappling with the grimmer economic prob-lems with which every country is now increasingly beset will not deprive our Irish friends and colleagues of that charm of manner and generosity which impressed us all. A programme of meetings of this kind and of this extent cannot be organised without great expenditure of effort by a relatively small number of enthusiastic and determined people. The Organising Committee in Dublin consisted of Mr. John Andrews (Chairman of the Section) Mr. H. D. Thornton (Hon. Secre-tary of the Section) and Mr. E. R. Stuart (Hon. Treasurer of the Section)-representing the Institute; Dr.V. C. Barry (Local Representative) Professor T. S . Wheeler and Mr. J. Belton-representing the Chemical Society. But all six were members of both bodies and it is clear that the interests of both were in the hearts of all of them. Mr. Thornton and Mr. Belton acted as Joint Hon. Secretaries of the Organising Committee and as members of the Institute we are particularly proud of the outstanding part that Mr. Thornton played in organis-ing the events and ensuring that the meetings as a whole were such a signal success. On him devolved a major share of the responsibility and of the worries that arose about hotel accommodation owing to the strike that began over six months ago and was still unsettled. In the outcome however the whole pro-gramme worked with complete smoothness and nothing that might conduce to the interest or comfort of the visitors was lacking.There were no complaints. How could there be? Even the weather was smiling throughout the meetings. SEVENTY:FOURTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING FRIDAY 18 APRIL 1952 The Seventy-Fourth Annual General Meeting of the Royal Institute of Chemistry was held in the Lecture Theatre The Chemistry Department Univer-sity College Science Buildings Upper Merrion Street Dublin on Friday 18 April 1952 at 10.15 a.m. Mr. H. W. CREMER C.B.E. M.Sc. M.I.Chem.E. M.Inst.F. F.R.I.C., President occupied the Chair and 56 Fellows and 39 Associates were present. The SECRETARY read the Notice convening the Meeting. Minutes.-The Minutes of the Seventy-Third Annual General Meeting having been printed and circulated (Journal 1951 111 178) it was agreed that they be taken as read.The CHAIRMAN In presenting the Annual Report of the Council for 1951, I will first call upon the Honorary Treasurer to present the Annual Statements of Account and to refer to sections of the Annual Report relating to Finance, House and Staff matters and Charitable Trusts. Annual Statements of Account.-The HON. TREASURER (Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones) I beg to present the Annual Statements of Account the adoption of which will be moved by the President when he presents the Annual Report of Council as a whole. Since the accounts are presented in such detail and there is moreover a section of the Council's Report in which they are discussed I propose to restrict myself mainly to general observations.All who are responsible for the financial affairs of societies and companies are naturally facing difficulties in the present period of rising prices. This is particularly true of the Institute which has substantially a fixed income derive from members’ subscriptions and has to meet these rising prices as best it can. Your Finance and House Committee is therefore constantly facing difficult problems. We have to see that examinations and other special services are not conducted at too heavy a loss to make adequate provisions for reserves (bearing in mind the state of the existing reserves) and at the same time to implement as far as possible the policy of the Council which is to extend the Institute’s activities and give the members increasing value for their money.In addressing you last year I gave figures to illustrate for example the cost of increased activities in the Sections and improvements in the Journal. It is as well to bear these figures in mind. Section grants in 1945 were only E520 and in my first year as Treasurer in 1946 these were stepped up to €969. In 1951 as you will see from the accounts before you direct grants were €2,243 and the total cost of running the Sections (including conferences of Honorary Secretaries printing etc. and a due proportion of head office salaries and over-heads) has reached €6,140. The direct cost of the Journal in 1945 was 2854 and in 1946,.E1,061. Last year it was E3,072 and the net expenditure on publications including Lectures, Monographs and Reports and a proportion of office salaries and overheads was no less than E5,599.This makes full allowance for receipts from sales and revenue from advertisements and incidentally is €683 less than the corre-sponding figure for the previous year mainly because of the increased advertise-ment revenue. Thus in the last few years money has been spent and I think wisely spent to encourage the activities of Local Sections and to extend and improve the Journal. More is still wanted in these directions and will be made available as soon as the state of finances permits. In the meantime I am personally grateful to those responsible for the “spending departments” for the way in which they have met me in reducing expenditure. This has meant sacrifices for them and perhaps disappointment-I hope only temporary-but it has enabled me to balance the budget.In spite of all the difficulties I have mentioned we have been able to present an Income and Expenditure Account with a small balance on the right side. The balance of the General Income and Expenditure Account in 1950 after placing only €500 to reserve was E175. In 1951 after placing a more realistic sum of €1 ,250 to reserve the balance was €245. We have in some way or other to strike a balance between the proposals for progress stimulated by those with vision and for which I have so much sympathy and the cold economic facts with which as your Treasurer I am so closely concerned. I said last year that despite allocations to reserves I hoped nearly to balance our budget in 195 1 and certainly to do so in 1952.I think we may be encouraged by the 1951 result but with inflation still rampant it will be a struggle to complete the prophesy for 1952 and still realise my hope of expanding our activities. Your Finance and House Committee are examining various ways of increasing our income without direct increase of subscriptions and of cutting down ex-penses without restricting our activities. We certainly want additional income if we are to be as active as I would like to see. I am still optimistic but the problem is by no means easy. We have and properly have to stand on our own feet for not being a “publishing” society we get no outside help. Some alterations in fees etc. are already in operation and have proved very helpful.We continue and shall continue to try to make the Institute of more and more value to its members. I would remind you for instance that we give very considerable help in the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society. In 1946 our contribution was only E701; in 1952 it will be €1,912. We have converted our own library into a Members’ Room which is now completed and which I hope and believe will be well used and appreciated by members when its facilities are better known. The balance sheet shows the additional value of the premises due to the 143 alterations but the nominal value of our investments is lower because some were realised to pay for this work. Attention should be drawn also to the fall in the market value of these investments all of which are Trustee securities.This further emphasises the need for us to continue to make reserves especially when the value of money is falling. I would remind you of the method we have adopted in recent years of presenting the special accounts in such a way that you can see exactly how your money is spent on particular activities. If possible we hope to extend this principle in the future. These special accounts show in more detail than was obvious earlier how 42 per cent. of the salaries and overheads are expended. So much for the General Accounts although I shall naturally be pleased to answer any questions later on. May I now turn to the Benevolent Fund. This is doing excellent work and is something of which all of us in the Institute can be proud.The section of the Report of the Council dealing with the Benevolent Fund has been deliberately given in fairly full detail so that you may know what is going on. I must, however point out that the current account shows a deficit for the year of 5380 and that this sum has to be provided for in the Balance Sheet. Our total disbursements show that there are considerable calls on the fund and that the Committee is quite active. Although we are as careful and as economical as possible we try to be “benevolent” and to make regular payments and grants that are sensible and realistic bearing in mind the present value of money. The total cost (grants regular payments etc.) in 1945 was E1,515. In 1951 it was E3,345. With rising prices which bear heavily upon those dependent on the Fund, it will be a strain to continue our benevolent work as effectively in the future as in the past unless we have increased income.It is difficult always to act as a beggar but seeing that we have so many people at the Annual General Meeting this year I do hope that those who so far have not subscribed to the Fund will bear in mind what I have said and make a resolution to give us something from this day onwards. The Benevolent Fund is largely supported by a minority of members and this, I think is not to our credit. If the majority of members who do not subscribe would give even 10s. to E l a year the Fund would be in a strong position and would be able to act more generously than it does. Although we have had to make provision in the Balance Sheet for the E380 deficit on the current account our capital position has improved and not deteriorated owing to the additions to capital by donations and bequests.We are indeed most grateful for this generous assistance. This is as you know a great disappointment to us. I stated last year that if we found in the course of the year that there was no real demand for the proposed type of residential club or clubs for the elderly we should wind up the Fund. As you will see from the appropriate section of the Report of the Council it has now been decided to recommend the winding up of this fund but the legal and financial questions involved have not yet been sufficiently clarified for us to ask this General Meeting to pass the necessary resolution. I therefore ask that the matter should be left in abeyance for the time being but before long there will have to be a special General Meeting to pass the resolution.The Report of Council I hope makes clear the position of those who so generously subscribed. Because outright gifts are not returnable there will be a sum of money which must be devoted to a charitable purpose approved by the Council but all these problems will be dealt with in due course. The present position of the fund is clearly set out in the accounts. Again I hope the President will not mind my taking this opportunity of publicly thanking the staff of the Institute for all the help they have given me Finally I have to mention the Residential Clubs Fund during the year. The strain of completing the accounts during the first few weeks of the year when the bulk of the annual subscriptions are received is a very severe one and a considerable amount of overtime is necessarily involved.In spite of this the staff have continued to be efficient and cheerful and it is a great pleasure and privilege to work with them. We should be and I feel are, very proud of our staff. THE CHAIRMAN You will wish me I know to thank the Treasurer for dealing with these matters with his customary skill and lucidity. I can assure everyone that no person could work more wholeheartedly or more assiduously for the benefit of the Institute than does Dr. Kent-Jones. No point of detail however small escapes his notice. Moreover all his many duties are performed in an all-pervading atmosphere of kindliness and enthusiasm which is greatly appre-ciated by all those who are associated with him.Report of the Council for 1951.-Tm CHAIRMAN Since the activities of the Institute during the past year have been referred to in considerable detail in the Report itself I am sure you will not wish me to survey the whole field in com-mending the Report for adoption. It may be useful however if I mention some of the developments that have taken place since the end of 1951 especially those that have arisen out of actions previously taken. First I must refer and with the deepest regret to the death of our Patron, King George VI. Reference is made to this on the first page of the Annual Report and a copy of our message of sympathy to Her Majesty the Queen is recorded there.We have since received a reply from the Home Secretary, which I think you would like me to read to you. “I have had the honour to lay before The Queen the Loyal and Dutiful Address of the President Council Fellows and Associates of the Royal Institute of Chemistry on the occasion of the lamented death of His late Majesty King George the Sixth and have received The Queen’s Commands to convey to you Her Majesty’s grateful Thanks for the assurances of sym-pathy and devotion to which it gives expression.” All members of the Institute will have been gratified to learn that H.R.H. The Duke of Edinburgh had accepted the invitation of the Council to be elected as the first Honorary Fellow under the provisions of the new By-laws. His Royal Highness was formally elected at the January meeting of the Council.At the following meeting six other distinguished persons were elected as Hon. Fellows. In selecting candidates for this honour the Council has had in mind persons of distinction who whether they began their careers as chemists or not, have achieved eminence in some other field of work and have either directly or indirectly contributed to the advancement of the chemical profession or added lustre to it. Those who have accepted the Council’s invitation and have betn duly elected are Sir Henry Dale Sir Harold Hartley Lord McGowan, Mr. R. B. Pilcher Professor Tiselius and Sir Henry Tizard. It will be re-membered that there is no restriction of nationality on Hon. Fellows and the Council was particularly happy to include Professor Tiselius of Sweden who is the recently elected President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.Since the commencement of this meeting we have heard that Professor J. B. Conant the President of Harvard University has also accepted the invitation sent to him by the Council. It gave the Council great satisfaction to be able to bestow the Hon. Fellowship on Mr. R. B. Pilcher the former Registrar and Secretary of the Institute who retired in 1945 after 53 years in its service. The scroll of Hon. Fellowship was presented to Mr. Pilcher at the February meeting of the Council and I am sure that all members of the Institute will wish him well in his new status. Turning now to some internal matters reference is made in the Report to c 145 the possibility of holding examinations for the Associateship in India.At its last meeting the Council was fortunate in receiving from my predecessor, Professor J. W. Cook a statement on the personal observations he had made during his recent visit to India Pakistan and Ceylon in the course of which he had made personal contact with the four Local Sections in India. In the light of this first-hand information furnished by Professor Cook it was agreed to invite an eminent Indian Fellow to act as Supervisor for an examination for the Associateship to be held in Bombay during the next twelve months provided that suitable arrangements could be made. It would be understood of course, that responsibility for the examination would remain with the Council and would not in any sense be delegated to a Local Section.The Supervisor appointed would be responsible to the Council for the conduct of the examinations. The Cumberland and District Section which was the only new Local Section formed during the year is now firmly established and the Secretary and Registrar recently visited the Section with the District Member of Council and was present at the Annual General Meeting of the Section at Seascale. In the 26 Local Sections that now exist in Great Britain and Ireland and the 7 oversea Sections changes in Officers naturally occur from time to time. Particulars of these changes are referred to in the Report but I would like to make special mention of the retirement of Mr. E. M. Joiner as Hon. Secretary of the Birmingham and Midland Section and pay a tribute to the outstanding services that he has rendered to the Section and to the Institute over many years.It is a great pleasure to learn of his restoration to health and activity. The Section Officers’ Handbook which was approved in draft with minor emendations at the Conference of Hon. Secretaries last October has now been put into final shape; copies will be available almost immediately to Officers and Members of the Committees of the Sections. The introduction of a new Branch of the Fellowship is a matter of special importance and I am sure you will agree that the Council has been wise in estab-lishing under the general heading of “Biochemistry,” the new Branch D. 1 : Clinical Chemistry. In discussions with the Ministry of Health through the Joint Committee of the Biochemical Society the Association of Clinical Patho-logists and the Institute it was recognised that the Institute had an important part to play in setting standards of qualification for hospital biochemists.It is hoped that the establishment of this new Branch of the Fellowship together with advice that is being tendered through the Joint Committee will do much to raise the status of these hospital biochemists. The Council welcomes the initiative of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section in arranging under the auspices of the Institute a short course of clinical chemistry this summer, particulars of which were circulated with the Annual Report of the Council. In another special field in which qualified chemists have an important contribution to make much concern has been expressed about the shortage of science teachers in schools.Various aspects of this matter have been con-sidered by the Joint Council of Professional Scientists and by the newly consti-tued Education Committee of the Institute. It is recognised that unless teaching in grammar and secondary schools can be made more attractive to suitably qualified scientists the output of scientists from the technical colleges and universities will soon begin to suffer. In view of the importance of this matter in the national interest the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee has agreed to hold a discussion on it in June of this year. At the Conference of Hon. Secretaries last October and at recent meetings of the Council considerable concern has been expressed about the curtailment of the Journal due to financial stringency.As the Treasurer has mentioned in his statement it has been possible to provide a somewhat increased allocation of money for the Journal and the series of Lectures Monographs and Reports during the current year and although strict economy will still be necessary it is [ 146 expected that some of the cuts made in 1951 may be restored. The Council has asked the Publications Committee to review the whole question of the Institute’s publications including intermittent publications in order to see how in spite of rising costs especially of paper the available funds may be used to the best advantage of the Institute and its members. The Council is particularly concerned about the future of the Journal as this is the principal medium of communication with members throughout the world.On the other hand the Council realises the importance of publishing the Register of Fellows and Associates at regular intervals and greatly regrets the delay in issuing the edition that was due to appear in 1951. It is hoped to make arrangements that will ensure the publication of the Register in alternate years in future as in pre-war times but the editions will probably have to be limited and a charge made to those who wish to receive a copy. Many members of the Institute may not realise the extent to which we are involved in co-operation with the appropriate Government Departments in the administration of schemes for National Certificates in Chemistry and Applied Chemistry.The Ordinary National Certificates are of approximately Inter-mediate standard in chemistry while the Higher National Certificates correspond approximately with pass Degree level. Since many employers give special consideration to holders of these certificates for promotion and salary incre-ments it is not surprising that increasing numbers of candidates are coming forward and I would draw your special attention to the statistics in the Report. It is clear that this co-operative effort has now become a major one for the Institute on whose staff the bulk of the detailed work falls. Moreover many technical colleges that are recognised for training students for the Institute’s examinations have co-ordinated such courses with those for National Certificates, and the Higher National Certificate is thus becoming in many places a pre-liminary qualification for those who aspire to the Associateship of the Institute.This has the advantage that those who are not able to proceed to full professional qualification nevertheless have something to show that they have attained a recognised standard in chemical knowledge. Since the end of the year a number of awards have been made in respect of 1951. On the recommendation of the Council of the Institute the Society of Maccabaeans has decided to award two Meldola Medals for 1951-one t o Dr. Charles Kemball and the other to Dr. G. W. Kenner both at the University of Cambridge (Journal 1952 11 100). The Administrators of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund have also made two awards each of 100 guineas one to Dr.K. H. Jack and one to Dr. W. A. Wood. Biographical notes of the recip-ients of these awards will be published in the Journal (see p. 168). It is a pleasure to report also that on the recommendation of the Assessor (Mr. A. L. Bacharach) the Council has decided to award the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for 1951 to Mr. Geoffrey W. Smith of Nonvood Technical College. The Report refers in detail to changes in the constitution of the Council and committees and in the representation of the Institute on other bodies and I would like to emphasise the debt that the Council and indeed all members of the Institute owe to those who have given their time and energy to furthering the interests of the Institute and the profession through such services.It is realised that in these days it becomes increasingly difficult for busy people to find time for this work and I know you would like them to feel that their efforts are appreciated. It was with great regret that the Council learned of the death of Mr. A. R. Jamieson early this year; he had been the District Member of Council for Scotland I11 until ill health caused him to resign in the latter part of last year. Lastly I must refer to the break in continuity of administration of the Institute caused by the retirement of Mr. R. L. Collett the Registrar and Miss I. Cawston Principal Assistant Secretary at the end of 1951 after 26 and [ 147 42 years respectively in the service of the Institute. Tribute has been paid to Mr.Collett in Part VI of the JuurnaZ for 1951 and a reference to the presentation to Miss Cawston is made in Part I1 for this year (see p. 102). All of us realise that the replacement of officers who have devoted so much of their active life to the work of the Institute cannot be effected without great difficulty. You will have seen that on the advice of its Future Administration Committee the Council decided to reorganise the central administration by recombining the offices of Secretary and Registrar and appointing Dr. Ellingham in the dual capacity with Mr. Raymond as his Deputy. This has involved dividing the main business of the office into three sections under the supervision of Mr. D. A. Arnold (Assistant Secretary Administrative) Mr. L. W. Winder (Assistant Registrar) and Dr.F. W. Gibbs (Assistant Secretary Scientific), who was appointed on 1 October last. While these changes were being made the reconstruction of the building was still in progress and I should like to pay a special tribute to the way in which the salaried officers and staff of the Institute have continued their work while these physical and administrative alterations were proceeding. No praise could be too high for the wholly admirable manner in which they have coped with their manifold difficulties. It may not be generally understood quite how much disturbance there has been during these past months probably because it is the custom of these good people to make light of their trials. Nevertheless I know from personal observation how troublesome this transition stage (which is still continuing) has been and how nobly they have responded to it.In conclusion I should like to say a few words about Dr. Ellingham himself. You will find more about him in the number of the Journal which is about to be issued (see Part 11 49) but I cannot let this opportunity pass without paying my personal tribute to his many qualities. I have known him intimately for more than 25 years both in the academic world and outside it and we have been colleagues on all sorts of occasions long before our present even closer associa-tion began. Apart from his many sterling qualities of which there has been such abundant evidence in his academic life in his service to Government Depart-ments and to the many professional bodies he has served in an honorary capacity-he is essentially a very friendly person a characteristic which is of the highest importance in an organisation such as our own.He can assure himself that our united good wishes are with him in the very arduous dual role which he has now been called upon to undertake. Ladies and Gentlemen I have great pleasure in moving the adoption of the Annual Report of the Council for 1951 including the Annual Statements of Account and I will now call on Mr. Elliot Dodds to second the resolution. MR. G. ELLIOT DODDS Mr. President Sir Ladies and Gentlemen; I do riot quite know in what capacity I have been honoured in being asked to second the adoption of the Report of the Council for 195 1. Maybe it is in order to make the gathering almost truly international-or perhaps because it is unusual for Dodds ever to be at an Institute meeting without saying something.(Laughter.) In any case I have the greatest pleasure in seconding the adoption of the Report and Accounts for the year 195 1. THE CHAIRMAN It is now my pleasure to invite discussion and questions on any portion of the Report including the Financial Section. I will ask the Treasurer to deal with any questions which may arise in regard to finance. PROFESSOR SIR ERIC RIDEAL There is one question I should like to put in regard to the Institute investments. How far have they to be in Trustee Securities? How far can the Royal Institute of Chemistry obtain permission to switch to Industrials or other investments? THE HON. TREASURER When the suggestion was made that this might be possible for The Chemical Society I made a mental note to see what might b permissible for the Institute.As far as I know at present however we have no option whatsoever the investments must all be in Trustee Securities. THE CHAIRMAN If there are no further comments I will now put the motion that the Annual Report of the Council for 1951 including the Annual Statements of Account be adopted. The resolution was carried unanimously, Election of Officers Members of Council and Censors for 1952-53. THE “We have examined the ballot papers and report as follows:-The total number of ballot papers received was 1,473 of which 11 were disallowed. The number of valid ballot papers was therefore 1,462 and the votes were cast as under:-Censors James Wilfred Cook 1,45 1 ; Gerald Roche Lynch 1,45 1 ; William Wardlaw 1,450; Sir Ian Morris Heilbron 1,449.Vice-presidents Sir Robert Robinson 1,455; Harry Baines 1,449; Sir Harry Jephcott 1,448. Hon. Treasurer Douglas William Kent-Jones 1,455. General Members of Council Frederick Challenger 1 ,155; Ernest James Vaughan 1,041 ; Kenneth Alan Williams 1,016; William Alfred Cyril Newman, 966; Bernard Charles Saunders 950; Harold Cecil Smith 880; George Herbert Moore 856; Charles Enrique Dent 789; Colston James Regan 757; Hans Krall 469. SECRETARY read the following Report of the Scrutineers:-Signed H. G. SMITH L. M. MIALL. Scrutineers.” THE CHAIRMAN Inow declare the following to be duly elected to the specified offices on the result of the ballot:-Censors (4) Professor J.W. Cook Sir Ian Heilbron Dr. G. Roche Lynch Professor W. Wardlaw. (The only change is the replacement of Professor Alexander Findlay by Professor Cook.) Vice-presidents (3 new out of 6) Dr. Harry Baines Sir Harry Jephcott, Professor Sir Robert Robinson. Hon. Treasurer Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones (re-elected). General Members of Council (7 new out of 21) Professor F. Challenger, Mr. G . H. Moore Mr. W. A. C . Newman Dr. B. C. Saunders Dr. H. C. Smith, Mr. E. J. Vaughan Dr. K. A. Williams. I also declare duly elected the following:-District Members of Council (18) Dr. W. R. Angus Mr. H. H. Campbell, Dr. T. Caughey Mr. J. F. Clark Dr. E. Isaacs Dr. C . G. Lyons Dr. A. R. Martin Dr. R. A. Mott Mr. C. W. North Dr. R. Owens Mr. E. G. K. Pritchett, Dr.G. R. Ramage Mr. J. 0. Samuel Professor F. S. Spring (after filling a casual vacancy since December 1951) Professor T. S. Wheeler Dr. J. Williams, Dr. W. T. H. Williamson-together with Mr. J. E. Cummins elected by the Council to represent regions outside Great Britain and Ireland. (The new District Members of Council are-Mr. J. F. Clark Mr. J. E. Cummins and Mr. C . W. North; Professor F. S. Spring has been elected F.R.S. since the notice of this General Meeting was issued.) The Chairman then moved a vote of thanks to the Scrutineers which was accorded with acclamation. [ 149 Election of Auditors.-The Chairman invited nominations for two Hon. Auditors. DR. K. G. A. PANKHURST I wish to propose that Mr. E. 0. Laws be r e appointed; and that in view of Dr.K. A. Williams’s elevation to the Council, Miss M. Olliver be appointed as the other Honorary Auditor. She is now ceasing to be a Vice-president and it would be a nice gesture were she to under-take this work and so keep a further eye on the Council. DR. E. ISAACS seconded the proposal which was adopted. THE TREASURER proposed that Messrs. J. Y . Finlay Robertson & Co., Chartered Accountants be re-appointed as the professional auditors at an increased fee of 165 guineas with an additional fee of 5 guineas for auditing the accounts of the Benevolent Fund. This was seconded and adopted. Vote of Thanks to the Honorary Auditors.-MR. R. L. COLLETT May I be allowed before I carry out this duty of proposing a vote of thanks to the Auditors to take advantage of this first opportunity I have had of thanking you Sir and all members of the Institute for the great kindness shown me during my term of office and particularly on my retirement and for that very wonderful book of signatures which I shall treasure for the rest of my life.The work of the Honorary Auditors is not merely a formality they are the watchdogs on behalf of the ordinary members against the possibility of anything going wrong. The accounts have to be scrutinised first by the Staff then by the Finance Committee and by the professional auditors. I am not surprised that neither Mr. Laws nor Dr. Williams could get here to this meeting; Mr. Laws possibly because the Government Laboratory could not go on in the absence of both Dr. Nicholls and himself.Dr. Williams is Hon. Secretary of the Society of Public Analysts and is also a rowing enthusiast. I understand that in such time as is left he carries on a practice as consulting chemist. (Laughter.) I might mention that although Mr. Laws is rather on the small side and Dr. Williams is on the large side, they have a common rotundity of form which gives confidence in their stability. (Laughter.) I propose a hearty vote of thanks to the Honorary Auditors. DR. DAVID TMLL formally secondedand the vote was passed with acclamation. Vote of Thanks to Retiring Officers.-DR. A. G. LEONARD Mr. President and Members It seems to be my fate to propose this vote of thanks for both Societies I do so to-day with pleasure having been connected with the Institute for a great number of years.I would particularly like to mention Dr. Cumrning, Professor Linnell and Miss Mamie Olliver the retiring Vice-presidents; there are also ten ordinary members of the Council who are retiring. As a person who has been on the Council I am aware of the amount of work that has been done by the Council and of the detailed consideration that every item of business receives. There is a great deal of self-denial necessary on the part of those members who spend their time in this work for the Institute; and therefore I have great pleasure in moving that our thanks be duly accorded to them. I should like for a moment to recall the days when I first went to the Institute, shortly after the First World War and met Mr. Pilcher. I found him a very charming personality and I think the atmosphere of the Institute is largely due to the influence of Mr.Pilcher. He has bequeathed to the Institute a sort of homely helpful attitude and one feels welcome there as soon as one enters the premises. At a later date I attended a meeting of the Council just after the Irish Republic had come into existence. I was briefed to attend that meeting by the Local Section to put forward a resolution asking that citizens of the Republi should not be excluded from membership of the Institute. I am not a great spokesman but I was assured by our present Registrar that I had put my case reasonably well. Ultimately the vote was carried by the Council; and a short while afterwards I got a note from Mr. Collett-“You have now cleared the first fence in the Grand National.” (Laughter.) I have pleasure in proposing the vote of thanks to the retiring Officers.MR. E. E. AYLING Mr. President and Members I wish to second this vote of thanks. Though actually English I represent a Welsh Section so that brings everyone in. I had the pleasure of knowing Professor Linnell first when he was evacuated to Cardiff during the war. He has done very good work on the Council especially as Chairman of the N.E. & I. Committee in the past year. It is a matter of regret that someone so active should have toedrop out but I have no doubt he will not be allowed to stay out very long. Miss Olliver another retiring Vice-president has just been appointed to watch over the finances as one of the Honorary Auditors. There is one other I wish to mention though I am not sure if he comes under this heading.Professor Findlay is now ceasing to be a Censor and for the first time for very many years he no longer has any office in the Institute. I should like to make special mention of him here. During part of the period in which I had the privilege of being a member of the Council he was President, and I always remember his wise guidance as Chairman and his tact during the Secretaries’ Conferences at a time when some of us were very outspoken. It gives me very great pleasure to second this vote of thanks and to include in it the name of Professor Findlay. The vote of thanks was carried unanimously. PROFESSOR W. H. LINNELL Mr. President and Fellow Members I am rather pleased to have this opportunity of responding to the motion on behalf of myself and the others.I think that the work of the Institute could not be carried on without the most expert help that we get from the members of the Council and from the Chairmen of Committees and from the permanent Officers of the Institute. I am sure it would have been absolutely impossible for me to have made any contribution to the work of the Institute had it not been for the amount of preparatory work by the officers concerned. I feel a hearty vote of thanks is due to them for their help during my term of office-and in saying that I am sure I am speaking also for the other people who are retiring. Service to the Institute does take a little time but it gives a feeling of satis-faction at having done something well worth while.Therefore I will be brief and give the best wishes of myself and those who retire with me to those who follow after in our footsteps and hope that they will have as pleasant a time in office as we ourselves have had. THE PRESIDENT I am sure it would be the general wish that we should express our thanks to the officers of the Dublin and District Section-(applause) -and to its representatives on the Joint Organising Committee Mr. John Andrews Chairman of the Local Section Mr. H. D. Thornton its Honorary Secretary and Mr. E. R. Stuart. Thanks have been accorded to them on various occasions during the week; but I think these should be reiterated until the end of our stay as we really owe an enormous debt to them. As one day follows another we realise that there is a perfect organisation in operation and that even under conditions of great difficulty they have succeeded in making this meeting a great success.Personally I have never felt a single qualm that T should not be met con-veyed and looked after. The President of the Chemical Society has already expressed thanks and I know that we feel exactly the same. I hope to make it quite clear to our friends in Dublin that our thanks are of the warmest possible kind. c 151 MR. THORNTON Mr. President Ladies and Gentlemen I must thank you, Sir for your kind words to me and my colleagues on the Organising Committee. It has been a very great pleasure to work on the task of arranging these meetings and it has been a great pleasure to welcome to Dublin so many distinguished chemists to make so many new friends and to see so many old friends once more.Mr. Andrews who is Chairman of this Section is an Englishman but he has been in Dublin for 52 years in the service of Messrs. Guinness and we now regard him as Irish by absorption. (Laughter.) The Honorary Treasurer of our Section is-appropriately enough-a Scot named Stuart and therefore no one has any qualms about our finances being carefully guarded. The remaining members of the Organising Committee are the representatives of the Chemical Society Professor Wheeler who when we started our labours, was a member of the Council of that Society; Dr. V. C. Barry the local repre-sentative of the Society; and Mr. J. G. Belton who joined with me in looking after the secretarial side of the Committee.It was Dr. Johnson who said “The Irish are a very fair people,” but spoilt it by adding “they never speak well of one another.” I must contradict that and speak well of my fellow Irish members. Mr. Belton and I worked very happily together on this Committee; and we felt no trouble at all as between the interest of the Chemical Society on the one hand and of the Royal Institute of Chemistry on the other-nor should there be as I think we are all members of both. It was not really a Joint Committee in that sense as it was six people, members of the two societies working together. We must express our gratitude to the many people who have been helpful to us. I know that official letters will go out to the various firms and organisa-tions and to the Government; but I feel I should express my thanks not necess-arily to the boards of directors but to the actual people with whom we had to deal and from whom we received the greatest possible co-operation and help in making things run smoothly.I do not think it would be possible to name them all individually but I may say that we are extremely grateful to them. Also we must express our gratitude to the Headquarters of the Institute. Dr. Ellingham has guided us and helped us in every possible way and has made our task as easy as possible. Last but not least may I mention the Treasurer of the Institute Dr. Kent-Jones who made sure that we had enough money who has insisted that the thing must be done properly and that nothing must be stinted. That is a quite unusual characteristic in a Treasurer.Finally as to yourself I must tell those here that when the President arrived on Tuesday morning and we said we wanted to go through one or two things, he said “I am in your hands for the next five days and will do what I am told.” Sir you are a very well trained President. Thank you for the opportunity of welcoming you. We hope you will come again. (Applause.) The Chairman then declared the meeting closed TWENTY-SIXTH CONFERENCE OF HON. SECRETARIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS The Conference was held in the Rupert Guinness Hall Dublin on 17 April, 1952 at 3 p.m. The President occupied the Chair and was supported by Professor J. W. Cook immediate Past President; Professor W. H. Linnell, Chairman of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee, Dr.C. W. Herd Chairman of the Publications Committee; and Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones Hon. Treasurer. All but one of the Sections in Great Britain and Ireland were represented and in all except two instances by their Hon. Secre-taries. Dr. William Gibb represented the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section and Dr. H. Gregson the Cumberland and District Section. Local Section Rules.-An office memorandum giving a comparative survey of existing Rules of Local Sections prepared in response to a request made at the previous conference (Journal 1951 VI 367) confirmed the impression that diversities in such sets of Rules were mainly in the detailed provisions for the management of Section affairs. It was generally agreed that copies of up-to-date Rules should be available for issue to new members of Sections at least and that this object would be most simply and economically achieved if rules common to all or most of the Sections were codified as “general rules.” These would serve as a general introduction to all sets of Section Rules and variations and additions peculiar to each Section could then follow.The Secretary under-took to draft a schedule of general rules in conformity with the revised By-laws, indicating the manner in which the requirements of individual Sections might be set forth in relation to this common framework. Scale of Section Grants.-Consideration was given to a proposal by the Tees-side Section for a revised scale of grants designed to benefit Local Sections that were remote from the main centres of population without entailing any increase in the total sum allocated to Section grants.As a result of discussion, it was concluded that this proposal would not meet real needs in a satisfactory manner. These needs depended not only on the membership of the Section, but also on the distribution of members within the Section and on whether or not there was a local organisation of the Chemical Society or the Society of Chemical Industry in the area. It appeared that the only Sections that were finding serious difficulty with the existing scale of grants were Huddersfield; Hull and District; Mid-Southern Counties; Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands; and Tees-side. It was agreed to recommend that the Finance and House Committee be asked to consider some means for giving additional grants to these five Sections without loss to others except in so far as some reduction might be accepted by the London and South-Eastern Counties Section.Frequency of Conferences of Hon. Secretaries.-A suggestion by the Mid-Southern Counties Section that in view of the need for economy there should be only one conference instead of two each year was not accepted. A large majority took the view that holding conferences as frequently as twice a year was of great importance because apart from the official business transacted the opportunities for informal exchanges of views among Hon. Secretaries were of considerable value in the interests of the Institute. This was particularly true of meetings held in connection with the Anniversary Meetings of the Institute.Register of Fellows and Associates.-At the instance of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section consideration was given to the frequency of publication and conditions of issue of the Register. The difficulties that had led to the long delay in publication of the 1950 edition (Annual Report of the Council for r 153 1951 p. ll) were fully explained and an assurance was given that the Council intended to make every endeavour to revert to the pre-war practice of publishing a new edition of the Register at regular intervals of two years. In view of rising costs the Council had been obliged however to consider making some small charge (probably 5s. at the present price level) for copies of future editions, except to oversea members.It was recognised that publication of a new edition of the Register every year would be too costly an undertaking and would result in serious cutting down of other Institute services. The Journal Obituary Notices.-The East-Midlands Section drew attention to the fact that the recommendation for the restoration of obituary notices in the Journal had not been implemented. It was reported that the Publications Committee had examined this proposal together with others involving additional expenditure on the Journal and had been unable to recommend the adoption of this particular suggestion until the whole question of the content and layout of the Journal and other regular and intermittent publications had been more fully examined. This investigation was in progress and it was agreed that the matter be left over until the Publications Committee had reported to the Council.Applications for Membership Publication of Candidates’ Qualifications.-On a suggestion by the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section that applications for the Associateship or Fellowship should be published in the Journal together with the qualifications of candidates prior to their election a long discussion ensued on conditions for admission of candidates without taking the full examination. It was reported that the Council was fully seized of the importance of maintaining standards of admission but it did not appear that this object would be more effectively attained by publication of the partic-ulars suggested. It was agreed that the matter be left over for the present on the understanding that Hon.Secretaries would be more fully informed on the prin-ciples of admission of candidates who were exempted from taking a full examina-tion. Preliminary Examination in English.-The Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section suggested that as “English Language” could now be taken as a single subject at Ordinary Level in the General Certificate Examina-tion Local Interviewing Committees might be abolished and applicants for registration as students should be required to take the G.C.E. in English Lang-uage. This suggestion was opposed on the grounds that Interviewing Com-mittees could often give useful advice to candidates and that facilities for taking the General Certificate in English Language were not yet sufficiently widely known.It was desirable that Interviewing Committees should be free to decide whether or not to recommend that any individual applicant should be required to take a formal examination in English. It was agreed that further considera-tion might be given to this question when the report of the Education Committee on certain relevant aspects was available. The President expressed the thanks of the meeting to Mr. H. D. Thornton and his Committee for the excellent arrangements made for holding the Con-ference. On the motion of Dr. Pankhurst votes of thanks were also accorded to the President and other Officers and Chairmen of Committees who attended the Conference and to Messrs. Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd. for their generous hospitality in entertaining the Hon.Secretaries to luncheon and for the use of the Rupert Guinness Hall. Mr. Thornton stated that he and his colleagues were very happy to welcome Hon. Secretaries to the meetings in Dublin and had been relieved to learn that the changes that had had to be made in the arrangements for accommodation had not led to serious discomfort. 154 LOCAL SECTION AFFAIRS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The closing meeting for the session was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and members of the Chemical Society on 28 March in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College Aberdeen when Dr. R. L. M. Synge F.R.S. of the Rowett Research Institute gave a talk on “Chromatography.” Dr. Synge gave a short historical account of this subject before discussing some of its more recent applications.The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 29 April in the University Union Broad Street Aberdeen with Dr. W. T. H. Williamson in the chair. The Hon. Secretary’s report the financial statement and the District Member of Council’s report were read and adopted. Office-bearers and committee members for the following year were elected as follows :-Chairman Dr. W. T. H. Williamson; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. H. G. M. Hardie; Hon. Auditor Mr. D. W. Menzies; Committee Dr. W. J. Donaldson Dr. J. A. Lovern Dr. M. B. Watson and Messrs. J. E. Bowen, D. B. Bruce and A. F. Thomson (Peterhead). Birmingham and Midlands.-The Section Annual General Meeting was held on Wednesday 19 March 1952 in Regent House St.Philip’s Place, Birmingham with Dr. S. H. Jenkins in the chair. After the acceptance of the Annual Report and the Financial Statement the Committee was elected for 1952-53 as follows :-Chairman Mr. F. G. Broughall; Vice-chairman, Professor M. Stacey F.R.S.; Hon. Treasurer Mr. E. M. Joiner; Hon. Secretary, Mr. S. A. Ray; District Member of Council Mr. E. G. K. Pritchett; Members: Fellows Dr. J. C. Duff Mr. C. L. Evans Dr. S. H. Jenkins Mr. F. A. Jones, Dr. F. W. Norris; Associates Dr. E. J. Bourne Dr. J. C. Tatlow Mr. S. A. M. Thompson Mr. E. S. Tonks; Auditors Mr. J. H. Bennitt and Mr. C. Hewitt. The Chairman Mr. F. G. Broughall proposed the vote of thanks to the retiring Chairman paying tribute to the conscientious manner in which Dr.Jenkins had discharged his duties over the past two years. The vote of thanks to the retiring members of Committee Dr. H. C. Smith and Mr. G. Barnett, was moved by Mr. C. L. Evans. After the conclusion of formal business the gathering was addressed by Mr. R. L. Collett M.B.E. on several matters of professional interest. After a particularly lively discussion the vote of thanks was moved by Mr. E. M. Joiner who spoke warmly of Mr. Collett’s services to his professional colleagues during the previous twenty-six years. The proceedings were pleasantly terminated by an informal dinner in Mr. Collett’s honour attended by members of the Committee and certain other prominent members of the Institute. Cardiff and District.-The 17th Annual General Meeting was held at the Royal Hotel Cardiff on Friday 2 May 1952 when the following Officers and Committee were elected:-Chairman Mr.G. H. Macadam; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Mr. W. T. Roberts; Hon. Auditor Mr. H. K. B. Rout; Members of Committee (to retire in 1954) Mr. S. J. Chard Mr. G. M. Kerman and Mr. R. C. F. Stephens. Mr. G. M. Kerman retired according to rule from the Office of Hon. Secretary and Treasurer and Mr. S. Dixon retired from the Office of Hon. Auditor after serving in this capacity for five years. Cumberland and District.-On 7 March 1952 at the County School Seascale, the Section was addressed by Dr. F. H. Day on the subject of “Geochemistry.” The very interesting lecture was illustrated in an original fashion a point which [ 155 was stressed by Mr.J. H. Tonkin in his expression of thanks to the lecturer. Dr. Day is Head of the Chemistry Department at Carlisle Technical College. On 27 March 1952 the Second Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the County School Seascale. The meeting received reports from the Chairman and Treasurer and the following officers and committee for the en-suing year were elected :-Chairman Mr. G. s. Towler; Vice-chairman, Dr. H. Gregson; Hon. Secretary-Treasurer Mr. K. A. Swinburn; the newly elected members of committee were Messrs. T. E. V. Horsley K. Saddington and D. M. Stewart. The meeting was also addressed by the District Member of Council Mr. B. D. W. Luff and by the Secretary and Registrar Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. Following the Annual General Meeting an instructive and stimulating lecture was given by Dr.Ellingham on the subject of “Chemical Energy.” It was clear from the expression of thanks by Mr. C. H. Kay and the Chairman Mr. G. S. Towler that the subject was a most appropriate one for the majority of members present. Dublin and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department Trinity College Dublin on 19 March 1952; Mr. J. Andrews Chairman of the Section presided. The report of the Hon. Treasurer which showed that the funds of the Section were in a sound condition was adopted unanimously. The Hon. Auditors Messrs. B. G. Fagan and G. A. F. Harrison were re-elected and thanked for their past services. A ballot to fill two places on the Committee resulted in the election of Mr.W. C. O’Neill and Mrs. E. M. Philbin. The Hon. Secretary outlined the arrangements made for the Anniversary Meetings to be held in Dublin 15-18 April 1952. In response to his request for the assistance of members to act as stewards almost all present volunteered and were allotted tasks. On the motion of the Chairman the thanks of the members were conveyed to the Hon. Treasurer and the Hon. Secretary for their services to the Section. The gratitude of the members was also expressed to the authorities of Trinity College and University College Dublin for the facilities accorded to the Section in the past session for holding meetings. The following are the Officers and Committee for the session 1952-53:-Chairman Mr. W. J. Stringer; District Member of Council Professor T.S. Wheeler; Hon. Secretary Mr. H. D. Thornton; Hon. Treasurer Mr. E. R. Stuart; Members of Committee Messrs. J. Andrews J. G. Belton V. H. M. Bowers Dr. A. G . G. Leonard Mr. W. C. O’Neill and Mrs. E. Philbin. Dundee and District.-On 21 March in the Chemistry Department Univer-sity College Dundee a lecture entitled “The History of the Chemical Industry in Scotland,” was delivered by Dr. W. M. Cumming O.B.E. F.R.S.E. Mr. Alexander Hood was in the chair. Dr. Cumming who is an authority on this subject gave a highly interesting and entertaining review of chemical industry in Scotland from the 18th century to the present day and also of the problem of natural resources such as seaweed, minerals etc. He defined the Scottish Development Council’s part in the de-velopment of chemical industry in Scotland.The need for scientific facilities and information being made available to small firms was also brought out during the lecture and discussion. The interest aroused by the subject was indicated by the vigorous discussion which followed the lecture. Dr. J. D. M. Ross in expressing the thanks of the meeting congratulated Dr. Cumming on his talk and his outstanding work for the Scottish Development Council. [ 156 East Midlands.-A meeting was held jointly with the local sections of the Institute of Fuel and the Society of Chemical Industry at the Electricity Show-rooms Irongate Derby on 20 March. The chair was taken by Mr. Rushworth of the Institute of Fuel and Mr. G. S. Pound gave a lecture illustrated by lantern slides on “The Chemical Aspects of Low Temperature Carbonisation.” Dr.Foxwell President of the Institute of Fuel opened the discussion which followed. The meeting terminated with the vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Dr. Rhys Davies Secretary of the Institute of Fuel. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Midland Hotel, Derby on 3 April Mr. L. P. Priestley Chairman of the Section presiding. The officers for the ensuing year were declared as follows :-Chairman, Mr. L. P. Priestley; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Mr. J. W. Mufin; Hon. Auditor Mr. G. Oldham; District Member of Council Mr. C. W. North; Committee:-Derbyshire Mr. R. Betteridge Dr. A. G. Catchpole Mr. W. Keane; Nottinghamshire Dr. H. H. Barber Messrs.G. F. Hall and C. F. Ward; Leicestershire (excluding Loughborough) Messrs. S. W. Atherley and F. C. Bullock; Loughborough Dr. G. M. Dyson; Lincolnshire Mr. J. R. Rowlands; Co-opted Professor L. Hunter and Mr. W. Hunter. After the meeting Mr. Priestley called upon Dr. Werner of the National Gallery to present his lecture on the “Scientific Examination of Pictures.” Dr. Werner illustrated his lecture with many lantern slides. A discussion followed and a very interesting evening closed with a vote of thanks to Dr. Werner proposed by Dr. Barber and seconded by Dr. Catchpole. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-On 9 November at the Royal Technical College Glasgow Dr. A. B. Crawford delivered to a large audience a lecture on “Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry.” The applications discussed were radio-frequency conductimetry; polarography fluorimetry; absorptio-metric analysis including the differential method and the use of X-rays.In this connection the lecturer discussed the errors arising in such photometric methods and showed how their accuracy and limitations should be assessed. The lecture was well illustrated by lantern slides and a Cambridge Polaro-graph and a “Spekker” Fluorimeter were displayed. The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. J. A. Eggleston. On 8 February in the Royal Technical College Sir William Ogg delivered a delightful lecture on “The Rothamsted Classical Experiments.” He gave a survey of the history of the Rothamsted experiments and the results obtained from them. He indicated the value of results still being obtained and of various side issues that had been followed up.The experimental results and various techniques were illustrated by a large number of coloured and black-and-white slides. Following a lively (discussion a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the speaker on the proposal of Professor H. Nicol. On 22 February the Annual Business Meeting of the Section was held in the Engineering Centre Glasgow. The following Committee was elected for the ensuing year :-Chairman Dr. David Traill; Vice-chairman Professor F. S. Spring F.R.S. ; Hon. Secretary Mr. W. G. D. Wright; Hon. Assistant Secretary Dr. W. Gibb; Hon. Treasurer Dr. A. C. Syme; Committee Members Dr. C. H. Giles Dr. C. L. Hewett Dr. W. C. Hutchison Dr. R. I. Reed Professor J. M. Robertson, Mr.R. A. Shrewsbury Dr. J. Taylor; Hon. Auditor Dr. W. Good. The Chairman on behalf of the Section thanked the retiring member of Committee Professor J. N. Davidson for his services and also expressed the Section’s great regret at the death of Mr. A. R. Jamieson their former Chairman. The report of the Hon. Secretary and the Hon. Treasurer’s statement on the Section funds were formally adopted Following the Annual Meeting Mr. R. L. Collett M.B.E. the retired Registrar of the Institute acted as a one-man “Brains Trust” and dealt with a number of questions that had been submitted by the members of the Section. He gave a remarkably clear exposition of the present position of the Hospital Biochemist with reference to the National Health scheme and the history of the negotiations that had taken place.He discussed the training of chemists the reporting of chemical matters in the National Press and the standard of English employed by technologists. After a short discussion Dr. I. V. Hopper proposed a vote of thanks that was heartily accorded. On 14 March Dr. Harry Hepworth of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., delivered a talk in the Royal Technical College on “Some Reflections on the Pharmaceutical Industry.” In 1932 Germany led the field but to-day the industry had passed into the hands of the U.K. and the U.S.A. Fifty-four per cent. of the total drugs sold to-day were unknown in 1932 and 80 per cent. of present-day prescriptions could not then have been fulfilled. Advances in the fields of antibiotics and hypnotics were astonishing.He stressed the need for chemists and biologists to work together in this field. Prolonged trial alone could reveal the danger or value of substances in medicine and only about one substance in 3,000 tested had passed for clinical use. Mainly through new drugs the expectation of life had been raised from 55 years in 1921 to 65 in 1951. However the death rate due to the chronic degenerative diseases was still the same as in 1931. At the close of the lecture numerous questions were asked and the vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. C. L. Hewett of Messrs. Organon Laboratories. Hull and District.-On 10 January 1952 a crowded audience which included many ladies and registered students asembled to hear Mr. Frank Wood talk on “Experiences of the W.H. Page Scholar 1951.” Mr. Wood told how his tour of research and teaching establishments in the U.S.A. opened with an unexpected discussion on boiler feed conditioning and corrosion with the senior officers of the Queen Mary; their diverse problems included the use of hard water on the westward journey and soft water on the eastward journey. His programme following his arrival in New York began with a tour of Broadway by night, demonstrations of work on large molecules at the Brooklyn Polytechnic next morning then a visit to the Dorr Research Laboratories and a journey to Cambridge. At Harvard University he paid his respects to Priestley’s original eudiometer visited the Sanitary Engineering Section and took part in a clam-bake picnic. Then he spent a few days at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he was greatly impressed by the elaborate resources for investigation of fundamental problems in fractional distillation.After visits to the Carnegie Institute Princeton University the Mellon Institute and the National Bureau of Standards he found time to visit two industrial plants-Du Pont and the Standard Oil Co. The speaker commented that he could have spent a fascinating month at either plant. In conclusion Mr. Wood expressed gratitude to the City and Guilds of London Institute for generously providing the Travelling Scholarship to the English Speaking Union personnel on both sides of the Atlantic for the excellent arrangements made on his behalf and to his many friendly American hosts. The Social Evening arranged for 14 February was overshadowed by the recent death of the King but it provided a pleasant opportunity for the meeting of old and new members of the Section and their ladies.The East Hull Male Voice Octet reinforced by the Hon. Treasurer Mr. C . E. Rhodes gave a harmonious musical interlude. The March meeting was held in the Yarborough Hotel Grimsby on 13 March and was supported by more than half of the Section members livin south of the Humber. Dr. Pedelty presided and Dr. G. W. Cooke of the Rothamsted Experimental Station gave an admirable paper on “Modem Developments in the Use of Fertilisers.” After a brisk discussion in which many members and visitors participated Mr. A. J. Goodall proposed the vote of thanks to the lecturer. On 10 April following the formal business of the Annual General Meeting, Mr.A. L. Bacharach gave an entrancing survey of antibiotic development. He stressed the romantic circumstance that Fleming chanced upon the one penicillin strain among many thousands that combined bacteriostatic properties with non-toxicity. He traced the growth of penicillin production from this tiny zone of inhibition originally observed at Oxford to a vast industry capitalised at over ten million pounds sterling. Dr. W. H. Pedelty Chairman of the Section presided. Several members of the Pharmaceutical Society were also present. Mr. G. Colman Green proposed the vote of thanks to the lecturer; this was seconded by Mr. D. W. Burley and accorded with acclamation. The officers of the Section were re-elected with an expression of thanks for their admirable work during the past session.Dr. A. Cheshire Mr. L. H. Coulson and Mr. R. B. Croad who retired from the committee were also thanked for their loyal services during the past three years. Mr. G. Colman Green Mr. F. H. Plaster and Dr. P. A. Lintern were elected to fill the vacancies. Mr. A. J. Goodall whose enthusiasm in organising the Grimsby meeting of the Section is much appreciated has recently been active in initiating a series of bi-monthly luncheon meetings at the Yarborough Hotel Grimsby. Primarily intended to promote intercourse among members of the Hull and District Section in the area south of the Humber they will be open to any members of the Institute who find it convenient to attend. Details of the arrangements are to be circulated in due course and it is confidently expected that many pleasant gatherings will take place and valuable exchange of ideas result.Close liaison with the Scunthorpe group of Chemical Engineers is planned throughout the session and one of the full meetings of the Section will be held in Scunthorpe, probably in September. Leeds Area.-Members of the three chartered bodies joined forces in a Chemists’ Dinner held at the Hotel Metropole Leeds on 15 March 1951. Professor E. G. Cox who presided welcomed the members who had supported this revival of the social activities which the chemists of the area were wont to enjoy before the war and introduced the chief guest Dr. C. R. Morris, Vice-chancellor of the University of Leeds. The Vice-chancellor in a manner wholly delightful surveyed chemists from the view-point of the philosopher.The respect of the arts man for the man of science though not without limits was profound and deep. The interest of the early philosophers in science was first physical and later biological but he found in his daily life at a university with a large technological faculty that at every practical stage the decisive factor was chemistry. The chemist who thus became a central person was a modest sensible middle-of-the-road kind of scientist accustomed to team work and possessing a sense of the values of the things to be discovered. Behind the work of the chemist there was a high degree of passionate application which had a great effect upon students in school and university.Contact between student and teacher was close and the former could not fail to be impressed by the determination and devotion displayed by his preceptors in the pursuit of knowledge and many were thereby inspired to follow the study of pure chemistry to its highest levels. Councillor G. B. Jones moving a vote of thanks to the speaker described chemists on the works as patient men of detail who were liable to frustration through knowing too much of chemistry and too little of other things. The chemist should have a more balanced education in which a command o English should have a prominent place and should appreciate the desirability of simplicity and direct action in dealing with men of other professions and skills who worked with him to further the same ends.Graced by the presence of the ladies this proved to be a very happy social occasion and cordial thanks were expressed to Dr. Cule Davies for his work as organiser. Liverpool and North-Westem-The section meeting listed in the syllabus for 5 March was rearranged and was held on 4 March at the Technical College, Widnes. Mr. B. D. W. Luff presided and Mr. R. Rothwell lectured on “Fifty Years of Organic Microanalysis.” The lecturer holds the position of micro-analyst with the I.C.I. Dyestuffs Division at Blackley near Manchester and for many years held a similar post with the University of Liverpool. Mr. Rothwell illustrated his lecture with both lantern slides and apparatus and outlined the advances made in organic quantitative micro-analysis from the early work of Pregl to the latest automatic combustion procedures popularised by Zimmerman.Among apparatus displayed was the Hosli automatic combus-tion unit imported from Switzerland. Questions were put to the lecturer by Messrs. T. Broadhurst G. White A. Dewsbury and F. P. Johnson and the vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. F. E. Coleman and seconded by Mr. G. White. On 11 March a Section meeting was held at the Technical College Wigan, with Mr. Luff in the chair. Mr. M. K. Schwitzer a chemical engineer on the staff of Messrs. Bamag Ltd. Engineering Plant Manufacturers Fulham, delivered a lecture on “Hydrogenation Theory and Practice.” By means of photographs and diagrams shown in the epidiascope Mr. Schwitzer ably explained not only the theory but also the various types of plant used.The lecturer answered questions from Drs. H. K. Dean M. Woodhead and S . Paul, and Messrs. B. Luff K. S. McManus C. Ashurst G. Rothwell G. P. Riley, and G. R. Robinson. The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. McManus and seconded by Mr. Rothwell. The annual meeting of the Preston Sub-section was held on 13 March at the Town Hall Preston. Mr. Luff as chairman conducted the business which in the main was the election of the sub-committee for the forthcoming season. Messrs. A. B. Crowther E. Taylor A. W. Edmondson C. D. Lafferty E. Rogers and B. C. James were elected. After the business was transacted Dr. A. R. Urquhart head of research at Lansil Ltd. Fabric Manufacturers, Lancaster gave a lecture entitled “A Physical Chemist Talks About Clothes.*’ This was a very instructive discourse on various types of fibres and the effects of atmospheric and other conditions and was enlivened by Dr.Urquhart’s many humorous interspersions. A discussion followed in which Messrs. E. Taylor H. Mason and E. Rogers took part. The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. I. P. Jones. The annual general meeting of the Section was held on 3 April at the Uni-versity of Liverpool when Mr. Luff presided. Elections of officers and com-mittee for the forthcoming session brought about changes as follows :-Chairman, Dr. F. J. Smith; Vice-chairman Dr. M. L. Meara; New Committee Members, Miss M. Roberts and Messrs. L. Wild T. L. Bowyer and C. A. McDowell. Retiring Members of Committee were Messrs. G. W. Beaumont P. Eaglesfield and J.Sowler. The Chairman in thanking various officers referred particularly to the formidable amount of secretarial work in which the Honorary Secretary, Mr. J. Ashley Jones was involved for the Section his efficiency and also his zeal in attending 17 out of 18 Section meetings held this session-Liverpool 6, Preston 4 Widnes 2 Wigan 2 Chester 2 Blackpool 1 Lancaster 1. At the conclusion of the business Professor R. M. Gordon O.B.E. of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine delivered an address entitled “Chemical I 160 and Biological Control of Certain Helminthic Infections.” This was a very revealing talk dealing mainly with a certain parasitic worm known as Loa-Loa, prevalent in the Cameroons. In the early part of its life cycle when only of microscopical size it invades the blood of a day-biting fly Chrysops (similar to a horse fly) and then is transferred to the blood of man or monkey where it completes its life cycle in the tissues of the body and particularly the conjunctiva of the eye (hence the name eye-worm) where it may attain a length of 7 cm.Taking part in the discussion were Drs. F. J. Smith and M. L. Meara and Messrs. J. F. Clark G. Dunn A. V. Harrison N. Heron N. Marsh and E. Myer. The vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. Smith and seconded by Dr. Meara. Manchester and District.-A joint meeting with the Manchester Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Food Group of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 7 March at the Engineers’ Club Manchester. Mr. F. A. Paine gave an interesting and informative lecture on “Materials for the Packaging and Conveyance of Food,” under the chairmanship of Dr.W. H. Brindley. The interest aroused by Mr. Paine’s treatment of his subject may be gauged from the fact that a dozen members joined in the vigorous and prolonged dis-cussion which followed. On 27 March a one-day Symposium was held at the University of Manchester, jointly with the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Petroleum. The morning session was devoted to theoretical aspects, with Professor C. W. Davies in the chair; Dr. K. W. Pepper spoke on “Chemical structure and physical characteristics of Ion Exchange materials,” Dr. J. A. Kitchener on “Physical chemistry of Ion Exchange-Equilibria and Kinetics” and Dr. E. Glueckauf on “Factors affecting the operation of exchange columns.” Practical applications were considered in the afternoon Dr.E. I. Akeroyd speaking on “Practical applications of Ion Exchange in Water Treatment,” Dr. J. Hope on “Other applications” and Dr. J. F. Duncan on “Laboratory applications,” with Dr. D. D. Pratt O.B.E. in the chair. After tea Dr. Fair-brother presided over a short final session at which Dr. R. E. Kressman dealt with “Ion Exchange Resin Membranes” and Professor C. W. Davies with “Prospects for Ion Exchange and Summing Up.” From noon until late evening an exhibition of apparatus and demonstrations of techniques was on view. Several hundred members of the participating bodies attended the Sym-posium which was voted a considerable success. Thanks are due to the Uni-versity authorities and to the staff for their excellent and whole-hearted co-operation in this venture.The Annual Ladies’ Evening was held on 30 April at the City Art Gallery, an appropriate venue for the principal event of the evening a lecture entitled “Science Serving the Fine Arts” by Dr. A. E. Werner of the National Gallery. In view of the unexpectedly large attendance at last year’s event admission for this occasion was ticket only all of which were taken up. Following reception of the guests by Dr. and Mrs. Barak Dr. Werner delivered his lecture which proved to be one of the most interesting that it has been the privilege of the Section to hear. The lecturer showed how both physical and chemical methods of examination are used in order to obtain information upon the condition and possibility of restoration or upon the authenticity of a painting.Tt was shown that the three chief physical weapons are the radiograph using a relatively low voltage (1 5-20 kV.) the infra-red photograph and the ultra-violet photograph. The various points were illustrated by a remarkably interesting series of lantern slides which showed amongst other things that science has now revealed that the great masters frequently had second and even third thoughts as to the best position of a hand or foot. The interpretation of chemical evidence was per-haps less spectacular but brought home the value of modern microanalytica methods. The lecturer concluded with a racy description of some famous fakes and the methods used in their detection.The Chairman Dr. M. Barak thanked Dr. Werner for his most interesting lecture and this was heartily endorsed by the assembled members and their ladies. At this point Mr. Stanley Best past Chairman presented on behalf of the Committee a silver salver to the indefatigable Hon. Secretary of the Section, Mr. Arthur Carroll who has taken a new appointment which involves his leaving the district. Mr. Best in his inimitable manner paid tribute to Mr. Carroll for his untiring efforts and zealous service. In responding Mr. Carroll ex-pressed the hope that his successor Mr. A. Ormrod would have the same degree of support and co-operation from the Chairman and Committee as he had en-joyed. The guests then proceeded to the Supper Buffet following which a display of sound films with a bearing on art was given.Parallel with this a number of parties were conducted around the Permanent Collection by officials of the Gallery. The Section’s thanks are due to Mr. Baxendall Director of the Art Gallery and to Mr. Cleveland Assistant Director for the loan of the Gallery and for their willing assistance which helped to make this evening such a notable success. Mid-Southern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Civic Centre Southampton on Saturday 3 May and took the form of a morning visit to the docks and the new ocean terminal. In the afternoon members attended the Annual General Meeting while the visitors and friends enjoyed a launch trip to the King George V Graving Dock and other places of interest in Southampton Harbour.The following Officers and Members of Committee were elected for the Session 1952-53 :-Chairman Dr. T. C. J. Ovenston; Vice-chairman Mr. C. M. Bere; Hon. Treasurer Mr. R. W. Watridge; Hon. Secretary Mr. A. G. Hill; Committee Messrs. L. T. le G. Burley W. B. Chapman H. E. Clarke G. N. S. Farrand I. B. Mowat and R. E. Parker and Drs. J. M. Wright and D. Wyllie. South Wales.-On 14 March a meeting was held jointly with the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Swansea with Dr. K. W. Sykes presiding. Dr. U. R. Evans F.R.S. delivered a very interesting lecture on “The Combina-tion of Metals and Non-metals.” The Thirty-fourth Annual General Meeting of the South Wales Section was held on 4 April at the Mackworth Hotel High Street Swansea with Dr.A. G. Ramsay in the Chair. The Annual Report and Financial Statement were formally adopted the Statement showing a very satisfactory financial position. Officers and Committee for the ensuing session were elected as follows: Chairman Mr. E. S. Squire; Secretary Mr. E. E. Ayling; Committee Dr. I. Jones Mr. R. H. Jones Mr. D. L. Phillips Dr. A. G. Ramsay Mr. T. H. Walters Mr. G. R. Williams; ex oficio Mr. J. 0. Samuel District Member of Council. Mr. J. W. Adye and Dr. M. L. Hughes were re-elected as Honorary Auditors. The Secretary submitted for discussion the various proposals which were to be considered at the forthcoming Conference of Honorary Secretaries in order to ensure that the views of the Section were presented.Stirlingshire and District.-The following meetings were held during the past session and all were held jointly with the Stirlingshire Section of the Society I 162 of Chemical Industry; those in Falkirk were held at the Lea Park Rooms and those in Stirling at the Golden Lion Hotel:-On 17 October 1951 at Falkirk Mr. A. J. Field of the British Aluminium Company gave a general survey entitled “Some Chemical Aspects of Metals.” Considerable interest in the uses and properties of aluminium was shown. Dr. C. P. Stewart of the Royal Infirmary Edinburgh gave a very stimulating lecture entitled “Some Recent Work on Hormones” at Stirling on 22 November. On 19 December a talk on “Technical Education” was given at Falkirk by Dr.H. B. Nisbet Principal of the Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh which invoked considerable discussion. On 17 January 1952 at Stirling Dr. C . L. Wilson of Queen’s University, Belfast gave a paper entitled “Ultramicroanalysis-Past Present and Future.” The talk was well illustrated and examples of the apparatus in current use were available for inspection. The President Mr. H. W. Cremer C.B.E. visited the Section on 20 February and gave an address at Falkirk entitled “Some Aspects of Chemical Engineer-ing,” which was enthusiastically received by the large audience. Mr. Cremer dealt particularly with the necessity for many more chemical engineers to meet the demands of the rapidly expanding industries of the country at the present time and the problems arising in connection with the education of chemical engineers.Mr. E. 0. Wisbey Vice-chairman replied on behalf of the Section. The last meeting of the session was held on 20 March at Falkirk when Dr. A. W. Johnson of the University of Cambridge gave a very stimulating talk on “Acetylenic Compounds.” The Annual General Meeting was held on 20 February prior to the Presi-dential Address under the chairmanship of Col. F. M. Potter. A special welcome was accorded the President by the Chairman on the occasion of his visit to the Section. The Hon. Secretary-Treasurer then presented his report and the balance sheet. The following officers were elected :-Chairman Dr. W. B. Peutherer (to fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of Col. F. M. Potter from this office); Vice-chairman Col.F. M. Potter O.B.E. (to fill the vacancy caused by retirement of Mr. E. 0. Wisbey); Hon. Secretary-Treasurer Dr. F. S. Fowkes (re-elected); Members of Committee Mr. J. Cunningham Mr. R. J. Loveluck and Mr. D. L. Williamson (elected to vacancies on the Committee due to the retirement of Dr. W. B. Peutherer Dr. M. A. Pyke and Mr. A. White). Hon. Auditors Dr. J. K. Thomson and Mr. J. N. Walker (re-elected). The meeting concluded with a brief account of some current Institute affairs by the District Member of Council Mr. H. H. Campbell. Tees-side.-The winter’s activities concluded on 25 April with a lecture by Mr. A. E. Rout Hon. Recorder of the Section on “Transferability in Super-annu at ion Schemes. ” This was followed by the Annual General Meeting at which the following were elected to the committee:-Mr.A. J. Brockwell Dr. R. J. Ccnnor Mr. J. W. Gailer Dr. D. G. Jones and Mr. R. M. Pearson. A vote of thanks was passed to the retiring members of the committee Mr. C. E. Beynon Dr. A. G. Carter and Mr. B. Harris and to the retiring Vice-chairman Mr. H. N. Wilson. The vote of thanks to the Hon. Secretary Dr. A. R. Martin who retired under the rule which limits tenure of this office to five years was proposed by Dr. M. P. Applebey and seconded by Mr. E. A. Blench. In calling on Dr. Applebey to propose the vote of thanks the Chairman Mr. J. Hughes mentioned that this would be Dr. Applebey’s swan-song as a member of the Tees-side Section, since he was going to live in Durham. Dr. H. W. B. Reed was elected Hon.Secretary Bangalore.-The Fourth Meeting of the Section for 1951-52 was held on 7 March 1952 at the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore with Professor K. V. Giri in the chair. This was a joint meeting with the Biochemical Society of the Indian Institute of Science. Dr. L. E. Campbell Food Technologist, F.A.O. gave a lecture on “Some Experiences of Research in Food Technology in the U.K.” The speaker gave an account of the work of the British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association. He said that conditions in India were very different from those in the U.K. and that the basic problem of responsibility for technical research in the food industry had to be faced. He then urged the desirability of research on simple methods of food preservation with a view to their improvement and standardisation.In addition the import-ance of research on the engineering aspects of food manufacture should not be overlooked. After a lively discussion the meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to the speaker proposed by Dr. T. L. Rama Char. Cape of Good Hope.-Members of the Section were invited to a meeting of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society held at the University of Cape Town on 22 February 1952 which was addressed by Dr. L. Gorfinkel on “The Wine Industry To-day.” The same Society invited members of the Section to accompany them on 29 February to visit a Winery at Koelenhof and also a Wine Farm near Stellen-bosch. The Twenty-seventh Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Athenaeum on 8 April 1952.The following Officers and Committee were elected for the year 1952-1 953 :-Chairman Dr. M. Lamchen; Hon. Secretary, Mr. H. W. Schirach; Hon. Treasurer Mr. H. E. Krumm; Committee Members, Commander W. Copenhagen Professor W. Pugh and Mr. W. H. Seath; Hon. Auditors Mr. E. N. Costa and Mr. E. N. Serebro. After the conclusion of the formal business the retiring Chairman Professor E. Newbery read a paper entitled “Residual Currents.” Malaya.-In his report for the year 1951 the Chairman Mr. G. H. Clement, mentioned that five new members had joined the Institute whilst actually in Malaya. This the Chairman suggested was a real indication of the growing interest in and the developing importance of the Royal Institute of Chemistry in that part of the world.Six members had been admitted from other Sections and of the present 38 members 20 were resident on the Island of Singapore the remainder being scattered over Malaya from Penang to Johore Bahru with one far away in Brunei. The annual programme was closely related to the University session since the policy of the Section Committee had been to encourage the younger chemists who had just graduated or were about to graduate in the Department of Chem-istry. Essay competitions were held during the year on the following themes:-“Development of Analytical Chemistry,” “Chemistry of Photography” and “Synthetic Rubber.” The winning essay on analytical chemistry has been published in the “New Cauldron.” Prizes were awarded by the Section to the best exhibitors at the Science Exhibition of the University of Malaya.At the same meeting the Chairman proposed that the Section should institute an annual award of a Gold Medal for the most meritorious student of Chemistry (irrespective of year); the original mould to be purchased out of the funds in-herited from the pre-war Section and the Gold Medal to be purchased each year out of current income. This proposal with certain provisos has since been accepted by the Council (see Journal 1952 11 105) The following officers and members of Committee have been elected for 1952 :-Chairman Mr. G. H. Clement (re-elected); Hon. Secretary and Treas-urer Mr. C. L. Chia; Members of Committee Professor R. A. Robinson (re-elected); Dr. M. Jamieson Mr. A. W. Burtt Mr. A. E. Billington and Dr.P. C. Leong (re-elected). Northern India.-The Section was honoured by a visit from Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. who on 21 November 1951 gave an address on “The Chemistry and Biological Properties of Colchicine.” The Second Annual General Meeting was held on 8 March 1952 in the Lecture Theatre Chemistry Department the University of Delhi with Professor T. R. Seshadri in the Chair. The following officers and members of Committee were unanimously elected for the year 1952-53 :-Chairman Professor T. R. Seshadri; Hon. Secretary Dr. K. B. L. Mathur; Members of Committee, R. B. Dr. B. Viswa Nath Dr. T. S . T. Chari Dr. G. E. Gale Dr. N. G. Mitra, Mr. B. N. Sastri Mr. D. Dass Gupta; Hon. Auditor Mr. N. G. Mitra. On the conclusion of business Dr. S. P. Rai Chaudhri Head of the Division of Chemistry Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi lectured on “The Maintenance and Productivity of Soil in India.” The lecture was followed by a long and lively discussion in which both members and their guests took part.HON. SECRETARIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS NEW ELECTIONS Several retirements of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections have recently taken place. Most of these have already been notified to the Council (see p. 168); in addition Dr. J. 0. Harris has retired as Hon. Secretary of the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section. As a result of recent elections the vacancies have been filled as follows:-Cardif€ and District - - - - - Mr. W. T. Roberts. East Midlands - - - - - - Mr. J. W. Murfin. Mid-Southern Counties - - - - Mr.A. G. Hill. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Dr. J. Gibson. Tws-side - - - - - - - - Dr. H. W. B. Reed. Malaya - - - - - - - - Mr. C. L. Chia. LOCAL SECTION OFFICERS’ HANDBOOK At the Annual General Meeting (see p. 146) it was announced that the Section Officers’ Handbook had been put into its final form and that copies would be available almost immediately for Officers and Members of the Committees. The Handbooks have now been distributed to nearly all Local Sections including all Oversea Sections. Any Hon. Secretary who may not yet have received the required number of copies is requested to communicate with the Assistant Secretary (Scientific) as soon as possible INSTITUTE AFFAIRS STR GEORGE BEILBY MEMORIAL FUND AWARDS 1951 The Administrators of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund representing the Institute of Metals the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry have decided to make two awards each of one hundred guineas from the Fund for 195 1.These awards have been made to-Kenneth Henderson Jack M.Sc.(Dunelm) Ph.D.(Cantab.) F.R.I.C. in recognition of his experimental contributions to the study of interstitial alloys, especially in the iron-nitrogen and iron-carbon-nitrogen systems. William Arnold Wood D.Sc.(Manchester) F.Inst.P. in recognition of his experimental contributions to knowledge of the mechanism of deformation of metals . Awards from the Fund are made to British investigators in science as a mark of appreciation of distinguished work particularly in such fields as fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy in which Sir George Beilby’s special interests lay.In general the awards are not applicable to the more senior investigators but are granted as an encouragement to relatively young men who have done independent work of exceptional merit over a period of years. Kenneth Henderson Jack went to Tynemouth Municipal High School North Shields Northumberland and in 1936 entered Armstrong College (later King’s College) Newcastle upon Tyne Durham University. He graduated in 1939 with 1st Class Honours in Chemistry and after a short period at the Chemical Defence Research Establishment St. Helens he returned to King’s College, first as a demonstrator and then as a lecturer in physical chemistry. In 1945 he joined the British Iron and Steel Research Association and continuing to work at Newcastle carried out chemical and structural investigations on the iron-nitrogen iron-carbon-nitrogen and iron-carbon systems.This research was extended from 1947 to 1949 at the Crystallographic Laboratory Cavendish Laboratory Cambridge and included work on nitrogen martensite and on the tempering of nitrogen and carbon martensites. He returned to King’s College in 1949 this time as a lecturer in the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratories. Recent work of Dr. Jack and his associates is concerned with the cobalt-carbon-nitrogen system and with the ageing of nitrogen ferrites. Dr. Jack’s main work is published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, in Acta Crystallographica and in the Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute.Papers have been presented in America Australia and Sweden and he has lectured on his work at various research organisations and universities in the U.S.A. William Arnold Wood joined the National Physical Laboratory Teddington, in 1928 after graduating with 1st Class Honours in the Physics School Uni-versity of Manchester. His first work directed by a Committee under the chairmanship of Sir William Bragg was on the application of X-ray diffraction to the study of industrial materials and led to early publications on the structure of magnet steels electro-deposits and cold-worked metals. In 1935 he was seconded to work with Dr. H. J. Gough on the structural changes produced by the fatigue stressing of metals and for his part in these researches was awarded the D.Sc.degree. Later he developed apparatus for precision measurements of the atomic spacings of metals under stress and obtained the first stress-strain curves for the atomic lattice of a metal; these observations were published with Dr. S. L. Smith in a number of papers in the Proceedings of the Royal Society In 1947 he was appointed Senior Research Fellow with the status of Associate Professor in the Metallurgy Research Department of the University of Mel-bourne. In this Department then newly established for post-graduate studies by Professor J. N. Greenwood he has since directed the work of research stud-ents in metal physics and with them has been responsible in particular for new observations on the mechanisms by which metals deform at elevated temper-atures; these results have been published by the Institute of Metals in a recent series of papers.PERSONAL NOTES The following Fellows were included in the Queen’s Birthday Honours List :-William Alfred Cyril Newman O.B.E. B.Sc. A.R.C.S. A.R.S.M. Donald Thomas Alfred Townend D.Sc. Ph.D. D.I.C. Henry Gethin Davey M.Sc. A.M.1.Chem.E. Cyril Thomas Mason M.A. C.B.E.-Thomas James Drakeley D.Sc. Ph.D. F.I.R.I. 0.B.E.-Frank Brookhouse BSc. Dr. J. E. Arnold Fellow has been appointed a director of the Indestructible Paint Co. Ltd. having held the position of technical director to the Indestruct-ible group since 1950. Dr. F. Bergel Fellow has been appointed to the London University Chair of Chemistry tenable at the Institute of Cancer Research as from 1 April 1952.Dr. S. K. Bhattacharyya Fellow has been appointed Assistant Professor of High Pressure Technical Reactions in the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. Mr. L. W. Coveney Associate of Pinchin Johnson and Associates Ltd. will be shortly leaving for Australia to take up an appointment on the Board of their Australian Associates Taubmans Industries Ltd. Mr. A. J. Feuell Associate has recently been appointed Principal Scientific Officer at the Colonial Products Advisory Bureau (Plant and Animal). Dr. F. A. Freeth O.B.E. F.R.S. Fellow has retired after 45 years’ service with I.C.I. and its predecessors. Mr. K. R. Green Associate is head of the Department of Research and Development Messrs. Hangers Paints Ltd. and has no connection with the gentleman of this name whose appointment was noted in Journal 1952,II 101.We much regret this error. Dr. C. H. Hampshire Fellow has been re-elected chairman of the Expert Committee of the International Pharmacopoeia of the World Health Organisa-tion. Mr. Magnus Herd Fellow chief assistant city analyst in Glasgow has been appointed City Analyst and Public Chemist in Glasgow in succession to the late Mr. A. R. Jamieson. Mr. G. E. Holden C.B.E. Fellow has resigned from his honorary appoht-ment as Dyestuffs Controller under the Board of Trade. Dr. S. H. Jenkins Fellow has received the Harrison Preston Eddy award for his work on sewage and industrial waste. Dr. Islwyn Jones Fellow has been appointed Principal of the Neath Tech-nical College as from 1 May 1952.Dr. A. L. Morrison Fellow has been appointed director of research Roche Products Ltd. in succession to Dr. F. Bergel. Dr. T. J. Morrison Fellow has been appointed to the newly created position of Head of the Chemistry Department Dundee Technical College. Mr. C. A. Colman Porter Associate has been appointed Head of the new Department of Science and Technology to be developed at Adisadel College, Cape Coast. [ 167 Mr. G. E. Scharff Associate has recently retired from I.C.I. Ltd. after 32 years’ service in various divisions and is now engaged in consulting practice. Dr. N. V. Subba Rao Fellow has been appointed Professor and Head of the Department of Chemistry Osmania University Hyderabad-Deccan South India. Professor D. T. A. Townend C.B.E.Fellow has been awarded the Melchett Medal (1952) of the Institute of Fuel in recognition of his outstanding contri-butions to the science of combustion particularly in the field of higher hydro-carbons. Mr. H. L. Turner Fellow who is in charge of electrochemical research with the Ever Ready Co. (Great Britain) Ltd. has been transferred from Wolver-hampton to the Company’s main research laboratories at St. Ann’s Road, Harringay London N.4. INSTITUTE ORGANISATION Officers and Council 1952-53.-At its meeting on 16 May the Council considered filling the casual vacancy among General Members of Council for the period 1952-54 caused by the resignation of Sir Harry Jephcott following his nomination as a Vice-president and unanimously resolved to elect Dr. C. E.Dent to fill this vacancy. Under By-law 25 (3) the Council is required in selecting Fellows for nomination to have regard to the due representation on the Council of the various interests and branches of the profession of chemistry, and in electing Dr. Dent has been concerned in securing representation of the medical aspect of chemical science. A complete list of the Officers and Council for 1952-53 is given on page 175, followed by the constitutions of committees and representation on joint com-mittees and other bodies. Local Sections Retirement of Honorary Secretaries.-The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the following who have recently retired from the office of Hon. Secretary of the specified Local Sections:-Cardiff and District, Mr. G. M. Kerman; East Midlands Mr.C. W. North; Mid-Southern Counties, Mr. G. H. Osborn; Tees-side Dr. A. R. Martin; Malaya Mr. Lim Chin Kuan. It is recognised that the work of Hon. Secretaries is of vital importance to the progressive development of the activities and status of the Institute as a whole and the Council is greatly indebted to those who undertake the onerous duties attaching to these appointments. CORRELATION OF NATIONAL CERTIFICATE AND A.R.I.C. COURSES At recent meetings of the Education Committee the question of the correlation of courses for National Certificates and for the Associateship has been considered and in this connection a questionnaire has been addressed to the Hon. Representatives of the Institute in Technical Colleges where both types of courses are available asking for information on current practices.It has transpired that the correlation of courses for the Ordinary and Higher National Certificates in Chemistry and for the A.R.I.C. has already become an established fact in all parts of the country except the London Area where certain special circumstances apply. The Council has agreed that the results of the enquiry show a very welcome development outside the London Area as a result of which students who do not proceed to full qualification and these are in the majority are nevertheless in a position to obtain a Certificate indicating the level actually reached. It is 1 168 clear that the correlation of these courses has grown considerably in the last few years owing very largely to the fact that most students now receive at least one full day release for study.Because of this colleges can encourage students to take courses in ancillary subjects at appropriate stages and in many technical colleges it is now possible for a student of the necessary ability to follow a programme of work leading without a break to the Ordinary National Certifi-cate the Higher National Certificate and eventually the A.R.I.C. MEMORIAL LECTURES P. F. Frankland Memorial Lecture Fund.-A Deed of Trust establishing the Fund that had been drawn up in consultation with the Committee of the Birmingham and Midlands Section and with the Institute’s solicitors was approved by the Council at its meeting on 16 May and it was resolved that the Seal of the Institute be duly affixed thereto.Streatfeild Memorial Lectures.-The Council has received with great pleasure a specially bound volume of Streatfeild Memorial Lectures presented by Dr. J. Vargas Eyre on behalf of a Committee of Old Students of Finsbury Technical College as an expression of their appreciation of the services of the Institute in maintaining that series of lectures from 1926 when the College closed until 1948 when it had been agreed that the lectures should be discontinued. The Memorial Volume contains an introductory statement signed by Sir Frederick Handley Page (Chairman of the Committee) Dr. J. Vargas Eyre Mr. E. W. Moss and Mr. J. F. Shipley and is accompanied by notes on the binding of the volume by Mr. W. H. Langwell who was responsible for this work. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the donors of this Memorial Vol-ume which will constitute a permanent souvenir of the services the Institute had been very happy to render to old students of Finsbury Technical College over a period of more than a quarter of a century in paying tribute to the memory of Frederick William Streatfeild a great teacher of chemistry.EXTERNAL RELATIONS Debate on Science in the House of Lords.-At its meeting on 16 May the Council considered a request from the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee to draw attention to relevant aspects of the use made by industry and agri-culture of the results of scientific research and of means for promoting the higher education of technologists. Following discussion the officers were authorised to send forward to the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee observations on a number of points on which action by the Government might usefully be taken and which could properly be raised in the impending debate on Science.Relations with Specialist Associations in the Chemical Field.-At the meeting of the Council on 16 May preliminary consideration was given to the attitude to be adopted by the Institute towards and the relationships to be established with new specialist professional associations in course of formation or likely to be established in the future. An ad lzoc Committee consisting of the Presi-dent Dr. C. W. Herd and Mr. G. Taylor with the Secretary was appointed to prepare a memorandum on the subject as a basis for discussion at a subsequent meeting of the Council.Scientific Films.-At the meeting of the Council on 16 May reference was made to proposals put forward at a conference of interested parties on 24 March, 1952 in connection with the production of educational films in the chemical field. The Council gave its general approval to these proposals and indicated its willingness to take an interest in the preparation of such films especially in ensuring the accuracy of their chemical content and in suggesting suitable topics. c 169 OTHER NOTES AND ANNOUNCEMENTS INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, OXFORD Arrangements for the forthcoming International Congress on Analytical Chemistry are now practically complete. The Congress will be held under the patronage of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and will meet at Oxford during the period 4-9 September.The President of the Congress is Sir Robert Robinson O.M. F.R.S. and Sir Wallace Akers C.B.E. F.R.S., is Vice-president. Three main Congress lectures will be given by Dr. Ralph H. Miiller Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory New Mexico; Dr. L. H. Lampitt Chief Chemist and Director J. Lyons & Co. Ltd.; and Dr. C. J. van Nieuwenburg Professor of Chemistry at the Technical University of Delft Holland. The Scientific Sessions have been divided on a broad basis of techniques, into nine sections microchemical biological electrical optical radiochemical, organic complexes reporting of results adsorption and partition methods, and miscellaneous techniques. These sessions will be held in the rooms of the Examination Schools and two sessions will be held in parallel.The papers will be issued to registered mem-bers in pre-print form before the Congress meets. About 30 minutes will be allowed for each paper. Authors will be asked to give a brief introduction only, so as to leave time for a full discussion. The whole of the proceedings will be published after the Congress in The Analyst. Through the co-operation of Industrial Government D.S.I.R. and Uni-versity Laboratories a very large collection of interesting and representative exhibits has been arranged and will be demonstrated in the Dyson Perrins Laboratory. These will illustrate new techniques or special applications of older techniques in analytical chemistry. The demonstrations are being organ-ized by Mr.F. R. Jones F.R.I.C. of The Laboratories J. Lyons & Co. Ltd. A large number of firms will be exhibiting modern apparatus and books in rooms in the Examination Schools. In addition to the Scientific Sessions there will be social functions and excursions to places of interest within reach of Oxford and a special programme will be arranged for ladies not taking part in the Scientific Sessions. The social functions will probably include a civic reception by the Mayor of Oxford a banquet at Christ Church College and a reception by the Vice-Chancellor of the University at Wadham College. Tours of the colleges will also be arranged. A number of seats are being booked provisionally for performances at the Shake-speare Memorial Theatre Stratford-upon-Avon.Special arrangements have been made by the Dean for those wishing to attend service at Christ Church Cathedral on Sunday evening. It is hoped to wind up the Congress with a dance. There is still some accommodation in colleges for men; further accommoda-tion not in colleges is being arranged for ladies. The Congress cannot be responsible for the arrangement of hotel accommodation; it will however be an advantage to members making their own arrangements with hotels to mention their connection with the Congress. More than 600 tentative applications have already been received from chemists of 20 countries. The final form of application for membership together with the full pro-gramme of scientific and social functions will be sent out in the course of a few weeks.The registration fee for the Congress is E2 but for a lady guest accom-panying a member and not otherwise applying for membership the fee will only be El. Intending members are asked NOT to send in registration fees till they have received the full programme and application form. The Honorary Secretary is R. C. Chirnside Esq. F.R.I.C. Research Labor-atories The General Electric Co. Ltd. Wembley England. [ 170 OTHER SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES AND COURSES Battersea Polytechnic.-(1) Microchemistry. Post-graduate lectures and practical courses in Microchemistry will be held under the supervision of Dr. P. F. Holt on Monday evenings during the 1952-53 session as follows:-Autumn Term (22 September to 19 December 1952): Inorganic Qualitative Analysis. Spring Term (12 January to 27 March 1953): Organic Microchemical Methods.Summer Term (20 April to 10 July 1953): Quantitative Organic and Inorganic Analysis. Fee 20s. per term. (2) Chemical Engineering. An evening course in Chemical Engineering under the direction of Dr. S . R. Tailby designed to prepare post-graduate students for the A. M.1.Chem.E. examination will commence in September 1952. The full course entails attendance on two evenings per week for two years and is open to graduates in chemistry or engineering. Further particulars and enrolment forms for both courses may be obtained from the Head of the Chemistry Department Battersea Polytechnic Battersea Park Road London S.W. 1 1. Birmingham Paint Varnish and Lacquer Club.-A course of two lectures to be given by Professor H.W. Melville F.R.S. entitled “The Cross Linking Reactions of Resins” has been organised. The lectures will commence at 10 a.m. on Saturdays 11 and 25 October in the Lecture Theatre The University, Edgbaston Birmingham. Enrolment forms may be obtained from the Club Secretary C. W. Gilbert B.Sc. A.R.I.C. c/o Messrs. W. Canning & Co. Ltd. Great Hampton Street Birmingham 18. The fee for the course is 15s. Birmingham Symposium on Analytical Chemistry.-Following the Inter-national Congress on Analytical Chemistry at Oxford the Midlands Society for Analytical Chemistry will hold a Symposium on 11 and 12 September 1952, the main purpose of which is to give those chemists in the Midlands who are unable to attend the Oxford Congress an opportunity to hear and meet analytical chemists of international repute of this and other countries.The meetings will be held in the Chemistry Department of the University of Birmingham and will commence at 10 a.m. On the first day papers on funda-mental concepts of analytical chemistry will be read while the second day will be devoted to original methods. Visitors will also be able to see some of the research projects being carried out in the Research School at Birmingham. The registration fee for non-members of the Midlands Society is 10s.; members 5s. Further enquiries should be addressed to Mr. W. T. Edwards, F.R.I.C. 100 Rymond Road Birmingham 8. Cambridge Summer School in Automatic Computing.-A Summer School in programme design for automatic digital computing machines will be held in the University Mathematical Laboratory Cambridge during the period 16 to 26 September 1952.The course will give a basic training in the mathematical use of machines dealing with the processes employed and their embodiment in programmes which specify the operation in detail. Lectures and practical classes will be held in the design of programmes for the Edsac the machine which has been built in the Laboratory. It will be shown how the same prin-ciples may be applied in designing programmes for other machines A detailed syllabus and form of application for admission may be obtained from G. F. Hjckson M.A. Secretary of the Board of Extra-Mural Studies, Stuart House Cambridge to whom the completed application form should be returned not later than 14 July 1952.Fifth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress.-Convened by the Austra-lasian Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (Inc.) the Fifth Congress is to be held in Australia and New Zealand from 12 April to 23 May 1953. The chief object of the Congress is to afford an opportunity for mining engineers metal-lurgists and others concerned with the mining and metallurgical industries to meet and discuss technical progress and such problems as the development of the mineral resources of the Commonwealth. The programme includes tech-nical sessions and study tours. All enquiries should be addressed to The Secretary Fifth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress Osborne House, 399 Little Collins Street Melbourne Victoria Australia. Institute of Physics 4th Industrial Physics Conference.-The 4th Conference on Industrial Physics will take place in the Royal Technical College Glasgow, from 24 to 28 June 1952.The subject of the Conference is “Physics in the transport shipbuilding and engineering industries.” There will also be an exhibition of instruments apparatus and books relevant to this subject. This will be one of the largest displays of scientific instruments and apparatus that has been held in Scotland. Full particulars forms of application for Conference membership and tickets of admission to the exhibition may be obtained from the Secretary The Institute of Physics 47 Belgrave Square London S.W.l. Leather Chemists Biennial Conference.-By invitation of the Spanish Association of Leather Trades’ Chemists the 1953 biennial Conference of leather chemists under the auspices of the International Union of Leather Chemists Societies will take place in Barcelona Spain during September 1953.Symposium on Mineral Dressing.-The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy have arranged for the preparation of over 30 short papers as a basis for the discussion of recent advances in mineral dressing. The Symposium will be held at the Imperial College of Science and Technology (Royal School of Mines) from 23 to 25 September 1952. The charge of about E2 (about Sl for members of the Institution) covers a set of proofs of the papers and a copy of the Proceed-ings. All communications should be addressed to the Secretary The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Salisbury House Finsbury Circus London E.C.2.SCIENTIFIC BIBLIOGRAPHIES ASLIB Index to Theses for Higher Degrees.-Every year much research work in the preparation of theses in the sciences and humanities is carried out in the Universities of the British Isles but the need has often been expressed of some means for making the nature of this research known to a wider public. Aslib hopes to satisfy this need by publishing an Index tu Theses accepted fur Higher Degrees in the Universities of the British Isles which has been compiled with the generous co-operation of the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals of the Universities of the United Kingdom and also of all the Universities con-cerned. The index intended to be the first of an annual series will list under broad subject headings those theses accepted at all Universities in the British Isles during the academic year 1950-51.It will be made up of some 2,100 entries, each containing the following details author’s name and initials; title of thesis and sufficient information to show the field covered where this is not clear from the title; name of University accepting the thesis; degree for which the thesis has been accepted. There will be an author index and subject index. The book will be published by Aslib 4 Palace Gate London W.8 price E l 1s. Od. to members of Aslib and El 5s. Od. to nonmembers. r 172 First International Polarographic Congress (Prague 1951).-The first two volumes of the Proceedings are now ready for distribution. Volume 1 contains 44 communications and numerous abbreviated papers while Volume 2 contains a complete polarographic bibliography from 1922 to 1950 revised by Professor Heyrovsky and collaborators.Copies are available through Collet’s Multi-lingual Bookshop 67 Great Russell Street London W.C.l. UNESCO Index Bibliographicus Volume I Science and Technology.-The last edition of this directory was published in 1931. A new directory has been produced jointly by the International Federation for Documentation and UNESCO at the urgent request of the International Conference on Science Abstracting (1949). It consists of a classified list of publications in which abstracts and bibliographies regularly appear arranged according to the Uni-versal decimal classification and with indexes of subjects and titles. It can be obtained from H.M.Stationery Office price 6s. 6d. MISCELLANEOUS British Plastics Federation Bowen Prize Fund.-The Council of the British Plastics Federation as administrators of the Bowen (Cables and Plastics) Prize Fund will offer prizes (up to €150 with a maximum of three prizes for award in July 1953) for papers on original investigation in engineering and/or physical problems relating to compression transfer or injection moulding. Such contri-butions may if desired be read before the Plastics Institute or its branches or the Plastics and Polymer Group of the Society of Chemical Industry or the Convention held in connection with the British Plastics Exhibition in June 1953, or submitted direct by an Author. Papers may be submitted direct to the Coun-cil of the British Plastics Federation by the authors or with their concurrence through the responsible Councils or Committees of the organisations concerned, and should be accompanied by a letter signed by a responsible official repre-senting employers giving permission for the author to submit the contribution.Authors of contributions if not employed by an industrial undertaking should state their occupation. Contributions should be submitted to the General Manager of the British Plastics Federation 47/48 Piccadilly London W.l so as to reach him not later than the first post on Friday 31 July 1953. Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize.-This award consisting of a Silver Medal and a monetary prize of 150 guineas is made annually to the chemist of either sex and of British nationality who in the judgment of the Council of the Chemical Society has published during the year in question the most meritorious contri-bution to experimental chemistry and who has not at the date of publication, attained the age of thirty-six years.Copies of the rules governing the award may be obtained from the General Secretary of the Chemical Society Burlington House London W. 1. Applica-tions or recommendations in respect of the award for the year 1951 must be received not later than 31 December 1952. The Chemical Society Election of Officers.-At the Annual General Meeting of the the Society held in Dublin on 16 April 1952 the following new elections were declared :-President Professor C. K. Ingold F.R.S. ; Vice-presidents, Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S.and Sir John Simonsen F.R.S. Ordinary Mem-bers of Council Dr. D. H. R. Barton (London) Dr. N. Campbell (Edinburgh), Dr. J. Chatt (Welwyn) Dr. S. J. Gregg (Exeter) Dr. F. B. Kipping (Cambridge), Dr. E. A. Moelwyn-Hughes (Cambridge) Professor A. Robertson F.R.S. (Liverpool) and Dr. M. A. T. Rogers (Manchester). Sir Eric Rideal F.R.S. who retires from the office of President becomes a Vice-president. [ 173 International Scientific Film Association.-The Sixth Congress of the Association has been arranged to take place from 23 September to 1 October, 1952 at La Maison de la Chimie Paris. A special Committee of the British Scientific Film Association is anxious to have details of any suitable films for showing at the Congress; these should include title running-time gauge date of production and brief synopsis Information should be sent to the office of the Association 164 Shaftesbury Avenue London W.C.2.Applied Statistics.-This is the title of a new journal of the Royal Statistical Society the aim of which is to “publish articles of sufficient scope and variety to interest administrators and executive officers technologists and engineers, physicists and chemists biologists and agricultural scientists. . . .” The articles will include surveys in non-technical language of various fields of appli-cation of statistics “case histories,” description of the statistical set-up of various institutions and firms and discussions of questions of topical interest. The annual subscription rate is 25s. post free payable to Messrs.Oliver and Boyd, Ltd. Tweeddale Court Edinburgh 1. “CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AT THE CROSS-ROADS” In his Presidential address to the Institution of Chemical Engineers on 25 April 1952 Sir Harold Hartley K.C.V.O. C.B.E. F.R.S. the retiring President, referred to the vast expansion of chemical industry in recent years and the invasion of chemical techniques in the processing of many natural products. The extractive industries had become chemical industries and there had devel-oped a distinct body of science which is fundamental and peculiar to chemical engineering. Referring to the recently pablished Report of the Committee on Chemical Engineering Research (see Journal 1952 I 42) Sir Harold expressed the convic-tion that the conclusions of this Committee did not go far enough in one respect.He was certain that the analysis of the results of plant operation would throw up gaps in our knowledge which could only be filled by experimental investigation on large-scale pilot plant. Until we recovered the initiative in chemical plant design and construction we should be forced to buy the “know-how” at a high cost from abroad. We could only regain that initiative by analytical and syn-thetic research for the co-ordination and application of which the organisation recommended by the Committee on Chemical Engineering Research was essential. Sir Harold concluded “that the world must depend more and more on chemical techniques in order to utilise to the full the limited resources of our planet so as to meet the needs of its growing population.To do this the chem-ical engineer was bound to play an increasing part in partnership with the older branches of engineering. In any project he would be the liaison between the research laboratory and the team of engineers the co-ordinator of their contri-bu tions. ” THE REGISTER DEATHS Fellows (C) Frank Ernest Thompson A.R.C.S. Died 6 January 1952 aged 81. A . 1906 F. 1909 (K) Albert Edward Caunce M.Sc. (Liv.). Died 21 April 1952 aged 58. A . 1917 F. 1924. (V) Frank Collingridge B.Sc. (Lond.). Died 30 Associates April 1952 aged 79. (P) Ernest Harold Farmer D.Sc. (Lond.) D.I.C. James A*R.T‘C* Died l8 May’ F.R.S. Died l 7 19527 aged 62’ A* (Q) Frederick William Hindes M.Sc. (Vict.). 1918 F. 1933. (P) John Francis Hutchins Gilbard. Died 24 (K) William Graham’Woo&ock~ D& March, April 1952 aged 83.(K) Oliver Ward Stickland B.Sc. (Lond. and Bris.). Died 10 May 1952 aged 68. A. 1906 F. 1912. A. 1897 F. 1901. 1952 aged 69. A . 1919. Died 12 April 1952 aged 52 A . 1925. 1952 aged 52. A. 1923. F. 1899. [ 174 OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL 1952-53 PRESIDENT HERBERT WILLIAM CREMER C.B.E. M.Sc. M.I.C=.E. M.1~sr.F. VICE-PRESIDENTS HARRY BAINES D.Sc. HoN.F.R.P.S. GEORGE MACDONALD BENNETT C.B. M.A. Sc.D. F.R.S. HAROLD BURTON PH.D. D.Sc. JAMES WILFRED COOK PH.D. D.Sc. Sc.D. F.R.S. CLIFFORD WALTER HERD B.Sc. PH.D. SIR HARRY JEPHCOTT M.Sc. P H . ~ . Barrister-at-Law SIR ROBERT ROBINSON O.M. M.A. D.Sc. HoN.LL.D. HoN.D.PHARM. F.R.S. HON. TREASURER DOUGLAS WILLIAM KENT-JONES B.Sc.PH.D. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL WILLIAM ROGIE ANGUS M.A. PH.D. D.Sc. Wales II ALFRED LOUIS BACHARACH M.A. NORMAN BOOTH B.Sc PH.D. HUBERT THOMAS STANLEY BRITTON D.Sc. D.I.C. HUGH HANNAY CAMPBELL ScotZand II THOMAS CAUGHEY M.Sc. PH.D. Northern Ireland FREDERICK CHALLENGER PH.D. D.Sc. JAMES FREDERICK CLARK M.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. F.A.C.I. England V JOHN EDWARD CUMMINS M.Sc. F.A.C.I. Overseas CECIL WHITFIELD DAVIES D.Sc. CHARLES ENRIQUE DENT M.B. B.S. PH.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. M.R.C.P. ARNOLD TREVOR GREEN O.B.E. D.Sc. F.INsT.P. M.I.CHEM.E. HON.M.INST.GAS E. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON M.A. B.Sc. PH.D. HARRY MUNROE NAPIER HETHERINGTON IRVING M.A. D.PHIL. L.R.A.M. ELIAS ISAACS B.Sc. PH.D. England VII CHARLES GEORGE LYONS M.A. PH.D., England I1 AUSTIN RAYMOND MARTIN PH.D.D.Sc. A.R.C.S. England VIII GEORGE HERBERT MOORE P H . ~ . REGINALD ARTHUR MOTT D.Sc. M.J.Mrr;.E. F.INsT.F. England I X WILLIAM ALFRED CYRIL NEWMAN C.B.E. B.Sc. A.R.C.S. A.R.S.M. D.I.C. F.T.M. M.I.M.M. HUGH BRYAN NISBET PH.D. D.Sc. A.H.-W.C. F.INsT.PET. M.TNsT.F. F.R.S.E. CHARLES WILLIAM NORTH B.Sc. A.K.C. F.T.I. England III RIDLAND OWENS B.Sc. PH.D. M.1.CHEM.E. England VI (1) ERIC GEORGE KEMP PRITCHETT B.Sc. England Z GEORGE ROWNTREE RAMAGE PH.D. D.Sc. England IV ERNEST HARRY RODD D.Sc. A.C.G.I. D.I.C. FRANK ROFFEY B.Sc. PH.D. JOHN OSWALD SAMUEL M.Sc. M.INsT.F. Wales I BERNARD CHARLES SAUNDERS M.A. Sc.D. D.Sc. CHARLES SIMONS B.Sc. PH.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Barrister-at-Law HAROLD CECIL SMITH M.Sc. PH.D. FRANK STUART SPRING PH.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. Scotland III GEORGE TAYLOR O.B.E.ERNEST JAMES VAUGHAN MSc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. PERCY FREDERICK RONALD VENABLES B.Sc. PH.D. DIP.ED. THOMAS SHERLOCK WHEELER PH.D. D.Sc. F.R.C.Sc.I. F.INsT.P. M.I.CHEM.E. M.R.1.A . Republic JOHN WILLIAMS B.Sc. PH.D. England VI (2) KENNETH ALAN WILLIAMS B.Sc. PH.D. M.INsT.PET. A.INsT.P. WILLIAM TURNER HORACE WILLIAMSON B.Sc. PH.D. F.R.S.E. Scotland I of Ireland [District Members of Council are indicated by appropriate references to their Districts-see Journal, 1951 V 313-4.1 175 COMMITTEES FOR 1952-53 COMMITTEES OF COUNCIL Appointments and Economic Status Committee’ THE PRESIDENT* H BAINES N BOOTH J F CLARK Finance and House Committee. THE PRESIDENT THE HON TREASURER* N BOOTH C W HERD Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee THE PRESIDENT G.M. BENNETT? H. BURTON*, Publications Committee. THE PRESIDENT W R ANGUS A L BACHARACH F CHALLENGER J. w. COOK J. E. CUMMINS A. T. GREEN E. ISAACS,’ D w. KEN~-JONES F.’ROFFEY ANL; H H. HODGSON SIR HARRY JEPHCOT? c. G. LYONS w. A. C.’NEWMAN R. ‘OWENS c: S~MONS G. TAYLOR AND E. J. VAUGHA~. c. w. DAVIES c. w. HERD* H. 6. HODGSON H’. M. N. H. IRVING 6. H. MOORE H. B: K. A. WILLIAMS. AND THE COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. NISBET E. H. RODD AND T. S. WHEELER. STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE INSTITUTE TREASURER* (MISSIE A M BRADFORD D M FREELAND E M HAWKINSI G ROCHE LYNCH (MIssj M. OLL~VER AND THE MEM&S OF THE FINANCE ’AND HOUSE COMM‘ITTEE. Benevolent Fund Committee and Residential Clubs Fund Committee. THE PRESIDENT THE HON Education Committee H. BAINES N.BOOTH H. BURTON* F. CHALLENGER R. L. ELLIOTT, H H HODGSON E ISAACS A J LINDSEY C G LYONS G . H MOORE H B NISBET E T OSBORNE G. R.’RAMAGE H. C SMITH P.’ F.‘R.’VENABiES W. WARDiAW. With colopted Science Masters (2) and Science Mistresses (2). Ethical Practices Committee THE PRESIDENT* R. C. CHIRNSIDE R. P. LINSTEAD G. ROCHE LYNCH G. TAYLOR AND SIR HAROLD TEMPANY. * Chairman. t Vice-chairman. REPRESENTATIVES ON JOINT COMMITTEES The Chemical Council (for 1952) A. L. BACHARACH E. T. OSBORNE E. H. RODD AND THE HON. TREASURER. The Joint Council of Professional Scientists (for 1952) THE PRESIDENT R. P. LINSTEAD AND THE SECRETARY. The Joint Library Committee (for 1952) A. L. BACHARACH H. BURTON H. W. CREMER AND E. H. RODD. Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists G.M. BENNETT F. C. BULLOCK C. W. HERD G. ROCHE LYNCH E. T. OSBORNE AND THE SECRETARY. Joint Consultative Committee of the Institute and the British Association of Chemists MEMBERS OF THE APPOINT-MENTS AND ECONOMIC STATUS COMMITTEE TO BE APPOINTED As AND WHEN REQUIRED. Joint Committee of the Institute the Biochemical Society and the Association of Clinical Pathologists I. W. COOK R. P. LINSTEAD G. ROCHE LYNCH AND THE SECRETARY. Joint Committees on National Certificates : (a) With the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) R. C. CHIRNSIDE H. W. CREMER H. H. HODGSON E. H. RODD AND J. WILLIAMS. (b) With the Scottish Education Department W. M. CUMMING D. TRAILL J. WEIR AND W. T. H. WILLIAMSON. (c) With the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) T.CAUGHEY AND C. L. WILSON. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON OTHER BODIES The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee (for 1952) THE PRESIDENT AND THE SECRETARY. The Poisons Board (Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933) Statutory Appointment G. ROCHE LYNCH. The Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act 1925 D. H. HEY. Ministry of Health Technical Committee on Sewage and Sewage Effluents W. GORDON CAREY. The British National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society E. T. OSBORNE. The British National Committee of the World Power Conference J. G. KING. The Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution G. M. BENNETT. The British Biological Stains Commission W. BRADLEY. The British Chemical Ware Manufacturers’ Committee dealing with Key Industries (Scientific Equipment and The Corday-Morgan Memorial Executive THE PRESIDENT AND THE IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT.Governing Body of the National College for Leather E. H. RODD. Governing Body of the National College of Food Technology M. OLLIVER. The Oils Fats and Waxes Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute W. H. SIMMONS. Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute on the Dyeing of Textiles H. H. HODGSON. Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute on Laboratory Technicians’ Work H. BAINES, The Chemical Trades Advisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of The East Anglian Regional Advisory Committee for Further Education Science Sub-Committee J.W. CORRAN. The Scientific Film Association Appraisals Committee F. L. ALLEN; Sciences Committee D. M. FREELAND. The Governing Body of the Norwood Technical College S. G. E. STEVENS. The Governing Body of the Hackney Technical College H. W. VERNON. Russell Square Gardens Commission R. B. PILCHER. committees of the British Standards Institution are not included in the above list. Materials) A. H. COOK. H. J. T. ELLINGHAM AND R. C. ROGERS. Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes D. W. HILL. Representatives on advisory committees for science of individual technical colleges and on technical [ 176 CENSORS 1952-53 THE PRESIDENT ex-oficio. JAMES WILFRED COOK PH.D. D.Sc. Sc.D. F.R.S. SIR IAN MORRIS HEILBRON D.S.O. D.Sc. LL.D.F.R.S. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH O.B.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. WILLIAM WARDLAW C.B.E. D.Sc. BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP 1952-53 Chairman G. M. BENNETT C.B. F.R.S. Representatives of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee H. T. S. BRITTON H. BURTON C. W. DAVIES H. M. N. H. IRVING AND G. TAYLOR. Examiners for the Associateship H. J. EMELeUS D.Sc. (LoND.) A.R.C.S F.R.S.; D. H. HEY B.Sc., PH.D. (Lorn.) M.Sc. (WALES) D.Sc. (MANc.); D. J. G. IVES PH.D. D.Sc. (LoND.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Examiners for the Fellowship: Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY R. A. MORTON PH.D. D.Sc. (Lrv.). Branch E.-Tm CHEMISTRY INCLUDING MICROSCOPY OF FOOD AND DRUGS AND OF WATER D. c. GARRAT?' B.SC. PKD. (LOND.). T~ERAPEUTICS PHARMAC~LOGY AND MICROSCOPY : Branch D.~.-CLINICAL CHEMISTRY E.J. KING M.A. PH.D. (TORONTO) D.Sc. (LOW.). H. E. ARCHER M.R.C.S. (ENG.) L.R.C.P. (LoND.) P H . ~ . Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY R. 0. DAVIES MSc. (WALES). Branch G.-~NDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY (GENERAL CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY) W. PRESTON M.Sc., Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will Branch H.-GENERAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY R. C. CHIRNSIDE AND J. HASLAM D.Sc. (Vim.). Branch I.-WATER SUPPLY AND THE TREATMENT OF SEWAGE AND TRADE EFFLUENTS W. GORDON PH.D. (Lorn.) M.I.CHEM.E. be appointed as required. CAREY. Assistant Examiner A. D. MITCHELL D.Sc. (Lorn.). Oral Examinations H. V. A. BRISCOE D.Sc. (LoND.) Chairman; J. R. NICHOLLS C.B.E. DSC. (LoND.). HON. AUDITORS 1952-53 EDWARD QUENTIN LAWS B.Sc. MAMIE OLLIVER M.Sc. AUDITORS 1952-53 MESSRS.J. Y. FINLAY ROBERTSON & CO. Chartered Accountants. SOLICITORS MESSRS. MARKBY STEWART & WADESONS 5 Bishopsgate London E.C.2. BANKERS THE WESTMINSTER BANK LTD. Bloomsbury Branch 214 High Holborn London W.C. I . SECRETARY AND REGISTRAR HAROLD JOHANN THOMAS ELLINGHAM B.Sc. PH.D. A.R.C.S. M.I.CHEM.E. F.I.M. F.R.I.C. DEPUTY TO THE SECRETARY AND REGISTRAR LEONARD WILLIAM RAYMOND I.S.O. B.A. B.Sc. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. ASSISTANT SECRETARY (ADMINISTRATIVE) ASSISTANT SECRETARY (SCIENTIFIC) D. A. ARNOLD A.C.I.S. F. W. GIBBS M.Sc. PH.D. A.R.I.C. ASSISTANT REGISTRAR L. W. WINDER LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections are glad to welcome members of other Sections to their meetings and social functions except when Members travelling abroad who desire introductions where there are Local Sections or Honorary numbers are restricted as for works visits.Corresponding Secretaries of the Institute are advised to notify the Secretary of the Institute. Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland : Belfast and District: Birmingham and Midlands: Bristol and District: Cardiff and District : Cumberland and District : Dublin and District: Dundee and District: East Anglia: East Midlands : Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Glasgow and West of Scotland : Huddersfield : Hull and District: Leeds Area: Liverpool and North-Western : London and South-Eastern Manchester and District: Mid-Southern Counties : Newcastle upon Tyne and North-North Wales : Sheffield South Yorkshire and South Wales : Counties : East Coast: North Midlands : South-Western Counties : (WW) Stirlingshire and District: (X) Tees-side : Hon. Secretaries. H. G. M. Hardie Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 21 Braeside Avenue, C. S. McDowell B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Belmont Milebush Carrick-S. A. Ray BSc. F.R.I.C. c/o British Titan Products Co. Ltd., B. W. Minifie F.R.I.C. 8 Oakenhill Road Brislingtoo Bristol 4. W. T. Roberts B.Sc. A.R.I.C. 52 Butleigh Avenue Roath Park, Cardiff. K. A. Swinburn B.Sc. A.R.I.C. c/o Ministry of Supply Chemical Inspectorate Windscale Works Sellafield Cumberland. H. D. Thornton B.Sc. A.R.C.Sc.I. F.R.I.C. City Laboratory, Municipal Buildings Castle Street Dublin. J. B. Wilson B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. The Corner 7e Commercial Street Dundee. John Williams B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. 28 Corder Road Ipswich, Suffolk. J. W. Murfin B.Sc. F.R.I.C. 8 Musters Crescent West Bridgford, Nottingham. J. K. Grant BSc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Department of Biochemistry, University of Edinburgh Teviot Place Edinburgh 1. W. G. D. Wright A.R.T.C. F.R.I.C. c/o Messrs. James Macneill & Sloan Ltd. 38 French Street Glasgow S.E. A. K. Dunn B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Sandbeds Honley Nr. Huddersfield. M. D. Royan F.R.I.C. British Cocoa Mills (Hull) Ltd. Hull. W. A. Wightman M.A. F.R.I.C. The University Leeds 2. J. Ashley-Jones A.R.I.C. c/o J. Ribby & Sons Ltd. Great K. G. A. Pankhurst B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. c/o B.L.M.R.A., A. Ormrod B.Sc.Tech. A.R.I.C. Hardman & Holden Ltd. A. G. Hill F.R.I.C. 19 Moorland Crescent Upton Lytchett J. Gibson M.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Chemistry Department The N. F. Rapps BSc. A.R.I.C. Analytical Department Monsanto K. C. Rarraclough BSc. F.R.I.C. The Brown Firth Research E. E. Ayling M.Sc. F.R.I.C. University College Singleton Park, E. R. Braithwaite B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Research Department Acheson F. S. Fowkes BSc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 28. Learmonth Street, H. W. B. Reed B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 72 Oxbridge Avenue, Aberdeen. fergus. 72-73 High Street Birmingham 4. Howard Street Liverpool 3. Milton Park Egham Surrey. Manox House Miles Platting Manchester 10. Minster Dorset. Technical College Sunderland Co. Durham. Chemicals Ltd. Ruabon Wrexham Denbighshire. Laboratories Princess Street Shefield 4. Swansea. Colloids Ltd. Prince Rock Plymouth. Falkirk Stirlingshire. Stockton-on-Tees Co. Durham. (OA) Malaya: (OB) Cape of Good Hope: (OC) New Zealand: (OD) Bangalore: (OE) Madras: (OF) Western India : (OG) Northern India: C. L. Chia M.Sc. A.R.I.C. Department of Chemistry Outram H. W. Schirach B.Sc. A.R.I.C. P.O. Box 1065 Cape Town, N. H. Law MSc. A.N.Z.I.C, F.R.I.C. Dominion Laboratory, T. L. Rarna Char B.Sc. M.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Indian Institute K. V. Sundaram Ayyar MA F.R.I.C. 3 Jagadiswara Street, Professor S. M. Mehta B.A. M.Sc. A.R.I.C. Institute of Science, K. B. L. Mathur D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Department of Chemistry, Road Singapore 3. South Africa. Sydney Street West Wellington C.I. New Zealand. of Science Bangalore 3 India. T’Nagar. Madras 17 Madras India. Mayo Road Bombay 1 India. The University Delhi 8 India. 178

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JI9527600113

出版商:RSC    

年代:1952

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY PART IV I 952 EDITORIAL LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES Cobbett who was accqunted wise in his generation once said “Books never annoy; they cost little and they are always at hand and ready at your call.” The chemist is fully aware that what is true for one generation may become an untenable fiction for the next. Cobbett who was not a chemist would have been shocked to know that many in the middle of the twentieth century could exclaim with some measure of truth “Books are most annoying; they cost a great deal so one cannot afford to keep them always at hand and they seldom appear to be ready at your call.” Against this rash pronouncement however must be set the great developments in library and information services that have taken place in recent years; of them Britain may justly be proud.There are indeed relatively few books or periodicals published since the time of Caxton that cannot be perused by any serious reader if he is prepared to take a little trouble-and knows how to begin. In view of the large number of enquiries about books and periodical literature that are received by the Institute it is clear that most registered students and many corporate members would be glad to know more about the facilities available to them both as citizens and as specialists. Students particularly need to know how to obtain text-books and general scientific literature without incurring a disproportionate expense to be met out of limited means. For these reasons an account of the present facilities available through the Institute is given on page 228.Here perhaps we may be permitted to make general observations on the growth of library and information services which are now accepted as an essential part of educational and industrial activity. Let us consider first the student and his needs. In his own interest he should make the fullest possible use of the library facilities in his own locality thus avoiding the considerable trouble delay and expense that often arise when an attempt is made to obtain books from distant libraries. He should first obtain a borrower’s ticket at the nearest Public Library or if more convenient he should become a member of the County Library . The facilities offered by these library services are very extensive and for some years there has been an arrangement whereby any one library I 179 may borrow from most of the other libraries in the country.Roughly speaking the country is divided into eight districts each of which has at least one central library bureau. The local library applies to its regional bureau for any book not in its possession and if obtainable the book is forwarded either to the local library or to the reader’s home address. If no copy of the book can be found in the region the request is forwarded to the National Central Library in London which may either lend the book or obtain it from some other region. In very exceptional cases it may transpire that no copy of a particular book can be found in Great Britain; should this occur the National Central Library will on special request endeavour to obtain it through the international loan service.Judging by the small number of calls made upon it this is not frequently needed or perhaps it is not widely enough known. Recently, however the number of books borrowed from foreign libraries has been increasing steadily. Moreover many universities and colleges will allow a student at another institution to become a borrower; he should try to obtain information on this point from the librarian in charge. Though it is essential that a number of text-books should be owned by the student for continuous use throughout his courses he will generally find that several other standard works and important reference volumes can only be seen in a good library of the type provided in a university or university college.Students in the London area are well served in this respect, for apart from the large number of well stocked Public Libraries they may also consult a very extensive range of journals and technical literature at the special libraries maintained for public use by the Patent Office and the Science Museum. Chemists to-day are employed in such a great variety of spheres that the types of specialised information they require are legion. Prominent among the numerous bodies and institutions that now set out to meet this need are the D.S.I.R. and the many research associations and other establishments which receive revenue grants from the Department the amount depending on the contributions made by industry to their support.Technical information services? which may in general be freely drawn upon by the public and by industry? are maintained by the Department’s Research Stations and by the Industrial Research Associations. All the Research Stations maintain technical information services in their own fields based on comprehensive libraries the latter being primarily intended to serve their own laboratories though in fact publications are lent to other organisations when the normal sources of supply fail. Some of the Research Stations prepare abstracts which are published by H.M. Stationery Office. All of these useful services are supplemented by the Technical Information Service at D.S.I.R. headquarters which not only puts its enquirers into contact with specialised sources of information but answers enquiries when no suitable outside source exists.It also acts as the British National Information and Liaison 180 Centre in connection with the provision of an international network of information services embracing as a beginning the U.S.A. Canada and the O.E.E.C. countries. Since the war industry has come to place an increasing reliance on recorded data and many firms are now setting up their own information departments. Securing the right information analysing and classifying it and presenting it to those who require to use it are specialised processes requiring a high degree of training and skill. To assist in this work the D.S.I.R. contributes on a generous scale to the maintenance of the Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux (Aslib) from which firms and individual members can obtain authoritative advice on all matters within its scope.The services include an information bureau, a library a panel of specialised translators microfilms of war-time enemy journals a library advisory service an index to university research and a document reproduction service. The Aslib library is being developed as a national library of documenta-tion and it has entered into special agreements whereby books may be borrowed for its members from most of the specialised libraries in the country thus providing access to a great deal of material not normally available on loan. Practical advice is also given to industry on the establishment equipment administration and staffing of libraries and information services.Aslib’s importance at the present day can be gauged from the fact that one-third of its membership consists of research associations and learned societies and one-fifth of individuals the remainder comprising about equal numbers of industrial firms and oversea members. It is particularly alive to the importance of applying modern science to British industry speedily. Journals dealing with fields that occasionally overlap with chemistry are often available only in a restricted number of specialist libraries. The whereabouts of such journals can usually be traced fairly readily, for example in the World List of ScientiJic Periodicals generally they can be borrowed through the National Central Library from one or other of its “outlier” libraries for perusal at the nearest Public Library or if the reader is in an organisation maintaining its own library many societies and specialist inst;tutions will lend to it direct.Members of the Institute moreover are entitled to make use of special postal loan fzcilities offered by the Chemical Society and the Science Museum ; for several years details of these arrangements have been published from time to time in the Journal. Some indication of the benefits to be derived in this way may ke given here. First in accordance with an agreement between the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute all members of the constituent bodies forming the Chemical Council (including Registered Students of the Institute and S.C.I. Associate members) have the right to use the library of the Chemical Society on equal terms.For this purpose the Institute contributes a substantial sum annually to the maintenance of [ 181 the library which for the current year amounts to &1,912. Requests for books should normally be addressed to the librarian of the Chemical Society but if received at the Institute they will be forwarded with a covering note certifying that the borrower is a registered student or corporate member. In such instances books are posted to the address given. A second postal service has been arranged by the Institute with the Science Museum Library. This is particularly useful for books and journals on subjects related to chemistry but outside the scope of the Chemical Society Library.The latter cannot lend pamphlets or journals by post unless it possesses duplicate copies for library reference and in such cases also the facilities of the Science Library are helpful. It is a public library and any bona fide student or qualified person is entitled to use it for purposes of study and reference. The privilege of borrowing, however is granted to organisations only and not to individuals. If the reader lives at a considerable distance from London he may be able to borrow through the organisation where he is employed or if he is not so employed he may find it more convenient to send details of the publica-tions required to the Institute when the necessary forms will be filled in authorising him to borrow the books by post. The Library of the Patent Office not only contains all British Specifications and many of those of the U.S.A.and some continental countries but is intended to become the national repository for all literature relating to applied science and invention. It is at present the most usefuI library for the ready consultation of technical literature, including a very large number of reference books and current journals directly accessible on the shelves while back runs of periodicals and an extensive collection of historical works on industry and technology are held in reserve. In the foreseeable future it is probable that a far-reaching reorganisa-tion of scientific library and information services will take place following the establishment of the proposed Science Centre on the South Bank site facing Somerset House.The Government’s approval of a long-term plan for the creation of such a centre was announced by the Lord President of the Council in November 1950 while a further statement on the subject was recently made by Lord Woolton (see page 208). The Science Centre will house not only the Royal Society and several other leading scientific societies (including the Chemical Society) but also the Patent Office the D.S.I.R. and some other Government scientific organisations. It is part of that plan to expand the Patent Office Library so that it will become an even greater national reference library of science and invention at the service of all scientific and industrial users THE CHEMIST AND HIS WORK In this new series of articles by authorities in their special fields it is intended to describe some of the various kinds of work in which chemists are engaged in this country and overseas together with any special training required and the type of employment offered.The articles have been written to interest not only students but also qualified chemists, who may wish to know more about work in spheres other than their own. THE COLONIAL CHEMICAL SERVICE By W. D. RAYMOND O.B.E. B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. The unified branches of the Colonial Service were planned in 1930, in order to improve recruitment and facilitate the exchange of staff between Colonies. Membership of the unified services is open to anyone without distinction of race or domicile provided he or she is a British subject in the extended meaning of the term and is either of European descent or was born or is ordinarily resident in a Colony Protectorate or Trust Territory or is a descendant of a person so born or resident.The main purposes of unification have been to set a standard of qualification, such as to maintain an efficient public service to throw the resources of the whole Colonial service open to all the territories participating in unification and to make the service generally more attractive by providing wider scope for the promotion of the best officers. The branches include large and well organised groups such as the Agricultural Service the Administration the Legal and the Medical Services. The Chemical Service is a Cinderella among such giants nor can it be said to embrace all chemists in the manner in which the Medical or Legal Services include all practitioners of medicine or law of a certain minimum standard of qualification.Thus at the outset the young chemist is to some extent a missionary in the cause of applied chemistry going out single-handed or at the best, as a member of a group of two or three chemists to wrestle with intricate problems without the resources that his more fortunate colleagues may possess in the Medical Legal and Agricultural Services. The need for his services may have arisen from legal advances made in the control of food and drugs or in the consideration of evidence in toxicological cases. As he may be the only chemist in a large area of several hundred or maybe thousand square miles his responsibilities to his profession are great, and he may be consulted on the chemical aspects of a wide range of problems.At the commencement of his career he may have to decide whether he will attempt to develop a service generally for all the chemical prcblems of the Colony or try to limit his activities to performing the functions on a rather wider basis of the public analyst in this country. If the latter and he does not already possess the Institute’s qualification in Branch E he would do well to prepare himself for this examination. L183 The comparatively long periods of‘ leave in the United Kingdom which he will enjoy in addition to study leave should enable him to complete his preparation with no great handicap. Should he on the other hand, desire to extend the scope of his activities he will spend his leave visiting laboratories and research institutions.He is certain to find subjects for research but will have to give priority to the day-to-day demands made upon him and will only be able to devote odd times to any research plan. In England a chemist will generally be provided with all the technical assistance necessary for his work but in the Colonies he will usually find no trained technicians. Thus a problem that merits his early attention is the evolution of a training scheme for chemical assistants. A sound scheme of training will do much to relieve him of the tedium of routine analyses and will increase considerably his own output and efficiency. Schools do exist in the Colonies and it should not be difficult to attract two or three assistants from these schools.The standard of training is likely to be somewhat below the old School Certificate but it varies from Colony to Colony. In Tanganyika the author devised a three-year course for entrants of this standard. During the mornings the candidates would work at the bench in the afternoons they either attended lectures, did general class practical work or worked at written exercises. As the scheme advanced it was possible to hand over responsibility for super-vision of practical work to others and the aim was to reach the Advanced Level in chemistry of the General Certificate of Education with a special knowledge of the theory underlying the commoner methods in use in the laboratory. At the end of the course the candidate’s ability was tested by a searching practical examination lasting five days and there were in addition two or three theoretical papers.Equipment presents a comparatively simple problem but the time that elapses between ordering an item and receiving it is usually six and more often twelve months; so it is essential to make provision for ample stocks of chemicals. Where the climate is damp and humid an air-conditioned instrument room is a great asset for otherwise many instru-ments are liable to mould and will require frequent dismantling and cleaning. The first field to be discussed is Public Health including the application of the Food and Drugs Law. Milks will probably head the list of samples received. Colonial law is based generally on that in use in the United Kingdom but it is not always revised in step with the latter and curious anomalies may be discovered.The fat and non-fatty solid limits adopted in the United Kingdom are not always applicable to Colonial cattle; generally stock in the tropics produces milk considerably richer in fat and with a lower non-fatty solid content. The control of beer by original gravity in one Colony was until recently and may still be based largely on the Graham Hofmann and Redwood’s tables which were abolished and revised by the English Finance Act of 1914. This tendency for r 184 Colonial authorities to copy United Kingdom legislation must be borne in mind when framing analytical certificates since it is unfair simply to certify without further comment that a given article is below the legal standard if that standard is out of date or is not applicable to Colonial conditions.Another fact requiring consideration is the large area which the labsratory has to serve. With perishable material such as food it may be possible to devise special means for the transit of samples. A standard case for milk samples with a reversible lid and with bottles containing a known amount of preservative may assist. If the addition of the preservative is made by the analyst (e.g. by adding a measured volume of an alcoholic solution of mercuric chloride which can be run over the surface and subsequently dried in an oven) he is in a position to certify in Court the amount added and to discuss its effects on the analysis. Although such additions are generally undesirable they are often necessary in Colonial practice and can be a valuable tool in the suppression of gross adulteration.The addition of water often highly impure-even urine-is not uncommon in the Colonial type of sophistica-tion encountered. More generally special types of containers have been found convenient for the transmission of most routine samples which have to come through the post over a primitive transportation system. Thus for toxicological material Kilner jars have been found satisfactory, two of which fit into a case of the maximum size permitted by the postal regulations. In this box were also placed questionnaire forms and alcohol suitable for preserving the specimens in transit. Similar containers, which can also conveniently contain a questionnaire and instructions for taking samples were devised for transmission of food and water samples.Colonial conditions differ from those found in England in that samples will often have to be taken by persons who have had no previous experience in this art and certainly the analysis and intelligent interpretation thereof are much easier when a background of information concerning the origin and reason for submitting a sample are known to the analyst. Under the heading of Public Health the chemist will have to deal with Colonial foodstuffs many of which will be strange to the English analyst. Adulteration when met with is usually of a gross nature; butter fat after milk is perhaps the article most liable to this evil on account of its high price.In toxicological work the usual run of poisons encountered in England, notably arsenic and the barbiturates are encountered but in addition to these the chemist is almost certain to meet a number of obscure almost unknown drugs. Most Colonies have evolved an indigenous medical system based on the utilisation of the local flora and unless the chemist is also an able botanist a link with the nearest systematic botanist will prove invaluable in tackling cases involving such material. The first step in all such work is to obtain the botanical identity of the local poisons [ 185 which are normally utilised. This knowledge can only come with experience. With the botanical identity of the plant Wehmer’s Die Pflanzenstofle and similar works of reference-see list at the end-will be found most useful for indicating the active principles likely to be present.A first-class library is essential for full information concerning an obscure native drug but with the botanical name it is usually possible to refer to a body overseas such as the Colonial Products Advisory Bureau for more detailed and up-to-date information. A wide miscellaneous range of other forensic exhibits will come from the police for examination such as fire-arms questioned documents, counterfeit coins and exhibits from house-breaking. The quartz spectro-graph is an invaluable tool for dealing with work of this kind. Drugs from the local medical department are often submitted to determine whether they comply with standard specifications and with the increasing aim of the Colonies to be more independent it may be that tinctures and extracts of dangerous drugs will be manufactured locally and require control by the chemical laboratory.In most Colonies the work of the Agricultural Department will be dealt with by an agricultural chemist but there is bound to be a good deal of overlapping. In developing his work the Government chemist should not neglect industrial products and the relation he establishes with local firms and manufacturers is not only advantageous to the former, but will also enable the chemist to play his part in the scientific develop-ment of local resources. The nature of the materials submitted under this heading will depend primarily on the main exports and articles which enter into the internal trade of the Colony.Without in any way impinging on the work of the Agricultural Department these will include some of the agricultural products of the Colony examined particularly from the marketing angle. The chemist may also be consulted on causes of change in consignments of goods and reasons for their deterioration during transit. There are many opportunities here for investigations, the results of which can be of permanent benefit to the Colony. The Customs and Excise Department will also submit samples of imports for assistance either in their classification or in the determination of the rate of duty that should be applied. Under this head are textiles, alcoholic drinks and other dutiable materials. The Public Works Department may wish for advice on building materials notably the examination of cement and aggregates.They may even wish to see a more extensive scale of testing developed including the determination of the mechanical properties of soil for example, through the Californian bearing ratio and triaxial compression tests. The Medical Department may seek facilities for simple biochemical tests such as the determination of blood sugar urea and other con-stituents of biological fluids. Enough has been written to indicate the very wide range of material that may arrive at a Government chemist’s laboratory. In most Colonies 186 this is now organised as a separate department but it would be a mistake to assume that the only openings for chemists are in such a department. In some Colonies Medical Departments have their own biochemist to deal with chemical material and with the increasing application of science in forensic practice there may be a demand for specialists attached to the local C.I.D.All Colonies have a separate Agricultural Service and details concerning chemical appointments therein can be had from that service. The specialist in agriculture is concerned with soil surveys and soil fertility the examination of plant material and such agricultural products as cereals oilseeds essential oils tobacco and tanning materials. In some Colonies the Veterinary Department have their own chemist who is concerned not only with animal biochemistry but also with the utilisation of various animal products. All the work so far described can be classified as of a development nature and it will include opportunities for research; there is also a demand in the Colonies for chemists in the purely research field.Those who wish to specialise on these lines will be advised to seek a post in the Colonial Research Service in which appointments are based on grades applicable to the United Kingdom but with an expatriation allowance. No attempt has been made in this brief survey to discuss the question of remuneration since this is dealt with in pamphlets obtainable from the Colonial Office. Whether a chemist who wishes to serve in the Colonies seeks to enter the analytical or the research branches he will find an interesting and useful career before him. He will meet with personal and other difficulties in the execution of his work but if the yolinger readers of this article feel that these exist but to be overcome then they have one of the most important qualifications for success in an appointment overseas.WORKS OF REFERENCE ON THE PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF PLANTS SOUTH AFRICA The Toxicology of Plants in South Africa together with a consideration of Poisonous Foodstufls and Fungi. Douw G. Steyn. South African Agricultural Series Vol. XIII. (South Africa Central News Agency Limited 1934.) 47s. 6d. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern Africa being an Account of their Medicinal Uses Chemical Composition Pharmacological Eflects and Toxicology in Man and Animal. John Mitchell Watt and Maria Gerdina Breyer-Brandwijk. (Edinburgh E. and S.Livingstone 16-17 Teviot Place, 1932.) 25s. MALAYA I. H. Burkill. With contributions by William Birtwistle Frederick W. Foxworthy, J. B. Scrivenor and J. G. Watson. 2 vols. (London Crown Agents for the Colonies 1935.) 30s. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. 187 INDIA The Wealth of India A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. Part 1 (A-B). Rs.15/-. Industrial Products. Part 1 (A-B). Rs.8/-. (New Delhi Council of Scientific and Industrial Research 1948.) N.B.-“C” of both parts has also been published. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO R. 0. Williams and R. 0. Williams Junr. Revised Third Edition. (Department of Agri-culture 1941 .) The Useful and Ornamental Plants in Trinidad and Tobago. WEST AFRICA The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa.Being an appendix to the Flora of West Tropical Africa. J. M. Dalziel. (London Crown Agents for the Colonies 1937.) 18s. GENERAL Die Pflanzenstofe (Bestandteile und Zusammensetzung der einzelnen Pflanzen und deren Produkte). C. Wehmer. Jena 1931 (Vols. I and 11); Jena 1935 (Erganzungsband). Gifre und Vergifungen. L. Lewin. (Berlin Verlag Georg Stilke 1929.) SCIENTISTS AND CIVIL DEFENCE The London and South-Eastern Counties Section of the Institute, with the Institute of Biology and the London and Home Counties Branch of the Institute of Physics have arranged a joint discussion on “The Place of the Scientist in Civil Defence.” The discussion will take place at 6.30 p.m. on Thursday 16 October, 1952 at the City of London School Victoria Embankment London, E.C.4.Among the speakers who have agreed to take part are Sir John Hodsall Sir Charles Ellis Dr. E. T. Paris Professor W. V. Mayneord and Professor H. N. Rydon. In view of the importance of this subject it is hoped that there will be a good attendance at the meeting SAFETY THE CHEMIST’S RESPONSIBILITY By W. PRESTON M.Sc. Ph.D. M.I.Chem.E. F.R.I.C. Discovery and advance are largely provoked by mystery and what is more gratifying to the sense of youth than mystery mingled with danger? Mystery appeals to all ages and conditions as a census of the literature of detective thrillers will surely show and capable as youth is of imagining itself in the place of Sexton Blake or Tinker there are times when action as opposed to thought becomes necessary.Herein surely lies the appeal of chemistry to youth. The schoolboy is never quite sure what will happen to his mixture of reagents-there is the mystery-and he is always hopeful that pleasing results in the shape of sound fire or even the fury of his teacher may ensue-there is the danger. It is this auto-matic acceptance of risk against which those responsible for the lives and welfare of their fellow-citizens in works or laboratory have to contend. The profession of chemistry being agreeably spiced with danger is attractive to adventurous youth. It was attractive to its earliest adherents -one of them described sulphuric acid as “a very hellish spirit in which great mysteries lie hid”-not a bad description; perhaps he had in mind the one safety precaution which does seem to find a place in the school curriculum that it is dangerous to pour water into acid.After reading the D.S.I.R. pamphlet on the toxicity of hydrogen sulphide and of the small concentration that can be fatal one might consider the manipulation of Kipp’s apparatus in the separation of Group I1 of the analysis table an equally fit subject for magisterial warning-but quite the reverse. The schoolboy’s description (his flattering description for rarely are nicknames bestowed without admiration) of the science as that of “stinks” is largely based on his friendly appreciation of the odour of rotting eggs. The chemist if the foregoing outline of his approach to the subject is accepted must therefore at some stage in his career be made aware of the existence of the problem of safety.Trained as he is he is conditioned to ignore it. In school and university he may given the full attention of that department of Providence which looks after the youthful scientist, never recognise its existence save on the fringes as with a burnt finger or cut hand; but should his lot then take him to a chemical works his blankness and dismay on being asked by a foreman for a tank clearance certificate is fearful to see. It is the duty of his teachers at all stages of his career to remedy this deficiency. The number of teachers of chemistry who have experience of the industrial as well as the academic field is somewhat limited. Many of the accidents in chemical industry come about not on account of lack of experience but because there is no awareness of the problem of safety, and this awareness will but rarely be developed in the laboratory unless a specific attempt to inculcate it is mads by the teacher.He will argue that his syllabus is overloaded as indeed it is without any top-dressing of 189 safety; but industry and the science as a whole might perhaps be better served by a little more safety and a little less atomic structure. It is therefore pertinent to enquire at what stage and by what means the embryonic chemist can be conditioned to an awareness of safety. The creation of a state of automatic mental awareness or reaction to any given set of conditions is it is usually considered best undertaken with the youthful mind. One can acquire facts and experience throughout life but these are of so much greater value when based on principles acquired in a state of youthful enthusiasm.Why should not there be, for example as much insistence on safety from the start with chemicals as with firearms? Those who haunt gun-rooms and licensed premises of the sporting type may remember seeing one of the posters of the well-known pharmaceutical house of Beecham-not about drugs but dangers :-“Never never let your gun Pointed be at anyone; Though it may unloaded be Makes no difference to me” and this could easily be modified into a warning not to look down a boiling test-tube. The unsafe youthful sportsman is usually promptly disarmed; does the teacher of chemistry appreciate the equivalent danger and act similarly? It could be argued that the teacher’s reactions are insufficiently vigorous both in school and in the university.His fears may often run in the wrong direction. The creation of explosive substances is so obvious a case for alarm that it has won outstanding attention; there is at this day living in honourable retirement far north of the border a distinguished professor who spent much of his life amongst the foulness of organic sulphur disregarding its toxicity but who was demented at the discovery of a gram or two of nitro-body in his laboratory. By way of retribution, his pupil in later years on one occasion had to soothe an angry fitter in a machine shop who on sawing a tube had by the heat run out all over his vice a mess of “wax and grease”-actually the same nitro-body.Suppress-ing his emotion the former casually removed the offending fitting and subsequently read both the safety regulations and the riot act to the chemist concerned. Here then was a clear case of failure to appreciate safety responsibilities. An attempt has been made to argue that this creation of safety aware-ness must start with the young and continue if not continuously at least in quanta throughout the training of the chemist. If he then follows an industrial career he will be ready to take his place as a responsible officer in the chemical contingent and will take such problems as the interpretation of the Chemical Works Regulations in his stride. Assuming that some training in safety is necessary how is the willing teacher (he may be a schoolmaster a university lecturer a safety officer or a manager) to prepare himself for the task? Books are of course, I 190 the prime need but until recently there have been but few on the shelf, and some of the larger chemical firms have prepared and issued their own.Apart from books however there are two very human sources of information on safety. In the Ministry of Labour there is the staff of the department of H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories. Independently but in harmony with the Ministry working for safety in school laboratory, workshop and factory are the members of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents. The Society’s unique records of the pooled experience of their members and their close co-operation with the Factory Inspectorate both in this country and abroad make them a most useful starting point for an enquiry or research into problems of safety.The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers holds periodically a conference entirely devoted to a discussion of safety problems and publishes in full an account of the proceedings. Such a conference provides an opportunity for the exchange of safety data and experiences, but the assembly is one of converts rather than of enquirers and hence hardly suited for a preliminary study of the subject. So far books an annual conference and two sources of personal and direct advice on safety matters have been mentioned as means of disseminating safety knowledge. The department of the Chief Inspector of Factories wherever possible arranges for lectures and addresses on safety topics but the demands for this service are placing a heavy burden on them.However in addition to precept the Department can offer example as well and the increasing use of the Safety Health and Welfare Museum (especially by what the Inspector’s Annual Report calls “Educa-tional Establishments”) affords very satisfactory evidence of the increasing interest in safety measures. It is unfortunate that the term “Museum” is retained; “Exhibition” would be a far better title and a more accurate description of the establishment and more likely to attract visitors. A bibliography attached to a discourse such as this would be undesir-able and in any case unread. But some publications deserve special notice although on all safety subjects the R.S.P.A.will gladly give information with bibliographies and references to all known safety matters published or not. The Institute recognised the importance of the subject by holding a conference in 1948 on the origin and prevention of laboratory accidents (L.M. & R. 1949 No. 4); in the same year 1948 the Ministry of Education issued a pamphlet (No. 13) on safety precautions in schools; and in 1949 the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research produced a slim booklet on safety measures in chemical labora-tories. Something more akin to a textbook is Safety in the Chemical Laboratory by Pieters and Creyghton (Butterworths 1951) which was reviewed in the Journal (1951 111 175). On a different scale and from a different viewpoint the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has published Safety Rules for use in Chemical Works in two parts.Part I. Model Rules was published in 1929 with later editions in 1938 and 1947 and a supplement in 1950 E 191 brought the Model Rules up to date. The 1938 edition was distributed to members of the Institute. The latest issue is a small handbook of 69 pages with very clear marginal summaries of the proposed rules and where necessary reference is also made to covering legislation. In its wording it is clear and concise and is readily adaptable to the special circumstances existing in any particular industry dealing with chemicals. This little volume was to be followed by a second part giving a more extended explanation of the objects to be attained by the Rules and of this the first section was issued in provisional form in 1930.The completed volume was however not published until recently and although neither volume is intended for teaching purposes this second part could well assist in this purpose. In view of the need for such a work and as it has not yet been reviewed in the Journal it merits rather more consideration here than the other publications mentioned above. Part II. Detailed Instructions was issued in February this year. The weakness of this second title may deflect intending readers from a study of what may perhaps be termed the standard reference books on chemical works safety the preparation of which is greatly to the credit of the Association’s Works Technical Committee and their Secretary Mr. A. J. Holden.The book is set out in eleven chapters but the idea must not be given that there is in each a continuous text. Each comment or observation is separated and given a four-number reference and despite the fact that there are 45 pages of index to 236 of text the system seems to work clumsily. For rapid reference a page numbering system would be much simpler and the Association while leaving the paragraphing in the text, will do well to consider a change in the index. It may seem odd to refer at length to the end of the book but in effect the work is a safety dictionary -if the term can be applied here as it is for example to chemical diction-aries-and therefore as it is not possible to arrange the subject-matter alphabetically the method of indexing is of prime importance.The first two chapters deal with the organisation of safety measures and the legislation pertaining to them. The following four chapters deal with the risks of the chemical industry--fire explosion gassing and poisoning and those arising from corrosion. There is a section devoted to the hazards of entering and cleaning chemical plant and a comple-mentary account dealing with the maintenance of detailed control of hazardous works operation. There is an account of the organisation of medical and first-aid services of working conditions and of protective clothing and safety devices; and finally there is the voluminous index to which reference has already been made. It is difficult to think of any aspect of safety that is not mentioned, but there is matter here and there of doubtful value for example a table correlating blood oxygen content with the state of the patient is surely far removed from “Detailed Instructions.” Although there are six references in the index to hydrogen sulphide the fullest of these is an I 192 account of its physiological effects and not of its dangerous concentrations.Indeed it might be said generally that whereas the medical data appear unnecessarily complex to the chemist in all probability it could not be regarded as “Detailed Instructions” by the doctor. It is not clear to what extent first-aid should be considered in a safety manual but in its present form the references seem a little unbalanced. It has been suggested earlier in this note that the work could be used as a manual of instruction.It cannot be denied however that the book has only a very limited human interest; but perhaps more than this could hardly be expected. The one exception is the explanation of the origin, connected with mercurial poisoning of the phrase “as mad as a hatter.” None the less it is a most useful compendium of facts and the A.B.C.M. deserve the greatest credit for their painstaking compilation. In a foreword to the book H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories describes it as being unique. He is satisfied that both the Rules and Instructions are thoroughly practical. Although exception may in places be taken to detail the Chief Inspector’s view that the adoption of the suggestions will go far to reduce accidents arising in the manufacture and use of chemicals will be shared by all those who have the interests and welfare of their fellow-workers at heart.Even if no further enquiry is made there is sufficient guidance in the books and pamphlets mentioned here for anyone really interested to pick up the rudiments of safety appreciation during a few hours’ reading. If a leaven of those engaged in the teaching of chemistry will as opportunity permits and without straining the chemical syllabus still further inculcate the idea of working safely they will have performed a signal service. Formal lectures on safety subjects unless they are given by experts can perhaps do more harm than good and likewise it is to be feared that a suggestion that examination questions should be set on this topic would be unacceptable on the grounds that already there was insufficient oppor-tunity to test a candidate on chemical principles alone.As our knowledge of matter widens however so should our conception of our responsibility to our fellow-creatures. Safety in some guises is much in the public eye. Road safety problems are ever before us; we are advised from lamp-posts that dashing means danger and maybe in the future we shall see something about sulphuric acid and suicide. Children are taught road drill almost as soon as they can walk and well-meaning politicians advise on legislation to fence all fires. A sense of responsibility will not however be secured by legislation, and even now the writ of the factory inspector does not run in the labora-tory nor strangely enough does it on the farm.(A machine that if used in a factory would turn an inspector’s blood cold can still be used in the field without let or hindrance and perhaps in this respect the chemist and farmer have something in common.) Being thus regarded in these matters of safety as superior to our fellowmen let us justify the confidence placed in us. [ 193 LECTURE SUMMARY ULTRAMICROANALYSIS PAST PRESENT AND FUTURE By C. L. WILSON M.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [Stirlingshire and District Section 17 January 19521 Any attempt to define precisely the working ranges in small-scale analysis is very vulnerable to criticism. The following table presents a classification which may act as some sort of guide. Approx. sample Approx. sample Class of Analysis weight volume Classical or “Gram” 10 g-0.05 g 250 ml-10 ml Semimicro or Centigram 0.05 g-0.005 g 10 ml-0.5 ml Full micro or Milligram 5 mg-0-1 mg 03 ml-0.02 ml Ultramicro or Microgram 1O(h%-0-1 pg 20 p1-0.1 p1 Accepting the calculated limits of 10-ls g for normal quantitative reaction and g for qualitative reaction it is clear that microgram analysis is still well within the range in which normal chemical reactions are to be anticipated.The principal difference between classical laboratory procedures and work on the microgram scale is one of techniques. If the above table is rounded off to present average figures it reduces to the following : Class of analysis Sample weight Sample volume Gram 1 g loa ml Centigram g 1 ml Milligram 10-3 g 10-1 ml Microgram 10-5 g ml It will be observed that while there is only an alteration by a factor of ten in going from centigram to milligram work there is an alteration by a factor of 100 on changing from gram-scale work to the centigram scale and a similar alteration between the milligram and microgram scales.Consequently, although it is possible to change from the centigram scale to the milligram scale without any notable change in techniques a complete overhaul of techniques is necessary to achieve a change from the classical scale to “micro-work.” Also a transfer from the milligram to the microgram scale necessitates a com-parable overhaul of techniques. In qualitative analysis spot tests may be regarded as the earliest application of microgram methods. On the quantitative side isolated instances of gravi-metric procedures using quartz torsion balances such as the Salvioni type of balance have been recorded back to the beginning of the present century.The feeling was prevalent however that the difficulties which arose when changing from the ordinary analytical balance to a microchemical balance were bound to be increased considerably on further reduction of the scale of work and on the whole gravimetric work on the microgram scale was avoided until relatively recently. Volumetric methods were developed more widely, especially in biochemical investigations. Many of these however which depend on titration on drop-scale involve milligram and not microgram, techniques. Titrations such as those of Wigglesworth may well be regarded as true ultramicro procedures.The work of Benedetti-Pichler published in the 1930’s marks the first organised attack on the problems raised by ultramicroanalysis and marks this worker as an outstanding pioneer in the field. He appears to have been the first to realise that such techniques might be generally applicable and useful, [ 194 rather than merely for use in isolated instances. He devised techniques many of them still in use almost unchanged for the qualitative analysis of samples, such as a microgram of alloy and for handling quantities of solution of the order of 1 microlitre. The work was carried out using a micromanipulator, and observing the operations and the results of tests by means of a low power microscope. These qualitative procedures he extended to semi-quantitative determina-tions in which comparative results were obtained through measurement of the volume of precipitates.He and his co-workers also published some preliminary work on true microgram titrations. Benedetti-Pichler’s methods have been used and developed for investigations in the atomic energy field. It was possible for example to devise techniques enabling work to be carried out over a range from 90 kg of starting material down to a few micrograms of an end product such as a compound of plutonium. Most people are familiar with the photographs of early samples consisting of a few micrograms of the synthetic trans-uranium elements. On such samples both qualitative and quantitative investigations were carried out. Kirk and his co-workers by developing a new type of balance opened up the way for a general attack on the problem of gravimetric microgram analysis.A number of residue determinations and gravimetric studies of dry reactions have been published. In Belfast by further development of apparatus and particularly by simplification of the construction of the microgram balance * we have aimed at making these methods more generally applicable and available to the ordinary research laboratory with a minimum of special equipment. Orthodox gravi-metric determinations involving the production washing drying and weighing of precipitates in glass vessels have been investigated and have been shown to be practicable with a standard deviation better than that to be expected in physical methods such as absorptiometry carried out on comparable samples.It is interesting to note that fears of unreasonably difficult conditions governing the use of the balance on this scale have not been realised. The sensitivity of the balance to temperature and vibration effects is actually much less than with the ordinary microchemical balance. Semi-quantitative methods based on those of Benedetti-Pichler have a standard deviation comparable with that of absorptiometric and similar physical methods on samples of about 1 microgram. In this work improvements have been made in the design of the micromanipulator and in the construction and use of some of the general apparatus. Microgram analysis may now be regarded as being in approximately the same stage of development as “classical” microanalysis in the 1920’s,-at present the prerogative of a few laboratories but likely to become much more widely used as its feasibility and its spheres of application come to be more fully realised.A number of possible lines of development may be indicated:-(1) Its most obvious use is in what may for convenience be termed “applied” problems-the wet chemistry of rare or synthetic elements problems of corrosion and that ultimate aim of the biochemist investigation of the chemistry of the single cell. (2) It may be used to supplement or to referee physical methods already in existence. (3) It opens up the possibility of extending downwards the scale of analysis possible with organic compounds. A similar demand at a higher scale level was largely responsible for the early development of milligram analysis but work on this scale is not adequate for many natural * H.M. El-Badry and C. L. Wilson Lectures Monographs and Reports 1950 No. 4 23 products obtainable only in minute yield. Extension can be envisaged as taking place either by improving the type of absorption vessel, which at present limits weighing or by a radical alteration in the system of estimation of such elements as carbon and hydrogen-virtually unchanged since the time of Liebig. (4) There is an interesting possibility of extending the use of microgram techniques in a manner analogous to the development of milligram work. The alteration from “micro” to “semimicro” made the methods generally available and popular in a wide range of laboratories. In the present case alteration from an average scale of g to lo-* g should reduce the problems of manipulation to a point where any competent technician could readily acquire the skill necessary.There is likely to be a comparable saving in time and a simplification of apparatus. This is one of the lines of development in which we are particularly interested in Belfast. (5) Finally there will undoubtedly be attempts to push the limits of observa-tion and measurement still further down. This will arise partly from the likely value of results on the scale of about 10-lo or 10-l1 g, particularly for the biochemist. But there will also be the factor of sheer curiosity impelling the worker to determine how nearly the theoretical limits can be approached in practice. BOOK REVIEWS The ChemicaI Revolution A Contribution to Social Technology.Archibald Clow and Nan L. Clow. Pp. xvi + 6SO. (London The Batchworth Press, 1952.) 50s. net. This outstanding work which in manuscript was awarded the Senior Hume Brown Prize by the University of Edinburgh well deserves the description unique claimed for it on the dust cover. In it the authors have succeeded in giving an excellently documented account of the social and economic effects of the developing science of chemistry on the general progress of the industrial revolution which has been regarded too much as being merely an achievement of mechanical engineering. Here we have a blending together of economic history and the history of chemical technology. The importance of the impact of chemistry on the traditional arts and crafts of the country is unmistakable and deserves to be more frequently emphasised.It is for example not widely enough realised how far-reaching was the effect of the improvement in the manufacture of sulphuric acid by John Roebuck. Through the improvements in bleaching by the use of this acid in place of sour milk and later by the use of chlorine obtained from hydrochloric acid produced by the action of sulphuric acid on salt the linen and cotton industry in Scotland was enabled to survive and the development of the paper industry was made possible. Then from the cheap sulphuric acid came cheap soda and improvements in the glass and soap industries. It is mainly but not exclusively with industrial developments in Scotland that the authors deal and this for two very compelling reasons.In the 18th and early 19th centuries “a galaxy of Scotsmen gave scientific direction to the Industrial Revolution particularly to its hitherto neglected non-mechanical aspects” ; and there existed also for Scotland valuable statistical accounts which were wanting for England. The period covered lies roughly between 1750 and 1830 for as the authors state “The first chemical works for the manufacture o sulphuric acid in Scotland was established in 1749 at Prestonpans. In 1828 James Beaumont Neilson started heating the blast supplied to iron-furnaces and so transformed that industry. Between these two focal points the pattern of social technology which persisted for many generations was worked out.” In twenty-five chapters the authors deal with minerals and manufactures ; the economy of common salt; the trade in ashes and kelp; the palaeotechnic transition ; soap ; vitriol in the industrial revolution ; balloons ; cognates to the textile industry ; the Scottish bleaching industry ; the philosophy of colour ; calico printing ; mordants and the Macintoshes ; Scottish paper-mills ; the art of glass ; pottery ; iron and iron-masters ; Scotland’s treasure house; the British tar company ; light and labour ; instantaneous lights ; farm factories and the economy of vegetation; saccharopolis; fermentation industries; appertising; social person-nel.A very valuable “chemical chronology” and a full bibliography complete the volume. With great ability and at the cost of much labour in sifting the documentary material the authors have produced a work which will no doubt stimulate and inspire others to deal in a similar manner with industrial developments in England.As the authors say theirs is not the last word on the subject but rather the first. It should be studied by students of economics no less than by students of applied chemistry. Few mistakes have been noticed by the reviewer but it may be noted that on p. 507 it was not the Chemical Society but the College of Chemistry that the gentlemen-farmers of England helped to found. They withdrew their support when they thought that it did not give the help they had expected in improving their agriculture. A small but not unimportant point. Why is it that the authors without any explanation spell the name of William Murdoch in Chapter 19 with a terminal “h,” and elsewhere with a “k?” The double spelling met with in other books, has caused much confusion to students.ALEX. FINDLAY Valence. C. A. Coulson. Pp. vii + 338. (Oxford Clarendon Press 1952.) This book has been written to provide an easily readable account of the theory of atoms and molecules and of chemical combination for chemists having no previous acquaintance with the relevant theoretical background. The background is of course quantum mechanics and the two approximations the valency-bond and the molecular-orbital methods in terms of which it is cus-tomary to apply quantum mechanical concepts to molecular problems. It cannot be doubted that Professor Coulson has succeeded in his stated object.The discussion is admirably clear and well illustrated. The suggestion in the preface that no mathematics will be encountered in the text is not to be taken quite literally; but the small amount of mathematics introduced will not hurt anyone’s feelings since it is obviously the minimum needed to give definite-ness to the discussion. To-day the younger generation of chemists receives some training in the physical background of chemical theory as well as in chemical theory itself. To these no less than to others the book is important for the side-lights which it throws on many chemical problems of which any conventional treatment shows but one aspect. In the early days of mesomerism as an application of quanta1 resonance the reviewer protested against the practice then beginning to appear of assigning “resonance” a phenomenological reality.(Being only the correction of an error it depends on what error one has chosen to commit). Two decades have passed but the practice criticised has continued if not spread; and our Soviet opposite-numbers have thereby been provided with not wholly unreal grounds 25s. net. 197 for their complaint about the philosophy of western chemical science. It was time for a new protest and none could have been more tellingly delivered than Professor Coulson’s when he declares repeatedly and in words mostly of one syllable that “there is no such thing” as this or that popularly phenomenal-ised quanta1 construct. In this as in many other ways his book is an important service to science.C. K. INGOLD Hyper-Conjugation. J. W. Baker. Pp. vi + 158. (Oxford Clarendon Press, The Baker-Nathan effect was put forward in 1935 to explain the abnormal behaviour of certain series of alkyl-substituted compounds and was followed by a quantum-mechanical treatment by Mulliken et al. who introduced the term hyper-conjugation for it. Since then the extension of the theory has provided a valuable and fertile concept in the theoretical interpretation and correlation of numerous reactions in organic chemistry and the present monograph by its founder is a timely review of the extensive accumulation of evidence both physical and chemical in its support. The approach is naturally that of the organic chemist and so is largely experimental in character but the theoretical side is not overlooked and is treated essentially from the standpoint of the valence bond method; suitable references however to the molecular-orbital method are included where its application has made valuable contributions to our better understanding of the physical basis of the concept.In consequence the monograph should be of interest to the theoretical chemist or physical chemist. The eight chapters deal successively with historical development physical evidence aromatic substitution tautomeric equilibria addition reactions olefine formation heterolytic and methylenic reactions of olefines and homolytic reactions. To quote one example of the utility of the concept it is shown how the recognition of the hyperconjugation of alkyl groups has enabled an elegant and consistent explanation of 1 2-elimination reactions which are governed by the Saytzeff rule wherein even the small details are in harmony with theoretical predictions.There are 205 references and a brief but most useful summary of the nomen-clature and symbolism used. Although the applications given in the monograph are confined to pure chemistry the reviewer has found the concept useful for the interpretation of otherwise inexplicable phenomena in colour chemistry and from his own experience he can recommend a close study of this monograph by chemists in general. 1952.) 18s. net. H. H. HODGSON The Structural Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds. W. Hiickel. Translated by L. H. Long. Volume 11. Pp. x + 1094. (Amsterdam Elsevier Pub-lishing Company Ltd.; London distributors Cleaver-Hume Press Ltd., 1951.) 90s. Professor Huckel’s Anorganische Strukturchemie was divided into three main parts of which Book I (Stoichiometry and Systematisation) and Book I1 (Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding) have already appeared as Volume I of the present English translation by Dr. Long which was reviewed in this Journal, 1951 I 33-4. Book I11 of the original work (Structure and Constitution) together with extensive indexes of Authors Subjects and Elements and Com-pounds makes up the present volume. Successive chapters deal with volatile inorganic compounds (hydrides halides oxides carbonyls nitrosyls organo-metallic compounds) and free elements with crystal chemistry (laying special emphasis on different types of lattice and on isomorphism polymorphism an the phase theory of mixed-crystal formation) with silicate chemistry and the formation of glasses and amorphous substances with metallic substances and alloys and with chemical reactions in inorganic chemistry which take place in gas solid or liquid phases and in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents.The work concludes with an essay (Chapter XII) entitled “Lines of research in chemical science.” Throughout his book Professor Hiickel has used structure and constitution as guiding principles for an all-embracing scheme of classification and treatment so that the perspective is entirely different from that which results from the familiar treatment element by element based upon the periodic system or upon still more fundamental considerations of atomic structure.To the advanced student this change of outlook can only be refreshing and stimulating-but probably not entirely convincing. To the less advanced student the viewpoint is too restricting. The contents of the present volume correspond very closely with the subject matter of Wells’ Structural Inorganic Chemistry but the different degree of emphasis placed upon particular topics e.g. the structure of solid TlF is quite remarkable and illuminating. Although most lavishly illustrated the con-ventional diagrams of the German text are less clear than those in “Wells.” In welcoming this important new addition to the literature of Inorganic Chemistry-for this is a work which no advanced student can afford to overlook -one cannot but regret that the single volume of the original German edition should have swollen into two still larger volumes in this English edition for reading or reference this is a serious inconvenience for which the improved quality of paper binding and legibility scarcely compensate.The poor quality of the translation has been sufficiently indicated in the review of Volume I. H. M. N. H. IRVING Semimicro Qualitative Analysis. Arthur J. Middleton and John W. Willard. Pp. xi + 446. (London George Allen and Unwin Ltd. 1952.) 30s. net. The number of books on qualitative inorganic analysis published in the United States probably exceeds the combined output of all other countries. This is perhaps not surprising since the subject is one which the Americans have made their own.They believe wisely in teaching practical work hand-in-hand with the theoretical principles (although sometimes the theory does not always accord with the experimental findings which they attempt to explain). As might be expected the standard reached is generally of a high order and re-grettable as it is to have to admit it very few non-American texts approach the same standard. In view of these observations it may appear that so much ground having already been covered there would be no room for yet another text on this subject, but the authors have introduced many new features and publication is therefore, fully justified. The first eleven chapters of the book are devoted to a detailed discussionof the theoretical principles of qualitative analysis. Then follow eleven chapters on the actual practice of semimicro qualitative analysis.The theoretical section is admirably written although perhaps there is little need for a chapter on log-arithms; the authors could however plead completeness here for this first part of the book contains at the end of each chapter a comprehensive and relevant selection of the arithmetical problems encountered in qualitative analysis. The text itself bristles with worked examples all explained simply and in easy stages. The authors take great pains to link theory with practice and this is one of the most outstanding of the many features. It is refreshing to find that the theory of sulphide precipitation is not treated as in other texts; for the first time 1 199 in any text-book as far as can be ascertained the anomalies of sulphide pre-cipitation are discussed and not avoided.The authors are perhaps unaware, however that it is impossible under normal conditions to obtain a 0.1 M solution of hydrogen sulphide. The introduction of semimicro methods of qualitative analysis into school and university teaching courses is long overdue. As the authors stress these methods have numerous recognised advantages including speed greatly in-creased sharpness of separations and reduced cost of laboratory instruction. Some of the novel features of the practical section are:-precipitation of Group 111 cations without previous removal of phosphate and arsenate separa-tion of the alkaline earths without using ammonium carbonate and the use of anion elimination tables which last appears to have outstanding possibilities.Somewhat disappointing is the preference for flame tests for the detection of sodium and potassium in the presence of each other when excellent tests are readily available for each element. A more detailed account of the semimicro working techniques could perhaps have been given and some of the so-called less common elements (e.g. beryllium, molybdenum titanium tungsten and vanadium) without which the book is really incomplete could have been included. These criticisms apart the text is one of the best of its kind the reviewer has seen and is to be recommended. It is indeed unfortunate that its relatively high cost will perhaps prohibit its general introduction into schools and other teaching institutions in this country.R. BELCHER Synthetic Resins and Allied Plastics. Edited by R. S. Morrell. Third Edition, edited by H. M. Langton. Pp. xvii + 747. (London Oxford University Press 1951 .) 50s. net. This book is a comprehensive general account of synthetic resins; the approach is empirical with the emphasis on the technological aspects of the subject. A book of this type should serve as an introduction to the field for a chemist or physicist entering the plastics or paint industry. The original edition gave an account of synthetic resins used mainly in the surface coating industry and formed a companion volume to Hedley Barry’s Natural Resins. The latest edition has been greatly expanded and now covers raw materials for plastics. In this collaborative work there are fourteen contributors but one would have expected to find some uniformity of treatment of the various resins in different sections of the book.There is however great variation ; for example phenolic resins occupy two chapters totalling 58 pages whereas a single chapter headed “Vinyl Resins,” and occupying only 38 pages deals with polyethylene polyiso-butylene polyvinylchloride and co-polymers polyvinyl esters polystyrene and many other vinyl compounds as well as ally1 derivatives. Duplicate accounts of several materials occur in different parts of the book and although most of the important polymers are discussed there are a number of omissions. A long general introduction summarises the different sections and includes a number of additional comments.Mention of individual firms and trade names in a book of this kind is to be deprecated and there are unfortunately a number of vague meaningless or inaccurate statements. For example “Its (polytetrafluoroethylene) structure is probably represented by (C,H,)n.” In another place it is stated that purified cellulose is prepared from spruce pulp by the “viscose process.” Under the heading “Some Recent Applications of Synthetic Resin Plastics,” there is mentioned “a nitroceullose plastic prepared for denture purposes,” a well known trade name being quoted. The newer fibre-forming materials receive very scanty treatment. There is no general account of nylon and similar polyamides such as caprolactam; and polymers based on acrylonitrile and ethylene glycol terephthalate are not i 200 mentioned.One would also expect to see descriptions of isocyanates poly-urethanes and similar compounds which have come to the fore in recent years. Degradation of polymers under influences of light heat etc. is an important subject which should have been given adequate treatment both generally and from the point of view of stabilisers for particular polymers. The physical chemistry of polymers and resins receives inadequate treat-ment but methods for determination of molecular weight are mentioned briefly. The book is excellently printed and bound and the illustrations are well reproduced, R. S. COLBORNE Physics as a Career. Norman Clarke. Pp. 70. 6s. net. The Scientific Education of Physicists. Pp. 31. 2s. (Obtainable from the Institute of Physics 47 Belgrave Square London, As might well have been expected from the author’s knowledge and his opportunities to study his subject matter this small book recently published under the auspices of the Institute of Physics contains a clear concise and well written account of the fields of work open to those who intend to enter the profession of physics and the remuneration to be expected.There is also a short account of the professional education desirable and the qualifications which should be obtained. (A fuller report on this latter subject is given in the pamphlet entitled The Scientific Education 0fPhysicist.s). In the preparation of such booklets difficulties are always experienced in assessing the extent of knowledge which the reader can be expected to possess.If the treatment is too elementary the author will be liable to be accused of childishness; on the other hand if lie discusses technical subjects or uses too many technical terms he may be only dimly understood and this would render the booklet of little value to those senior school-children and parents for whom it is primarily intended. On the whole Mr. Clarke has steered a middle course with perhaps a tendency in the latter direction. It is interesting to note that the author is at pains to correct an all-too-prevalent impression that physics and the study of atomic energy are synonym-ous terms and he wisely stresses the desirability of a good basic training in classical physics. There is an excellent short chapter entitled “On Finding a Job” at a time when vacancies are many and qualified scientists few it is well that recent graduates should be reminded that employers are still highly selective and are not likely to give favourable consideration to a badly written application to an inappropriate demeanour at an interview or to a candidate who seems far more interested in the amenities of a post than in the work which he will be called upon to do.Neither in Mr. Clarke’s book nor in the pamphlet on Education can there be found any indication of the cost of training. Perhaps the authors were of the opinion that at a time of rapidly changing costs it was better to omit mention of this subject. In the pamphlet there is an appendix giving full particulars of the staffs of universities and a useful list of those technical colleges in which courses in specialised branches of physics may be pursued.S.W.1.) R. L. COLLETT Laboratory Instruments. Their Design and Application. A. Elliott and J. Home Dickson. Pp. 414. (London Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1951.) 32s. net. This book will be welcome to all engaged in research or the design of experi-ments and even those who are interested in knowing only how things are done will find it very readable. It should be pointed out at once however that the term “laboratory instruments” has been very freely stretched by the authors t include chapters on straightness flatness and squareness on the working of glass, and on photography whilst on the other hand electrical instruments have been almost entirely neglected. Emphasis is laid mainly on the properties of materials, on mechanical design and on the applications of optics to precision measurement.There are good chapters on constraints and kinematic design though it is depressing to see that there is still a necessity for kinematic principles to be expounded. The point is wisely made that traditional designs are not always wrong and warnings are uttered against the large loadings on bearing surfaces which kinematic design sometimes produces-warnings which will be echoed by all who have allowed a component incorporating steel balls to fall through the merest fraction of an inch on to its opposite member. The chapter on the magnification of small displacements is good though the writer feels that readers should be given some indication of the scale of difficulty of the methods described there; some interference techniques for example especially those involving semi-silvered glass plates are among the most difficult manipulations in physics.Particularly good are the chapters on vibration-free mountings and on damping, and much information is condensed here which is not readily available elsewhere. The chapters on glass glass-working and lens and prism design are informative, but the reader with no previous experience would not find them of much help if he wished to do things for himself; so in a’sense they fall between two stools. A valuable feature of the book is its numerous tables (here again optical information predominates) giving information not readily available in any other single source.The bibliography and lists of references seem to be exhaustive. The diagrams are good though there are one or two exceptions. For example, Figs. 9.3 and 9.4 though quite correct are very puzzling to anyone not familiar with engineering drawing. There are few mistakes or omissions; the rubber-backed die process for the rapid production of components from stamped sheet, the salt-bath process for case-hardening and soldering electroplating of alumin-ium as a pre-soldering process and the use of perspex rod as a light guide all merit inclusion. The most serious omission is the Merton nut-a really out-standing advance in precision screw techniques. Finally it is surprising to see glue advocated as a holding cement for optical prisms-the contraction of drying glue is so great that it can easily draw a chip from glass surfaces.The book is well printed and strongly bound and not expensive by present day standards. W. H. J. CHILDS BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS RECEIVED BUT NOT REVIEWED Untaken Harvest. G. Ordish. Pp. xii + 171. (London Constable and Company Limited 1952.) 15s. net. [Extract from Chapter I “This book is concerned with the economics of pests and diseases in agriculture. Whilst many excellent text-books deal with the control of the insect (and allied creatures) the fungi viruses and weeds which cause loss of crops documentation on the economic aspects of this loss is both scarce and scattered. Accordingly we . . . examine the volume, value and social consequences of the losses caused by pests and diseases . .. and the economics both of the losses themselves and the measures that may be taken to control them. Suggestions for the future study of crop losses and their reduction are added.”] Quantum Theory. David Bohm. Pp. ix -t 646. (London Constable and Co., [Part I. Physical Formulation of the Quantum Theory; Part XI. Mathe-matical Formulation of the Quantum Theory; Part 111. Applications to Simple Systems. Further extensions of Quantum Theory Formulation ; Ltd. 1952.) 45s. net. [ 202 Part IV. Methods of Approximate Solution of Schrodinger’s Equation ; Part V. Theory of Scattering; Part VI. Quantum Theory of the Process of Measurement. ] Standard Methods fir Testing Petroleum and its Products. Twelfth Edition. Pp. xix + 727. (London The Institute of Petroleum 1952.) 40s.post free. Annuai Report on the Progress of Rubber Technology. Volume XV. Edited by (Cambridge W. Heffer & Sons Ltd. T. J. Drakeley. Pp. vii + 135. 1952.) 21s. Dental Practitioners’ Formulary 1952. Pp. 28. (London The British Medical Wax Chemistry and Technology. L. Ivanovszky. Pp. 44. (London and Association and the Pharmaceutical Press 1952.) 1s. 6d. post free. Bridgend 1952. Obtainable from 24 Bride Lane E.C.4 or the author.) National Bureau of Standards. Handbook 50. X-Ray Protection Design. H. 0. Wyckoff and L. S. Taylor. Pp. iv + 36. (Washington Govern-ment Printing Office.) 15 cents. (Obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office; 1$ = 8s. 6d.) British Standards 501,554 1952. Reports on Metric Units of Volume and Standard Tempera-611 1952.Petri Dishes. Pp. 7. 2s. net. 612 1952. Nessler Cylinders. Pp. 10. 2s. net. 1121 Part 24 1952. Methods for the Analysis of Iron and Steel. Part 24 : Small amounts of chromium in iron and steel. Pp. 7. 2s. net. 1847 1952. Graduated Beakers for Injectable Fluids (for Hospital Use). Pp. 8. 2s. net. 1848 1952. Glass Condensers. Pp. 14. 3s. net. (From B.S.I. 24 Victoria Street London S.W.l.) ture of Volumetric Glassware. Pp. 16. 2s. 6d. net LOCAL SECTION AFFAIRS Birmingham and Midlands.-The concluding meeting of the current session was held at Coventry on the evening of 21 May when Mr. A. R. Runeckles, Works Manager of the Acetate Factory of Messrs. Coutaulds gave a talk entitled “The History and Development of Cellulose Acetate Yam Production,” at Coventry Technical College.In the afternoon prior to the meeting several parties of members and friends were shown round the Acetate Works of Messrs. Courtaulds Ltd. where in addition to seeing the most up-to-date methods for the production of cellulose acetate they were also able to see the solvent recovery and spinning plants. Bristol and District.-All meetings in the second half of the session were held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. In Gloucester there was one meeting in which the Plastics Institute also joined and one in Bristol with the Microchemistry Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, Five meetings were held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Bristol University. On 24 January a paper was read by Mr.L. G. Beckett of Messrs. W. Edwards, entitled “High Vacuum in the Service of the Chemist.” The principles of various types of vacuum equipment were described and the lecturer demonstrated high vacuum apparatus. On 7 February Prof. R. G. W. Norrish F.R.S. spoke on the “Effect of Light on the Combustion of Hydrocarbons,” and on 6 March a meeting was held jointly with the Institute of Fuel when Dr. Holroyd read a paper illustrated with lantern slides on “Gasification by the Moving-Burden Technique.” Dr. Holroyd dealt largely with recent developments in the fluidisation of solid fuel. On 20 March following the Annual General Meeting of the Section Mr. J. C. Hanbury gave a very interesting paper entitled “Early Developments in the Fine Chemical Industry.” A very instructive and amusing account of early methods of manufacture of chemicals and pharmaceutical preparations was gven.At the Annual General Meeting Mr. I. Dembrey and Dr. H. J. Willavoys were elected as new members of the Committee. Mr. B. W. Minifie was re-elected Hon. Secretary and Treasurer and Messrs. H. S. Howes and Dr. H. J. Willavoys were re-elected Hon. Auditors. The Chairman Mr. G. H. Moore proposed a vote of thanks to the University of Bristol and to Gloucester Technical College for the facilities granted during the session. On 23 April a joint meeting with the Society of Public Analysts was held. In the afternoon visits by two separate parties were made to Messrs. J. S . Fry & Sons Ltd. Chocolate Manufacturers Somerdale and to the University of Bristol Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station Long Ashton.This was followed by a short tour of the places of interest in Bristol. In the evening a short paper was read by Mr. H. Swift on “The Use of Cylinder Oxygen in the Organic Micro-determination of Nitrogen,” and this was followed by a general discussion on “Standard Substances for Organic Microanalysis.” At Gloucester Technical College on 14 February Dr. H. W. Thompson, F.R.S. spoke on “Applications of Infra-Red Spectroscopy to the Study of Plastics Polymers.” A very lucid account of this special method for determining the constitution of organic compounds was given illustrated by lantern slides. On 13 March at Urch’s Caf6 Gloucester the popular Social Evening was again held. Dr. V.L. Charley (Messrs. H. W. Carter) and Mr. I. Dembrey (additional Public Analyst Bristol) gave short accounts of the nature of their work and an informal discussion followed. After the meeting members met socially over refreshments The last meeting of the season was a Summer Visit on 21 May to Messrs. John Heathcoat Tiverton. The party travelled by coach to Dulverton where they lunched and then went on to the Tiverton textile factory. On arrival at the works a short description of the special processes employed was given after which members were shown round the various parts of the works. The exceptional care taken to ensure high quality was very evident. After tea at the works and a short tour of the town the party returned to Bristol through Taunton. Dundee and District.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Chemical Society was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre the University St.Andrews, on 2 May 1952. Mr. P. A. Keiller presided and Professor E. R. H. Jones, F.R.S. delivered a stimulating lecture on “Polyacetylenes.” Starting with Glaser’s observation (1870) of the oxidative coupling of the copper derivative of phenyl acetylene in ammoniacal alcoholic solution to yield di-acetylene and Baeyer’s extension of this work in connection with his classical studies of the indigo series Professor Jones outlined in a pawky and delightful manner the preparation and the properties of conjugated poly-enes (including octa-acetylene) which has been so successfully directed by him at the Imperial College and at Manchester.After numerous questions and a lively discussion Dr. H. T. Openshaw expressed the thanks of those present to Professor Jones. A Social Outing to Perth was held on 10 May 1952. Members and friends met in the foyer of the Perth Theatre where the necessary introductions were made and then proceeded inside to see “Come Live With Me,” a light comedy by Dorothy and Campbell Christie. The play was followed by high tea at York House and members and friends had a most enjoyable afternoon and evening. The third Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 16 May 1952, in the Royal British Hotel Dundee with Dr. Robert Roger in the Chair. After Dr. Roger had intimated his desire to retire from the office of Chairman the following were elected for the ensuing year :-Chairman Alex.Hood; Vice-Chairman Henry A. Watson; Hon. Secretary-Treasurer Dr. J. Basil Wilson; Members of Committee the foregoing Andrew Dargie Norman B. B. Johnstone, Douglas M. G. Lloyd George F. P. Parsons and Dr. Robert Roger; Hon. Auditor Douglas A. Landsman. Mr. Henry A. Watson paid tribute to the invaluable service given to the Section and to the Institute by the retiring Chairman Dr. Robert Roger. Dr. Roger paid a tribute to Mr. P. A. Keiller and noted with regret his retirement from membership of the Committee. He had a remarkable record of service both on Committee and at meetings. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Second Annual Junior Lecture held by the Section took place on 9 May. Dr. W. D. Wright of Imperial College, London spoke on “Colour” in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Glasgow.This afternoon lecture was a great success and was attended by about 350 senior schoolchildren from Glasgow and the surrounding districts. Dr. Wright’s address was well illustrated by slides specimens and suitable demonstrations. A vote of thanks to the speaker was carried with acclamation. As is usual in the Section at this time of year several works visits were arranged for local members. They were as follows. On 7 May visitors to Messrs. J. & P. Coats Anchor Mills Paisley were shown mercerising bleaching and drying of cotton hanks. They then inspected the dyeing departments and after tea were shown over the research laboratories. In the evening of 15 May the Clyde Park Sewage Works Motherwell was visited.This is one of the most up-to-date works in the country and members were keenly interested in the display of exhibits on sewage by-product utilisatio that had been specially arranged. Afterwards members were entertained to supper by the burgh Council of Motherwell and Wishaw. An evening visit was paid to Beattie’s Bakeries Ltd. Glasgow on 23 May, Bread-making was inspected and fully explained by competent guides and the research and control laboratories were also seen. Tea was provided by the company. An all-day visit to the Comrie Colliery in the Fife coalfield took place on 3 June. Members were particularly impressed by the cleanliness of both the surface plant and the pit bottom; a visit to a working face was made and after lunch the party inspected the surface plant for cleaning and sizing the coal.The outing together with the bus tour that was a necessary part of it was a great success. Leeds Area.-A Summer Outing for the Section was arranged on 14 June, when a party of members and their ladies went by coach to the Bradford Cor-poration Waterworks Reservoirs in one of the remoter parts of Nidderdale. A most instructive visit was followed by tea at Pateley Bridge and in spite of somewhat inclement weather the afternoon and evening were voted most enjoyable. It is hoped that these outings will become a regular feature of the Section’s social activities. The members were greatly indebted to Dr. W. R. Moore for his efficient handling of the arrangements. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Annual Golf Meeting of the Section was held at Shirley Golf Club East Croydon on 21 May when a small but enthusiastic group took part in the competition for the Government Laboratory Challenge Cup which was won by Dr.J. I. Cunneen. The Section has just completed a most successful programme of Summer Visits to research establishments and industrial firms. The Atomic Energy Research Establishment Harwell Berks. was visited on 23 May the John Innes Horticultural Institution Bayfordbury Herts. on 14 June the Water Pollution Research Laboratory Garston Herts. on 17 June and Wye College (University of London) near Ashford Kent on 12 July. Turning to the industrial side members of the Section visited the Millwall factory of Associated Lead Manufacturers Ltd. on 28 May the research laboratories of the Distillers’ Company Ltd.Epsom Surrey on 11 June Messrs. Horlicks Ltd. Slough Bucks. on 12 June Sheet Glass Ltd. Queenborough, Kent on 25 June and International Alloys Ltd. Aylesbury Bucks on 1 July. We again express our very sincere thanks to the Directors of all the above organisations who made these visits possible and to the guides who never appeared to tire of answering our questions. We are trying to arrange to repeat many of the visits next year when those who were unfortunate in the ballot for places this time (and they were numerous for some of the visits) will have another chance. South Wales.-On 16 May a meeting was held jointly with the Physical Methods Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists.In the afternoon the members of the Group visited the British Iron and Steel Research Association Laboratories Sketty Hall Swansea and they were then entertained to tea by the Section at University College Swansea. After tea, members and visitors gathered under the Chairmanship of Dr. J. Haslam when three papers on Ion Exchange Resins were presented and discussed “The Theory of Ion Exchange,” by Professor C. W. Davies; “Some Newer Applica-tions and Techniques of Cation and Anion Exchange Resins in Chemical Analysis,” by Mr. G. H. Osborn; and “The Determination of Individual Rare Earths by Radioactivation using Ion Exchange Separation,” by Dr. F. W. Cornish. A number of members and visitors participated in the discussion (for synopses of the papers see Chemistry and Industry 21 June 1952 p.561) Bangalore.-The Fifth Meeting of the Bangalore Section for 1951-52 was held on 28 March 1952 at the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore with Prof. K. V. Giri in the chair. Dr. S. K. Bhattacharyya Department of General Chemistry Indian Institute of Science gave a lecture on “High Pressure-a valuable tool in Chemical Industry of the present and the future.” The speaker stated that one of the outstanding developments in chemical industry during the last three decades has been the use of high-pressure processes. In pressure the chemist has discovered a tool whereby a large number of new chemical syntheses have been made possible and commercially feasible. The advantages of the use of high pressure were then outlined together with a description of some important high-pressure reactions; synthesis of ammonia methanol and higher alcohols; hydrogenation reactions; Fischer-Tropsch process; polymerisation reactions etc.An interesting discussion then followed and the meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to the speaker proposed by Mr. I. S. Patel, Hon. Treasurer. Madras.-On 10 December 1951 Dr. J. W. Corran delivered a lantern-slide lecture on “Mustard” at the Chemical Lecture Hall Loyala College. Afterwards Dr. Corran in company with the Hon. Secretary visited the Presid-ency College Chemistry Laboratories and the University Biochemical Labora-tories. On 7 January 1952 Professor J. W. Cook then on a visit to Madras as a delegate to the Commonwealth Inter-University Conference (see Journal 1952, 11 105) met the officers and city members of the Section at the office of the British Council.He conveyed to the Section the Council’s greetings and message of good wishes and then presented a detailed account of the profession of chemistry in the United Kingdom the growth and organisation of the Institute, the work of the Council and its Committees the activities of Local Sections and the Institute’s publications. Professor Cook closed his address by expressing his personal pleasure at being given the opportunity to meet the members and said he would always recall with pleasure that the Madras Section was inaugur-ated during his own term of office as President. On 25 January 1952 Professor A. Stoll the Swiss chemist gave an address on “Ergot its alkaloids and their application in Therapeutics” at the Madras Medical College.On 5 February 1952 Dr. J. M. Tripod Professor in the University of Lausanne delivered a lecture on “Hormones and Vital Functions” also at the Madras Medical College. Both lectures were held under the joint auspices of the Institute the Indian Medical Association and the Indian Pharma-ceutical Association. SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY HOUSE OF LORDS DEBATE 11 AND 12 JUNE 1952 Viscount Samuel opened the debate by asking Her Majesty’s Government whether they had any statement to make with respect to (a) the use made by industry and agriculture of the results of scientific research; and (b) the policy they proposed to adopt to promote the higher education of technologists and to move for Papers on these matters (this motion was withdrawn at the conclusion of the debate).He also asked how the question of the establishment of a British Science Centre in London now stands; whether the Government could say how the great enterprise of Harwell is proceeding; and what steps were being taken to increase the number of trained technologists called for in the report of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy (Command Paper 8561). This pointed to the long-term shortage of technicians and all kinds of scientists and stated that every effort should be made to increase the supply with particular emphasi on chemists chemical engineers mechanical engineers and physicists. He further remarked “We may be on the eve of very important decisions which will determine perhaps for a generation the trend of the development of OUT national system of education.” He reminded the House that not only must the scientists have a broad training which includes the humanities but also that arts students must in future learn some science.In his reply the Lord President of the Council (Lord Woolton) first mentioned that the site on the South Bank immediately below Waterloo Bridge and facing Somerset House has been reserved for a science centre by the London County Council which is the planning authority and was so reserved in the County of London plan. “But if I may be permitted to express a personal view, your Lordships may rely upon me to use whatever influence I have to secure that that Science Centre at some time takes shape on that noble site.. . .” Lord Woolton then appealed for a closer alliance between science and industry and pointed to the most useful work carried out by the D.S.I.R. and its various research stations detailing some of the benefits that had already been reaped from the work of the Road Research Laboratory the Water Pollution Research Laboratory and the Fuel Research Station and to the good influence of the Industrial Research Associations where there was a close co-operation between industry and scientists. “Thefe is a need for some general review of the effectiveness of current arrangements for ensuring that the results of research make their contribution to the development of the British economy at the present time; and I am asking my Advisory Council on Scientific Policy-of which I am happy to say I have been able to persuade Professor Todd the organic chemist of Cambridge to take the chair-to look into this question.” Reference was made to the discovery of aniline dyes and penicillin which took place in this country but which had been exploited and developed com-mercially in Germany and the U.S.A.Even now a new synthetic fibre, terylene on which research and development have been pressed with great energy and speed by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. was going into produc-tion faster in the United States than in this country. “Here it would seem that our main handicap is that the actual construction of a chemical manu-facturing plant in this country takes about twice as long as it did before the war. This may well be due to delays through material shortages and it is an open question whether it could have been avoided.The problem is obviously a most complex one and simple and speedy solutions of such problems are harassed by our internal and external financial problems.” Turning to the second part of the question dealing with the higher education of technologists Lord Woolton noted that the use made by industry of the results of scientific research depended mainly on the number of highly qualified technologists employed. He noticed that with some outstanding and very successful exceptions “the understanding of the scientific basis of technical progress is still not regarded as an asset from the factory floor to the board room. I hope that British industrialists will give fresh consideration to this matter and consider the experience of other countries who have mobilised the best scientific knowledge available in the management of their businesses.” Tn order to compete on equal terms with the U.S.A.and certain European countries we must not only employ first class technologists “but offer them both salaries and prospects and a wider scope of responsibility sufficient to attract them.” He could not foresee any immediate and dramatic increase in the facilities for the training of higher technologists though it was hoped that the recent increase in the grant to the Universities for the quinquennium 1952-57 (Journal 1952 111 138) would permit some expansion during that period. Referring to the long-drawn-out discussions of the steps that should r 208 be taken to ensure an increasing number of technologists Lord Woolton stated the Government’s views on the matter which were announced at the same time by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the House of Commons.The statement is as follows:-“The Government consider that a most important means of increasing productivity in industry is to improve facilities for higher technological education. They are convinced that this can best be done by building up at least one institution of university rank devoted predominantly to the teaching and study of the various forms of technology. We are therefore, urgently exploring the practical possibilities as to the best way of doing this. As regards the last Government’s White Paper . . . I should say that we fully recognise the important contribution which technical colleges can make to higher technological education and details of our proposals for improving financial assistance available for selected colleges and courses will be shortly announced by the Ministry of Education.We do not however propose to establish a non-teaching award-making body under the title of The Royal College of Technology.” In his reply on the second day the Paymaster-General Lord Cherwell, allayed the fear of some of the speakers that the emphasis on technological studies might disturb the educational balance and pointed to the fact that there was at least as much danger of the arts man knowing nothing about science as there was of the science specialist knowing nothing of the arts. “I maintain that the average scientist knows a good deal more about history and things like literature and philosophy than the average historian knows about science.” In connection with the Government’s decision to build up “at least one institution of university rank devoted predominantly to the teaching and study of the various forms of technology,” he said that the reasons were in short “that you need so much paraphernalia to teach technology properly in the various branches .. . that you cannot afford to do it unless you have 3,000 or 4,000 students and in a large number of universities you cannot have that number of technologists. Therefore if you say you are going to teach it merely in the universities you will tend either to have too little apparatus or to be incredibly extravagant.” The upgrading of certain technical colleges he said was not at all easy because their activities were so very diverse and some of the subjects in the curricula of many colleges were not suitable for teaching in an institution of university status. Therefore if some of the technical colleges were upgraded it would mean that they would have to be separated into two branches. Further-more “they would have to be taken out of the control of the local authorities and would have to earn their promotion. It is essential that they should be put under the control of the University Grants Committee; otherwise they will never get the real status of universities.” He would eventually like to see a large number of technical universities but in the first place the Government intended to start with one, “I am very anxious that that should be under the University Grants Committee in order to emphasise and make certain that it is regarded as an institution of university status one which can give degrees and which has all the privileges of any other university .. . it is essential that this first technological university should have complete freedom and should have all the same rights as any university from that point of view . . . the technological university would be similar in many ways to the Massachussetts Institute of Technology or the establishment at Charlottenburg or the Eidgenossiche Technische Hochshule in Zurich. That means to say there would be undergraduates . . . graduates and research people; and they would study and learn the same sort of things that are taught in those well-known and well-established institutions.” I209 Lord Chenvell then proceeded to give an account of the progress of research on nuclear energy mentioning that for the future one of the most decisive factors would be the building of a breeder reactor using enriched uranium or plutonium surrounded with either thorium or uranium 238.“That sort of project of course presents the most extraordinary novel technical difficulties. We are fortunate in having Sir Christopher Hinton, one of the best engineers in this country and Sir John Cockcroft one of our outstanding physicists co-operating in trying to design such fast reactors, but it involves an enormous number of new problems just the sort of problems which the professors in a technological university should be studying in the course of their work.There are a lot of metallurgical problems; many odd metals like beryllium and zirconium have to be pro-duced and examined to see if they have suitable properties. We have to find methods of extracting light uranium and plutonium which we hope we have more or less mastered. And we have to get the heat away. If you have a collection of uranium rods producing all this heat thousands of kilowatts of energy it is none too easy to get the heat away from the surface. Probably some method of liquid metal coolant will have to be used for that. Heat transfer is just the sort of thing that would be studied in the techno-logical university in its own right.” He surveyed also the possibilities of using solar energy.“A great many people say that as we have in the sun a nuclear furnace at a convenient distance well shielded and stable we ought to try to use that. I agree. It might well be worth doing a good deal of work on trying to convert solar radiation into power. At present unfortunately apparently the best way of doing this seems to be to grow potatoes turn them into alcohol and burn that. But this uses only something like 1 per cent. As I have said all these things are a very long way off. But we have made great progress in the last thirteen years. “All these projects if we are to make progress require the highest skill in applied physics and technology. I therefore think that the present is a singularly appropriate moment to discuss how we are going to teach technology and how we are to get the large number of highly skilled and trained people who will be able to apply themselves to these problems, and I hope solve them.I think it is a great encouragement to the Govern-ment to see the favourable reception which these proposals have had in the House; and if I may say so it is certainly a personal delight to me.” In his concluding remarks Viscount Samuel expressed appreciation of the Government’s new announcement but pointed out that nothing had been said about the financial resources that would be needed. The whole situation he thought would be changed if “we felt that the world situation would allow us to proceed at a less headlong speed in rearming than was found necessary at the beginning.If the implementation of that programme could be spread out, even by an additional one or two years that would be a great relief to the annual cost of manpower materials and money. It is there that from the standpoint of finance we may find the means to provide those items in the programme which have been advanced during this debate. In any event I hope that money will be found to avoid the proposed cuts in the grants for scientific research. Those cuts have caused great perturbation and regret, and the sooner they can be reconsidered the better it will be.” Finally he said “The statement of the Government will be studied with the greatest interest in three worlds which are to some extent distinct from one another, but which are all fully interested-the scientific world the industrial world and the world of education.We shall await their reactions and their comments and criticism.” [ 210 EXAMINATIONS MARCH-APRIL 1952 ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS Examinations were held as under :- Entered Passed For the Associateship. Examiners Professor H. J. Emeleus F.R.S. Professor D. H. Hey and Dr. D. J. G. Ives. The examination was held in the Examinations Hall and Chemical Laboratory of the University of London South Kensington at the University of Leeds and at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne theoretical papers being taken also at various local centres in the periods 31 March to 5 April and 7 to 10 April 1952. 230 52 Some candidates completed their examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts in which they had previously failed and a number of candidates failed in part only of the examination.EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP MONDAY 31 MARCH 1952 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer FIVE questions ONLY.] 1. Illustrate the types of isomerism which occur in 6-coordinate complexes. Indicate the theoretical basis for the octahedral distribution of valencies in such complexes. 2. Comment on the preparation properties and structure of any FOUR of the following compounds (a) KOz (6) CaC, (c) LiAlH4 (d) HNs (e) SF6 (f) NOSF. 3. Give a brief outline of the chemistry of the rare earth elements. 4. Illustrate the significance of oxidation-reduction potentials in volumetric analysis. 5. Give a concise account of the chemistry of Two ofthe followingelements :-(a) thallium (b) iodine (c) beryllium.6. Explain with examples the meaning of THREE of the following terms :-(a) interstitial compound, (6) chelate compound, (c) non-stoichiometric compound, (d) clathrate compound. 7. Compare the chemistry of EITHER boron and silicon OR sulphur and selenium. r 211 2 to 5p.m. [Answer FOUR questions ONLY.] 1. Derive the Kirchhoff and Gibbs-Helmholtz equations for a reaction occurring at constant pressure. For the reaction CO + +02 = C02 AH at 291" K = - 68,100 cal. and AG at 298" K. = - 61,750 cal. The heat capacities in calories per degree per mole of the gases concerned are given by :-C02 Cp = 7-00 + 0.0071T - 0.00000186T2 CO and 02 Cp = 6.50 + 0.001OT where T is the absolute temperature.Derive an equation by which AG for the given reaction can be calculated at any temperature for which the heat capacity equations are valid. 2. Describe briefly how you would carry out by electrochemical methods THREE of the following:-(a) a determination of the solubility product of silver bromide; (b) a determination of the constitution of the mercurous ion Hg;'; (c) a highly accurate determination of the hydrochloric acid in a given (d) a determination of the ionic product of water. solution ; 3. Write an essay on EITHER (a) structural types and characteristics of crystal lattices OR (b) physical methods for the determination of atomic weights. 4. Discuss THREE of the following statements:-(a) The activity of one component of a binary solution can be calculated if that of the other is known; (b) The entropy of evaporation of most liquids at their normal boiling points is approximately constant ; (c) Whilst the transition liquid = gas may be effected continuously i.e., without the formation of a two-phase system the transition liquid + vapour is always discontinuous; (4 The surface tension of a liquid is a function of intermolecular forces.5. Discuss the equation k = PZe-E/RTy by which the velocity constant of a chemical reaction may be represented. 6. Give an account of the determination of the thermodynamic dissociation constant of a weak acid in aqueous solution by means of conductance measure-ments. Explain the theoretical principles upon which the method is based. 7. Discuss an equation in common use which expresses the pressure/volume relations of non-ideal gases.Endeavour to give physical significance to all the terms of the equation. Show how the equation may be transformed into a reduced equation of state applicable to all substances. TUESDAY 1st APRIL 1952 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer FOUR questions ONLY.] 1. Describe methods for the preparation of (a) vinyl chloride and (b) ally1 chloride. Discuss the chemical properties of these two compounds and their uses in industry. [ 212 2. Discuss the structure of glucose. How may glucose be converted into (a) arabinose (b) fructose (c) 2 3 4 6-tetramethylglucose and (d) 2 3 5 6-, tetramethylglucose ? The stereochemical configuration of glucose may be assumed. 3. Write an essay on the derivatives of carbonic acid other than metallic salts.4. Outline FIVE methods for the preparation of benzaldehyde. Show how benzaldehyde may be converted successively into benzoin benzil and benzilic acid and discuss the theoretical interpretation of these reactions. 5. Outline two methods for the preparation of each of the following:-(a) pyridine (b) quinoline and (c) isoquinoline. Give the structural formula of one alkaloid in each group. 6. Give examples of rearrangements of the type C6H5.NHR -+ p.R.C,H,.NH, and discuss the probable mechanism of two examples. 7. Write notes on THREE of the following:-Diels’ hydrocarbon sulpha-thiazole Paludrine auxin a apomorphine H acid nylon. 2 to 3.30p.m. [The use of dictionaries is allowed.] FRENCH Translate into English :-Sur Z’existence de I’oxyde mercureux.Les plus anciens auteurs affirmaient dkj& qu‘il ne peut Ctre obtenu isole. En effet en dkcomposant meme A l’abri de l’air A l’obscuritk comme A la lumikre un sel mercureux par une base on obtient un prkipitk noir qui desskchC prend peu a peu une teinte verdiitre. Cepend-ant si le produit presente alors les caractkres chimiques d’un melange d‘oxyde mercurique et de mercure finement divisk il n’en est pas de mcme s’il n’est pas deshydrate. En opposant de l’oxyde mercureux ainsi isolk et de l’oxyde jaune A une solution normale de soude Allmand n’avait pas observe de potentiel dkfinie. D’autre part les diagrammes X du produit meme encore humide ne contiennent que les raies de OHg et un fond noir attribuable au mercure.Bien qu’admettant que le rayonnementxpeut le dkcomposer (ce qui n’est pas douteux), Fricke et Ackermann en conclurent qu’on ne peut plus affirmer dksormais l’existence de l’oxyde mercureux. Enfin A. et N. Pacault mesurant la sus-cep tibilitC magnktique de l’oxyde desskhk trouvkrent qu’elle correspond 21 celle d‘un mklange kquimoleculaire de OHg et de mercure. GERMAN Translate into English :-Asymmetrische Synthesen sind nach Marckwald Vorgange die un ter Mit-wirkung optisch aktiver Substanzen aus einer symmetrisch gebauten Verbindung einen optisch aktiven S toff erzeugen ohne dass das einwirkende aktive chemische Individuum eine bleibende Veranderung erfahrt und unter Vermeidung irgend-welcher analytischer Vorgange. Es werden jetzt solche Vorgange als “partielle asymmetrische Synthesen” bezeichnet im Gegensatz m “totalen” Synthesen, welche auf jede Mitwirkung einer bereits optisch aktiven Verbindung bei der Synthese verzichten.L 213 Im Gegensatz zu der Vielheit von Fallen die A. McKenzie als asymmetrische Synthesen .bezeichnet und die alle auf der Aufrichtung einer m ehrfachen Bindung (Athylenbindung Carbonylbindung) durch Hydrieren Bromierung oder Anwendung einer Grignard-Reaktion beruhen die ferner alle in Losung durchgefiihrt werden und die sich samt und sonders durch die verschiedenen Bil dungsgeschwindi gkeiten der en t s tehenden opt ischen Antipo den erklar en lassen steht grundsatzlich der durch Markwald verwirklichte erste Fall seiner asymmetrischen Synthese. Hier erfolgt die asymmetrische Synthese durch die Zersetzung eines festen Gebildes speziell des sauren Brucinsalzes der Methyl-athyl-malonsaure.Schon deshalb muss ein ganz anders gearteter Reaktionsmechanismus der Synthese zugrunde liegen dessen Klarung wir nach soundso vielen Vorgangern zu unternehmen versuchen. Practical First Group WEDNESDAY 2 APRIL 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. [Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise note of your experiments as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State your final conclusions clearly.] * 1. The solution (A) contains a cupric salt and a bromide. Determine the copper and bromide gravimetrically by the methods prescribed.t Express your results in terms of grams of Cu and Br per litre of solution. [The copper determination must be completed tomorrow.] 2.Analyse qualitatively the mixture (B) which contains six radicals. [(B) = EITHER calcium phosphate zinc phosphate sodium arsenite and lead monoxide OR calcium phosphate manganese phosphate stannous chloride and cadmium oxide.] * This note was repeated on each of the 7 following papers. t Not reproduced. THURSDAY 3 APRIL 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Complete the gravimetric determination of copper begun yesterday. 3. Determine the hydrazine content of the solution (C) by the method prescribed. Express your result in terms of grams of N,H4 per litre of solution. 4. Identify the single substance @). [@) = EITHER lead vanadate OR calcium tungstate.] FRIDAY 4 APRIL 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the single substance (E). [(E) = EITHER methylamine hydro-chloride OR dimethylamine hydrochloride.] 2. From the secondary base (F) the molecular weight of which is approxi-mately 170 prepare pure specimens of (a) its acetyl derivative and (b) its methyl derivative. The pure specimens should be retained for inspection and their melting-points recorded. [ (F) = carbazole.] [This exercise m y be completed tomorrow.] 214 SATURDAY 5 APRIL 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 3. Report as fully as possible on the binary mixture (G). [(G) = aceto-2-naphthalide and diphenyl.] Practical Second Group MONDAY 7 APRIL 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (H) contains cadmium and a chloride. Determine the cadmium and chloride gravimetrically by the methods prescribed. Express your results in terms of grams of Cd and Cl per litre of solution.[The cadmium determination must be completed tomorrow.] 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture (I) which contains six radicals. [(I) = EITHER barium fluoride calcium borate and sodium arsenate OR lead arsenate magnesium carbonate and sodium silicofluoride.] TUESDAY 8 APRIL 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Complete the gravimetric determination of cadmium begun yesterday. 3. Determine the arsenite content of the solution (J) by the method pre-scribed. Express your result in terms of grams of As,O per litre of solution. 4. Identify the single substance (K). [(K) = EITHER lead molybdate OR calcium vanadate.] WEDNESDAY 9 APRIL 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the single substance (L). [(L) = EITHER methylaniline hydro-chloride OR a-toluidine sulphate.] 2.From the secondary base (M) the molecular weight of which is approxi-mately 170 prepare pure specimens of (a) its acetyl derivative and (b) its methyl derivative. The pure specimens should be retained for inspection and their melting-points recorded. [(M) = Carbazole.] [This exercise may be completed tomorrow.] THURSDAY 10 APRIL 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 3. Report as fully as possible on the binary mixture (N). [(N) = phenacetin and triphenylmethane.] REPORT OF THE EXAMINERS Inorganic Chemistry In the theory paper the general standard reached was somewhat above that of recent examinations. Many candidates however showed themselves to be unfamiliar with the concept of hybrid orbitals which provides the theoretical 215 basis for the octahedral distribution of valencies in 6-coordinate complexes.Relatively few candidates attempted the question on the significance of oxidation-reduction potentials in volumetric analysis and most of the answers were poor. A further point which caused some difficulty was the nature of non-stoichio-metric and clathrate compounds both of which illustrate the growing importance of structural inorganic chemistry. The standard of the practical work was on the whole most satisfactory. In the qualitative analysis however an unusual number of radicals were missed or wrongly reported. Physical Chemistry The standard of answers in the physical chemistry paper was on the whole rather better than recently but there were still many candidates with quite inadequate knowledge.The first question was popular but was fully and correctly solved by only one candidate. In spite of this many good answers were given except for a general failure to integrate the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. Many poor answers were all the poorer because of confusion in thought and in the use of symbols. The second question was not well done. Absurdities were frequent de-cinormal solutions of mercurous chloride were prepared Wheatstone bridges and potentiometers were applied to each other’s tasks solutions revealed their “potentials” with no electrodes or with wrong or impossible ones. Very few good accounts were given of a highly accurate determination of hydrochloric acid in solution and hardly any candidates were acquainted with the most satisfactory method for the determination of the ionic product for water.Some excellent essays were written on structural types and characteristics of crystal lattices but few on physical methods for the determination of atomic weights; some candidates thought that any method for molecular weight determination would be relevant. Question 4 was unpopular and was badly done. Few candidates even realised the significance of sections (a) and (c) although the Gibbs-Duhem relation and the continuity of state theorem are far from specialised or unimportant topics. Many good answers were submitted to Q. 5 and 7 but none to Q. 6. The deliberate request for an account of the determination of the “thermodyna-mic dissociation constant” called for more than a superficial treatment on clas-sical lines.Standards of English varied from excellent to deplorable. Organic Chemistry The questions on glucose and benzaldehyde proved to be very popular; many satisfactory answers were produced but several candidates wasted valuable time by giving a proof of the stereocheinical configuration of glucose, although the wording of the question specifically stated that this could be assumed. The essays on derivatives of carbonic acid mostly failed to different-iate between the normal and acid series and far too many candidates used this question as an excuse to write at length on the chemistry of pyrimidines and purines. The question on pyridine quinoline and isoquinoline proved to be within the ability of many candidates but the answers to the remaining questions in the paper were with few exceptions of poor quality.In the first question a surprising number of candidates could not even write the correct formulae for vinyl chloride and ally1 chloride. In more than two hundred scripts there was not one correct formula for sulphathiazole Paludrine, auxin a or apomorphine and only one script provided the correct formula for H acid. Many candidates identified Diels’ hydrocarbon with butadiene evidently by some confusion of thought with the Diels-Alder reaction. A few candidate assumed that Paludrine and Mepacrine were synonymous as also were H acid and vitamin H. It might be unreasonable to expect candidates to be able to write on all seven topics in this question but in view of the wide field covered it was expected that most candidates would have been familiar with two examples, if not three.Most answers to this question were confined to a discourse on nylon. In the practical examination the identification of the single substance was carried out satisfactorily by most candidates although in some cases candidates looked for difficulty and found it. The reports on the binary mixtures were not very satisfactory. Very few candidates achieved a clean separation and such identifications as were made were based on guess-work rather than on sound experimental evidence. The preparation of the acetyl and methyl derivatives of carbazole proved difficult to most candidates. Both operations are simple and straightforward and if candidates had devoted more time over the two days to a few variations in experimental conditions and less to the identification of the secondary base (which was not asked for) the results would have been very much to their advantage.General The examiners have felt it proper to draw attention to evidence of a decline of ethical standards among candidates. In recent examinations there have been several instances of specimens being reported as having melting points that have clearly not been obtained experimentally. Where such a fictitious value is attributed to the melting point of a substance prepared in accordance with specific instructions it must be concluded that the candidate is deliberately trying to deceive the examiners. Where a derivative prepared to confirm the identity of an unknown substance is concerned the candidate is as likely to deceive himself for if he had made an erroneous preliminary identification an honestly observed melting point would have rescued him from his error.This also applies to the recording of concordant results of alleged duplicate determi-nations in quantitative analysis. Candidates who record the actual results of such duplicate determinations even where they are widely divergent often score high marks on the better one. These falsifications are readily detected and those who commit such offences against the whole spirit of scientific enquiry must expect to be heavily penalised in marking. PASS LIST Examination for the Associateship Abele Derek Norman Technical College Brighton.Ball John Wigan and District Mining and Technical College Wigan and Beale Edward Worthy The Polytechnic Regent Street London. Benson Alan Childerstone College of Technology Leeds. Bews Ian Charles Randall B.Sc. (Lond.) College of Technology Birmingham. Blackwell Ian B.Sc. (Lond.) Acton Technical College London. Brigstock Stewart William B.Sc. (Lond.) College of Technology Leicester. Brocklebank Philip College for Further Education Widnes. Burrill Peter Martin Northern Polytechnic London. Coley John Richard College for Further Education Stockport. Collins Dennis James B.Sc. (Lond.) Plymouth and Devonport Technical Cook Henry Alfred Northampton Polytechnic London. Municipal College Burnley. College Plymouth Dewhurst Roy College of Technology Manchester.Edgley Ronald West Ham Municipal College London. Farrar John Jewell College of Technology Bristol. Fewster Peter Robson Municipal Technical College Hull. Foxley Glenn Harold Royal Technical College Salford. Gower Geoffrey Municipal Technical College Hull. Hardaker Geoffrey Alan Municipal Technical College Hull. Harrison John Carrol Battersea Polytechnic and Acton Technical College, Hartley Robert Alexander Royal Technical College Salford. Keattch Cyril Jack Chelsea Polytechnic and Northern Polytechnic London. Kidman Sidney Lewis Woolwich Polytechnic London. Knight John Frederick Leslie B.A. (Cantab.) University of Cambridge and Landmann Axel Wolfgang College of Technology Northampton and Royal Livesley William Gordon College of Technology Liverpool.Longton Peter Bryan B.Sc. (Lond.) Wigan and District Mining and Technical Madeley John David Royal Technical College Salford. Marshall Philip Technical College Halifax. Mercer Alec Victor B.Sc. (Lond.) Royal Technical College Salford. Monkcom Keith Everard South-East Essex Technical College Dagenham. Mottram John Arthur College of Technology Liverpool and Denbighshire O’Reilly Bernard Michael Technical College Bradford. Peace Reginald Jewitt Municipal Technical College Hull. Peden Alan College of Technology Manchester and Royal Technical College, Perkin Leonard Arthur B.Sc. (Leeds) University of Leeds and College of Roney Edmund Municipal Technical College Hull. Rose Horace Keith Technical College Coventry. Rowbotham Clifford Royal Technical College Salford.Ryan Edward Geoffrey College of Technology Leeds. Shaw Peter Burnett College of Technology Leeds. Shewan Beryl Royal Technical College Salford. Stepto Gerald Gordon Cyril College of Technology Manchester and College of Technology Liverpool. Sutton John Doran University College Southampton and Wolverhampton and Staffordshire Technical College Wolverhampton. Todd Anthony B.Sc. (Lond.) Technical College Halifax. Tupman Kenneth Royal Technical College Salford. Urry Michael Lamport Municipal College Portsmouth. Walker Derek Municipal Technical College Hull. Watling Robert Clive Municipal Technical College Hull. Wild Norman Harold B.Sc. (Lond.) College of Technology Birmingham. Winter Raymond William Municipal College Portsmouth. Ziboh Christopher Onuora Wigan and District Mining and Technical College.London. College of Technology Liverpool. Technical College Salford. College Wigan. Technical College Wrexham. Salford. Technology Leeds INSTITUTE AFFAIRS FORTHCOMING EXAMINATIONS Examinations will be held in January 1953 as follows:-In the week beginning Monday 19 January in London. If the number of entries is large some candidates in the London area may be required to do their practical exercises on Wednesday to Saturday 14 to 17 January inclusive. Candidates who have not yet been accepted should obtain from the Assistant Registrar the prescribed form of application without delay so as to leave ample time to secure thereon the necessary signatures certifying that they have complied with the Regulations concerning their courses of training.The completed application form must reach the Institute not later than Monday 6 October 1952. No application in respect of the January Examination will be considered if received later than that date. Entry forms will be sent as soon as they are ready to all candidates who have been accepted already and to those whose applications are received as above and accepted. The last date for the receipt of entry forms will be Monday 10 November 1952, after which no entry can be accepted. For the Associateship : For the Fellowship: In the week beginning Monday 12 January in London or elsewhere at the discretion of the Council. Last dates for application and for entry will be as for the Associateship except that candidates who wish to present themselves for examination in Branch G: Industrial Chemistry with special reference to a particular field of work or in a Special Branch must submit their entry forms not later than Monday 6 October, 1952.PERSONAL NOTES Dr. C. C. Addison Fellow of University College Nottingham has had the title of Reader in Inorganic Chemistry conferred on him as from 1 October, 1952. Dr. W. F. Elvidge Fellow has been appointed Government Analyst to the State of Tripolitania. Dr. R. T. Fowler Associate has left the British Iron and Steel Research Association having been appointed Lecturer in Chemical Engineering in the University of Sydney N.S.W. Dr. Robert A. E. Galley Fellow has been appointed Director of Colonial Products Research from 1 January 1953 in succession to Sir John Simonsen, who is retiring.Professor W. E. Gamer C.B.E. F.R.S. Fellow has been appointed Pro-Vice-chancellor of the University of Bristol from the beginning of next session. Mr. F. W. Hayes Fellow Technical Manager of National Chemical Products, Ltd. Germiston South Africa has been elected to the board of that company. Mr. Magnus Herd Fellow has written to say that the correct designation of his new post at Glasgow is Corporation Chemist and City Analyst and not as stated in Journal 111 167 and elsewhere. Dr. W. G. Hiscock Fellow has been elected a Director of the Consolidated Zinc Corporation Dr. James G. Hunter Fellow formerly of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research has taken up duties as director of the tobacco research centre at Trelawney Southern Rhodesia.Dr. J. G. King O.B.E. Fellow has retired from the position of Director of the Gas Research Board whose work and assets have been taken over by the Gas Council. He is now undertaking consulting work. Dr. K. R. Krishnaswami Fellow has been appointed Professor of Inorganic and Mineral Chemistry the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore. Dr. J. D. Loudon Associate has been appointed to a senior lectureship in Chemistry in the University of Glasgow. Dr. R. J. McIlroy Fellow has resigned from the chair of chemistry at University College Ibadan Nigeria on appointment as Director of the Tocklai Experimental Station Indian Tea Association Cinnamara Assam India. Mr. J. W. Parkes Fellow has been nominated to the Council of the Institute for Industrial Research and Standards in the Republic of Ireland.Professor J. A. Prescott C.B.E. F.R.S. Associate Director of the Waite Agricultural Research Institute Adelaide will be carrying out research on soils at the University of Oxford until November 1952. Dr. H. N. Rydon Fellow has been appointed Professor of Chemistry in the Faculty of Technology the University of Manchester. Dr. V. T. Stannett Fellow has been appointed Assistant Professor of Chemistry The State University of New York College of Forestry Syracuse 10, N.Y. Dr. F. L. Warren Fellow has been appointed to the University of London Chair of Biochemistry tenable at the London Hospital Medical College. Professor T. S . Wheeler Fellow has been nominated to the Council of the Institute for Industrial Research and Standards in the Republic of Ireland.Mr. H. F. Wilson Associate formerly technical manager of the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company Ltd. has been appointed manager of their newly-created Plastics Division. Mr. E. 0. Wisbey Associate has retired from the position of works manager of the Grangemouth Factory Imperial Chemical Industries Limited after 11 years in that position. Dr. D. L. Woodhouse Fellow lecturer and senior research Fellow in the University of Birmingham has had the title of Reader in Chemical Pathology (cancer research) conferred upon him. Greetings from a Senior Fellow.-At its meeting on 20 June the Council received with great pleasure a letter from Mr. J. C. H. Mingaye of Parramatta, New South Wales who reached his 93rd birthday on 16 March.He reported that he was in good health and looked forward to receiving the publicationsof the Institute. The good wishes expressed in his letter were cordially reciprocated by the Officers and Council on behalf of all members of the Institute. INSTITUTE ORGANISATION Anniversary Meetings 1953.-It has been decided that the anniversary meetings shall be held in London on Friday and Saturday 24 and 25 April 1953. The Annual General Meeting will take place on the Friday and the annual dinner and dance will be held at Grosvenor House Park Lane on the evening of the Saturday. Further details of these arrangements will be announced in due course. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section.-The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Dr.J. 0. Harris on his retirement as Hon. Secretary of the Section a capacity in which he has served for many years. He has been succeeded in that office by Dr. J. Gibson. [ 220 Professional and Economic Status of Members.-The Council and the Appointments and Economic Status Committee are now receiving regular reports on actions taken by the officers of the Institute in this field and con-sidering from time to time matters of principle that arise. During the past three months advice has been given on more than a dozen questions related to contracts of service. In addition the officers have dealt with over 20 enquiries on other matters in the general field of professional and economic status during this period. A few of these have been individual problems whereas others have had wider implications and have led to consultations with government depart-ments and other public authorities.On some of these issues there has also been useful consultation with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists the Institution of Professional Civil Servants and bodies represented on the Joint Council of Professional Scientists. Hospital Biochemists.-The interest of the Institute in raising the status of hospital biochemists has been shown by the establishment of a new branch of the Fellowship-D. 1 Clinical Chemistry-under the general heading of Branch D : Biochemistry. The first examination in Clinical Chemistry is due to be held in September 1952. In this connection the Council has been gratified to learn of the success of the recent summer course in Clinical Chemistry organised under the auspices of the Institute by the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section.A report of this course will be found on page 224. The Institute is represented by Dr. G. Roche Lynch on a sub-committee of the Joint Committee with the Biochemical Society and the Association of Clinical Pathologists that is advising the Ministry of Health on the grading of senior posts for hospital biochemists. THE RESIDENTIAL CLUBS FUND Accompanying this issue of the Journal is a notice of a Special General Meeting to consider a resolution for the winding-up of the Residential Clubs Fund. During the past two years reference has been made on several occasions in the Journal to evidence that the purposes of the Fund as originally envisaged could not be satisfactorily fulfilled under present conditions.Whilst it was generally agreed that the objects for which the Fund was established were admirable it had to be recognised that the majority of elderly people with financial resources above the level at which they could be assisted from the Benevolent Fund were not attracted by the prospect of communal life in a residential club. Even where through rising costs and shortage of domestic help they were finding it difficult to maintain themselves in their own homes, they were concerned in most instances about keeping their full independence and having about them some of their own furniture. Moreover most did not look with favour on removal from localities where they had friends and estab-lished interests even though living in a residential club might provide improved comfort and relief from domestic worries.In the annual report of the Council for 1951 it was announced that the Council had accepted a recommendation by the Residential Clubs Fund Com-mittee that the Fund be wound up as soon as the necessary arrangements could be made. Action on this decision was held up for a time by the need to obtain professional advice on the various legal and financial questions involved. These matters have now been settled and a resolution for the winding up of the Fund will be submitted to a Special General Meeting to be held in the Institute on Tuesday 2 September 1952 at 5 p.m. The reason for holding this General Meeting in the middle of the holiday season is that any later date would place an obligation on many who subscribed to the Fund under deed of covenant t make a further payment in order to maintain the validity of their Deeds and enable the Fund to recover Income Tax.It would clearly be undesirable to have to ask those who had generously supported the Fund by contributions under deed to make such additional payment just before the Fund was wound up. According to the terms of the Trust under which the Residential Clubs Fund was established it is necessary that on winding up the Fund the whole of the assets shall be transferred to another charity. It is not legally possible to give contributors the option of receiving back any sums that they have given outright, whether as individual donations or as contributions under the deed.Contribu-tors may be assured however that their donations will continue to be used to good purpose for the resolution provides for the assets of the Fund to be transferred to the Institute’s Benevolent Fund. Moreover the Benevolent Fund Committee has indicated that whereas the monies so received will not be earmarked for any particular purpose the operation of the Benevolent Fund will be extended so as to cover in appropriate cases assistance to beneficiaries in securing residential accommodation and maintaining themselves therein. SHORTAGE OF SCIENCE TEACHERS IN SCHOOLS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES The Institute and the Institute of Physics played a prominent part in the arrangement of a discussion on this important subject by the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee.This discussion was held on 19 June when the opening speakers were Dr. A. W. Barton Headmaster of the City of London School; Professor W. E. Curtis F.R.S. Professor of Physics at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne and President of the Institute of Physics; and Mr. G. M. Flemming, C.B. Deputy Secretary Ministry of Education. It was made clear that there was already a notable shortage of well-qualified science teachers in schools and it appeared that unless something were done to attract more scientists of appro-priate calibre to school teaching there would soon be a serious falling off in the number and quality of university entrants. It would thus become increasingly difficult to meet the national need for scientists particularly chemists and physicists and for higher technologists.Although it was generally agreed that inadequacy of salaries was not the only factor deterring scientists from taking up school teaching it was recognised that present salary rates compared so unfavourably with those in government service or industry as to make school teaching relatively unattractive as a career, even for those who had a misssion to teach. It was not so much that the initial salaries were so low as that the increments were inadequate. Among other deterrents was the shortage of laboratory assistants which caused many science teachers to spend a large part of their time in work that could be done by unqualified helpers. It was recognised that there were serious difficulties in introducing any differentiation between the salary scales for science teachers and those of other teachers though this might have to be faced.Possibly something might be done by extending the existing system of special allowances. The Advisory Council on Scientific Policy in its recently published fifth annual report (see also page 207) has already stressed the urgency of this problem in the following terms:-“Particular attention needs to be drawn to the difficulty of finding good science masters. This problem applies equally to the grammar schools and to the public schools which do not abide by the Burnham salary scales. The ratio of science teachers to pupils is not as good as it ought to be or as it used to be in particular so far as older pupils are concerned.Enough recruits of the right calibre are not joining the schools as science teachers. Worse than that the report of the National Advisory Council on the Training r 222 and Supply of Teachers published in May 1951 states that the number of male graduates in mathematics and science now entering the teaching profession is probably only just sufficient to make good the ordinary wastage, and that the annual recruitment of women graduates is hardly large enough to offset wastage. A considerable increase in the rate of recruitment roughly from some 800-900 to some 1,200-1,300 a year in England and Wales is needed if present deficiencies are to be made good and to provide for an increase in the number of grammar school pupils-which in any event is likely to come about in 5 to 10 years’ time simply because of the post-war increase in the birth-rate.It may become necessary to take special measures to increase the numbers of science teachers in the schools even at the expense of what may appear to be more immediately important tasks.” It was agreed that opportunities should be sought of bringing the whole matter more directly to the notice of the Government. FILMS AS AIDS IN THE TEACHING OF CHEMISTRY During the period 1950-52 a Conference on this subject sponsored by the Scientific Film Association and the Royal Institute of Chemistry met on three occasions. The meetings were attended by representatives of the British Univer-sities Film Council the Ministry of Supply the British Council and the Science Museum the Visual Presentation Association and certain universities technical colleges industrial firms and commercial and amateur film units as well as of the two sponsoring bodies.Replies to a questionnaire circulated to universities and technical colleges by the British Universities Film Council made it clear that there was widespread interest in the possibilities of films as aids to the teaching of special chemical techniques. It was learned with interest that the University of Leeds Chemistry Department had already been concerned with the production of a five-reel film on Gravimetric Analysis. Although this film had been sponsored by an industrial firm it was commendably free from any advertising features. The film had been shown to first-year students in the University and there was reason to believe that it had served a valuable instructional purpose.It was too soon to assess the extent of its usefulness but it was evident that points of technique could thus be brought effectively to the attention of large audiences of students which otherwise would entail extensive individual demonstrations. From information available to the Conference it was concluded that con-siderable interest was being taken in many quarters in the possibilities of producing films of this kind ranging from short films designed to illustrate particular points of technique that could be produced on an amateur basis to much more elaborate films probably embodying a proportion of “animation,” that could only be effectively made with the advice and resources of professional producers.In view of the notable cost of producing films that would be satisfactory for instructional purposes the conference was concerned to secure that money and effort should not be wasted through attempts by different organisations to make films on the same topics. It was recommended therefore that the Scientific Film Association the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the British Universities Film Council be invited to appoint one representative each to an Advisory Committee to be charged with co-ordinating activities in this field. The British Universities Film Council and the Scientific Film Association were already engaged in preparing catalogues of films of chemical interest and the representatives of these two bodies have agreed to co-ordinate their lists of films suitable for teaching at university level.These two bodies and the Institute had already agreed to collaborate (cf. Journal 1952 111 169) and to be concerned respectively with stimulating the production of chemical films with their appraisal and with th selection of topics in order of priority and the scientific accuracy of script and film. This collaboration would be effected through the proposed advisory committee. At its meeting on 20 June the Council of the Institute confirmed its deep interest in this project and appointed Professor H. Burton the Chairman of its Education Committee as its representative on the advisory committee. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY COURSE GLASGOW With the new examination for the Fellowship in Branch D.l Clinical Chemistry in view a lecture-demonstration course in this subject was organised by the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section from 23 to 28 June 1952.The course was attended by 45 students from all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, more than half of whom were working as clinical chemists for the National Health Service. Most of the meetings were held in the Biochemistry Department of the University of Glasgow (by kind permission of Professor J. Norman Davidson) and the remainder in various hospitals throughout the City. Lecture-demon-strations were given on a wide variety of topics by experts in special fields from Edinburgh and Glasgow. The course was necessarily concentrated in order to cover even the more general aspects of the subject within a week and most students found that six hours of instruction daily appreciably strained their physical and mental metabolism.Among the themes discussed were assays of hormones and vitamins the use of tracer techniques mineral and carbohydrate metabolism the chemistry of porphyrins and haemoglobin the plasma proteins, biological and microbiological assays the chemistry of the cerebrospinal fluid, hepatic and renal function tests a discussion on the collection and preservation of samples and a demonstration of apparatus used in clinical chemistry. Most students were accommodated in University residences during the course which facilitated discussions on the topics of the day. Despite the strenuous timetable these seem to have continued well into the night; but even so there were few students who did not also see something of the University buildings the Firth of Clyde and Loch Lomond during their stay.Although many who took the course will not be candidates for the new examination their enthusiasm shows the increasing interest in the subject and the venture certainly justified itself. The only adverse criticisms that were generally expressed related to the very intensive nature of the course and the lack of opportunity to meet lecturers in an informal capacity to discuss the subjects of their talks. This first adventure by the Institute in the field of Clinical Chemistry portends well for our future influence therein. OTHER NOTES AND ANNOUNCEMENTS SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES Acton Technical College Postgraduate Courses.-The following courses of 12 lectures each have been arranged for the Autumn Term 1952:-(1) Some Aspects of the Modern Chemistry of OiIs Fats and Waxes.On Fridays at 7.30 p.m. 26 September to 12 December 1952. Recent research on oxidation of component fatty acids recent progress in the chemistry of heavy metal soaps modern methods in the analysis of oils and fats some aspects of the chemistry of drying oils edible fats problems in their utilisation and the modern chemistry of waxes. Lecture demonstrations. r 224 (2) The Vitamins. Their Nature Function Chemistry and Biochemistry. On Wednesdays at 7.30 p.m. 1 October to 17 December 1952. History and dis-covery of vitamins fat-soluble vitamins vitamins A D E K vitamins of the B complex vitamins B.l B.2 B.6 biotin vitamin B.12 lesser-known vitamins, and applications in medicine and nutrition.The lectures will be given by specialists from research establishments and industrial or ganisa tions . Fee for either course 42s. Further particulars and application forms may be obtained from the Principal, Acton Technical College High Street Acton W.3. Battersea Polytechnic.-A series of twelve weekly lectures on Recent Developments in the Science of Metallic Corrosion will commence on Thursday, 25 September at 7 p.m. The lectures will deal with various aspects of the subject such as theories of oxidation corrosion and corrosion protection of steel corrosion and corrosion protection of non-ferrous metals and alloys stress corrosion metallic and non-metallic coatings and methods of testing.A detailed syllabus will be published in due course. Fee for the course 25s. Applications for enrolment forms should be made to the Secretary Battersea Polytechnic S.W. 11. Chelsea Polytechnic Chemistry Department Forthcoming Courses. (1) The Chemistry and Microscopy of Food Drugs and Water.-A special course of lectures and practical work based on the syllabus of the examination for the Fellowship (Branch E) will be given for first year students on Tuesdays and Thursdays 6-9 p.m. beginning Tuesday 30 September 1952. The respon-sible lecturer is Mr. R. G. Minor Ph.C. F.R.I.C. Students will enrol on Wednesday 24 September 6-8 p.m. Fees for the course which extends over two complete sessions are at the rate of f 4 4s. per session.There is a higher scale of fees for students residing outside the Administrative County of London but in some cases reduced fees may be arranged through the local education authority Full particulars may be obtained from the Principal Chelsea Polytechnic Manresa Road London, s.w.3. (2) The Principles of Cosmetic Chemistry.-Eleven post-graduate lectures will be given by Dr. J. L. Stoves on Friday evenings 3 October to 12 December, 1952 inclusive at 7.30 p.m. as follows:-Hair Treatment and Preparations (four lectures); Skin Treatment and Preparations (four lectures); Perfumery : (three lectures). Fee for the course 10s. Application for enrolment should be made to the Secretary of the Polytechnic prior to the opening date of the course. (3) Biochemistry.-Four groups of 5 lectures on Biochemistry will be given by Drs.E. M. Crook and F. L. Warren on Monday evenings 7.15-8.30 p.m., commencing Monday 6 October 1952. The lectures are designed for students who have a knowledge of chemistry to degree standard and wish to acquire a knowledge of General Biochemistry. Groups I and I1 will be from 6 October to 8 December 1952 inclusive and Groups I11 and IV from 12 January to 16 March 1953 inclusive. Group I. Proteins enzymes and energy-yielding reactions. Group 11. Digestion and metabolism of carbohydrates. Group 111. Digestion and metabolism of proteins and amino-acids. Group IV. Digestion and metabolism of lipids and sterols. Fee for the whole course 40s. (10s. for each part) Application for enrolment should be made to the Secretary of the Polytechnic.225 Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh.-A course of 12 lectures on Modern Techniques and their Application to Chemical Industry will be given on Saturday mornings during the session 1952-53 as follows:-Autumn Term. Commencing 1 1 October. Tracer Methods Ultra-centrifuge, Chromatography Distillation Absorption Spectra and X-ray Crystallography. Spring Term. Commencing 1 3 January. Topics include Electrophoresis, Emission Spectra Polarography Ion Exchange and Microscopy. Fee for the course 2 guineas. Further particulars may be obtained from Professor Bell Chemistry Department Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh. Faraday Society Discussion.-A general discussion on “The Reactivity of Free Radicals” is being held at the University of Toronto Canada on 8 and 9 September 1952 at the invitation of the National Research Council Ottawa, and the University of Toronto supported by the Chemical Institute of Canada and Canadian Industry.The programme will be introduced by Dr. E. W. R. Steacie President of the National Research Council and papers will be presented by many of the leading authorities in this country and in Canada. Advance proofs for those attending the discussion will be available on application only from the Secretary of the Faraday Society 6 Gray’s Inn Square London W.C.l. Institute of Metals Symposium on Properties of Metallic Surfaces.-On Wednesday 19 November 1952 a Symposium on “Properties of Metallic Surfaces,” will be held in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution Albe-marle Street London W.l in two sessions.Members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry are cordially invited to take pa‘rt in this meeting which it is expected will be attended by many scientists from all parts of the world. The programme of the Symposium will be available in August and any person who desires to attend should apply for a programme and Registration Form to The Secretary, The Institute of Metals 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.l The Regis-tration Fee of 5s. will entitle participants in the meeting to a set of advance copies of the papers. All the papers together with a report of the discussion will subsequently be published as Institute of Metals Monograph No. 13-Properties of MetaZZic Surfaces. It is particularly requested that only those who intend to be present at the meeting shall apply for advance copies of the papers.MISCELLANEOUS The Chemical Society Research Fund.-The Research Fund of the Chemical Society provides grants for the assistance of research in all branches of Chemistry. About &700 per annum is available for this purpose the income being derived from a donation of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths from the Perkin Memorial Fund and from other sources. Applications for grants will be considered in November next and should be submitted on the appropriate form not later than 15 November 1952. Applica-tions from Fellows of the Chemical Society will receive prior consideration. Forms of application together with the regulations governing the award of grants may be obtained from the General Secretary The Chemical Society, Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. The Institute of Chemistry of Ireland.-The following Officers have been elected :-President Mr. J. L. Ginnell; Vice-president Professor T. Dillon; Hon. Secretary Mr. J. G. Belton; Hon. Treasurer Mr. M. J. Cranley. Members of Council Dr. V. C. Barry Mr. H. L. O’Reilly Dr. D. 0. Tuama Mrs. E. M. Philbin Mr. F. T. Riley and Mr. W. J. Stringer. Science Museum Exhibition. A Hundred Alchemical Books.-This exhibition is the first of a series designed to illustrate science technology and their histories by means of the written word or pictorial representation as distinct from the actual apparatus or products. Of Alchemy chief precursor of Chemistry there are almost no remains other than manuscripts books and pictures it is therefore [ 226 an appropriate subject for the Science Museum’s first exhibition of books.A number of the books shown have been lent to the Science Museum for the purpose of this exhibition. Society of Glass Technology Directory.-The Fifth Edition of the Directory for the British Glass Industry has been published in response to many requests from users of the 1949 edition which is now out of date. The new Directory follows the main lines of the previous edition with an important exception in the case of the List of Products and Services which has been arranged so as to combine the advantages of an alphabetical and classified arrangement. The volume is cloth bound and obtainable from the Society of Glass Technology “Elmfield,” Northumberland Road Sheffield 10; price 12s.6d. SOUTH AFRICAN CHEMICAL INSTITUTE-RUBY JUBILEE The Annual Convention of the South African Chemical Institute was held in Johannesburg from 30 June to 4 July at the University of the Witwatersrand. It was organised by the Southern Transvaal Section of that Institute to mark the Ruby Jubilee of the Society which at the time of its inauguration was the first of its kind in the Commonwealth overseas. Those attending the Convention were entertained to two civic lunches given by the city of Johannesburg and the city of Germiston and the delegates were welcomed by the Vice-chancellor and Principal of the University of the Witwatersrand Mr. H. R. Raikes. The Chairman of the organising Committee was Dr. S. S. Israelstam F.R.I.C.In his Presidential Address Mr. L. F. Addis-Smith gave a brief history of the S.A. Chemical Institute since it was officially launched in June 1912 only two years after the Act of Unipn. The chemical profession in South Africa at that time was almost unknown and qualified analysts in general were badly under-paid. The early association thus sought to encourage the knowledge and study of chemistry and generally to promote the status of the Chemical profession in every way possible. He then noted how the country had changed from being dominated by the farm the mine and to a lesser extent by commerce as it was in 1912 to a highly industrialised community in which science has an important part to play. There was however no room for complacency as the world was again becoming highly competitive and the future of South Africa as an industrial nation was dependent on technical efficiency and preparedness for all economic emergencies.Serious difficulties might arise unless resolute steps were taken in time from soil erosion the increasing shortage of water essential foodstuffs and skilled labour together with the rising spiral of costs and the threat of a recession in international trade. Chemists were helping to meet the challenge of the present situation at all stages in research development and invention and also in the traditional industries where improvements could only be made through careful observation and standardisation. This address sounded the key-note for many of the papers contributed among which may be mentioned an account of the chemist’s work in public health and industrial hygiene by Mr.J. Ritchie Director of the S.A. Bureau of Standards; an address by Professor D. J. du Plessis the University of Potchef-stroom on the teaching of inorganic chemistry by the inductive and deductive methods; a paper by Dr. G. J. Stander Head of the Water Treatment Research Division of the National Chemical Research Laboratory in a symposium on the re-use of water; the work of the chemist under the Food Drugs and Disinfectants Act by Dr. P. P. v.d. Riet Copeman; the necessity for expanded research facilities in the Universities of the Union by Professor F. L. Warren and Dr. H. A. E. Mackenzie of the University of Natal; the quality of irrigation waters, by Mr. H. Klintworth; and new insecticides now being tested in the Union by Dr.B. Smit of the Department of Agriculture Pretoria. r 227 LIBRARY FACILITIES The Library of the Chemical Society The Institute makes an annual contribution to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society and in return members and Registered Students have full reading and borrowing rights. The library is open on week-days from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. and on Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. It is closed on Christmas Eve Christmas Day Bank Holidays and the day after each Bank Holiday and at 1 p.m. on the day preceding Good Friday and Christmas Eve. Most of the books are available for loan with the exception of purely reference works (e.g. dictionaries and encyclopaedias) and some rare out-of-print volumes.Periodicals can be borrowed only if the library possesses duplicates, of which it has many. If a journal cannot be lent the Librarian will quote for the supply of a photostat copy of the paper required. The normal period of loan for a book or bound periodical is one month, but this may be reduced to seven days if the volume is required by another reader. No immediate renewal of loans is permissible. If a borrower cannot visit the Library to borrow a book he may apply by post telephone or by messenger bearing a signed request. A book asked for by telephone is sent on the same day if possible but the request must be con-firmed in writing without delay. Books may not be sent or taken out of Great Britain and Ireland. All communications should be addressed to the Librarian The Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. Telephone numbers, REGent 1675-6. The borrower should state whether he is a Fellow Associate or Registered Student of the Institute. The Science Museum Ljbrary The Science Museum Library is open to members and Registered Students of the Institute on week-days except Bank Holidays from 10 a.m. to 5.50 p.m. There is normally no difficulty in making a casual visit but those wishing to use the reading room more systematically should apply for a ticket either at the entrance to the Library or by writing to the Director of the Science Museum. The Science Library aims at holding all the more important scientific and technical publications ; British and foreign new and old books and periodicals.There is however an emphasis on periodicals bibliographies and up-to-date material generally. The sole large subject which has been left to specialist libraries is medicine. Books and periodicals may be borrowed through the office of the Institute; those wishing to borrow should call or write to the Assistant Secretary (Scientific) giving full particulars of the book (title author and year of publication) or periodical (year volume part and pages) they require. A requisition form will be made out in duplicate and handed or sent to the applicant who will be required to sign both copies and take or send them to the Science Museum Library. Telephone enquiries regarding the availability for loan or reference of specific volumes parts numbers etc. of nearly 200 periodicals given on a list obtainable from the Library will be answered on application to KENsington 6371 Ext.227 between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. on Monday to Friday and 9 a.m. and 12 noon on Saturday. In order to avoid fruitless enquiries a copy of the Science Library’s non-loanable list of journals should be obtained as well. There is also a photocopying service started in 1948 available to all organka-tions and individuals in Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is particularly hoped that organisations on the loan list will use it where possible instead of borrowing publications. Photocopy requisition forms are available at E5 for [ 228 a pad of 50 or 3s. for a single form. Requests for the purchase of these forms should be made to the Director and Secretary The Science Museum accom-panied by a remittance payable to the Science Museum London S.W.7 and crossed “A/c.of H.M. Paymaster-General.” Requisitions sold by the Science Library are also valid for copies of publications in the Library of the Victoria and Albert Museum; one requisition is valid for a copy of an article or extract of up to 12 pages though a separate requisition is required for each separate article a chapter of a book is treated as an article. All copies supplied are readable negatives and requests for positive copies will not be considered. The Science Museum Library has also started a photocopying service for organisations outside Great Britain. For this special requisitions must be obtained from the Director and Secretary The Science Museum. Not less than one pad containing 20 requisitions and costing S4 can be supplied and each requisition is valid for an article or extract of up to 10 pages.The Patent Office Library The free public library attached to the Patent Office is open from 10 a.m. until 9 p.m. on week-days and from 10 am. until 5 p.m. on Saturdays. In addition to the official records of Patent Applications and Specifications and the full or abridged Specifications of the principal foreign countries and British Dominions the library contains a very extensive collection of scientific and technical periodicals including the journals of the principal societies for pure and applied chemistry in this country and abroad. As the shelves are largely accessible to the reader the Patent Office Library is particularly valuable for purposes involving reference to a large number of periodicals.Visitors are admitted on signing the attendance book in the entrance hall. Books may not be borrowed from the library. Some Useful Books and Pamphlets The Library Service of Great Britain. University of London Advisory Service British Sources of Reference and Information A guide to societies works of The Libraries of Greater London. L. M. Harrod. Bell & Sons Ltd. 1951. for External Students. 1951. Gratis to external students. reference and libraries. T. Besterman. Aslib 1947. 6s. 25s. World List of Scientific Periodicals. Butterworths Scientific Publications Ld. Third edition 1952. 252s. Edition. H.M.S.O. 1950. 10s. D.S.I.R. 1951. On request; address below. and Technical Information Services.H.M.S.O. 1951. Is. 6d. British Council) 1951. 30s. Hand List of Short Titles of Current Periodicals in the Science Library. Sixth Brief Guide to the Research Activities of D.S.I.R. and the Research Associations. Government Scientific Organisation in the Civilian Field. Chapter VII. Scientific Scientific and Learned Societies of Great Britain. Allen and Unwin (for the The World of Learning. 4th edition. Europa Publications Ltd. 1952. 80s. Some Useful Addresses The Chemical Society Library Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1. The Science Museum Library South Kensington London S.W.7. The Patent Ofice Library 25 Southampton Buildings London W.C.2. Technical Information Service D.S.I.R. Charles House 5-1 1 Regent Street, Aslib 4 Palace Gate London W.8.NationaZ CentraZ Library Malet Place London W.C. 1. London S.W.1 THE REGISTER* NEW FELLOWS (Q) Baddeley George M.Sc. Ph.D. (Sheffield), (K) Caldwell Walter Anderson B.Sc. (Glas.) (Andhra). (Q) Nevell Thoinas Percy B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). D.Sc. (Manc.). (OG) Rao Potukuchi Suryaprakasa D.Sc . Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Skerrett Norman Philip B.A. (Oxon.). ASSOCIATES ELECTED (OE) Anantakrishnan Sekharipurarn Venkates-(H) Banks Raymond M.A. BSc. (Oxon.). (P) Colman Colin Robert Dip. Ing. Chem. (N) Cook. Charles Donald. B.Sc. (L0nd.l. waraiyer M.A. (Madras) Ph.D. (Lond.). (Zurich) A.M.1.Chem.E. (Q) Cymerman John B:Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. A.A.C.I. Davies John Stanley Herbert B.A. M.Sc. Ph.D. (Manc.). Davis Jack B.Sc. (Lond.).Dearnlev. Frank. M.Sc. (Land.). (Lond.), (Cantab.), Ga_un_tt,jbseph Frank Bhc. Ph.D. (Leeds), r.i.1. (0) Gerrard William Fred M.1nst.F. (P) Golding William Ernest BSc. (Lond.). (Q) Head Frank Samuel Henry B.Sc. Ph.D. (OC) Hurran Walter John B.Sc. (Lond.). James Edwin Kenneth George B.Sc. (Lond.). Kitchen Harold B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). (Lond.). TO THE FELLOWSHIP (M) Knight James Wilfred B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (P) Kressman Theodore Roger Ernest B.Sc., (OB) Leslie Graham B.Sc. (S.A.). (OE) Mahadevan Viswanathaiyer M.A. (Madras). Prasad Sheonath M.Sc. B.L. (Patna). (P) Rathenasinkam Eliathampy B.Sc. (Lond.). (C) Ricketts Colin Robert B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). Saboor Muhammad Abdus M.Sc. (Dacca), (OB) Schirach Hubert Waldemar B.Sc. (Cape Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C.Ph.D. (Lond.). Town). (Q) Silvernian Israel Reuben B.Sc. (Manc.). (C) Smith William Henry. (0) Sowler James. (0) Tickle William Hill Fletcher B.Sc. (Glas.), (P) Timson Philip Frederick BSc. (Lond.). MSc. (Lond.). RE-ELECTED ASSOCIATES Ganguly Haridas M.Sc.(Dacca). (P) Spiers Charles William M.Sc. (Bris.) (OD) Groves Adam Traill T.D. B.Sc. (Edin.), A.H.-W.C. NEW A6 (P) Abele Derek Norman. (A) Aitken Angus B.Sc. (Aberdeen). (H) Allsopp Lawrence Charles B.Sc. (Notts.). (P) Angus Arthur Billing M.Sc. (Q.U.B.) M.P.S. (EE) Baber John Granville B.Sc. (Manc.). (N) Bailey Donald Norman B.Sc. (Leeds). (EE) Ball John. (P) Beale Edward Worthy. (N) Benson Alan Childerstone. (P) Berry Arnold B.Sc. (Lond.). Bitmead Ronald Charles Dip.Chem. (Sydney).(Q) Blair Derek B.Sc. (Lond.). (L) Booth Gerald B.Sc. (Lond.). (WW) Bownes John MGillivray A.R.T.C. (G1as.l. . ~ ~ - - ~ I - (0) Brocklebank Philip. (P) Brookman John Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). (Q) Brooks Lionel Hepworth M.Sc.Tech. Ph.D. (Manc.). Brown Trevor James M.A. (Oxon.). Burrill Peter Martin. Butler Emil Thomas MSc. (Wales) Ph.D. (Manc.). Campbell Charles B.Sc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. Coley John Richard. Collins Dennis James B.Sc. (Lond.). Cook Henry Alfred. Curnow Mildred Joyce BSc. (Wales). Davidson Stephen B.Sc. (Aberdeen). Davis Derek Sydney Mark B.Sc. (Lond.). Dawson Timothy Leslie B.Sc. PbD. Dewhurst Roy. Edbrooke Peter Cecil B.Sc. (Wales). Edgley Ronald. Egar George Anthony B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Elliott Thomas Arthur B.Sc. Ph.D.(Lond.). Farrar John Jewell. Fielding Ernest Barford B.Sc. (Lond.). Fletcher John Godfrey M.Sc. (Manc.). Fox. John Wilson B.Sc. (Lond.) (Lond.). SOCIATES Foxley Glenn Harold. Gibb John Goldie B.Sc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. Giles. Donald George. B.A B.Sc. (Oxon.). Hancock James Wifiiam B.’Sc. (Lond.). Harrison John Carrol. Hartley Robert Alexander. Haynes Bernard B.Sc. (Wales). Hills Francis Desmond B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Hirst James Pringle Hope B.A. B.Sc. Hobbs James Ernest M.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Hollowood John Albert B.Sc. (Birm.). Ingram Gerald. B.Sc. (Madras). Janus John William B.Sc. (Lond.). Jones John Alun Griffiths B.Sc. (Wales). Keattch Cyril Jack. Kidman Sidney Louis. Knight. John Frederick Leslie. B.A. (Cantab.). ’ (Oxon.). 1) Janardhan Pandarinath Bhuvanendra M.A., (OE I) Krhhkamurty Kotra Venkatasubbu MSc. (Andhra). (Q) Landmann Axel Wolfgang. (P) Lindley Colin B.Sc. (Sheffield). (0) Livesley William Gordon. (0) Longton Peter Bryan B.Sc. (Lond.). McKee Douglas William B.Sc. (Lond.). McLaughlin Terence Patrick B.Sc. (Lond.). Madeley John David. Maisey Alfred John Major William Harvey M.A. (Cantab.). Mandal Subodhe Chandra BSc. (Patna), B.Sc.Agric. (Agra) M.Sc. (N.Z.). Marshall Philip. Martin Margaret Joan B.Sc. (Lond.). Monkcom Keith Everard. Mottram John Arthur. Muller Ervin George B.Sc. (Manc.). Nagalingam Kandappoo B.Sc. (Lond.). Newton Norman Peter. NUM Aphur John B.Sc. (Lond.). O’Meara Desmond B.A. BSc. (Dublin) O’Reilly Bernard Michael. Osborn David William B.Sc.(Witwaters-Osborne Graham Oliver B.Sc. (Wales). Owen Bernard David B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Owen Harold B.Sc. (Birm.). Parr William Henry B.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales). Peace Reginald Jewitt. Peden Alan. Perampalam Veluppillai B.Sc. Ph.D. Perkin. Leonard Arthur. BSc. (Leeds). rand). (Lond.) D.I.C. Porter,’ George BSc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. Rose Horace Keith. Ryan Edward Geoffrey. ) Schickerling Hendrik Arnold M.Sc. (Cape Schofield Brian Frederick B.Sc.Tech. Sewell Owen Keith M.Sc. (N.Z.). Town). (Manc.). Sutton John Doran. Swaby Ronald Egerton. Symington Thomas B.Sc. M.D.(Glas.). Telfer Robert Gilmour Jamieson B.Sc. Todd Anthony B.Sc. (Lond.). Totman Eric David B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Tupman Kenneth. Urry Michael Lamport. Walder Dilys Ann B.Sc.(Lond.). Walker. Derek. (Edin.). Ward William. Watling Robert Clive. Watts Gilbert Ernest A.I.R.I. A.T.I. Wells Harry. Wild Norman Harold B.Sc. (Lond.). Williams Vincent Aloysius B.Sc. (W.A.). Winser Alan David B.Sc. (Lond.). Winter Raymond William. Woodward. Peter. B.Sc Ph.D. (Bris.). Shaw Peter Burnett. Shipton Kenneth Charles BSc. (Lond.). Smith Sylvia Doreen BSc. (Lond.). Speakman Edgar Ashwin B.Sc. (Liv.). Stern Ralph B.Sc. (Lond.). * The bracketed letters opposite the names indi-a t e the Local Sections to which the members have been attached. For the key to these letters see page 232. DEATHS Fellows Associates Charles William Brown Arnold B.Sc. Ph.D. (P) George Lewis Hammond B.Sc. (Lond.). Died (Lond.). Died 22 May 1952 aged 65.F. 13 June 1952 aged 45. A. 1938. 1922. (P) John Charles James B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Herbert Charles Cocks B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Died 3 June 1952 aged 55. A. 1922 F. Gordon Evans Rose M.A. (Cape Town). 1933. Died 21 April 1952 aged 49. A. 1924. Andrew Francis MacCulloch O.B.E. M.A. (K) James Shankie B.Sc. (Glas.). Died 20 May, B.Sc. (Edin.). Died 1 July 1952 aged 62. 1952 aged 60. A. 1918. A . 1918 F. 1925. Francis Edward Thurland MSc. (Lond.), Matthew Cunningham Fletcher M.B.E. A.M.1.Chem.E. Died 28 May 1952 aged A.R.T.C. Died 18 May 1952 aged 66. A. 39. A . 1936. 1908 F. 1912. (Q) Alan Eric Wadsworth MSc. (Leeds). Died 17 Frank Mousley A.R.S.M. Died 17 April April 1952 aged 51. A. 1923. 1952 aged 88. F. 1896. Henrv Allen Duedale Neville. C.B.E M.A. Died 9 July 1952 aged 31.A . 1942. (Cantab.) B.SZ. (Lond.). ’Died 17 June, 1952 aged 71. Jeff Henry Shores MSc. (Vict. and Liv.). Ph.D. (Bonn). Died 13 June 1952 aged 77. F. 1922. A . 1902 F. 1909 LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections are glad to welcome members of other Sections to their meetings and social functions except when Members travelling abroad who desire introductions where there are Local Sections or Honorary numbers are restricted as for works visits. Corresponding Secretaries of the Institute are advised to notify the Secretary of the Institute. Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland : Belfast and District: Birmingham and Midlands: Bristol and District: Cardiff and District : Cumberland and District: Dublin and District: Dundee and District: East Anglia: East Midlands: Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Glasgow and West of Scotland : Huddersfield : Hull and District: Leeds Area: Liverpool and North-Westem : London and South-Eastern Manchester and District : Mid-Southern Counties: Newcastle upon Tyne and North-North Wales: Sheffield South Yorkshire and South Wales: South-Western Counties : Counties : East Coast: North Midlands : (WW) Stirlingshire and District: (X) Tees-side: Hon.Secretaries. H. G. M. Hardie Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 21 Braeside Avenue, C. S. McDowell B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Belmont Milebush Carrick-S. A. Ray B.Sc. F.R.I.C. c/o British Titan Products Co. Ltd., B. W. Minifie F.R.I.C. 8 Oakenhill Road Brislington Bristol 4. W. T. Roberts B.Sc. A.R.I.C. 52 Butleigh Avenue Cardiff. K. A. Swinburn BSc. A.R.I.C. c/o Ministry of Supply Chemical Inspectorate Windscale Works Sellafield Cumberland. H. D. Thornton B.Sc. A.R.C.Sc.I. F.R.I.C. City Laboratory, Municipal Buildings Castle Street Dublin. J. B. Wilson B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. The Comer 7e Commercial Street Dundee. John Williams B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. 28 Corder Road Ipswich, Suffolk. J. W. Murfin B.Sc. F.R.I.C. 8 Musters Crescent West Bridgford, Nottingham. J. K. Grant B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Department of Biochemistry, University of Edinburgh Teviot Place Edinburgh 1. W. G. D. Wright A.R.T.C. F.R.T.C. c/o Messrs. James Macneill & Sloan Ltd. 38 French Street Glasgow S.E. A. K. Dunn B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Sandbeds Honley Nr. Huddersfield. M. D. Rogan F.R.I.C. British Cocoa Mills (Hull) Ltd. Hull. W. A. Wightman M.A. F.R.I.C. The University Leeds 2. J. Ashley-Jones A.R.I.C. c/o J. Bibby & Sons Ltd. Great K. G. A. Pankhurst B.Sc. Ph.D. F.K.I.C. c/o B.L.M.R.A., A. Ormrod B.Sc.Tech. A.R.I.C. Hardman & Holden Ltd. A. G. Hill F.R.I.C. 19 Moorland Crescent Upton Lytchett J. Gibson M.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Chemistry Department The N. F. Rapps B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Analytical Department Monsanto K. C. Barraclough B.Sc. F.R.I.C The Brown Firth Research E. E. Ayling M.Sc. F.R.I.C. University College Singleton Park, E. R. Braithwaite B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Research Department Acheson F. S. Fowkes. B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 28. Learmonth Street, H. W. B. Reed B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 72. Oxbridge Avenue, A berdeen . fergus. 72-73 High Street Birmingham 4. Howard Street Liverpool 3. Milton Park Egham Surrey. Manox House Miles Platting Manchester 10. Minster Dorset. Technical College Sunderland Co. Durham. Chemicals Ltd. Ruabon Wrexham Denbighshire. Laboratories Princess Street Sheffield 4. Swansea. Colloids Ltd. Prince Rock Plymouth. Falkirk Stirlingshire. Stockton-on-Tees Co. Durham. (OA) Malaya: (OB) Cape of Good Hope: (OC) New Zealand: (OD) Bangalore : (OE) Madras: (OF) Western India: (OG) Northern India: C. L. Chia M.Sc. A.R.I.C. Department of Chemistry Outram Road Singapore 3. H. W. Schirach B.Sc. F.R.I.C. P.O. Box 1065 Cape Town, South Africa. N. H. Law MSc. A.N.Z.I.C F.R.I.C. Dominion Laboratory, Sydney Street West Wellington C.I. New Zealand. T. L. Rama Char B.Sc. M.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 3 India. K. V. Sundaram Ayyar M.Sc. F.R.I.C. 3 Jagadiswara Street, T' Nagar Madras 17 Madras India. Professor S. M. Mehta B.A. MSc. A.R.I.C. Institute of Science, Mayo Road Bombay 1 India. K. B. L. Mathur D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Department of Chemistry, The University Delhi 8 India

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JI9527600179

出版商:RSC    

年代:1952

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY PART V I 952 EDITORIAL NATIONAL CERTIFICATES In a recent editorial (Journal 1952 111 116) it was pointed out that the administration of the scheme for the award of National Certificates jointly with the Ministry of Education has become a major feature in the work of the Institute. As National Certificates in Chemistry have now been awarded for thirty years and in view of their growing importance we may regard the present as a suitable occasion for reviewing the operation of the scheme and commenting on the existing situation. To understand the scheme and the form it has acquired it is necessary to recall the special circumstances of its origin. Formerly examinations for students in technical schools and colleges were conducted by the Science and Art Department of the Board of Trade.When this depart-ment was merged in the Board of Education the old system of examinations was abandoned and the responsibility for testing students and of issuing certificates was laid on the teachers themselves. Under certain conditions the Board of Education would endorse these certificates, but the endorsement scheme was not widely adopted and the value of the certificates depreciated considerably owing to their local rather than national flavour. The examinations had in fact “degenerated into perfunctory formalities.” In May 1921 the Board of Education approached the Council of the Institute saying that they wished to encourage day and evening students in technical schools and colleges to follow properly graded and balanced grouped courses of instruction in chemistry and allied subjects with a view to the award of certificates that would be recognised in all parts of the country and not merely in the immediate vicinity of any particular school.This new scheme was intended for students who were unable to prepare for university degree examinations but who wished to become scientific assistants in industry even though they might never be able to reach full professional status. The Institute was approached in the first instance in the hope that the standard of instruction in grouped courses of study could be raised. For this reason it was felt desirable that students taking chemistry should also study mathematics and physics and attend courses in other suitable related subjects.Schemes of training were to be worked out by the r 233 schools for approval by the Institute and the Board including courses for both part-time and full-time students. The system of internal examinations was to be continued and the Institute and the Board jointly were to appoint assessors for the final examination in each complete course. (In the event the assessors were appointed by the Institute). A senior certificate was to be awarded to successful candidates who had attended for a minimum of three years and an advanced certificate after at least an extra two years. The level set for the examinations was to be of about intermediate standard for the senior certificate and of pass degree standard for the advanced certificate. On the other hand the proposed three year full-time diploma course (which however did not materialise) was intended to approach that of the Honours B.Sc.degree. After two main conferences on this question details of the agreed scheme for the award of Ordinary National and Higher National Certificates in Chemistry were published in the autumn of 1921. These were quite distinct from the Institute’s own awards (then A.I.C. and F.I.C.) and also from the Diplomas awarded since that time by some of the technical colleges to their full-time students. The Council hoped that this movement would enable the Institute to exercise a helpful and beneficial influence on the training in chemistry provided by the technical colleges and that good would result from the opportunities the scheme provided for bringing students into contact with the Institute and its work at an early stage.One of the great advantages of this contact was that candidates would be much less likely to discover when too late that their preparation did not coincide with that required for admission to membership of the Institute. Already in 1922 various speakers were voicing opinions that have a curiously modern note. In many quarters it was considered that National Certificates should be regarded as stepping stones to the Associateship of the Institute and that opportunities should be provided for the trans-ference of suitable part-time students to day courses. It was suggested that the Institute and the Board of Education should co-operate and produce some scheme of scholarships for promising students.Further-more there was a danger that the multiplicity of examinations would tend to confuse the various grades. This was in fact clarified in Rules 100 issued by the Board of Education in which it was stated that the National Certificates would “bear a statement indicating that they are distinct from the Associateship and Fellowship Diplomas awarded by the Institute.” Admission to the courses for National Certificates did not depend on preliminary education of the standard required by the Institute, and it was therefore clear from the outset that the holding of these certificates could in no way exempt a candidate from the Institute’s requirements in general education. It was pointed out moreover that the new scheme helped to perpetuate some of the bad features of the educational system a number of people regarding part-time education as “a curse to the country necessary in its present state but an evil.” Every I 234 person fit for a certain stage in education it was said should be given an opportunity of proceeding to that stage.The partial realisation of this ideal has been the aim of much educational legislation since then but the need for part-time education has by no means abated. The first report of the assessors brought to light some of the difficulties that had been previously overlooked. For example at that time chemical nomenclature was not standardised throughout the country and the assessors therefore recommended for general adoption the rules for the naming of chemical substances already put forward by the Chemical Society.An examination paper from one college contained four questions involving a knowledge of the structure of the atom but the question on simple qualitative analysis introduced into this paper by the assessors was not attempted by any candidate. The assessors rightly decided that no marks should be awarded for such answers as “a solubility product is one which is formed when one substance is dissolved in another.” It was also clear that drastic improvements were necessary in the administra-tion of practical examinations. The assessors concluded that the examina-tions would assist the teaching of chemistry in two important respects : (1) by insisting that a candidate receiving a National Certificate should be well grounded in the fundamental principles of chemical science (2) by insisting an a high standard of practical work; and that these objects at that time had by no means been generally attained.Subsequent reports showed a continuous general improvement in the teaching of chemistry, though it still remained necessary to deprecate “the cult of modernity.” The Joint Committee for the administration of the National Certificate scheme in England and Wales was composed of equal numbers of representatives of the Board of Education and of the Institute and it has always been recognised that the former as well as the latter should be qualified chemists. Later on Joint Committees for Scotland and Northern Ireland were set up and the first examinations were held there in 1926 and 1934 respectively.By 1935 it was realised that the introduction of National Certificates had led the way in a comparatively short time to a marked improvement in the quality of chemical instruction in the majority of technical institu-tions and that it had stimulated many candidates to make a concentrated effort to attain a professional qualification. Where a scheme had been unacceptable to the Joint Committee on the grounds that the college was not properly equipped to carry it out the technical college had gained by being in a good position to approach its local authority and sometimes, local industries in order to obtain grants so as to raise its facilities to the required standard. In view of this power of the Joint Committee to recognise or withhold recognition of technical colleges and because of the actual improvements in the quality of instruction that had already taken place it was realised that the joint scheme had completely justified itself and that there was every reason for its continuance.From this r 235 time onwards National Certificates in Chemistry were firmly established and regularised and until the end of the last war the scheme worked satisfactorily with very few modifications. The changed situation after the war however quickly brought about a new set of conditions. In the first place the Institute decided that it could no longer approve the intro-duction of a technological subject (sometimes merely descriptive of industrial processes) in the final year of study for the Ordinary Certificate.In the Report of the Chemistry Education Advisory Board published by the Institute in 1944 it was recommended that the courses for the Ordinary National Certificate in Chemistry should be purely scientific since such training in the principles of science would be in the best interests both of industry and of the chemical assistants for whom the courses were intended. The Advisory Board further recommended that due account should be taken of different aptitudes and aspirations-the Higher National Certifi-cate in pure Chemistry being suitable also for those aspiring eventually to professional qualification. Consultations with the Ministry of Education however resulted in the creation of two certificates at each level. The recommendations of the Advisory Board that there should be due allowance for the different aspira-tions and abilities of candidates incidentally raised the question of the extent to which the Higher National Certificate in pure chemistry could be recognised as a definite step towards the A.R.I.C.; since that time the question has been discussed almost annually at conferences of Hon.Secretaries of Local Sections with the result that the difficulties inherent in such recognition which do not exist in some other fields e.g. in engin-eering have become more widely appreciated. Thus for example, certain parts of the examinations for entry to some of the engineering professional bodies are amply covered by the H.N.C. courses and exami-nations but in chemistry the standard of the Associateship examination is higher in all branches than that for the Higher National Certificate.Secondly it became clear that a new situation had been created by the extension after the end of the war of part-time day release which has now become common throughout the country. In view of the increasing administrative complexity of the National Certificate scheme and of the growing pressure from the Local Sections for a more thorough examination of the National Certificate scheme in relation to courses for the A.R.I.C. the Council decided in June 1951 (Journal 1951 IV 258) that such questions could be best examined by their Education Committee which at that time was about to be formed. After preliminary discussion from the points of view of teachers and employers and of administration the Committee soon found that in a number of larger technical colleges there was a far greater co-ordination of National Certificate and A.R.I.C.courses than had previously been generally realised. In January last it was decided that recent develop-ments warranted the collection of more detailed information about specific practices in those technical colleges where both types of courses were 1236 provided. A questionnaire was therefore addressed to the Institute’s Hon. Representatives in the appropriate technical colleges asking for information on the following matters; whether the A.R.I.C. and National Certificate courses were being run concurrently or separately and to what extent the syllabuses could be interwoven; if a day-release student preparing for the A.R.I.C.could take the Ordinary and Higher National Certificates at appropriate stages in his course; what methods of selection were in use to determine whether a student should go on from the O.N.C. or H.N.C. in preparation for the A.R.I.C.; what facilities there were for students who had not passed an approved preliminary examination to take a course in English to the ordinary level of the General Certificate of Education examination; what subjects were available to the student who wished to comply with the Institute’s requirements regarding an optional subject and whether these could be taken by National Certificate cand-idates as assessed endorsement subjects; and finally if French and German courses were provided for those wishing to proceed to the A.R.I.C.examination. The great majority of replies to this questionnaire dealt with the subject in full detail with the result that up-to-date information is now available on these questions though it is too involved to be treated here except in general terms. It immediately transpired that the extension of day-release and con-siderations of staffing accommodation and expense had resulted in considerable uniformity in the way the technical colleges were approaching these problems. Broadly the technical colleges could be divided into two types-those associated to a greater or lesser extent with universities or which prepared candidates for a university degree and those where training led to the A.R.I.C. or to college diplomas in chemistry.The majority of the former appeared to have little demand for National Certificate courses. In the main this was the position in the London area and the South of England generally though even here also there were some exceptions. Within the last year or so the position had been altered by the revision of the regulations for the London External B.Sc. Special degree. Owing largely to the additional work in ancillary subjects-mathematics, physics and biology (or geology)-it has now become very difficult indeed for part-time students to take a Special B.Sc. in chemistry and it is therefore possible that in future there may be a change of emphasis in favour of the A.R.I.C. This in turn might mean the possible extension of National Certificate courses to enable students to be duly certificated as their work progressed.At present however the position is fluid, and it would be unwise to forecast probable trends. In the remainder of the country the pattern of development was much clearer. By and large the technical colleges had met the problem created by the greatly increased demand for National Certificates since the war by correlating courses for National Certificates and the A.R.I.C. to an ever-increasing degree. It was rapidly becoming an accepted view that a student doing part-time work over a period of six or more years should [ 237 receive some official recognition of his progress at different stages. In many areas this was important not only as a guide to an employer on the progress of an employee but also in order that the candidate should have something definite to show for his work even if he did not proceed to full professional qualification.The correlation of these courses could not be complete; for example, Ordinary National Certificate candidates require a separate course in Organic Chemistry in their third year. Again some colleges provide courses for the A.R.I.C. and Ordinary National Certificates only and these are best run separately as the students generally have widely differing aims and ability. On the other hand students attending certificate courses run the risk of having much leeway to make up in physics and mathematics if they attempt to proceed to the A.R.I.C. without attending separate courses in ancillary subjects during or before their work for the H.N.C.In some areas it is found that the National Certificate and A.R.I.C. candidates show wide differences in general education mental ability and professional outlook though in others these differences are to some extent disappearing in view of the increased intake of students from secondary grammar schools who have not been able to reach the uni-versity entrance requirements. It is universally recognised however that considerable advantages are gained from the correlation of courses wherever possible though the particular requirements of the non-A.R.I.C. students must be recognised. To sum up most technical colleges north of the London area have found when faced with a large demand for National Certificate courses, that' correlation provides an immediate simplification of their problem and overcomes many time-table and staffing difficulties.Furthermore, many employers have refused to give increases in pay to their employees until they can produce certificates to show that they have reached certain recognised standards of training; National Certificates being externally assessed often enable the students to reap some reward for their work before completing their part-time studies. Correlation has the further advantage that it simplifies the assessment of a student's capabilities and enables his teachers to decide whether or not to recommend him to proceed to a higher level. Finally Technical State Scholarships for full-time study are awarded on courses related to National Certificates. Though in some colleges it is felt strongly that the correlation of courses should open the way to the recognition of the Higher National Certificate as a definite part of the training for the Associateship there are at present serious difficulties preventing the introduction of such a scheme.The main of these is that the candidate for the Higher National Certificate need not have the broad education required to become a Registered Student of the Institute. Furthermore as stated above, the regulations at present offer no possibility of recognising the Higher Certificate as part of the examination for the Associateship because the H.N.C. is admittedly of a lower standard in all the main branches of [ 238 chemistry. Until these two difficulties have been overcome the Higher National Certificate and the A.R.I.C.will remain different in kind. In some colleges an attempt has been made to overcome these inherent difficulties by providing courses in ancillary subjects that can be taken by the more capable or more ambitious students while they are preparing for their National Certificates so that by the time they acquire the H.N.C. they will be eligible to proceed to the A.R.I.C. examination after taking more advanced courses in chemistry alone. Those who cannot carry the load of this extra work will either have to face a much extended period of part-time study or will be well advised not to proceed further than the H.N.C. As stated above National Certificates were primarily intended for technical assistants for whom they represent a standard of knowledge compatible with the requirements of such posts.Only a small proportion of students gaining the Higher National Certificate have subsequently reached the standard required for the A.R.I.C. and for this reason it appears desirable that the A.R.I.C. should remain distinct and should not only denote a difference in attainment but also indicate that the education and training of the Associate have been on a broader basis. The number of young people in industrial employment obtaining National Certificates in Chemistry is now rapidly increasing and they are helping considerably to mitigate the shortage of professionally qualified chemists in two main ways; on the one hand they are well able to relieve fully qualified men of much of the more routine work especially in ana-lytical control laboratories while on the other hand the most capable of them proceed to full professional status as corporate members of the Institute.There seems to be no danger that for some years to come at least the supply of men at both levels of education and training will exceed the demand for their services while at present an adequate supply of certificated assistants is of paramount importance to the country’s industrial recovery and development. [ 239 THE CHEMIST AND HIS WORK-II* THE PUBLIC ANALYST By T. MCLACHLAN D.C.M. A.C.G.F.C. F.R.I.C. Provision for the appointment of public analysts was only made as recently as 1860 under the Adulteration of Food and Drink Bill which was the first Act of Parliament in this country to deal generally with the suppression of what was recognised as a growing scandal.Previous legislation had dealt with a few articles of food only and then mainly for revenue purposes. Very few public analysts were appointed under this Act and there was a continued outcry about the adulteration of food, with the result that a Select Committee was appointed in 1874 which reported that the public was being cheated rather than poisoned. The Committee also stated that the only way to secure efficient analysts was to offer them a fair remuneration. As a result the next Act the Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875 made the appointments compulsory and the analysts quickly established their reputations not only by suppressing the adulteration of foods but also by being capable analysts for the com-munity as a whole.For many years local authorities did not ask them to go far beyond their legal sphere except as mentioned below as bacteri-ologists. Life moved fairly slowly and adulteration was generally crude and readily detected. The knowledge of chemistry was limited and as there were few good analysts a wide field lay open for analytical research of every type. Public analysts formed themselves into a small society, read papers among themselves and published the results of their proceed-ings in the Analyst. Chemical manufacture had not yet become established on a large scale and few manufacturers employed their own scientific staffs or kept their own laboratories so that they were glad to avail themselves of the services of public analysts even outside the analyticiil sphere.One analyst for instance spent a portion of his time preparing more or less pure salts of some of the rare earths for one supplier. In the short space of seventy-five years the work of food and drug control has changed completely. When the first food and drug acts were passed it was still the custom for grocers to blend their own teas coffee and chicory and so on; flour was milled and blended by numerous small millers and nearly every butcher pickled his own salt beef. There were few nationally advertised lines even among packed drugs and a wide system of general control was necessary. The number of manufacturers is now appreciably reduced and most of them are entirely reputable. The period that elapses between manufacture and consumption of a food or drug is now considerable and the call is therefore for a much more efficient control of samples which can be thoroughly examined for keeping and dietetic qualities and which can be analysed by specialists * The first article in this series was published in JournaZ 1952 IV 183.240 with every modern scientific device at their disposal. In order to keep abreast of methods for the determination of vitamins trace elements, rodent and other extraneous matter and even of antibiotics the public analyst has found it necessary to restrict the field of his other chemical activities. With this there has been a tendency for the number of public analyst’s laboratories to diminish but for those that remain to become much larger.This situation has moreover been forced on analysts by reason of the cost of equipment for the more specialised determinations and of other generally increased costs which have not been compensated by a corresponding increase in the scale of remuneration. A public analyst is appointed by a Local Authority; his appointment and its termination are subject to the agreement of the Minister of Food. The qualifications required for a public analyst are laid down in the Public Analysts Regulations (1939). They state that no one shall be appointed as a public analyst after that date unless he already holds such an appointment or has gained the Diploma of the Fellowship or Associate-ship of the Institute in addition to having passed the Branch E examination of the Institute.He may be employed either as a full-time officer of his authority or carry out the work in his own laboratory. The full-time public analyst being an officer of his authority is protected by law in the event of a mistake whereas the part-time analyst is personally answerable for any errors that may escape from his laboratory. Considering first the purely formal legal work of the public analyst, it may be well to point out that he does not obtain his own samples-they are purchased by sampling officers appointed by the authority. There should be frequent consultation between the analyst and the sampling and other officers to ensure that representative products are being adequately sampled. Samples may be taken in accordance with the provision of the Food and Drugs Act when they are known as formal samples.A formal sample is divided into three portions in the shop where it is purchased and all are sealed with the seal of the local authority. One of the portions is left with the vendor another is passed to the public analyst while the third is kept as a reference sample and may be sent if so ordered by a Court to the Government Chemist for his analysis. On the other hand articles may be purchased in shops in the ordinary way and sent direct to the analyst the shopkeeper probably being unaware that they are being examined. These are known as informal samples and, as the results of the analysis cannot be checked no legal action can be taken on them though the manufacturer’s attention may be drawn informally to any irregularity.Should it be wished to take legal action or to suggest that legal action will be taken a formal sample should be removed for the purpose. The methods of sampling and the types of samples examined vary with different authorities and in different parts of the country. Many more pre-packed foods are sold in towns than in rural areas for example, [ 241 whilst more milk is adulterated or of inferior quality in the country than in large towns. Any kind of food or drug may be submitted for analysis -beef suspected of being horseflesh honey suspected of being invert sugar sardines thought not to be sardines apples or other fruits suspected of being contaminated with lead arsenate (used in spraying the young fruit on the tree). Most samples however are taken not because of any suspected irregularity but simply as a routine check on the purity of the nation’s food and drugs.Just as it is advisable to have a regular medical overhaul so it is not only advisable but necessary to make a regular inspection of what is being sold to the public for their consumption. The public analyst to-day replaces the King’s wine-taster of olden times, though he is sometimes dismayed that the assessment of a wine’s bouquet still eludes his chemical analytical skill. Although adulteration was fairly crude when systematic examinations were first undertaken it was rampant and even in 1892 and 1893 12.4 and 12.9 per cent. of all the samples examined in England and Wales were reported as adulterated. This percentage gradually dropped until in the year 1938 it was only 3.7 per cent.but with the outbreak of war in 1939 the increase in adulteration was enormous. Extracts of public analysts’ reports have not been published since the beginning of the last war but some idea of the increase in the extent of adulteration may be gained from figures taken from samples submitted by three London Borough Councils during the last thirteen years. In 1938 adverse reports were issued against 1.7 per cent. of the samples submitted; in 1942 the percentage was 7-3; in 1945 8.4; and in 1951 5.3 per cent. The propor-tion of adulterated samples has not yet returned to its pre-war level, partly because of the more stringent requirements of the Labelling of Food Order and other Statutory Instruments. As recently as 1904 vinegar was found to contain added sulphuric acid; tinned goods contained up to 0.1 per cent.of tin; pepper was bleached with plaster of Paris magnesium carbonate or flour; ground olive stones were added either to powdered pepper or to gentian while salicylic acid was used as a mask for the presence of benzoic acid added as a preservative, in the hope that the salicylic acid would be determined by its d o u r reaction with iron and that the presence of benzoic acid would not then be suspected. By 1939 most of the these frauds had been suppressed, and controversy ranged chiefly around the description of products sold as cream pastries table vinegar and ice cream. History tends to repeat itself; with the outbreak of war many of the practices introduced were of really ancient origin.Paraffin either as wax or as liquid paraffin had been used in the past for the adulteration of margarine lard and vegetable oils; during recent times it has been sold for cooking purposes and as chewing gum. Years ago cider was commonly employed in the manufacture of artificial port wine and efforts were made to defend its use during the last war. The use of diluted phosphoric acid with added flavour and colour for soft drinks had been condemned and t 242 forgotten but the practice was re-introduced during the last war. Other troubles crept in; saccharin was used instead of sugar and in spite of Ministry of Food Orders this practice has not yet been altogether sup-pressed; ethyl cellulose was used as a substitute for egg; polyethylene stearates or other substances were sold as fat extenders; and liqueurs were made from rectified spirits glycerine flavour colour and water.Much larger quantities of whisky sherry port and other wines have been and are being sold in this country than have been distilled here or imported from abroad. It is doubtful whether in the matter of wine the British are the only offenders since there is strong rumour that one well known wine-producing country is a large importer of wine of which much is blended and re-exported under different names. Sometimes the defence of these preparations is extremely clever. In the case of glycerine in liqueurs the defence relied largely on a reference given in a well known text-book on organic chemistry to the effect that one of the chief uses of glycerine was in the manufacture of liqueurs, quoting an article that had appeared in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.In reality the original article devoted two pages to the various uses of glycerine and at the end mentioned that small amounts are sometimes added to liqueurs. One interesting fight took place over the sale of Near Beer. It had been thought that the Finance Act 1932 covered all possible attempts to tamper with alcoholic liquors but a loophole was found. Beer was diluted with about three times its volume of water so that it contained slightly less than 2 per cent. of proof spirit and therefore fell outside the control of the Finance Act. This diluted liquid was then aerated and sold as “Near Beer” at the price originally charged for the genuine article.Bottles were always delivered unlabelled by taxi to “clubs” so that it was difficult to obtain samples or evidence and when a case was eventually brought it was successfully defended at Sessions on the grounds that, apart from water malt was the principal basic ingredient malt liquors having been excluded from the provisions of the Labelling of Food Order. Although the order was amended this case serves to illustrate how some people spend their time trying to find how they can best circumvent the law. At the present time the dividing line between whisky and silent spirit (rectified spirit) is too narrow for the liking of some public analysts, and it is hoped that a satisfactory method of handling the situation will be found.In the early days of food and drug analysis the examination of milk was confined almost entirely to demonstrating the removal of cream and the presence of added water or of visible dirt. Much time was expended on discovering methods which were satisfactory for these purposes. Much controversy has centred around the reliability of Vieth’s ratio the use of the refractive index and finally the freezing point test to show the presence or absence of added water and many have been the appeals that have been made to the cow by having her milked in the presence of inspectors. E 243 Even so it has been found that a hot-water bottle fitted with a rubber tube running down the sleeve of the milker can mislead an experienced observer. In recent years more attention has been given to the presence or absence of pathogenic bacteria and to the keeping qualities of milk.Few public analysts now carry out examinations for pathogenic organisms but they still examine milk for the presence of coliform bacteria for keeping qual-ities by the methylene blue test and for the efficiency of pasteurisation by the phosphatase test. With the increasing demand for ice cream, efforts have been made to improve both the nutritional value of this commodity and also its freedom from bacterial contamination. Whilst most samples submitted to the public analyst are purchased by his sampling officers every member of the public has the right to have a sample of any food or drug purchased by him examined by the analyst for the area in which the purchase was made.This gives the public the right to send anything that they suspect to the analyst for his opinion; such samples may be taken direct to the analyst in which event he may demand his fee before carrying out the work or they may be taken to the local authority who will then submit them to the analyst. In the latter case the local authority generally pays the fee. A large variety of samples may be received in this way-mouldy meat pies meat pies thought to be deficient in meat sweets containing specks of foreign matter tinned lobster or fish containing crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate, grape juice and wines containing crystals of cream of tartar (all of which crystals are often mistaken for glass) or tinned mussels containing numbers of minute pearls thought to be sand.A few of these complaints are justified but the majority are not; some of the latter contribute the saddest part of the duties of the analyst. Unfortunately people occasionally suffer from persecution complexes due to delusions and whilst one may quickly suspect the cause of the trouble every case must be investigated carefully. Occasionally one finds that someone is trying to poison another slowly by arsenic rat poison or even more rapidly by nicotine and similar substances. Sometimes it is also found that a doctor absentmindedly prescribes too large a dose of a medicine to be taken at one time. Such accidents are hardly likely to lead to real trouble but they give rise to serious situations with a neurotic patient. Should a lady eat a tomato without removing her glove and allow the juice to dry into the kid and affect the dye she may imagine that someone is poisoning her rather than that she has been unduly fastidious in her habits.When public analysts were first appointed the medical officer of health for the authority sometimes obtained the appointment and partly for this reason and partly because bacteriology was a new science discovered and largely developed by chemists it was convenient for the public analyst to act as the routine bacteriologist for the area examining not only waters but also diphtheria swabs and other pathogenic specimens. Most bacteriological pathogenic examinations have now passed to public 1 244 health laboratories under the aegis of the Ministry of Health and with these has gone much of the routine bacteriological control of waters.Public analysts and other chemists feel however that it is impossible to divorce the chemical and bacteriological aspects of this important subject and prefer to carry out the joint examination. Waters other than those for drinking purposes require examination and regular control is necessary for swimming bath waters sewage eflluents and even for the control of rivers. Chemists have initiated most improvements in sewage purification, and in recent years this work has led to the study of the corrosion of metals and concrete in rivers and docks caused by anaerobic bacteria growing under conditions that are favoured by pollution and the increase in temperature caused by the large-scale use of river and dock water for industrial cooling purposes.Other aspects of sewage pollution that have to be investigated are those connected with discharges containing cyanides which may evolve hydro-cyanic acid gas into the atmosphere and cause the death of sewer workers or pass into sewage works where they destroy the micro-flora and fauna, and thence or even directly to rivers where they kill fish. Sulphides or volatile solvents may be lethal or lead to explosions and acids may dissolve concrete sewer pipes. In the event of the percolation of water into buildings the analyst may be called upon to decide whether it is from a spring or a leaky water main is rainwater or even arises from a faulty joint in the household plumbing. Whilst a public analyst is not a trained lawyer and must not attempt to plead law in Court he is invariably asked to justify any action he may have recommended to his authority and it is therefore essential for him to possess not only a good knowledge of food and drug law but also of public health administration generally.Until the outbreak of the 1939-45 war there were few statutory orders controlling the composition of foods and drugs although there was provision for the Minister of Health to make them in the Food and Drugs Act 1938 which came into force only shortly before the war. Most of the various Food and Drugs Acts have been capable of a wide interpretation should the local authority be willing to expend the ratepayers’ money but many authorities have been loath to take up cases that might go to the High Court for a decision.With the outbreak of war adulteration and substitution became ram-pant and as mentioned above the defence went to any amount of trouble, whereas local authorities were hard put to it to cope with other situations arising out of the war. The Minister of Food therefore stepped in and issued a series of orders beginning with the Food Substitutes Order and leading up to the Food Standards Order (and other orders made under it) and also the Labelling of Food Order which has been revised many times. These orders now known as Statutory Instruments have gradually evolved according to necessity and according to the availability of raw materials. They are now being consolidated to form the basis of peace-time standards and a Food Standards and Labelling Division has been r 245 formed at the Ministry.Most of the actual control however is in the hands of the local authorities; the analytical work involved and its inter-pretation from both the legal and the chemical standpoints falls in the first place to the lot of the public analyst. Under the Pharmacy and Medicines Act all medicines intended for internal consumption or held to possess medicinal properties must be labelled with particulars of their active ingredients including the propor-tions in which these are present and in the case of a poison on the Poisons List issued under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act the percentage of such ingredients must be stated as weight in weight weight in volume or volume in volume. On the label of a pre-packed food, however the name of every ingredient except water must be given; these ingredients must be listed in the order in which they are present that in largest quantity being given first although its proportion need not be stated.Decisions as to the correctness or otherwise of such labels fall to the lot of the public analyst and it is well for him if necessary to be sure of the support either of the Pharmaceutical Society or of the Ministry of Food. Under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act certain substances are listed as poisons for official purposes and these are divided into two classes, those which may be sold by registered pharmacists and those which may be sold by listed sellers. Pharmacy is now a closed profession and the Pharmaceutical Society is responsible for the professional conduct of pharmacists but local authorities are responsible for the listing and control of persons selling what are known as Part I1 poisons.Although most Acts of Parliament referring to the purity of foods and drugs have been given some modification of the title of “Food and Drugs Act,” little protection has been given to the public against deleterious or quack medicines because it has wrongly been assumed either that the various Pharmacy and Poisons Acts were sufficient or that “patent med-icines” were really useful. Provision has in fact been made in the various food and drugs acts to exempt proprietary medicines from the necessity of being of the nature substance or quality demanded by the purchaser, if the medicine has been supplied in response to a demand for it.The Medicine Stamp Act has been repealed and has been replaced by the Pharmacy and Medicines Act and this Act together with the National Insurance Act has provided considerably more scope for the control of medicines supplied to the public. This work is being carried out under the aegis of the Ministry of Health by Local Executive Councils by the Pharmaceutical Society or by the local authorities and it is generally entrusted to public analysts. Just as it is necessary to watch over the foods water and drugs that are used by man so it is necessary to pay attention to the foods used for animal feeding and provision has been made for this by the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act under which act fertilisers are also examined.Nearly every agricultural chemist as he is known officially is also a public analyst. Some agricultural chemists specialise largely on the agricultural 1246 side paying particular attention to the assimilability of fertilisers the use of plant hormones and so forth. Before the establishment of police laboratories many public analysts were kept busy with toxicological samples and a certain amount of work still comes from hospitals and coroners. The work from hospitals demands rather more speedy attention than that from coroners or the police because there is still a hope that the patient may recover if the correct treatment is given. Analysts particularly those in country districts are naturally concerned with the reasons for unexpected deaths of farm animals and poultry many of which are caused by rodent poisons and insecticides.At the present time there is no effective control of any sort over veterinary medicines (unless they contain poisons) and even then it is very slight. Local authorities and the public are now becoming as concerned about the purity of the atmosphere as they are about their water supplies. To this end public analysts carry out many analyses of rainwater and of the sulphur dioxide content of the atmosphere either by means of lead peroxide candles or by the direct oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid. When these results are-compared and a particular area is found to be worse than others efforts are made to stop the contamination at its source. Atmospheric contamination is not confined to flue gas pollution but may be caused by gas leaks (generally detected by the odour and the determination of carbon monoxide) cyanides fumes from paint and dry-cleaning works and even from the drying of fertilisers and feeding stuffs.Local authorities are large consumers of many commodities such as soaps disinfectants building materials petrol and lubricating oils and it is found that the services of the public analyst are useful in giving advice as to which are the most suitable for particular purposes and which offer the best value. For this purpose samples are often drawn at depots and submitted to the analyst under code numbers so that he is able to give an entirely unprejudiced opinion to the committee concerned with the particular purchase.The public analyst is now generally recognised as the expert adviser of his local authority on most aspects of scientific investigation and in this capacity is also asked to recommend experts for problems outside his own particular scope BOOK REVIEWS Rocks for Chemists. S . James Shand. Pp. xii + 146. (London Thomas Professor Shand had two objects in mind when writing this book which is described as an introduction to petrology for chemists and students of chemistry. The first was to present the study of rocks in a more strongly chemical light than is usual in writings on the subject. The second was to convince chemists that the problems of rock and mineral genesis offer a rich field for research The reviewer being one of those chemists whom the author sets out to convince is of the opinion that he will achieve his objects.The first three chapters of the book are entitled “Historical Introduction,” “Rocks in the Field” and “Rock-forming Minerals.” These chapters provide a useful introduction to the subject for those who are unfamiliar with the terms used by petrologists. A thorough study of the third chapter in particular is advisable for without some knowledge of the geological names of rock minerals (which rarely give any indication of chemical composition) the remaining chap-ters are not easy to follow. The book is largely concerned with the formation and chemistry of the crystalline rocks that is rocks of volcanic or eruptive origin. One chapter is devoted to rock weathering and sedimentary rocks and two chapters to the metamorphic rocks and the suggested mechanisms of metamorphism.These divisions of the subject are illustrated with a number of line diagrams chiefly binary and ternary phase diagrams of mineral systems and 32 excellent photo-graphic plates (45 photographs) of rock formations and of rock sections as seen under the microscope. Professor Shand’s book shows clearly that there is scope for a greater degree of co-operation between chemists and petrologists. The chemist reading this book will readily see that there are many interesting physico-chemical problems to be solved before rock genesis can be adequately explained. It may be that a full explanation can never be given having regard to the vast difference in scale, in terms of quantities pressures temperatures and times between a process in nature and a laboratory experiment.F. L. SELFE Murby & Co. 1952.) 21s. net. Mixtures. The Theory of the Equilibrium Properties of Some Simple Classes of Mixtures Solutions and Alloys. E. A. Guggenheim. Pp. x + 270. (Oxford Clarendon Press 1952.) 42s. net. This book presents calculations in the statistical thermodynamics of mixtures. In evaluating local order in mixtures emphasis is laid on the quasi-chemical treatment as a means of allowing for differences of interaction energy between dissimilar molecules. Characteristic use is made of the quasi-crystalline or lattice model of liquids in computing the properties of solutions. By means of these and other less general aids in the calculation of the thermodynamic func-tions the author provides theoretical evaluations of the properties of a wide range of mixtures in gaseous liquid and solid phases.The author has himself made several important contributions of procedure, and a personal approach is apparent in certain portions of the text. In all, however the book provides a very convenient compendium of theories and it should prove indispensable for specialised studies in this domain of statistical thermodynamics. As a bridge between experimental and theoretical investigations on mixtures the value of the text calls for critical assessment. In this connection important advantages of the text are that only elementary mathematics is used and the derivation of thermodynamic functions for various types of mixture is carried out with elegance and economy.But the comparisons between theory and [ 248 experiment sometimes give the impression of lacking in experimental discrimina-tion. Nearly always the experimentalist requires to know which are the sensi-tive parameters in a theoretical expression for the free energy or in other thermo-dynamic functions. Variations in parameters to which a thermodynamic function is particularly sensitive form the most useful objects of experiments designed to test and improve theoretical models. It is noteworthy for example, that existing theories of order/disorder in solid solutions generally fail to describe the shape of the experimental heat content curve above the transition temperature which thus forms a sensitive test of the models and procedures used.On the other hand the exact form of force field assumed between pairs of molecules makes little difference within limits to the calculated second virial coefficient which thus forms an insensitive datum in comparisons between theory and experiment. Whenever a new model or procedure is devised in statistical thermodynamics it would be particularly valuable to the experimentalist to emphasise which parameters are specially worth attention because of the sensitiveness of the calculated functions to the exact values assumed for these parameters. Notwithstanding some unevenness in significance of the experimental critiques of the theories outlined this book consolidates real advances in the subject and both the author and the publishers are to be congratulated on its production.A. R. UBBELOHDE Six-membered Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds with Four Condensed Rings. C. F. H. Allen. (The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds Vol. 2. Consulting Editor Arnold Weissberger.) Pp. xiii + 345. (New York: Interscience Publishers Inc.; London Interscience Publishers Ltd. 195 1 .) Subscribers 72s.; Non-subscribers 80s. The second volume in the Interscience Series on the Chemistry of Hetero-cyclic Compounds by C. F. H. Allen deals with a number of nitrogen analogues of 4-condensed six-membered rings i.e. with the nitrogen atom substituted for one or more of the CH positions in the seven basic structures of naphthacene, benzanthracene benzophenanthrene chrysene triphenylene benzanthrene and pyrene but not with those in which the nitrogen atom is common to any two ring systems.This latter type is reserved for a later volume. Each of the seven chapters deals separately with the nitrogen analogues of the above-mentioned ring systems and since the number of nitrogen atoms substituted in the various systems varies from 1 to 4 1 to 5 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 3 1 to 2 and 1 to 4 in the seven systems respectively there is a wealth of interesting chemistry discussed. From what has been said however it will be clear that the material treated is almost wholly of a highly specialised nature and little if any of it will be likely to come to the notice of even Honours students in Chemistry. In view of this and the further fact that the printed word in such a text-book usually lags about two years behind the discovery and the publication of new knowledge research workers in this field must necessarily consult the literature and it would appear therefore that such a book will be limited in appeal to the industrial worker who wants a rapid survey of any particular problem covered by it.This remark will not of course apply to many of the further volumes in this series now being prepared such as Pyrrole and Its Derivatives Pyridine and Its Derivatives etc. Each of the seven chapters starts by defining the nomenclature used in the discussion and this helps greatly to make the book clear and most readable. The above reference to its value to the industrial worker is exemplified in the interesting and useful survey of the chemistry of Ciba yellow 3G. The structure of this compound derived from indigo by the action of benzoyl chloride is still These will have a wide appeal.[ 249 uncertain and it is a good example of the profound structural change which can take place in an organic molecule during a reaction. The discussion of the aporphine alkaloids as derivatives of monoazabenzanthrene however is of more doubtful value since students in this field will be more likely to turn for infor-mation to one of the treatises on the alkaloids. The volume is very well printed and easy to read and only a few errors have been noticed such as the misinterpretation of the reaction at the bottom of page 39 while structure VII on page 4 has a methyl group in the wrong position. G. R. CLEMO The Phosphatides. Harold Wittcoff.Pp. xviii + 564. (New York Reinhold Publishing Corporation; London Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1951 .) 80s. net. The present work is welcome and timely for it is the first to appear on the subject in English since the Macleans’ classic monograph a quarter of a century ago. Considering the immense biological importance and also the not inconsider-able technical importance of phosphatides progress has been unusually slow, but important developments during the last decade reveal a quickening interest in this somewhat neglected field. The chief difficulty in the past has been that of separating purifying and identifying the main types and in Maclean’s day only three-lecithin cephalin and sphingomyelin-were clearly recognised although there was much doubt concerning the nature of cephalin which was wrongly thought to be phosphatidyl ethanolamine.It is now known to be a mixture of phosphatidyl serine and one or more complex glyceroinosito-phosphatides; moreover other new types such as plasmalogens and cardiolipids have since been discovered. Now with improvements both in methods of separation and identification of the natural products and in synthetic methods still more rapid advances may be anticipated. Those who accept the real challenge of exploring this field will have their task greatly lightened by the present work which gives a full detailed and readable account of the nomenclature sources (plant and animal) isolation analysis, structure and synthesis of phosphatides and which devotes large sections to biochemical physiological and industrial aspects.The material is well arranged and emphasis is placed both on recent achieve-ments and on what remains to be accomplished. There is an extensive biblio-graphy up to early 1950 and the book is singularly free from errors. It will, however be appreciated that interpretation is still in a fluid state and many observations will require reassessment in the light of more recent knowledge. Nevertheless as the author points out with the growing interest now shown “undoubtedly firmer bases for interpretation will be available for further revi-sions of this book.” The book can be warmly recommended and the author is to be congratulated on his labours which will be of inestimable value to all lipid chemists bio-chemists and those interested in the medical sciences.T. MALKIN Thiophene and its Derivatives. Howard D. Hartough. (The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds Vol. 3.) Pp. xvii + 533. (New York Inter-science Publishers Inc.; London Interscience Publishers Ltd. 1952.) Subscribers 120s. ; Non-subscribers 132s. It is difficult to imagine a more suitable time for the publication of this book than the present or a happier choice than that of Dr. Hartough as author. The technical preparation of thiophen from butane and sulphur announced in 1 250 America about 1942 is described in some detail. This process has made thio-phen readily accessible and led to a very rapid expansion of our knowledge of the compound itself and of its derivatives in what the author describes as the third period of thiophen research.This expansion has now reached such magnitude that an authoritative review was needed. The author was closely associated with and partly responsible for this development and has had access to much unpublished work. The almost loving treatment of the history of thiophen in Chapter I (with suitable reference to the two derivatives already known prior to Victor Meyer’s discovery in 1882) is most interesting and will be very stimulating to young chem-ists. It brings out many aspects of Meyer’s classical discovery and the develop-ment of his ideas which have almost been forgotten. The book provides a complete survey of the chemistry of thiophen each main type of derivative being dealt with in a separate chapter. In addition special treatment is accorded to factors affecting substitution and migration in the thiophen nucleus and to the molecular structure and spectroscopy of thiophen and its derivatives.Many charts of infra-red and ultra-violet spectra and mass spectral data are included. The biological and pharmacological activity of thiophen derivatives receives special attention especially in compari-son with that of analogous compounds of benzene and interesting cases of antagonism are cited. The treatment is on modern lines throughout; new reagents and catalysts for effecting substitution or for removal of groups and improved devices for chromatographic separation or for avoiding destruction of the sensitive thio-phen nucleus during reactions are constantly encountered. Brief reference is made to the earlier work on the sulphones of substituted thiophens and the contradictory reports on the preparation of thiophen sul-phone itself.The recent elegant experiments of Backer and Melles in Groningen on sesquioxides and sulphones were published too late for inclusion. Metal-ation of the thiophen nucleus which is so important from both the theoretical and the preparative sides is considered in a separate chapter. So also are the sulphur derivatives of which the thiophen-3-thiol recently obtained as a by-product in the technical preparation of thiophen has already proved a most valuable synthetic agent. It was previously very inaccessible. The book concludes with an appendix in which details are given for the laboratory preparation of over 30 different compounds of thiophen; almost all of the methods have been carefully checked.Here and throughout the text full references to the original literature are included. The book can be cordially recommended to all organic chemists. FREDERICK CHALLENGER Light Hydrocarbon Analysis. Edited by 0. W. Burke C. E. Starr and F. D. Tuemmler. Pp. xv + 639. (New York Reinhold Publishing Corpora-tion; London Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1951.) 120s. net. Although this book is one of the fruits of the war-emergency demand for synthetic rubber in the U.S.A. there need be no doubt that it is a text-book for instruction in advanced hydrocarbon analysis and marks a milestone in the progress of chemistry. Not only is it of value to the petroleum technologist but it will undoubtedly be appreciated by workers in other fields such as the petroleum chemicals and acetylene chemistry industries.The first three chapters are concerned with butadiene and its co-polymerisa-tion with styrene to make product GR-S and with the production of butadiene from ethyl alcohol n-butane n-butenes and petroleum naphthas. The various impurities likely to be found in butadiene are considered and there follows a discussion on the problem of manufacturing a specific hydrocarbon in thi case 1 3-butadiene of sufficient purity to yield a feedstock which will react smoothly in the final polymerisation process without side reactions. Chapter 4 discusses schemes of analysis that may be applied to mixtures of C to C hydrocarbons. The type of method-approach is discussed; the reader learns for example the appropriate application of low-temperature distillation methods the mass spectrograph infra-red and ultra-violet spectrophotometric procedures in addition to the usual specific chemical and physical tests.The chapter on sampling is well worthy of study. To secure a representative sample of a mixture of low-boiling liquefied gases is difficult; conventional methods may deliver varying mixtures from the same container in the same laboratory. The safety precautions for handling light hydrocarbons cover a wide field and the recommendations are obviously of use to other laboratories working with volatile non-hydrocarbon materials. Chapter 7 sets out the specific methods including one which is a valuable collection of procedures for sampling and storage of gases.The compilation includes low-temperature distillation methods; chemical methods; spectrometric methods by infra-red ultra-violet and mass spectrometer procedures; tests for specific non-hydrocarbon impurities in butadiene and other gas mixtures; and a number of miscellaneous tests. They are written in standard form so as to facilitate comparison between different methods having the same object. One criticism however is the lack of precision and accuracy data normally found at the end of any standard method. For this information one must refer to chap-ters 8 and 9. In chapter 8 the methods of the previous chapter are examined (1) to cal-culate their precision limits with the express object of determining how well a given laboratory would check its own analyses and how various laboratories would check each other and.(2) to determine how accurately the light hydro-carbon components could be measured.It is not easy reading but it is neces-sary that one should know how to evaluate test-result data by standard statistical methods . G. W. DORRELL A Source Book in Chemistry. 1400-1900. Henry M. Leicester and Herbert S. Klickstein. (Source Books in the History of the Sciences. General Editor G. D. Walcott.) Pp. xvi + 554. (New York McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc. ; London McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., 1952.) 64s. This is the latest addition to a series begun more than 20 years ago comprising separate volumes on astronomy mathematics physics geology Greek science, animal biology and chemistry. A volume on medieval science is in preparation and another on 20th century science (1900-1950) is projected.The present work has been long delayed; it was begun by Professor F. Barry of the University of Columbia and continued after his death by the late Dr. Tenney L. Davis the present editors having taken over in 1948. The final selection of material was decided after consultation with the leading authorities on the subject on both sides of the Atlantic. None will disagree with the editors that to trace the development of chemistry in the words of the men whose work mainly contributed to its growth is a fascinating but formidable task. The book consists of extracts from the writings of 82 chemists with short prefatory remarks indicating their life-spans and the significance of their work.The principles of selection which have not been followed over-strictly determine the book’s character; in the main they illustrate the development of chemical theory and they are chosen where possible to lead up to further developments. A useful and comprehensive bibliography of biographies and a name index complete the volume. [ 252 All the extracts are in English and translations by the chemists’ con-temporaries rather than present day versions have been preferred. The book reaches a high standard of scholarship and will doubtless be of great use to teachers of chemistry and students of history. No work of this type can ever be expected to cover the subject completely; nevertheless it is a valuable compila-tion worthy of a place in college and reference libraries.It is difficult to see why a few excerpts illustrating an author’s style rather than a development in scientific thought have been included. Thus there seems to be room for improvement in some places e.g. the sections on Stahl and Boer-haave scarcely do justice to two of the most important figures in early eighteenth century chemistry. There is occasionally a difference in spelling between the text and the name index (e.g. Kirwan and Warltire are also given as Kirwin and Waltire) . In conformity with the other volumes in this series it is well produced and well printed on good paper. F. W. GIBBS BOOKS AND PAMPHLETSRECEIVED BUT NOT REVIEWED Chemical Calculations. Sidney W. Benson. Pp. xi + 217. (New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.; London Chapman and Hall Ltd.1952.) 24s. net. Modern Chemical Processes. Volume 11. Pp. v + 299. (New York Rein-hold Publishing Corporation; London Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1952.) 40s. net. [A series of articles describing chemical manufacturing plants by the Editors of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry in conjunction with the technical staffs of the co-operating organisations. Every two years twenty-four such articles are published in book form. “This is the second volume in a series destined to prove a perpetual inventory of American chemical technology and the most valuable reference source of its kind available.”] Reviews of Petroleum Technology. Volume XI1 (covering 1950). Edited by F. H. Garner E. B. Evans and G. Sell. Pp. viii -+ 513. (London The Institute of Petroleum 1952.) 50s.Review of Coal Tar Technology. Volume 111 Part 2. July-December 1951. Pp. 72. (Gomersal Coal Tar Research Association 1952.) Non-members C.T.R.A. 5s. British Standards. 1739 1951. Filter Flasks. Pp. 9. 2s. net. 700 1952. Graduated Pipettes and One-Mark Cylindrical Pipettes. 733 1952. Density Bottles. Pp. 18. 3s. net. Pp. 28. 5s. net. (From B.S.I. 24 Victoria Street S.W.l. LOCAL SECTION AFFAIRS Belfast and District.-At the Annual General Meeting held in March 1952, the following officers for 1952-53 were elected:-Chairman Dr. C. L. Wilson ; Vice-Chairman Dr. M. H. Hall; Hon. Treasurer Dr. W. Honneyman; Hon. Secretary Mr. C. S. McDowell; Members of Committee Professor M. Crawford Messrs. A. J. Howard K. L. Robinson and V.D. Tughan and Dr. T. Caughey (ex officio). On 3 September 1952 members gave an informal tea to the officers section officers and exhibitioners of the British Association. Huddersfie1d.-The last lecture of the 1951-52 programme was held on 19 February when Dr. W. A. Sexton of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., delivered a lecture on “Chemical Constitution and Biological Activity.” This was followed by discussion and questions and the lecturer was thanked by Mr. H. Wignall. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 11 March 1952, during which Dr. W. B. Waddington and Mr. E. W. Holmes were elected mem-bers of the Committee to replace the retiring members Messrs. R. Raw and T. Waterton. At a later date the Section Committee elected Dr. W. B. Wadding-ton as Hon.Treasurer of the Section. The following are the Officers and Committee for the session 1952-53:-Chairman Mr. T. Ritchie; District Member of Council Dr. G. R. Ramage; Hon. Secretary Mr. A. K. Dunn; Hon. Treasurer Dr. W. B. Waddington; Members of Committee Dr. J. R. Atkinson Mr. D. Hanson Mr. E. W. Holmes and Dr. W. McMeeking. On 17 June 1952 a visit was made to the Digley Reservoir Huddersfield Corporation which was nearing completion. Despite unfavourable weather the visitors enjoyed a very interesting tour of the site under the very able guidance of Mr. T. Waterton. Manchester and District .-Two interesting and successful works visits have been made as part of the summer programme. The Partington Manufacturing Station of the North Western Gas Board was visited on 18 June.The Section’s best thanks are due to Mr. T. Biddulph-Smith the Station Engineer for his excellent organisation and hospitality and to Mr. J. Wilson General Manager of the Manchester Group of the North Western Gas Board. The second visit was made on 18 July to the Sheffield Smelting Company, Ltd. Here again a most rewarding time was spent. Members of the party are indebted to Mr. D. S. Corrigan who acted ably as guide and to Mr. R. E. Wil-son who made arrangements for the visit. The Section Committee regrets that it will shortly be losing the services of two of its members. Mr. W. E. Portwood the active if unobtrusive Hon. Assistant Secretary has taken up a hospital appointment in Rhyl while Mr. S. G. Lawrence has been appointed H.M.Inspector of Schools. The Committee is grateful to these gentlemen for their services in the past and offers its good wishes for success in their new spheres. Bangalore.-The third Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 30 August 1952 in the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore with Professor K. V. Giri in the chair. The programme commenced with a group photograph of the Members after which Professor K. R. Krishnaswami Head of the Depart-ment of General Chemistry at the Institute delivered an address on “The Analytical Chemist.” He stressed the important role of the analytical chemist c 254 in teaching research and industry the necessity of proper training and of keeping in touch with modern developments. The lecture was followed by an interesting discussion on microanalysis the profession of analytical chemistry and related subjects.A vote of thanks was proposed by the Hon. Secretary of the Section. At the business meeting held afterwards the officers and members of the Committee for 1952-53 were elected as follows :-Chairman Professor K. V. Giri; Vice-Chairmen Professor K. R. Krishnaswami and Dr. C. V. Naturajan; Hon. Secretary Dr. T. L. Rama Char; Hon. Treasurer Mr. I. S. Patel; Members of Committee Dr. V. Subrahmanyan Mr. H. Shiva Rau Dr. B. H. Iyer, Dr. T. M. Paul Dr. M. R. Aswatha Narayana Rao and Dr. R. Rajagopalan; Hon. Auditors Dr. N. Jayaraman and Dr. R. Rajagopalan. At the same meeting the Section Rules as revised by the Section Committee and approved by the Council of the Institute were adopted and a general dis-cussion on future activities of the Section ensued.MaIaya.-A very satisfactory programme for the first six months of 1952 has been completed. Apart from a number of interesting lectures the Section was able to arrange two scientific film shows on 14 January and 13 March 1952. All the lectures and the film shows were held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, the University of Malaya through the courtesy of Professor R. A. Robinson. The following particulars give an idea of the wide scope and interest of the lectures. On 21 January Mr. A. I. Biggs read a paper on “Some Analytical Applications of Spectroscopy.” Mr. G. H. Clement the Section Chairman, lectured on “Food Chemistry” on 14 February and Dr. R. Huang gave a paper on “Isotopic Studies on the Biosynthesis of Cholesterols” on 25 February.On 4 March Mr. F. Morsingh gave a paper on “Natural and Synthetic Oestro-gens-a Class of Sex Hormones.” Shortly afterwards Dr. Alexander King was able to visit the Section and talked on the subject of “Science and International Organisation” on 19 March. “The Determination of Character from Hand-writing’’ was the subject of a talk by Mr. A. C. Brooks on 10 April and on 28 April Mr. R. W. Green read a paper on “Collagen the Protein of Leather.” The last lecture in the period was delivered on 12 May by Mr. H. C. Butcher, who discussed “Quantitative Separation of Lead Arsenic Antimony and Copper from Tin by the Sulphide Method.” Two works visits were also arranged. On 24 May a party went over the Cold Storage Creameries and on 21 June the Straits Trading Co.Smelting Works were visited. Western India.-The second Annual General Meeting was held on 28 August 1952 when Dr. Mata Prasad Professor S. M. Mehta and Dr. S. Mahdi-hussan were re-elected Chairman Hon. Secretary-Treasurer and member of the Committee respectively. Other elections were:-Vice-chairman Dr. J. N. Ray; Joint Secretary Dr. A. M. Tayabji; Members of the Committee Dr. G. S. Hattiangdi Dr. M. M. Parekh and Mr. J. N. Sane. A noteworthy feature of the year was the visit of Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S. Past President of the Institute who was in India as a member of the Commonwealth Universities’ Delegation. On 13 January 1952 Professor Cook addressed the Section on “The Working and Functions of the Council and of Other Sections.” Other well attended lectures included “The Chemistry and Uses of Mustard,” by Dr.J. W. Corran chief chemist and head of the research department Reckitt and Colman Ltd.; and “Carbohydrate Metabolism,” by Dr. J. N. Ray INSTITUTE AFFAIRS FORTHCOMING EXAMINATIONS Examinations will be held in January 1953 as follows:-In the week beginning Monday 19 January in London. If the number of entries is large some candidates in the London area may be required to do their practical exercises on Wednesday to Saturday 14 to 17 January inclusive. The completed application form must have reached the Institute not later than Monday 6 October 1952. No application in respect of the January Examination will be considered if received later than that date.The last date for the receipt of entry forms will be Monday 10 November, 1952 after which no entry can be accepted. For the Fellowship : In the week beginning Monday 12 January in London or elsewhere at the discretion of the Council. Last dates for application and for entry are the same as for the Associateship, except that candidates who desire to present themselves for examination in a Special Branch of work must have submitted their entry forms before Monday, 6 October. MEDALS AND PRIZES For the Associateship: The Meldola Medal.-This medal is the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans and is normally awarded annually. The next award will be made early in 1953 to the chemist who being a British subject and under 30 years of age at 31 December 1952 shows the most promise as indicated by his or her published chemical work brought to the notice of the Council of the Royal Jnstitute of Chemistry before 31 December 1952.No restrictions are placed upon the kind of chemical work or the place in which it is conducted. The merits of the work may be brought to the notice of the Council either by persons who desire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself by letter addressed to “The President Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.l,” the envelope being marked “Meldola Medal.” The letter should be accompanied by a short statement on the candidate’s career (date of birth; education and experience degrees and other qualifications, special awards etc. with dates) and by six copies of a list of references to papers or other works published by the candidate independently or jointly.Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the Administrators representing the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work. Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy and awards are made not on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice.In general awards are not applicable to workers of established repute but are granted as an encouragement to younger men who have done original independent work of exceptional merit over a period of years The Administrators are empowered to make more than one award in a given year if work of sufficient merit by several candidates is brought to their notice. For 1951 two awards each of one hundred guineas were made to Dr. K. H. Jack and Dr. W. A. Wood. Consideration will be given to the making of an award or awards from the Fund early in 1953. Outstanding work of the nature indicated may be brought to the notice of the Administrators either by persons who desire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself not later than 31 December 1952 by letter addressed to the Convener of the Administrators Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square,-London, w.c.1.The letter should be accompanied by a short statement on the candidate’s career (date of birth; education and experience degrees and other qualifications, special awards etc. with dates) and by eight copies of a list of references to papers or other works published by the candidate independently or jointly. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize.-The award of this Medal and Prize (value El0 10s.) for 1952 will be made for the best essay not exceeding 3,000 words in length on any one of the undermentioned subjects submitted by a Registered Student who is not more than 22 years of age on 31 December, 1952.The Council reserves the right not to make an award if no essay of sufficient merit is received. The subjects for the 1952 competition are:-“The place of science in the education of the citizen.” “The desirability of establishing a separate University of Technology “The functions of professional organisations.” in this country.” The object of the awards is to encourage Students to give thought to matters of professional and historical interest and to express their ideas in clear and concise English. Essays must be forwarded to the Secretary of the Institute at 30 Russell Square London W.C.l to reach him not later than 31 December 1952. Each essay must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the candidate and be forwarded in an envelope endorsed “E.Frankland Prize.” NOMINATION AND ELECTION OF DISTRICT MEMBERS OF COUNCIL Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of the Council to take office at the close of the Annual General Meeting 1953 nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday 8 December 1952. In accordance with By-law 30 (l) the Districts as defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7 March 1921 and amended in 1923 1935 1937 and 1949 were further amended by the Council on 16 February 1951 and are now as follows :-Number of District England. I. Birmingham and Midlands (C). rr. Names and reference letters of Local Sections whose areas constitute the territory of the District Bristol and District (D); Mid-Southern Counties (R); South-Western Counties (W).[ 257 III. East Midlands (HJ. Iv. V. VI. VII . VIII. Ix. Leeds Area (N); Huddersfield (L). Liverpool and North-Westem (0); Cumberland and District London and South-Eastern Counties (P); East Anglia (G). Manchester and District (0). Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast (S); Tees-side (X). Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands (LJ); Hull and @El. District (M). Wales and the County of Monmouth. I. 11. North Wales (T). Scotland. I. 11. 111. South Wales (V); Card8 and District (E). Aberdeen and North of Scotland (A); Dundee and District (FF). Edinburgh and East of Scotland (J); Stirlingshire and District Glasgow and West of Scotland (K).Belfast and District (B). Dublin and District (F). (ww). Northern Ireland. Republic of Ireland. Overseas (covering all areas outside Great Britain and Ireland). With the exception of the District “England VI” which elects two District Members of the Council each District elects one District Member of Council. The Regulations that apply to the nomination and election of District Mem-bers were published in full in Journal 1951 V 314-315. The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of the Council for the Districts indicated. Those whose names are printed in italics will have completed three successive years of service on the Council and are ineligible for reelection in accordance with By-law 23. England.I. 11. 111. IV. V. VI. VII. Elias Isaacs B.Sc. Ph.D. VIII. IX. I. 11. Scotland. I. 11. 111. Eric George Kemp Pritchett BSc. Charles George Lyons M.A. Ph.D. Charles William North B.Sc. A.K.C. F.T.I. George Rowntree Ramage Ph.D. D.Sc. James Frederick Clark M.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. F.A.C.I. Ridland Owens B.Sc. Ph.D. M.1.Chem.E. John Williams B.Sc. Ph.D. Austin Raymond Martin Ph.D. D.Sc. A.R.C.S. Reginald Arthur Mott DSc. M.I.Min.E. F.1nst.F. John Oswald Samuel MSc. M.Inst.F. William Rogie Angus M.A. Ph.D. D.Sc. William Turner Horace Williamson BSc. Ph. D. F. R.S.E. Hugh Hannay Campbell B.Sc. A.H.-W.C. Ph.C. M.P.S. Frank Stuart Spring Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. Wales and the County of Monmouth. 1 258 Northern Ireland. Thomas Caughey M.Sc.Ph.D. Thomas Sherlock Wheeler Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.C.Sc.I. F.Inst.P., John Edward Cummins M.Sc. F.A.C.I. Republic of Ireland. M.I.Chem.E. M.R.I.A. Overseas. PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE At the request of the Council the Publications Committee has been making a detailed study of the whole question of the future of Institute publications both regular and intermittent. The Committee has considered how far the various types of publication present and past are satisfactory for their purpose or how they should be modified or extended to serve more adequately the current and future needs of members. This review of publications is not yet complete but an interim report dealing mainly with intermittent publications was accepted by the Council at its meeting on 18 July.It has now been agreed that every endeavour shall be made to publish an edition of the Register of Fellows and Associates in alternate years. There will be no free distribution of copies to members each of whom however will have the option of purchasing one copy at a greatly reduced price-probably about half that charged to outside subscribers. Special consideration was given to the desirability of publishing from time to time information of the type included in Official Chemical Appointments, which used to be issued at three-year intervals before the war. It was realised that in these times the preparation of a book as comprehensive as the pre-war O.C.A. would be a very heavy task and the printing of it would be inordinately expensive not only because of increased costs of printing and paper but also because of the great expansion of the Scientific Civil Service and other public services.On the other hand it was recognised that appointments for chemists in government service and in universities were already effectively covered respectively by The British Imperial Calendar and Civil Service List and The Commonwealth Universities Year Book and it would clearly be impossible to compete with these official publications which are issued annually. In these circumstances it was agreed that the position might be satisfactorily met by the Institute publishing in alternate years what might be described as a guide to official chemical appointments. This would contain references to the above-mentioned year books together with details of appointments outside their ranges including chemists engaged as public analysts and in other forms of local government service in industrial research associations and in technical colleges but not in schools.No attempt would be made to deal with Acts of Parliament or orders and regulations affecting the work of professional chemists, such as were included in the pre-war O.C.A. for this alone would require a substantial volume. Notes on societies and institutions of chemical interest would also be omitted but might be included in some other publication such as a revised version of the pamphlet The Royal Institute of Chemistry Its Place among British Chemical Societies and Institutions. Further details of this proposal remain to be worked out but there is reason to believe that a publication on these lines would serve a useful purpose espec-ially in giving particulars of official appointments outside the range of those in the Scientific Civil Service and the universities that are effectively covered by established and readily accessible publications.Some four years ago the former Membership Committee gave a great deal of attention to a thoroughgoing revision of The Profession of Chemistry and [ 259 members of that Committee prepared drafts of chapters for a new book to take the place of this old-established publication. From a review of the position the Publications Committee concluded however that future needs would be more effectively met by a series of pamphlets covering the subject matter of certain of these new chapters.Two such pamphlets entitled respectively How to become a Chemist and Careers in Chemistry have in fact already been produced and have served a useful purpose in answering enquiries from school-children and their parents about the profession. Other pamphlets on such subjects as the employment of chemists and chemistry as a profession, addressed to students of about graduate level are now under consideration and it is believed that a booklet giving information to the general public on what chemistry is and what chemists do in the service of the community would also be of considerable value. Most of the material that had previously been collected and coordinated in connection with the proposed revision of The Profession of Chemistry would be utilised in these new pamphlets and the booklet.In thanking members of the Membership Committee for their work in revising these chapters the Council has therefore been able to assure them that their efforts will not have been in any way wasted as a result of the new decision. The Publications Committee has also made recommendations about the development of other intermittent publications and will report to the next meeting of the Council on the future of the Journal and of the series of Lectures, Monographs and Reports. In the meantime it has been agreed to resume the publication of obituary notices of deceased members in the Journal and this has been put into effect in this issue (see page 270). RESIDENTIAL CLUBS FUND Special General Meeting 2 September 1952 A Special General Meeting to authorise the effective winding up of the Resi-dential Clubs Fund was held in the Council Room at 30 Russell Square on Tuesday 2 September 1952 at 5 p.m.The President Mr. H. W. Cremer C.B.E., occupied the Chair and thirty-seven corporate members seven of whom were members of Council were present. The notice convening the meeting having been read the President called on Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones Honorary Treasurer of the Institute and Chairman of the Residential Clubs Fund Committee. Dr. Kent-Jones outlined the history of the Residential Clubs Fund and referred to the grounds on which it had been reluctantly concluded that steps should be taken to wind up the Fund (Journal, 1952 IV 221). The President then moved:-1. Whereas under the terms of Trust Deed (hereinafter called “the Trust Deed”) dated the 20th day of May 1949 and made by the Royal Institute of Chemistry (then known as the Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland) a fund therein called the Residential Clubs Fund (hereinafter called “the Fund”) was established and constituted and whereas it has not proved possible to fulfil the principal objects for which the Fund was raised and therefore it appears to the Institute that within the meaning of Clause 6 of the Trust Deed the continuation of the Fund can serve no useful purpose it is hereby resolved that the Fund be wound up with effect from the date of this Meeting and after the repayment of any outstanding loans and the discharge of all costs and expenses in connection with the winding up of the Fund any monies or other property forming part of the Fund shall be unconditionally paid or applied to or for the purposes of the charity known as the Royal Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund.[ 260 2. It is hereby resolved that the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry be and is hereby authorised to take all measures and to do all things which may be or become necessary for the effective winding up of the Fund in accordance with the preceding resolution. The resolutions were seconded by Mr. A. L. Bacharach. There was no discussion and on a vote being taken the resolutions were carried unanimously. Mr. H. KraH said the scheme should not be regarded as an unsuccessful experiment but rather as the result of a challenge that the Institute had accepted.A great deal of hard work had been put into it particularly by the Hon. Treasurer and the Secretary of the Institute and he hoped that on an appropriate occasion they would be thanked for all they had done. Mr. A. L. Bacharach supporting Mr. Krall’s tribute said he would raise the matter on the Council. LANTERN SLIDES FOR LECTURES A collection of lantern slides mainly of portraits of famous chemists is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to illustrate lectures. Additional slides can be obtained occasionally on loan from various members, and many portraits are available for the preparation of further slides as required. The value of the collection would be greatly enhanced if members with slides they no longer need would consider depositing them at or presenting them to the Institute for this purpose.Information about slides that could be loaned to lecturers when required would also be of great assistance. Lecturers wishing to borrow slides should notify the Institute of their require-ments at least 14 days before the date on which they are to be used. A list of slides at present available can be obtained from the Institute on request. The collection also contains numerous pictures of alchemists title-pages of books engravings of laboratories apparatus etc. MISCELLANEOUS London Joint Four Employment Committee.-The Council accepted an invitation to appoint a representative on this new committee which was set up to advise the Central Careers Bureau of the L.C.C.following the disbandment of the Headmasters Employment Committee. Mr. R. L. Collett has been appointed to represent the Institute on this Committee for the ensuing year with Dr. F. W. Gibbs as his deputy. Estimation of Alcohol in Body Fluids.-The Institute accepted an invitation from the British Medical Association to consult with the committee of that body that is revising its report on “Tests for Drunkenness” and “The Relation of Alcohol to Road Accidents.” As a result of these consultations a small sub-committee of the Association and the Institute has been set up to deal with the technical aspects of the problem. Dalton Lecture 1953.-Sir John Cockcroft C.B.E. F.R.S. has accepted the Council’s invitation to deliver the Eighth Dalton Lecture to be held in Man-Chester in September or October 1953.Detailed arrangements for this lecture are in the hands of the Manchester and District Section which inaugurated the series and further particulars will be announced in due course. The Chemical Council.-Dr. Norman Booth has been appointed as a repre-sentative of the Institute on the Chemical Council to succeed Mr. E. T. Osborne, O.B.E. with effect from 1 January 1953. The Institution of Chemists (India).-A letter of congratulation has been sent to the Institution on the occasion of its Silver Jubilee to be celebrated in December this year Laval University Quebec.-A message of congratulation has been sent to the University on the attainment of its centenary and Dr. J. H. Quastel F.R.S., a former Member of Council now resident in Canada was appointed to represent the Institute at the Centenary Celebrations held in Quebec on 19-22 September.PERSONAL NOTES Professor R. G. Baskett O.B.E. Associate with the approval of the Minister of Agriculture and the Prime Minister Northern Ireland has been appointed Permanent Secretary (Acting) to the Ministry of Agriculture. Dr. William Blakey Associate has been appointed director of chemical research British Industrial Plastics Ltd. Mr. R. G. W. Eadie Fellow has been appointed a director of Bristol & West Tar Distillers Ltd. Sir Alfred Egerton F.R.S. Fellow has had the title of Professor Emeritus of Chemical Technology in the University of London conferred on him on his retirement from the chair of Chemical Technology Imperial College.Dr. Norman Evers Fellow has retired as director of research Allen & Hanburys Ltd. after 40 years’ service with that Company. Dr. J. W. Fairbairn Associate has had the title of Reader in Pharmacognosy conferred upon him in respect of the post he holds at the School of Pharmacy, the University of London. Mr. R. C. Feather Fellow has been reappointed Governor of the Twicken-ham Technical College and of Spring Grove Polytechnic for a further period of three years. Professor Brynmor Jones Fellow has been appointed Vice-Principal of the University College of Hull. Dr. William Klyne Fellow has had the title of Reader in Biochemistry conferred on.him in respect of the post he holds at the Postgraduate Medical School of London. Dr. S . Krishna Fellow has been appointed deputy director of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research New Delhi on the expiry of his term of office as Scientific Liaison Officer for India in Great Britain.Professor J. W. McBain F.R.S. Fellow has retired from the position of director of the National Chemical Laboratory of India Poona. Miss S . Neilson McGeoch Associate has been appointed chemist-in-charge of the main laboratories R.O.F. Bishopton. Dr. A. P. Mahadevan Associate of the Nutrition Research Laboratories, Coonoor South India has been awarded a postdoctoral research fellowship at Boston University. Dr. N. H. Martin Fellow has had the title of Professor of Chemical Path-ology conferred on him in respect of the post held by him at St. George’s Hos-pital Medical School.Mr. H. J. Page C.M.G. O.B.E. Fellow is resigning his appointment as Principal of the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture Trinidad at the end of this month to join the staff of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Mr. F. A. Robinson Fellow has succeeded Dr. N. Even as director of research Allen & Hanburys Ltd. Mr. D. W. H. Waite Associate has been appointed Manager of Ivers-Lee (Great Britain) Ltd. [ 262 Mr. J. T. Young Fellow of Chelsea Polytechnic has been appointed Vice-Principal of the Dudley and Staffordshire Technical College. Mr. N. A. Whiffen Associate has been seconded from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation to become Executive Officer of the Sulphuric Acid Executive Committee Department of Defence Production, Australia.Sir Jack Drummond. A Memorial Service for the late Sir Jack Drummond, F.R.S. his wife and daughter was held in St. Mary’s Church Nottingham on 20 August. Among numerous members of the Institute present were Dr. W. Kent-Jones representing headquarters together with Mr. L. P. Priestley Chair-man and Mr. J. W. Murfin Hon. Secretary of the East Midlands Section of the Institute. OTHER NOTES AND ANNOUNCEMENTS PHARMACY AND POISONS ACT 1933 Revision of Poisons List and Rules Statutory Instruments giving effect to recommendations made to the Secre-tary of State by the Poisons Board are being prepared. It is proposed to make the following changes in the Poisons List and Rules. (1) Dinitrocresols (a) In Part I1 of the Poisons List the entry will be amended to read “Djnitro-cresols; their compounds with a metal or a base.” (b) In the First Schedule to the Poisons Rules the words “except agricultural or horticultural insecticides or fungicides” will be deleted and the entry amended to read “Dinitrocresols; their compounds with a metal or a base except winter washes containing not more than the equivalent of 5 per cent.of dinitrocresols.” (c) In the Second Schedule the entry will be amended to read “Dinitro-cresols; their compounds with a metal or a base.” (d) In Group I1 of the Third Schedule the entry in column one will be amended to read “Dinitrocresols; their compounds with a metal or a base,” and the entry in column two to read “Substances being neither preparations for use in the treatment of human ailments nor preparations for use in agriculture or horticulture.” (e) In the Fourth Schedule the entry will be amended to read “Dinitro-cresols; their compounds with a metal or a base except preparations for use in agriculture or horticulture.” (f) In the Fifth Schedule the entry in column one will be amended to read: “Dinitrocresols; their compounds with a metal or a base,” and the entry in column two to read “Preparations for use in agriculture or horticulture.” (g) In the Seventh Schedule the entry in paragraph six will be amended to read “Dinitrocresols; their compounds with a metal or a base except preparations for the treatment of human ailments and except winter washes containing not more than the equivalent of 5 per cent.of dinitrocresols.” (h) To the Eighth Schedule there will be added “Dinitrocresols; their compounds with a metal or a base when contained in preparation for use in agriculture or horticulture.(i) To Rule 14 (2) (b) there will be added “Dinitrocresols their compounds with a metal or a base except winter washes containing not more than the equivalent of 5 per cent. of dinitrocresols.” (2) 2-sec-butyl-4:6-dinitrophenol 2-sec-amyl-4:6-dinitrophenol as follows in the Poisons Rules. These substances will be added to Part I1 of the Poisons List and included (a) In the First Schedule. (b) In column one of Group I1 of the Third Schedule with an entry in column two “Substances other than preparations for use in agriculture or horticulture.” (c) In column one of the Fifth Schedule with an entry in column two: “Preparations for use in agriculture or horticulture.” (d) In paragraph 6 of the Seventh Schedule.(e) In the Eighth Schedule. (f) In Rule 14 (2) (b). (3) Phosphorus Compounds The following will be added to the list of phosphorus compounds already included in Part I1 of the Poisons List : bis-isopropylaminofluorophosphine oxide dimethylaminofluorophos-phine oxide paranitrophenyl-diethyl phosphate 4-methyl-hydroxy-coumarin-diet h yl t hiophosp hate e t hyl-parani trop henyl-benzene t hio-phosphonate diethyl-thiophosphate of ethyl-mercapto-ethanol tri-phosphoric pentadimethylamide. The phosphorus compounds already included in Part I1 of the Poisons List together with these further compounds will be added to the First Schedule to the Poisons Rules.These further phosphorus compounds will be added to those already included in column one of Group I1 of the Third Schedule and the entry in column two will be amended to read “Substances other than preparations for use in agriculture or horticulture.” The complete list of phosphorus compounds will be added to column one of the Fifth Schedule with an entry in column two “Preparations for use in agriculture or horticulture.” The list of phosphorus compounds with the exception of hexaethyl tetraphosphate and tetraethyl pyrophosphate will be added to Rule 14 (2) b). Paragraph 6 of the Seventh Schedule will be amended to include the further compounds added to Part I1 of the Poisons List. The complete list of phosphorus compounds will be added to the Eighth Schedule.(4) Gallamine Triiodide The entry gallamine in Part I of the Poisons List and in the First and Fourth Schedule to the Poisons Rules will be amended to read “Gallamine; its salts; its quaternary compounds.” ( 5 ) Alkaloids The general heading “alkaloids” in Part I of the Poisons List and in the First Schedule to the Poisons Rules will be amended to read “Alkaloids; the follow-ing; their salts simple or complex; their quaternary compounds.yy [ 264 (6) Atropine Methonitrate To the entry atropine in the First Schedule to the Poisons Rules there will be added the words “and except substances containing not more than 1 per cent. of atropine methonitrate.” (7) Amidopyrine Sulphonate The entry amidopyrine in Part I of the Poisons List and in the First and Fourth Schedules to the Poisons Rules will be amended to read “Amidopyrine; amidopyrine sulphonates; their salts.” (8) Tetraethylthiuram Disulphide This substance under the internationally accepted name disulfiram will be added to Part I of the Poisons List and to the First and Fourth Schedules to the Poisons Rules.(9) Phenylacetylcarbamide This substance under the name phenylacetylurea will be added to Part I of the Poisons List and to the First and Fourth Schedules to the Poisons Rules. (10) Dangerous Drugs and to the First Schedule to the Poisons Rules : The following Dangerous Drugs will be added to Part I of the Poisons List acetyldihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine alphameprodine betameprodine, and methorphinan.(1 1) Exemption from Control (a) Fluorescent lamps added fluorescent lamps. (b) Phenyl mercuric salts These salts will be added to column one of Group I1 of the Third Sched-ule with an entry in column two “Toilet cosmetic and therapeutic prepara-tions containing not more than 0.01 per cent. of phenyl mercuric salts as a preservative.” (c) Paranitrophenol This substance will be added to column one of Group I1 of the Third Schedule with an entry in column two “Preparations for use in agriculture or horticulture containing not more than 0.5 per cent. of paranitrophenol as a preservative.” (d) Oxycinchoninic acid This substance will be added to column one of Group I1 of the Third Schedule with an entry in column two “Preparations intended for external application only containing not more than 3 per cent.of oxycinchoninic acid.” To the list of articles in Group I of the Third Schedule there will be (12) Rule 23 (1) (b) This Rule will be amended to permit the packing of medicines made up ready to be taken for the internal treatment of animal as well as human ail-ments in containers not vertically fluted with ribs or grooves SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES City of Gloucester Technical College.-A course of 13 lectures entitled Reaction Kinetics will be held on Tuesdays at 7.15 p.m. in the chemistry lecture theatre. 7 and 21 October 4 November. Fundamental Principles. 18 November 2 and 16 December. Free Radicals. 13 and 27 January 10 February 1953. Polymerisation. 24 February. Biosynthesis of Natural Polymers.3 March. Polymerisation and Decomposition of Hydrocarbons. 10 March. Polymerisation Processes in the Petroleum Industry. 24 March. Cracking Processes in the Petroleum Industry. Fee for the course 52s. 6d. Further particulars obtainable from the Prin-cipal Technical College Brunswick Road Gloucester. Imperial College of Science and Technology.-A course of 17 lectures on Gaseous Reactions leading to Ignition will be given by Drs. J. H. Burgoyne and G. J. Minkoff on Monday afternoons from 13 October to 1 December 1952 at 2.30 p.m. and 3.45 p.m. The final lecture will be given at 2.30 p.m. on 8 Dec-ember after which there will be an opportunity to visit the combustion research laboratories. Syllabus :-Principles of gaseous reactions and chain theory-free radicals in the gas phase including consideration of valency bond-strength experimental techniques and pyrolysis reactions-formation and properties of free radicals concerned in combustion reactions-detailed consideration of slow reactions with oxygen of hydrogen carbon monoxide hydrocarbons and associated compounds-spontaneous ignition of gases-recent developments.Fee for the course 84s. Application for admission should be made to the Deputy Registrar City & Guilds College Exhibition Road S.W.7. Manchester College of Technology.-A course of about 24 lectures on Theoretical Aspects of Colour Chemistry will be given by Dr. A. Burawoy on Wednesdays at 6.15 p.m. commencing 22 October 1952. Syllabus :-Colour (light absorption) of organic compounds; nature of conjugated systems; intramolecular steric hindrance diazotisation; coupling; nitration Bucherer reaction; structure of azo- and diazo- compounds; develop-ment and chemistry of azoic colours.Fee for the course 35s. Registration forms can be obtained from the Registrar College of Technology Sackville Street Manchester 1. Norwood Technical College.-Commencing 10 January 1953 a course of 12 lectures and appropriate practical work on Microchemical Methods will be held on Saturday mornings from 9.15 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Syllabus :-Scope aims and achievements of small-scale techniques; design and construction of simple apparatus; organic and inorganic preparations on a reduced scale; simple chemical microscopy; inorganic qualitative analysis; volumetric and gravimetric analysis on a reduced scale; organic qualitative and quantitative analysis; physico-chemical methods of analysis; microtechniques for the determination of molecular weight etc.Application forms may be obtained from the Secretary L.C.C. Norwood Technical College Knight’s Hill West Norwood S.E.27. Fee for London students 20s. Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association.-The post-graduate lectures for 1952 entitled Autoxidative Reactions Their Chemistry Mechanism and Catalysis by Metal Salts will be given by Professor C. E. H. Bawn F.R.S. in the Lecture Theatre of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street, London W.C.1 at 6.30 p.m. on 17 and 24 November and 12 December. [ 266 Syllabus :-The general mechanism kinetics and chemistry of autoidations will be outlined and detailed reference will be made to the autoxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons and aldehydes in the liquid phase.The remarkable effectiveness of metal salts as autoxidation catalysts-particularly cobalt com-pounds-will be discussed and the mechanism of their action described. The influence of oxygen on polymerisation processes and the oxidative breakdown of high polymers will also be treated. Fee for the course 15s. to members of the O.C.C.A.; 20s. to visitors. Ad-mission will be by ticket only obtainable from R. H. Hamblin General Secre-tary O.C.C.A. Memorial Hall Farringdon Street London E.C.4. Sir John Cass College. (1) Design of Experiments. A course of 12 lectures will begin on Monday, 5 January 1953. Syllabus:-Experimental procedure hypotheses and estimation; general requirements for sound experimental design replication randomisation and local control; randomised blocks and Latin squares; factorial designs; analysis of covariance; confounding; fractional replication; non-orthogonality.Fee for the course 50s. (2) Electron Diffraction and Its Applications. Six lectures will be given on Tuesday evenings at 6 pm. commencing 28 October 1952. The course will be suitable for advanced students of physics chemistry and metallurgy and those engaged in research and industrial laboratories. Syllabus :-Electron diffraction and surface structure; interpretation of single-crystal spot patterns; secondary diffraction; interpretation and uses of Kikuchi-line patterns; estimation of surface texture; interpretation of ring patterns; patterns from rotating crystals and one-degree-orientated polycrystal-line specimens; crystal growth and deformation.Fee for the course 15s. Application for enrolment forms should be made to the Principal Sir John Cass College Jewry Street Aldgate E.C.3. O.C.C.A. Conference 1953.-The biennial Conference of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association will be held at Eastbourne from 3 to 5 June 1953. On the evening of 3 June there will be a civic reception and the Association will hold its banquet and ball on 5 June. The general title of the Conference will be “The Optical Properties of Films of Surface Coating Materials.” Those interested in presenting papers should write to Mr. P. J. Gay Hangers Paints Ltd. Stoneferry Works Hull.Second International Congress on Rheo1ogy.-The Congress will be held at St. Hilda’s College Oxford from the evening of 26 July to the afternoon of 31 July 1953; Sir Geoffrey Taylor F.R.S. will preside. The Congress will cover the whole field of study of the deformation and flow of matter other than branches of applied mechanics. Arrangements will be made for excursions, visits to colleges etc. during the Congress and accommodation will be provided in colleges or rooms in Oxford. Fee for the Congress including available preprints and a copy of the final Proceedings is expected to be about €4 payable before 1 May 1953. The Hon. Organising Secretary is Dr. G. W. Scott Blair F.R.I.C. the University of Reading. MISCELLANEOUS British Association of Chemists.-The President has expressed the sincere regret of the Officers and Council of the Institute at the sudden death of the President of the Association Mr.Colin A. Wylie on 21 August last at the ag of 73. Mr. Wylie had a long and active association with the chemical industry and was a man of wide public interests. British Plastics Exhibition and Convention.-The Second British Plastics Exhibition and Convention will be held at Olympia London from 3 June to 13 June 1953. The Exhibition is being organised as in 1951 by British Plastics with the co-operation of the British Plastics Federation the Plastics Institute and the Plastics and Polymer group of the Society of Chemical Industry. The Convention will discuss papers presented by leading authorities on the most recent developments and rapidly developing materials in the industry.Special sessions will reveal new uses of plastics in industry while the growing importance of unplasticised PVC and glass-reinforced plastics will be dealt with in detail. Commonwealth Fund Fellowships.-Twenty Fellowships are offered to graduates of Universities in Great Britain and Northern Ireland for 12 to 21 months’ tenure in the U.S.A. The Fellowships provide for all expenses of travel, study and living in the United States. It is particularly hoped that among the applicants there will be some engaged in industry or in professional work who can secure leave of absence for a year to study in some scientific or technical field. Candidates who should be aged 23 to 35 are required to give an under-taking that they will return afterwards to the U.K.or to some other part of the British Commonwealth. The closing date for applications is 15 December 1952. Application forms may be obtained through British universities or Government Departments or from the Warden Harkness House 35 Portman Square London W. 1. Hodsman Memorial Fund.-The late H. J. Hodsman M.B.E. M.Sc., F.R.I.C.,entered the Department of Coal Gas and Fuel Industries the University of k d s in 1912 as assistant to the late Professor Cobb. With his original training as a chemist and his later experience of continental methods of techno-logical teaching and research Mr. Hodsman brought to his work an appreciation and understanding of the need for the systematic study of Fuel as an applied science.He served the University for 40 years and will be remembered for his pro-found knowledge his sincere and intense personal interest in his fellowmen and for his quiet but penetrating commentaries on human nature. It is the wish of many of his former students colleagues and friends that his life-time of service should be commemorated by establishing a fund the proceeds of which should be devoted to the foundation of travel bursaries for the students of his former Department. An appeal has therefore been addressed to all those who in the past have benefited from his friendship and wise guidance and especially to all those industrial concerns whose technical staffs include many of his former students and others who have been helped directly or indirectly by his research achievements.Donations to the fund should be sent to the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. R. Gawler Lloyds Bank Ltd. Woodhouse Lane Branch Leeds 2. Contributors are asked to send a separate copy of their signature for in-clusion in a bound volume of signatures which it is proposed to present to Mrs. H odsman. International Union of Crystallography.-Volume I (Symmetry Groups) of the International Tables for X-ray Crystallography has now been published for the Union. The text and tables have been planned to be of the maximum practical usefulness in the determination of crystal structures and in allied problems their value for teaching purposes having also been kept in mind. It 268 includes a dictionary in English French German Russian and Spanish. Mem-bers of the Institute may obtain one copy for their personal use only at the sub-scription price of &3 post free (normal price 5 guineas) by using a special order form obtainable with the prospectus from the Kynoch Press Witton Birming-ham.Volumes 11 and I11 are in preparation and will cover mathematical, physical and chemical tables used in X-ray crystallography. Overseas Science Students Association.-The O.S.S.A. was established in March this year to welcome postgraduate science students from other countries and bring them into closer contact with the scientific life of Great Britain and with one another. The O.S.S.A. is affiliated to the Society for Visiting Scien-tists and the students enjoy the amenities of the Society which provides a meet-ing place refectory bar lounge and library.Activities of the O.S.S.A. include monthly lectures on subjects of general scientific interest given by eminent scientists from Great Britain and abroad smaller gatherings where students will be offered the opportunity to meet scientists informally weekly “Friday Evenings” when students can meet socially monthly visits to places of interest and attendance at meetings of learned societies. Membership of the O.S.S.A. is open to postgraduate science students who are interested in furthering friendly relations with students and scientists of this country and from abroad. A form of application for membership can be obtained from The Secretary, Overseas Science Students Association c/o Society for Visiting Scientists Ltd., 5 Old Burlington Street London W.l.Ramsay Centenary Exhibition.-The Science Museum in collaboration with University College London has arranged an Exhibition on view until 3 Jan-uary 1953 to mark the centenary of the birth of Sir William Ramsay and to commemorate amongst other work the discovery of the inert gases of the atmosphere. The exhibition was formally opened on 2 October by the Rt. Hon. the Lord Woolton C.H. Lord President of the Council. The exhibition includes books documents portraits and general biographical material; some of the original apparatus used by Ramsay and his collaborators in their work starting with the experiment on the composition of the atmosphere described by Henry Cavendish in 1785; and a group of exhibits illustrating modern applications including working demonstrations colour films and self-operated exhi bits.Science Museum Library Photocopying Service.-The prices of photocopy requisition forms have been increased to 4s. for a single form and to 150s. for a pad of fifty forms. No alteration will be made to the present arrangements for issuing forms to Government departments. Users of photocopy and loan requisitions are reminded that shelfmarks should be quoted whenever possible. These are given in the Handfist of Short Titles of Current Periodicals in the Science Library (see Journal 1952 IV 229). Soci6t6 de Chimie Industriel1e.-The IIe Salon de la Chimie will be held in Paris from 18 to 29 June 1953 during which there will be a Rassemblement Europkn des Arts Chimiques on the lines of the venture organised at Frankfort in May this year when 21 learned scientific and technical societies from 13 European countries took part.The Rassemblement will include a number of conferences daily visits and general or specialised symposiums. Members interested in attending the Congress should write to the SociCtC de Chimie Industrielle 28 Rue Saint-Dominique Paris VIIe. Chemical Society.-The telephone numbers of the Chemical Society are now REGent 0675-6. [ 269 OBITUARY NOTES Arthur John Allmand. B. 7.1.1885. Ed. Alleyns School Dulwich and Grove Park School Wrexham. Trained Liverpool Karlsruhe Dresden and London 1902-13 @.Sc. 1910). Author of The Principles of Applied Electro-chemistry 1912; enlarged edition Allmand and Ellingham 1924. Assistant lecturer University of Liverpool 191 3-19 including 4 years’ military service (3 years as army medical adviser in France M.C.).Professor of Chemistry, King’s College London 191 9-38; Daniel1 Professor 1938-50 then Professor Emeritus. F.R.S. 1929. Assistant Principal King’s College 1937-43. Super-intendent Explosives Research Department Ministry of Supply 1939-45. Chairman Newman Educational Foundation 1946. Pres. Faraday Society 1947-48. Papal Knighthood of St. Gregory 1950. Member of Westminster Board of Catholic Action. Numerous papers on electrochemistry and photo-chemistry. (F. 1920. Examiner 1929-33 and 1950.) D. 4.8.51. Edward Ardern. B. 27.12.1 878. Ed. Albion Organised Science School. Hugh Mason Scholarship to Owen’s College Manchester 1894. M.Sc. 1901. Senior assistant chemist Manchester Corporation Sewage Works 1899 and resident chemist to Rivers Committee 1904.Chief chemist and technical adviser Rivers Committee 191 6. D.Sc. (Manc.) 191 8. Joined S. E. Melling in the analytical and consulting practice of Melling and Ardern 1920. (F. 19 18. Examiner 1945-48.) D. 14.7.51. Kenneth Claude Bailey. B. 9.5.1896. Ed. St. Andrews’ College Dublin (afterwards Chairman of the Governors) and Trinity College Dublin 1919-21. M.A. Served with R.A.M.C. in Salonica in 1915. Gold Medals in Classics and in Experimental Science. Lecturer in Chemistry University of Dublin 1921-26. Fellow of Trinity College 1926. Assistant to Professor of Chemistry 1927 then Professor of Physical Chemistry 1935 onwards. Sc.D. Litt.D. (Dublin); D. d’Univ.(Toulouse). Member Board of Trinity College and University Council; also Junior Dean. Registrar Trinity College 1942 until his death. Papers in all main branches and history of chemistry; author of Etymological Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineralogy 1929 and The Elder Pliny’s Chapters on Chemical Subjects 1929, 1932. (F. 1936.) D. 18.9.51. Isidore Elkanah Balaban. B. 26.3.1896. Ed. Salford Secondary School and College of Technology Manchester. Military service 1914-19; awarded D.C.M. Returned Manchester and graduated B.Sc. Tech. 1920; MSc. Tech. 1921; Ph.D. 1924. Research Chemist Department of Biochemistry and Pharma-cology National Institute for Medical Research Hampstead 1924. Research Chemist with May & Baker Ltd. 1926-33 and with Dyestuffs Division I.C.I., Ltd.1934-38. D.Sc. (Manc.) 1934. Research Chemist to Crookes Labor-atories (British Colloids Ltd.) London 1938 and Director of Research in the Pharmaceutical Laboratory The Geigy Company Ltd. Manchester in 1942. Published many papers mostly in J.C.S. and held numerous British patents. (A. 1920 F. 1948.) D. 23.5.51 from an accident at London Road Station, Manches ter . William Henry Ballantyne. B. 12.1.1881. Ed. Allan Glen’s Technical School and University of Glasgow. Thomson Research Scholar (in physics, with Lord Kelvin) 1897-1899. Joseph Black Medal in chemistry 1900. 1900-14 at Birkbeck College and Sir John Cass Technical Institute. Specialised in technical and scientific evidence in Courts of Law in Patent actions 1905 onwards; became an outstanding expert in Patent Law.Joined Boult Wade and Tenant as Chartered Patent Agent later head of this firm. (F. 1941.) D. 19.11.51 following a street accident. Member Irish Free State Committee. [ 270 Wallace Berry. B. 15.6.01. Ed. Provanside Higher Grade Public School Glasgow. Became assistant works chemist Glasgow Corporation Gas Department 1917 and attended courses at Royal Technical College Glasgow. Works chemist in the Chemical Works Department 1919 and at the time of his death was works manager at the Tradeston and Dalmarnock Chemical Works Glasgow Corpora-tion Gas Department. (A. 1931.) D. 30.4.51. Richard Victor Briggs. B. 14.3.1878. Ed. Belle Vue Boys’ Secondary School and Bradford Technical College 1890-1894. Worked on indigo research in India 1903-09.Assistant to Dr. C. Schulten Analytical and Consulting chemist becoming partner 1914. Took over the practice and carried on as R. V. Briggs and Co. which became one of the largest in India dealing with agricultural mineral foodstuffs and general technical work. Joint author of several papers on indigo in J.S.C.Z. Held several patents. Retired 1931. (F. 1925.) D. 12.2.51. David Alexander Brown. B. 3.3.08. Ed. Greenock High School and Paisley Technical College. Assistant Chemist Glebe Sugar Refinery Greenock 1926-28; J. & P. Coats Ltd. Paisley 1928-34; Clyde Paper Co. Ltd. Rutherglen 1934-35. Chemist to National Farmers Union 1935-37 then at the sugar factory Selby 1937-40. Technical assistant Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Ltd. at their Sunbury-on-Thames Research Station.Chemist and assistant manager, Messrs. Chivers & Sons Ltd. Montrose 1945-50. Boots Pure Drug Co. Ltd., Nottingham 1950-51. (A. 1944.) D. 6.4.51. Richard Westman Challinor. Studied Sydney Technical College 1899-1901 and at the University of Sydney. Returned to the College and later became head of Organic Chemistry Department. Retired 1932 with Fellowship of the College. Liaison Officer for the Man Power Board till 1950; also practised as analytical and consulting chemist. Original member of Australian Chemical Institute; elected Fellow 1947. Twice Pres. College Chemical Society; Pres. Royal Society of New South Wales 1933. (F. 1910.) D. 3.2.51 aged 76. George Shearer Christie. B. 12.8.18. Ed. Broad Street and Beath Secondary Schools Cowdenbeath; joined Fife Coal Company as laboratory assistant 1934.Diploma and Associateship Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh 1936. Joined Imperial Chemical Industries Explosives Division Ardeer 1940. Enlisted in R.A. 1941 released as Captain 1946 after service on the Continent. With National Smelting Co. Avonmouth 1947 leaving in July to become Sub-Area Coal Preparation Engineer Scottish Division National Coal Board. Shortly afterwards promoted to Area Coal Preparation Engineer Central East Area, stationed at Shotts until his death on 25.1.51. (A. 1940.) Frank Edwin Connah. B. 7.1 1.1874. Ed. Brisbane Grammar School; private tuition in science while assistant in the Public Chemical Laboratories Brisbane. In charge of Assay Laboratories in the Chillagoe-Herberton district 1898-1902; chief assayer to the Mt.Garnet Freehold Copper and Silver Mining Co. for three years. Assistant Government Analyst Queensland 1904 Government Analyst and Chief Inspector of Explosives 1936 retired 1941. In the service of Brisbane City Council until 1949. (F. 1911.) D. 29.10.50. Arthur James Curtin Cosbie. B. 12.3.1895. Ed. privately in Wexford and Dublin and Church of Ireland School Dublin. Enlisted in the army 1914 saw active service in several theatres of war. Royal College of Science of Ireland 191 9-23 completed training at the University of Birmingham. A.R.C.Sc.1. and B.Sc. (National University of Ireland). Obtained an appointment with Trueman Hanbury Buxton & Co. Ltd. at their Spitalfields Brewery where he remained until 1941 when he joined with Mr.Heron to establish the practice of Heron and Cosbie in Manchester and Birmingham which occupied him till his death on 20.5.51. (A. 1923.) 1 271 Douglas Henry Bellars Cowman. B. 17.1.1883. Ed. The Crypt Grammar School Gloucester and with George Embrey Public Analyst for six years. Taught chemistry and physics from 1904-11 a t Clonmel Grammar School, Galway Grammar School and the English College Jerusalem. 191 1-12 Assistant Public Analyst Finsbury. 1912-14 taught chemistry at Ranelagh School Bracknell. Research chemist Gas Light and Coke Company Beckton 1915. 1916-18 Heath Grammar School Halifax. Removed to Dulwich College 1918 until 1941 when he became head of chemistry dept. Brighton College. Consultant at Worth Matravers Dorset 1943. (A. 1912 F. 1918.) D .30.8.51. William Michael Doherty. B. 21.9.1865. Ed. Marist Brothers College Sydney. Attended Technical College Sydney (1 880) while in the laboratory of the Govern-ment Analyst New South Wales. Appointed assistant in the laboratory 1887 and assistant Government Analyst 1896. Later became Government Analyst, retiring in 1930 after which he carried on a private practice and was Analyst to the Brands Protection Association. Published work in Chemical News, Chemist and Druggist Reports of the Australasian Association for the Advance-ment of Science and elsewhere; mainly analytical chemistry. (F. 1899.) D. Aug. 1950. Humphrey Cathair Doyne. B. 5.9.1889. Ed. Winchester 1903-7 and Trinity College Oxford 1907-12. M.A. Member of Leander Rowing Club. 1912-13 farmed as pupil.Military service 191 4- 19 Captain. 19 19-25 demonstrator later lecturer in Agricultural Chemistry School of Rural Economy. Assistant Agricultural Chemist Sierra Leone 1925. Papers on soil investigations. Later Agricultural Chemist. 193 1-39 Department of Agriculture I badan becoming senior Agricultural Chemist. Returned to U.K. as Technical Officer Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in Agricultural Lime Department Exeter. (A. 1928.) D. 20.8.51. George Dun. B. 4.2.21. Ed. Coatbridge School University of Glasgow (1938-41) and Royal Technical College Glasgow (1941-42). Research student R.T.C. 1942-43. S/Lt. R.N.V.R. 1943 to end of war. Obtained Ph.D. (Glas.) and joined Herts Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (A. 1945.) D. 26.1.51 at Welwyn foll-owing a road accident.Thomas Harold Fairbrother. B. 5.8.1893. Ed. Wigan Grammar School and Victoria University Manchester 1912-17. M.Sc. and Leblanc Medallist. Secretary Chemistry Society Manchester and President of Manchester University Union. 1917-18 Chief Chemist and Works Manager H.M. Factory Lytham, then research chemist at British Dyestuffs Corporation Ltd. 19 18-26 becoming Head of Fine Chemicals Dept. Published papers on organic and medical chemistry in various journals. Appointed chemist to McDougall Flour Millers Millwall Dock; 1927-37 chief chemist; 1937-39 Director; later Joint Managing Director. (A. 1918 F. 1922.) D. 4.8.51. Hugh Findlay. B. 1873. Trained at the Anderson’s College Glasgow. Analyst and assistant dyer to J. & A. D. Grimond Dundee 1894-6; analyst and superintendent of colour dye works J.Brook & Bros. Ltd. near Huddersfield; works chemist and manager of bleaching and dyeing J. & P. Coats Ltd., becoming their chief chemist and head of the chemical department 1920-35. (A. 1895 F. 1898.) D. 11.4.51 aged 77. Frederick John Flowerdew. B. 2.12.02. Ed. West Bromwich Secondary School and University of Birmingham (B.Sc. 1922). Qualified M.P.S. from Birmingham Technical College. In business as retail pharmacist till 1933, 1913-14 Soil Survey for School of Rural Economy. [ 272 when appointed chief chemist to Bob Martin Ltd. Southport. Remained there till 1948. He then acquired retail pharmacies inAlvaston Derby. (A. 1933 F. 1937.) D. 16.3.51. Charles Denis Victor Georgi. B. 13.2.1890. Ed. Dulwich College and University College London 1907-10.Chemical Assistant to West Riding of Yorkshire Rivers Board 191 1-1 3 then in Government Laboratory Crown Contracts Dept. as temporary Chemical Assistant War service from November 1914, serving continuously in France 1915-20 mainly on war gases. O.B.E. Joined Malay Department of Agriculture at Kuala Lumpur 1920 and remained there to become Chief Research Officer. Interned in Malaya during last war, afterwards returning to this country. (A. 191 1 F. 1920.) D. 31.10.51. Harri Heap. Ed. Burnley Grammar School in Public Analyst’s Laboratory, Burnley 1896 and Owens College Manchester (M.Sc.). Later lecturer in sanitary and bacteriological chemistry Victoria University Manchester. Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst for Manchester 1920 to retire-ment 1949.Public Analyst for the Borough of Lancaster (1930) and Glossop (1933) and Analyst to the Manchester Port Authority. (A. 1908 F. 1911.) D. 12.3.51 aged 66. John Brownlie Henderson. B. 29.4.1869. Ed. Allan Glen’s Technical School and Anderson’s College Glasgow. Assistant science master to Govan School Board Glasgow for 29 years; then research assistant to Professor Dittmar (The Atomic Weight of Hydrogen Dittmar and Henderson 1890). Science master Brisbane Grammar School until 1893 when appointed Government Analyst for Queensland. Later became Chief Inspector of Explosives. O.B.E. for services in Australia. (F. 1901.) D. Oct. 1950. Aruppillai Kandiah. B. 13.2.1897. Ed. St. Benedict’s College and Government Technical Schools Colombo.University College Colombo 1920-22; later studied in this country obtaining A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Ph.D. and D.Sc. (1931). Lecturer in University College Colombo 1933 and Professor in the University of Ceylon shortly afterwards. Later Dean of the Faculty of Science. ( A . 1929, F. 1950.) D. 2.3.51. Joseph Henry Lane. B. 5.4.1883. Ed. Central Foundation School and City and Guilds Technical College Finsbury (1 899-1902). Research assistant to Meldola 1902-1904 then second (later head) chemist to the Sugar Association of London. B.Sc. (Lond.) 1909. In 1910 established joint analytical and consulting practice of Eynon and Lane in which he remained active up to the time of his death. Assistant Editor The Analyst 1936 Editor 1945. General Secretary Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists from 1938.(A. 1907 F. 1910. Hon. Auditor 1932-38.) D. 9.3.51. William Lowson. Ed. Yorkshire College Leeds 1897- 1900; became junior demonstrator there. Metropolitan College of Pharmacy silver medallist. Qualified chemist and druggist. B.Sc. (Lond. and Leeds). General analytical work under Dr. Thorpe in the Government Laboratory and later returned to Yorkshire College as demonstrator. Became lecturer in analytical chemistry and in dental metallurgy; and finally senior lecturer in analytical chemistry, until retirement. (A. 1901 F. 1904.) D. 20.5.51 aged 76. Alexander McKenzie. B. 6.12.1869. Ed. High School of Dundee and University of St. Andrews 1885-93. M.A. later D.Sc. Assistant in Chemistry Department 1893-98.University of Berlin 1898 to 1901 Ph.D. Research Student Jenner (later Lister) Institute 1901-02. Demonstrator and lecturer, University of Birmingham to 1905. Head of Chemistry Department Birkbeck [ 273 College 1965-1 3. Professor of Chemistry university College Dundee 1914, where he remained until his retirement in 1938. War work 1914-18 then mainly stereochemistry Walden inversion and intramolecular rearrangements. 120 research papers published by 1938 mainly in J. C. S. and Dtsch. Chem. Ges. F.R.S. 1916. Chief interests foreign travel art tennis and particularly golf. (F. 1916.) D. 11.6.51. Samuel Morris. B. 18.7.12 Sydney. Ed. Fort Street Boys’ High School and Sydney Technical College; Biochemist at Prince Henry Hospital New South Wales Department of Public Health 1930-34.Research Chemist Jones Bros., Ltd. Sydney for two years then factory manager Murphy Liebert Ry. Ltd., manufacturing chemists. Appointed managing director Grosvenor Labor-atories Pty. Ltd. 1940; subsequently practised as an independent consultant. (A. 1947.) D. 13.4.51 as a result of a motoring accident. Nagendra Chandra Nag. B. 23.5.1874. Ed. Dacca Collegiate School and the University of Calcutta (entered 1890; M.A.). Demonstrator at the Presidency College then Professor at the Metropolitan Institution Calcutta; later Professor of Chemistry at Agra College the University of Allahabad. Elliot Prize Gold Medal (Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal) for research on titanium minerals. For many years assistant director of the Bose Research Institute Calcutta and Hon.Professor in the Hindu University Benares. Practised as consulting and analytical chemist. Director of Scientific Indian Glass Co. Ltd. National Vanadium Trust Ltd. and other companies. (A. 1912 F. 1915.) For many years a member of the Institute’s Advisory Committee in India. D. 2.2.51. b o n d George Vincent Percival. B. 10.1 1.07. Ed. King Edward VII Grammar School Coalville and University of Birmingham 1925-29. Priestley Research Scholar. 1929-30 Pulp and Paper Research Fellowship McGill University. 1930-33 Senior Research Assistant D.S.I.R. under Professor W. N. Haworth. Ph.D. 193 1. 1933-36 lecturer in organic chemistry Edinburgh. Examiner to Pharmaceutical Society. D.Sc. (Edin.) F.R.S.E. Later Reader in Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Numerous papers on co-ordination compounds and carbohydrates in J.C.S.(A. 1930 F. 1936.) D. 27.9.51. Norman Partington. B. 16.8.1899. Ed. Oldham Secondary School and University of Manchester 1919-22. Pilot in R.F.C. 1917-19. Assistant chemist Oldham Corporation Gas Works 1923-24. Chemist Aldershot Gas Water and District Lighting Company 1924-25. 1925-28 Technical Assistant Mid-Southern Utility Company Aldershot 1928-36 chief technical assistant, Oldham Corporation Gas Department. From 1936 Works Manager, Courtaulds Ltd. Trafford Park. (A. 1925.) D. 2.1.51. William Edmund Francis Powney. B. 11.7.1878. Ed. Central Foundation School and City and Guilds Technical College Finsbury 1893-1896. Chief assistant to George T. Holloway Consulting Metallurgist and Chemist and Assayer 1896-1906.Gas Examiner to the London County Council from 1902-1908. Chief Chemist Department of Mines Egypt 1907. Later Analyst in Public Health Department London County Council. At Greenwich Power Station during first world war then took charge of the three London Passenger Transport Board power station laboratories at Greenwich Lots Road and Neasden finally becoming chief chemist (power production) until his retirement in 1943. Main interest horticulture. (A. 1908 F. 1919.) D. 20.3.51. Thomas Chilwell Sharrott. B. 1873. Ed. Mason College Birmingham 1891-93, and Royal College of Science 1893-97. Science Master at Southwell Grammar School 1898 and afterwards at Hackney Downs School until retirement. M.A. (T.C.D.) A.R.C.S. (A. 1894 F. 1898.) D. 15.9.51.[ 274 Wilfred Sheldon. B. 15.11.1892. Ed. King Edward VI Grammar School, Macclesfield and Victoria University Manchester (1910). B.Sc. 1913 M.Sc. 1914. Enlisted in Royal Fusiliers transferred to Royal Engineers (1915) and served in France. Entered the Propellant Supplies Branch of the Ministry of Supply in 1916 at Ardgowan; later transferred to H.M. Factory Oldbury. Joined the Research Department British Dye Stuffs Corporation Ltd. Blackley, Manchester 191 9. Transferred to Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. 1927, and joined Imperial Chemical Industries (New York) Ltd. 1940 subsequently becoming a director. (A. 1917.) D. 13.4.51. St. Clair Overbeek Sinclair. B. 28.12.1875 Cape Town. Ed. South African College Cape Town and University of Cape of Good Hope M.A.; later D.Sc.(Stellenbosch). Junior Analyst 1897-1 9 10 then Analyst 19 10-1 8 in Union Service. University Examiner 19 10- 12. Served in South African Medical Corps became Captain in charge of Analytical Section and X-ray Officer during German South West African Campaign 1914-1 5. Government Analyst in charge of Public He.lih Department Laboratories Cape Town; also at various times officer in charge at Government Agricultural Laboratories later Chief of Division of Chemistry Agricultural Department Pretoria and Chief of Division of Chemical Services Union Government. Retired shortly before the last war. (F. 1922.) D. 7.5.51. Vernon Thorpe Tadman. B. 7.4.1900. Ed. High Pavement Secondary School and University College Nottingham 1919-24. Army service 1918-19.Assist-ant chemist Anglo-Scottish Beet Sugar Corporation Colwick Nottingham. 1925-26 British Sugar Manufacturers Ltd. Wissington Norfolk. 1926-37 Chief Chemist Wissington and Bardney (Lincs.) sugar factories. 1938 assistant works manager Bardney; later assistant works superintendent British Sugar Corporation Ltd.; then works manager Felstead. (A. 1923 F. 1944.) D. July, 1951 whilst on the continent. Harold Taylor. B. 22.8.1896. Ed. Leeds Technical School. Active service in Salonika 1916-19 then resumed studies at Leeds; Assistant Chemist Erith Oil Works Ltd. 1921-25. Chemist and works manager of Colas Products Ltd. 1926; 1927-31 in Ceylon and later in Bombay; returned this country 1936 to become departmental manager Sheppey Glue and Chemical Company Ltd.1940 works chemist Albert Products Ltd. 1941 Coates Bros. Ltd. St. Mary Cray. Later chief chemist Stephens & Hynsons Ltd. Barkhg. ( A . 1942.) D. 21.2.51. Charles Kenneth Tinkler. B. 6.1 1.188 1. Ed. Caterham School and University College Bangor. Research student University of Edinburgh until 1904, when he joined the staff of Professor P. F. Frankland Birmingham @.Sc. 1908). 1915 became Reader in Chemistry at King’s College for Women (Household Science Department) and from 1920 Professor of Chemistry there. He devoted 32 years to the work and development of the College. Retired 1947. Published many papers in J.C.S. and elsewhere; Tinkler and Masters Applied Chemistry, 3rd revised edition 1935. (F. 1917.) D. 25.10.51. John Allsop WaIker. Ed. Shrewsbury School and Magdalen College Oxford.B.A. 1894 later M.A. Football Blue 1892-4. Became personal assistant to Cornelius O’Sullivan then head brewer of Bass Ratcliffe and Gretton Ltd. Transferred to Bass & Company’s Laboratory in 1900 under James O’Sullivan and remained there until his retirement in 1932. Played Football for the Corinthians Notts Forest and Derby County. Formerly Pres. and Coach of the Burton Leander Rowing Club. Actively interested in Boys’ Clubs. (A. 1897 F. 1901.) D. 23.2.51 aged 79. r 275 Robert Walter Warrick. Trained at the City & Guilds Technical College, Finsbury. Worked for some years in the laboratory of Warrick Bros. Ltd., Manufacturing Chemists. Later Ph.C. and graduated M.B. B.S. (Lond.), qualifying M.R.C.S. L.R.C.P. Thereafter he practised medicine.(A. 19 10, F. 1913.) D . 21.12.50 aged 62. Frederick William Watson. Trained at Glasgow and West of Scotland Tech-nical College 1893-1900; A.R.T.C. and B.Sc. (Lond.). Chemist to William MacKean Ltd. Paisley; Assayer to the Ginsberg Gold Mining Co. South Africa 1902 and later to Simmer & Jack Pty. Mines Ltd. Germiston. Later at the Germiston Laboratory of Consolidated Goldfields of South Africa Ltd. Chief Chemist Metallurgical Laboratory Rand Mines Ltd. Johannesburg, 1920 from which he retired in 1939. (A. 1901 F. 1904.) D. 18.4.51 aged 73. THE REGISTER Bracketsd letters indicate Local Sections. For key see page xii. RE-ELECTED FELLOWS Hyams Montagu. (P) Roos Charles Bernard B.Sc. (Lond.). ASSOCIATES ELECTED TO THE FELLOWSHIP Jones Richard B.Sc. (Wales). Merrett Frank Mark B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.D. (Q) Stent Howard Braithwaite M.Sc.Tech. Parker Donald B.Sc. (Lond.). (B) Williams Sidney. Rolles Robert Rolles B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Salmon John Ernest B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (Cantab.). (Manc.). NEW ASSOCIATES Alberman Kenneth Bernard M.A. Ph.D. (Cantab.). Audas Francis George. Bews. Ian Charles Randall. B.Sc. (Lond.). . , Blain; John Adam B.Sc. (Glas.). Brigstock Stewart William B.Sc. (Lond.). Chadwick Thomas Fowler B.Sc. (Lond.). Charing Louis. Courts Albert B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Curry Desmond Ronald B.Sc. (Dunelm.). Evans David Ralph M.P.S. Gower Geoffrey. Grieve Peter B.Sc. (Lond.). Hartley Kenneth M.P.S. Hills Peter Robert B.Sc. (Dunelm.). Lewis Thomas Edward B.Sc. (Lond.). (Q) Mercer Alec Victor B.Sc. (Lond.). (R) Morrill Derek James B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Palling Stanley John B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Redwood Roy B.Sc. (Lond.). (V) Richards David Hugh B.Sc. (Wales). (P) Robertson Paul Arthur B.Pharm. (Lond.). (M) Roney Edmund. (Q) RowbAtham Clifford. (0) Smith William Herbert B.Sc. (Liv.). (P) Sperring Peter Adrian Hugh B.Sc. (Lond.). (0) Stepto Gerald Gordon Cyril. (P) Veale Colin Ronald B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.), (P) White Charles William Michael B.Sc. A.R.C.S.,D.I.C. (Lond.). DEATHS Fellows (0) James Frederick Stirling M.Sc. (Manc.). Died 2 August 1952 aged 53. A. 1922, F. 1944. Sir Jack Cecil Drummond D.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.S. Killed 5 August 1952 aged 61. F. 1919. Associates Sir William Thomas Griffiths D.Sc. (Wales), Died 30 July. 1952 aged James Ritchie Park M.Sc. (Lond.). Died 1952 aged 60. A. 1918. F.Inst.P. F.I.M. 57. A. 1920 F. 1924. (Q) Arthur Brittain MSc. (Liv.). Died 29 July, 30 July. 1952. aged 49. A. 1925. F. 1948. (K) John Charles James. B.Sc Ph.D. (Lond.). . , George -Henry-P&rry O.B.E. B.%. (Lond.) Died 9 July 1952 aged 31 A. 1942. ’ A.R.C.S. Died 1 August 1952 aged 81. Arthur Albert Topp O.B.E. F.R.A.C.I. A. 1894 F. 1897. Daniel George Pidgeon B.Sc. (Lond.) (P) John Pierce Wilson M.Sc. (N.U.I.) D.Phil. A.M.1.Chem.E. Died 24 July 1952 aged (Oxon.). Died 23 March 1951 aged 33. 44. A. 1933 F. 1939. A . 1947. Died 29 May 1952 aged 66. A. 1918

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JI9527600233

出版商:RSC    

年代:1952

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY PART VI I952 EDITORIAL RAMSAY AND THE PROFESSION OF CHEMISTRY The celebration of the centenary of a famous scientist does not often touch the public imagination nor bring in its train a special exhibition, with a renewed appeal for subscriptions to increase the resources of a memorial fellowship fund and to extend the laboratories bearing his name. William Ramsay however was an exceptional man. The sparkle of his character as well as of his work brought a quick response from scientist and layman alike. At a time when learned societies were exclusive and when the man in the street had little or no knowledge of happenings in the scientific world nearly ninety honorary distinctions were showered on him from various parts of the globe while the magazines of the period inform us that the name of Ramsay had become a household word.The recent tributes to Ramsay have been restricted in the main to his work and career as a scientist and the important consequences to scientific theory as well as to industry of his discovery startling at the time of a new family of elements for which no room existed in the latest table devised by Mendeleeff. Had there been nothing more to say than this, yet another account of the man would scarcely have been justified. There is plenty more to say however. The profession of chemistry owes much to Ramsay and to other famous chemists of his generation for the great stimulation the three chartered chemical bodies received from their active support and co-operation; and of this little has been told.In the last decades of the nineteenth century the chemical profession could not offer much scope or security to more than a few hundred persons. When Ramsay’s father took his son to be interviewed by Thomas Anderson the chemistry professor at Glasgow he was advised: “Whatever you do don’t make the lad a chemist; there are too many blanks and too few prizes in the profession.” The warning did not prove a deterrent for the young Ramsay spent sixteen months in the laboratory of the City Analyst Glasgow before proceeding to the Universities of Heidelberg and Tiibingen to gain his Ph.D. degree at the latter. In 1872 he became an assistant in the Young Laboratory of Technical Chemistry at what is now the Royal Technical College Glasgow and was subsequently tutorial assistant in the university.[ 277 As yet there was no Institute of Chemistry and although Ramsay was not appointed to his first chair (in Bristol) until 1880 it is worthy of note that he was among the forty-six well-known chemists who attended the meetings of the Organisation Committee of the Chemical Society in April 1876 at which it was resolved that an organisation of professional chemists should be formed. Ramsay was not a member of the subsequent organisation committees but he was elected to the Fellowship of the Institute at the first meeting for that purpose in November 1877 and was therefore an original member. While still at Bristol-he was made Principal of the College in 1881-he served the Institute as one of its first local examiners from 1883 to 1887 despite the fact that outside the examination room he showed little sympathy with the idea that a man’s career or ability should depend upon or be judged by written examinations.At the end of this period he succeeded Williamson as professor of chemistry at University College, London having already served as a member of the Councils of the Chemical Society and of the Institute from 1886 to 1887. After settling down in his new post he was again elected to the Council of the Institute in 1888-the year in which he received the distinction of election to the Royal Society-and in 1890 for the first time he became a Vice-president and Censor of the Institute. Here there is a short break in his record of such services though he was Vice-president of the Chemical Society from 1892 to 1894 during which time his work on the atmosphere culminated in the independent discovery of argon in 1894.This earned him the Davy Medal of the Royal Society in 1895. He then joined the Council once more serving until 1897 when he became Vice-president of both the Institute and the Chemical Society. He held both offices during the years in which his discovery with Travers of the remaining rare gases was announced. This period of intense work continued until 1902 when he identified helium as a disintegration product of radium emanation. In the same year he was invested with the K.C.B. and took office as Foreign Secretary to the Chemical Society until 1907. In 1903 he was elected President of the Society of Chemical Industry, of which he was an original member.* In this connection it may be mentioned that the Ramsays for several generations had been dyers and that his grandfather had been the author of three papers on chemistry.Ramsay was greatly interested in the problems that arise when a laboratory experiment is repeated on a manufacturing scale. Thus it was under his scientific direction that the first attempts to manufacture and apply the rare gases in industry were made and it was he who wrote the preface to the early work on chemical engineering by Grossmann (1906). Here he pointed out that a student with “a degree or a diploma showing that he is an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry’’ was almost always woefully ignorant of the properties of materials required to carry out 278 1 +See Chem.and Ind. 1952 985-11 Oct operations on a large scale though they were perfectly familiar to him on the laboratory scale. In this as in other matters he always seemed eager for improvements and receptive of sound new ideas. In 1904 Ramsay was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry that for physics going to Lord Rayleigh with whom he had exchanged ideas in his early work on the atmosphere. In 1906 he was again elected Vice-President and Censor of the Institute at a time of considerable professional activity. Some of his most important work for the Institute was done during the following three years particularly in his capacity as Chairman of the Public Appointments Committee. This is the more remarkable in view of the fact that he was also President of the Chemical Society from 1907 to 1909.At that time the Institute was concerned largely with the difficulties encountered by analytical and consulting chemists through the vague attitude of certain Government Departments and public bodies in making their chemical appointments; it was also fighting against the practices of the National Physical Laboratory and certain Agricultural Colleges in carrying out analyses that were regarded by the Institute as the special province of chemical consultants and agricultural analysts. Most of the negotiations resulted in satisfactory arrangements with the appropriate authorities for the benefit of Public Analysts and other consultants and a number of the undesirable practices brought to light were entirely suppressed.For example the boys at a certain grammar school had been entrusted with analyses for cheesemakers at Is. per sample or even 6d. if a number of samples were submitted. Practically all the amendments that were suggested by the Institute’s deputation to the President of the Board of Agriculture Earl Carrington were incorporated in the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act of 1906 before it came into operation in 1907. Ramsay again as Chairman of the Public Appointments Committee, was one of the chief members of a special committee of the Institute that was set up in 1908 to ‘consider the desirability of establishing an employ-ment bureau. It was at the recommendation of this Committee that a register of chemical appointments was instituted.Within a few years the Appointments Register had been developed as one of the most successful departments of the Institute’s work and it still continues to be a very important service. Ramsay’s proximity to the office of the Institute was very valuable, especially as he was perhaps the most kindly and approachable of the distinguished chemists of his time. Thus he would take the Institute’s emissary behind the small partition in his unpretentious laboratory and there offer his advice; at other times he would write a neat letter at amazing speed to secure an introduction or enable the business to proceed without delay. He was also a frequent visitor on his bicycle to the office in Bloomsbury Square. Through his sympathy and understanding he was all things to all men of science and he gave ideas and advice freely and without 1279 affectation.His attitude to his discoveries was one of youthful wonder unmarred by pride or arrogance. One of his addresses to the Society of Chemical Industry-on the rare gases-opened with these lines from Tennyson which typify the unsullied outlook of his open mind:-“Flower in the crannied nook, I pluck you out of the crannies, I hold you here root and all in my hand, Little flower-but if I could understand What you are root and all and all in all, I should know what God and man is.” He once said that if he could have changed his profession and still have made use of his knowledge of chemistry he would have been a physician. He was devoted to his students and it is reported that he asked the seniors to drop the “Professor” in conversation and call him simply “Ramsay.” He joined in social evenings and would whistle tunes playing his own accompaniment on the piano.He might have been President of the Institute but there was a continuous call on his services from many sides and he was not available when proposed for that office. The praises meted out to Ramsay at the time of his death still ring true to-day and the story of his ardent life and brilliant achievements will always “serve as a beacon to the younger generations of chemists.” DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND ART In the recent editorial on National Certificates (Journal 1952 V 233) mention was made of the Science and Art Department. The following notes are added as the statement there given was misleading.The Department originally under the Board of Trade was formed in March 1853 “to extend a system of encouragement to local institutions for Practical Science similar to that already commenced in the Depart-ment of Practical Art. . . .” The aid given by the Department included chemical diagrams by A. W. Hofmann professor of chemistry at the Royal College of Chemistry and various crystallographic models and other diagrams. In February 1856 by an order of Her Majesty in Council the Committee was placed under the direction of the Committee of Council on Education except for the chemical and professional instruction in navigation schools which remained under the Board of Trade. Provincial examinations were first held in connection with the courses of lectures given by the Professors of the Department of Science and Art in 1856 but public examinations in all places where there were certificated teachers of chemistry did not begin until 1860 THE CHEMIST AND HIS WORK-III’ THE CHEMIST AS PATENT AGENT By CECIL HOLLINS B.Sc.A.R.I.C. At first glance it might seem that the profession of a chemist and that of a patent agent are poles apart. The chemist in his laboratory handles actual material and if he permits himself to theorise it must be on a basis of ascertained and verifiable facts. The patent agent has chosen a branch of the law which has in it a large scientific element but he is none the less a lawyer and his intellectual ingenuity must exercise itself within the limits of a few statutes and some seventy volumes of case-law.The difference is however less marked than it appears to be. If a man has a flair for patents-that pcculiar mental kink which shows itself in an innate aptitude for and devotion to applied logic-he will be all the better as a patent agent for having had the training and practical experience of a chemist especially if to that he can add a good command of the English language. Indeed it is usually amongst those who have this last qualification that one should look for the man with the flair for patents. That is only to be expected for a well-presented orderly report is a good example of applied logic. There are many chemists of course who could never desert the laboratory for the patent agent’s desk. On the other hand there are some with brilliant chemical minds who would hesitate to trust their own combustion figures for carbon and hydrogen.The flair for patents may often reveal itself quite early in one’s career, but it is a mistake to enter the legal profession prematurely. “Be a chemist first and afterwards a patent agent” is very good advice. An honours degree in chemistry is an excdlrnt preparation and if this can be followed by a couple of years of science teaching in a secondary school, all the better. The man who has never been under the necessity of driving home science into minds less developed than his own is liable, when he comes to draft a specification to assume too much background knowledge in the reader and to omit what may turn out to be matters of considerable importance.The descriptive part of a patent specification is judged by its effective-ness as the basis for the presentation of a case by counsel in court. The court knows little or no chemistry and it should be the aim of the chemical patent agent so to describe the invention that the judge reading it may recognise the logical development of each step and even come to imagine that he is something of a chemist after all. A recent patent case? decided by the Privy Council on appeal from the Canadian Supreme Court provides an illustration of the dangers of describing an invention in the elliptical and sometimes slip-shod language that one chemist might use in talking to another. *Previous articles in this series were published in Journal 1952 IV 183 and V 240.t Minerals Separation North American Corporation Y . Noranda Mines Ltd., 69 R.P.C. 81. [ 2-31 The invention was based on the discovery that potassium ethyl xanthate greatly improves the separation of ores by froth flotation in the presence of the usual frothing agents such as cresylic acid or pine oil. Potassium ethyl xanthate has the formula OC2H.5 S:C(sK and for patenting purposes it was quite proper to generalise and claim the use of alkali metal alkyl xanthates i.e. substances of the formula s:c PM \OR where R is an alkyl group and M stands for an alkali metal. Unfortu-nately the inventor (or his patent agent) was not satisfied with this limited claim and the definition in Claim 1 was: “a sulphur derivative of carbonic acid adapted to form in solution anions and cations”; in Claim 2: “a salt of a sulphur derivative of carbonic acid adapted to form in solution anions and cations”; in Claim 3: “a salt of an alkyl sulphur derivative of carbonic acid”; in Claim 4: “a salt of an ethyl-sulphur derivative of carbonic acid”; and in Claim 5 : “an alkali-metal salt of an ethyl-sulphur derivative of carbonic acid.” When it came to suing an infringer the patentees wisely decided not to rely on the first five claims which are chemically reprehensible and to sue on Claims 6 7 8 and 9.Claim 6 calls for “an alkaline xanthate,” Claims 7 and 9 for “a xanthate” and Claim 8 for “potassium xanthate.” Now the only xanthate commonly encountered in chemical industry is, of course cellulose xanthate from which viscose rayon is made-and that xanthate happens to be no use in ore flotation.All these claims therefore failed since they each included inoperable substances. An attempt to refer back to the description for a definition of “xanthate” was unsuccessful since the wording there was ambiguous : “. . . salts of the sulphur derivatives of carbonic acid containing an organic radical such as an alkyl radical and known as xanthates . . . . These form anions and cations in solution.” The phrase “such as an alkyl radical” can at best only mean alkyl and similar radicals; it must mean more than the simple hydrocarbon alkyl groups and once substitution is allowed (as for example benzyl) the cellulose radical cannot be excluded. r 282 The expression “an alkaline xanthate” used in Claim 6 was severely criticised by the court.It is nothing more than a regrettable piece of chemical slovenliness and ought to have been amended to read “an alkali-metal xanthate.” Here is Lord Reid’s comment : “This phrase is crucial because so far as this claim is concerned the inventor only claims a monopoly if the process described is carried on with an alkaline xanthate; if it is carried on with a xanthate not alkaline there is no infringement of this claim. It is therefore necessary to consider what this phrase would have meant at the date of the patent to the notional addressee of the specification a person skilled in the art of froth flotation. It appears from the evidence that such a person would be a metallurgist with a good knowledge of the relevant parts of inorganic chemistry but that he might have no more than an elementary knowledge of organic chemistry.The word “alkaline” would be familiar to him he would be accustomed to working with solutions or mixtures which were either alkaline acid or neutral. But the term xanthate would not be familiar to him and he might never even have heard of it before reading the specification. He would learn from the specification that xanthates are certain salts of sulphur derivatives of carbonic acid but the specification would not tell him much about their nature and properties and he would probably have to consult an organic chemist. He would then discover if he did not know it already that there is no such thing as an alkaline xanthate: all xanthates are neutral and none is alkaline.If the matter rested there the claim would clearly be valueless. As all xanthates are neutral he could work with any of them without infringing the claim. But the Appellants seek to save the claim by arguing that he would at once realise that the Patentee had made a slip of the pen and would at once see what was meant. No doubt he would at once realise that a mistake had been made because it cannot be supposed that a patentee would deliberately use a meaningless expression or make a claim which is valueless. But even if it be assumed that this mistake could be treated as a mere clerical error the claim cannot be valid unless it is clear from the evidence that persons to whom the specification is addressed would have no doubt about what was meant.The law as to ambiguity is clear and their Lordships need only refer to a well-known passage in the speech of Lord Loreburn in Natural Colour Kinematograph Coy. Ld. v. Bioschernes Ld. (1915) 32 R.P.C. 256 where he says ‘It is the duty of a patentee to state clearly and distinctly, either in direct words or by clear and distinct reference the nature and limits of what he claims. If he uses language which when fairly read, is avoidably obscure or ambiguous the patent is invalid whether the defect be due to design or to carelessness or to want of skill. Where the invention is difficult to explain due allowance will of course be made for any resulting difficulty in the language. But nothing can [ 283 excuse the use of ambiguous language when simple language can easily be employed and the only safe way is for the patentee to do his best to be clear and intelligible.’ ” Was ever butterfly slain with a heavier sledgehammer! It happens that all alkali metal alkyl xanthates are in fact alkaline just as sodium carbonate is; but this appears to have been unknown to the expert witnesses ! The patent was held to be invalid and a valuable invention lost all protection partly because of rapacious claims but mainly because of a piece of careless chemical language.The chemist who becomes a patent agent and specialises in the protection of inventions which have a chemical basis must remember that a specification is deemed to be addressed to a person skilled in the art to which the invention relates.Such a person may not be a chemist although the practice of his art involves the use of chemicals. In the case just discussed as Lord Reid pointed out the person skilled in mineral flotation need have little or no knowledge of organic chemistry. The chemicals he uses are known to him more often than not as mere code numbers or at best under trade names. If the specification is indeed addressed to such a person it should contain a full description in elementary language of the chemistry of the xanthates. If this had been done it is quite probable that the draftsman would have had his attention drawn to those difficulties that were eventually to destroy the patent, and disaster might have been avoided. There is from this point of view something to be said for American practice which favours making the specification into a miniature text-book.On the other hand it could be argued that this specification was addressed not to the froth flotation expert who buys his chemicals on the market and need know nothing about them but to the organic chemical manufacturer who supplies that market. In that case a first-class knowledge of chemistry organic and inorganic could be assumed, and it was only necessary to describe briefly the process of ore flotation. This point does not seem to have been put to the court. The highly organised and almost completely systematic nomenclature available to the organic chemist is not an unmixed blessing to the chemical patent agent since it makes it fatally easy for him to draw wide claims, which may cover inoperable cases and if they do they are invalid.Wide claims should of course always be accompanied by narrower and eventually specific claims and these will not be affected by invalidity of the wide claims provided that the latter can be shown to have been drafted with due skill and attention. The Patents Act 1949 has made it possible to claim a chemical product independently of the process by which it is produced. It must not be forgotten however that a product claim like every other claim, must be a claim to an invention. It would be easy to write the names o hundreds of new chemical compounds but that does not constitute chemical invention. There must be described in the specification at least one method of producing the new substance. The method will usually be merely the application of general chemical reactions known per se and will be obvious once the structure of the new compound has been conceived.If it is not obvious then the invention lies in the process which should be claimed as such and needs no support from inventiveness in the product. If however there is nothing new in the process as such the latter becomes subsidiary to the product and it is the product which must be shown to be inventive. There is no essential difference so far as “criteria of patentability” are concerned between a chemical product and a machine; both to be inventive must be capable of doing something useful. Any number of novel assemblages of cogs ratchets wheels worm-gears etc. could be devised but none of these would be a patentable invention unless it could achieve a useful purpose.The May & Baker case* clearly indicates that the same applies to novel chemical products-only those that achieve a useful purpose are patentable. Of the 97 million novel chemical substances said to be covered by the main claim of the May & Baker patent only two had been proved by clinical tests to be therapeutically valuable. There was no claim specifically to these two and the patent was lost. It is not expected of an inventor that he shall have tried out experimentally every substance within his claim but he must be able t o show that he had sound ground for confidence that they would all have the same order of usefulness as those he had in fact tested. For instance, if the proved example were a methylamine derivative he would be justified in claiming alkylamine derivatives generally provided it was known or could be proved that in a similar series of compounds a variation of the alkyl group had little or no effect on the therapeutic value of the product.It is a basic principle of patent law that an invention must make some contribution to knowledge. Without that essential novelty and useful-ness cannot make an invention patentable. Shortly after the coming into force of the Patents Act 1949 a man called at my office and handed me a bottle half full of a thin yellowish cream. “I want to patent that,” he said. “Oh? What is it?” I asked. “It’s a preparation for making curly hair straight. I bought it last month in New York. It certainly does the trick and is selling like hot cakes-negroes you know,” he added.“Well if you are the first to bring the stuff into this country you are technically the inventor here. But what is it?” For answer he handed me a sheet of paper. “I’ve had it analysed,” he said “and that’s the analyst’s report.’’ ‘65 R.P.C. 255 The report showed in neat figures the percentages of mineral oil, “But what is the active ingredient?” I asked. “I don’t know,” came the answer. “Isn’t the analyst’s report good enough?” Visions of large profits to be gained by persuading a few million curly-headed girls and young men that they would look more attractive with straight hair faded from his mind as I explained to him that though there might be an invention in that bottle of cream he had not got it, and that a patent was only granted in return for a complete disclosure such as would enable a chemist to manufacture the hair-straightener at the end of the sixteen years monopoly period.He went away a disappointed man. To return to serious matters the chemical patent agent is quite often in difficulty when an inventor uses as one of his starting materials some-thing that he has bought on the market but about which he knows little beyond the trade-mark or trade name. A trade-mark may be used in a patent specification with due acknowledgment of its status but that is not permissible if the mark forms part of the definition of the invention. At the date of the patent the trade-mark may denote the substance required for the invention but market conditions may change and the trade-mark owner may at any time decide to sell under that name some other substance.The patent specification is then mis-descriptive and the patent is invalid. It is no use attempting to overcome this difficulty by referring in the specification to “the substance at the present date sold under the Registered Trade Mark - .” In ten years’ time how is the reader to discover what was sold under the mark ten years previously? The patent is invalid for insufficiency of the description and ambiguity of the claims. The only way out of the difficulty is to insist on a chemical description of the substance; then if desired the trade mark name may be used in exemplification. The work of a chemical patent agent affords fascinating glimpses of the progress of chemistry months or even years in advance of the most recent text-books or technical journals.True they are usually only glimpses but occasionally one is privileged to handle a series of patent applications which open up broad new fields of chemical enterprise. The interest is highest when specifications are to be drafted Patent Office objections answered and oppositions defeated and in all these activities the chemist-turned-patent-agent finds scope for a blending of chemical fact with legal argument which is highly exhilarating as an exercise for brain and memory and not unremunerative as a means of livelihood. There are of course duller patches-forms to be filled up, dates to be watched searches to be made for anticipations which it is hoped do not exist-but to live continually on the heights would be too exhausting and would tend to destroy that reputation for longevity enjoyed by chemists and patent agents and therefore especially by chemists who are patent agents.[ 286 I saponifiable matter and ash with traces of colouring matter THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AT OXFORD SEPTEMBER 1952 By H. M. N. H. IRVING M.A. D.Phil. L.R.A.M. F.R.I.C. As far back as 1948 a number of analytical chemists then meeting at Utrecht expressed the view that their next gathering should be in England and-a wise choice-in Oxford. It would be easy now to say as in the days of the old silent films “four years elapsed” and to pass on to 4 Sep-tember 1952 when the First International Congress on Analytical Chemistry opened in Oxford under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.But this would do less than justice to those who worked so hard to make the Congress not only possible but also the unqualified success it turned out to be. Thanks to the initiative of Dr. Roche Lynch the hope that the confer-ence would be held in Oxford came to the notice of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and at a representative meeting held under the chairmanship of Sir Robert Robinson preliminary dis-cussions were held and these led to the first step forward-that of forming a steering committee. It was decided at an early stage that the usual prime defect of large conferences-the presentation of too many papers, with too little time for their assimilation and discussion-could best be avoided by limiting the number of papers to about forty restricting the contributions to those from specially invited speakers and by issuing reprints of all papers well in advance of the Congress; speakers would be allowed five to ten minutes to present and comment on their papers, leaving about twenty-five minutes for public discussion.Scientific advisers were appointed in various broad fields such as radiochemistry microchemical methods chromatography statistics and organic reagents with the task of suggesting names of outstanding workers who might be approached for contributions. Emphasis was placed on the idea that papers should deal with new material rather than review existing knowledge and that the material should lend itself to useful discussion.When a balanced programme had been drawn up, official invitations were sent to authors and the majority accepted. Some even submitted outlines of alternative papers so that the scientific advisers were greatly helped in framing their section programmes. Besides providing funds to start the organisation of the Congress, the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists consented to publish all the papers and reports of the discussions in specially en-larged issues of The Analyst in November and December and when MSS began to pour in a heavy extra burden was placed on the editorial staff. Messrs. F. L. Okell and J. B. Attrill shouldered this with apparent ease, which was all the more creditable when it is remembered that summaries in English French and German had to be prepared for each paper.While this work was proceeding other preparations were being made [ 287 by Mr. R. C. Chirnside. In the early days the expert local knowledge and generous services of Mr. F. M. Brewer of the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at Oxford proved invaluable in the task of reserving accommodation in hotels and colleges and in arranging for large lecture rooms for the scientific sessions and suitable sites for trade and other exhibitions. Subsequently Mr. Chirnside had the assistance of Mr. R. A. Shiress. The remarkable efficiency with which all these preliminary arrangements had been made was evident when the Congress was formally opened by its President Sir Robert Robinson and throughout the following week.The registration of some seven hundred members-over two hundred and fifty from overseas representing more than a score of different nationalities-proceeded with delectable smoothness and speed; lectures and meetings started dead on time; speakers found rooms where they could be both seen and heard with all auxiliaries like blackboards chalk and lanterns to hand. To natives of Oxford the entrance hall to the Examination Schools bore an unfamiliar aspect as it had been transformed into a huge office with enquiry and travel-agency facilities. Excursions and social events were very ably managed and supervised by members of a Ladies Committee convened by Mrs. H. W. Thompson. Miss Mamie Olliver a former Vice-president of the Institute, served actively on this Committee.There was a roaring trade in tickets to the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre at Stratford on Avon for trips on the river Thames for visits to Colleges the Bodleian Library the University Press the Botanical Gardens and for motor-coach tours. Among the delegates at Oxford we were privileged to welcome such well known Americans as Dr. Beverley Clarke Chairman of the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society Dr. S. E. Q. Ashley Chairman of its Divisional Committee on Nomenclature and outstanding personalities of the academic and industrial and atomic-energy worlds like Flagg Freiser Kolthoff Mellon Muller Rodden, G. F. Smith Tompkins Yoe and Youden. From Germany came Drs.Burger Schlenk and Unterzaucher from France Prof. Duval from Bel-gium Prof. Gillis and Dr. Lacourt; Prof. van Nieuwenburg led a strong team from Holland while Spain Italy and Austria were well represented; of the many Scandinavian delegates mention should be made of Professor Ringbom who made the long pilgrimage from Abo in Finland. But this is a mere score of names known wherever analytical chemistry is practised, and chosen from a distinguished list of the hundreds who attended the Congress. It would be invidious to attempt to indicate the wealth of scientific talent and reputation represented by the many delegates from Great Britain and Ireland. Certainly no such representative gathering of people actively concerned with analytical chemistry has ever been assem-bled under one roof as that which met for the concluding Congress Lecture by Professor van Nieuwenburg.But we must turn as did the majority to the twelve scientific sessions, where forty-three papers were given during the course of three-and-a-half [ 288 days. On Friday 5 September the morning sessions were devoted to papers on microchemical methods and optical methods. In the afternoon, two papers on optical methods were read concurrently with a series of three papers on the applications of statistical methods to the design of experiments and the evaluation of experimental data. These were given under the most able and firm Chairmanship of Mr. A. L. Bacharach and produced one of the most lively and interesting discussions of the whole Congress.The afternoon concluded with a brilliant lecture by Prof. I. M. Kolthoff entitled “The Ageing of Precipitates,” given to a packed audience in the great South School. Because of its specialised nature and as discussion was permitted this lecture was not classified officially among the three Congress Lectures although it certainly ranked as such in everyone’s estimation. Only one scientific session had been arranged for Saturday morning. After the five papers on radiochemical methods the first official Congress Lecture was given by Dr. R. H. Muller on “Research in Analytical Instrumentation.” No one who reads Dr. Miiller’s regular contributions to Analytical Chemistry can have any doubts as to his insight and enor-mous breadth of knowledge in this field nor could they have failed to be infected with his enthusiasm and impressed by his ability to capture and hold the attention of a great and critical audience.After the social whirl of Saturday afternoon and Sunday the resumption of Scientific Sessions on Monday brought a measure of relief. In the morning five papers on electrical methods ran concurrently with five on organic complexes; in the afternoon two papers on general analytical methods ran parallel to a series of three papers on adsorption and partition methods. They all evoked most animated discussion. After a short break Dr. L. H. Lampitt gave the second of the official Congress Lectures on “The Value and Economic Importance of Chemical Analysis in Industry and Manufacture.” Beginning from the thesis “Analysis, qualitative and quantitative is the basis of the technique of chemical operations,” he traced the course of analysis from the 17th century to the present day and amply justified his contention that “the theories of the thinker are proved or disproved by analysis; the guesses of the inspired can only become certainties through the manipulations of the analyst.” Research process development process control costing and standardisa-tion were all dealt with and illustrated in this masterly survey.On Tuesday morning three papers on biological methods in analytical practice were given concurrently with a further set of papers on adsorption and partition methods and in the afternoon the last two of the nine papers devoted to these important and fashionable studies were given very appropriately by Dr.Tomkins (so well known for his work on the separa-tion of rare-earths using ion-exchange resins) and by Dr. Burstall and his collaborator A. F. Williams both on the staff of the Chemical Research Laboratory D.S.I.R. who have done such valuable work in this country with cellulose columns. 289 The last lecture of the Congress was given by Prof. van Nieuwenburg of Delft Holland. Speaking on “A Contemporary Assessment of the Place of Classical Methods in Chemical Analysis,” he commented on the fact that most of the papers read at the Congress dealt with matters and techniques unheard of twenty-five years ago and enquired rhetorically whether chemical analysis was becoming degraded or was perhaps moving with the times. There were those who felt that Prof.van Nieuwenburg was fighting a brilliant rearguard action in defence of classical methods of analysis and applauded his plea that there should be a proper equilibrium between the so-called classical or “chemical” methods and the modern or “physical” methods. Others must have felt that there is no real conflict, that his strictures could apply only to the fundamental teaching of analytical chemistry and that the correct and best method of analysis is simply that one appropriate to the problem at issue whether devised recently or long years since. So it happened that delegates who crowded into the South School for this concluding Congress Lecture were intellectually stimulated to the last and in just the right frame of mind when the Congress President Sir Robert Robinson thanked the many who had contributed to the success of the meeting and paid a special tribute to the work of Mr.Chirnside. His gracious reference to the delegates from overseas was responded to by Prof. Veibel of Copenhagen whereupon the Congress ended. But scientific sessions alone do not make a conference and the Oxford Congress was noteworthy for two great exhibitions which excited the keenest interest. The Trades Exhibition organised by Mr. W. Thompson of the Physics Department of the Imperial College of Science and Tech-nology London was housed in the ground floor of the Examination Schools-to the dismay of the Clerk of the Schools when plumbers arrived to fix temporary sinks and water supplies in the rooms sacred to lectures and viva voce examinations and to his horror when the repre-sentatives of one firm installing a somewhat bulky X-ray unit trundled and manhandled across his mosaic floors what he described as “a - great refrigerator sort of thing weighing about ten tons.” However in remark-ably short time forty-four trade exhibitors were installed and pH-meters, polarographs recording infra-red spectrometers and equipment of all sizes and shapes and costs were on show.Throughout the period of the Congress this exhibition was a centre of great interest and visitors from overseas were certainly impressed by the fine quality and wide range of English equipment to be seen there. Yet another exhibition and for almost every delegate the real high-spot of the Congress was the exceptionally fine array of Analytical Techniques and Apparatus staged in the Dyson Perrins Laboratory.This was organised by Mr. F. R. Jones of the Laboratories of J. Lyons and Co., Ltd. There were eighty-seven exhibits from some forty different firms, research organisations colleges and individuals. These exhibits varied from samples of microchemical apparatus (forming part of the r 290 exceptionally large and well-presented exhibit organised by the Norwood Technical College and presided over by Drs. Stock and Fill at the head of a number of demonstrators) to huge masses of complex apparatus (such as the multi-component direct reading infra-red gas analyser shown by the Distillers Company Ltd. ; the combined spectrographic sources unit from the Government Laboratory ; and the Thermistor ebullioscope made at the Thornton Research Centre of the Shell Petroleum Co.Ltd., which is capable of reading boiling point elevations accurate to 0.005" C . within two minutes of adding the solute). The Atomic Energy Research Station at Harwell exhibited a five-channel pulse-amplitude analyser a fluorimeter a multi-channel recording timer equipment for electrolysis at controlled potential automatic sample and absorber changes automatic liquid sample separators and-most popular exhibit of all-remote hand-ling devices for the accurate manipulation of highly y-active sources behind a thick shielding wall. Though this unique collection is now dispersed it will surely live in the memory of all who saw it at Oxford and it is fortunate that besides the Official Handbook a fairly full account illus-trated with some photographs appeared in Chemistry and Industry for 20 September 1952.Ancillary to this exhibition were demonstrations of the Barker Index of Crystals and the Federov Universal Stage study of which could be combined with a visit to the reconstituted University Department of Geology and Mineralogy. Finally mention must be made of demonstrations of new methods of microscopy given by Dr. R. Barer in the Department of Human Anatomy. Lasting about an hour, each of these demonstrations introduced a large number of interested visitors to phase-contrast microscopy to image converters automatic scanning microdensitometers micromanipulators and a number of other important and highly specialised techniques.Does it appear that the delegates had no time for leisure or social intercourse? Though not all the delegates had arrived in time for the informal reception and buffet tea at which Sir Robert presided not even a slight drizzle kept us away from the Town Hall where somewhat slowly to be sure we found our way up the entrance staircase to be greeted by the Mayor and Mayoress. After a period for refreshment giving time for the recognition of old friends and the making of new acquaintances, the Mayor welcomed the delegates in a typical speech that included the excellent if inappropriate advice to see Oxford and its surroundings without spending too much valuable time at scientific meetings. On Saturday afternoon the conference delegates were received at a Garden Party in the lovely grounds of Wadham College by the Warden of New College deputising for the Vice-Chancellor.Sunday was spent in private sightseeing or leisure though many delegates filled the seats reserved for Evensong in Christ Church Cathedral. The culminating social event of the Congress was the great Banquet in the Hall of Christ Church. For visitors to Oxford this must have been a most memorable occasion. The great Hall was radiant with its magnificent 291 portraits of famous former members of “The House,” its admirals law-yers bishops and statesmen of all ages its Gainsboroughs Romneys and Orpens and in the pools of light cast by the shaded table-lamps a most brilliant company of scientists and their ladies. How many reflected that their very excellent repast was prepared in the identical kitchens that Cardinal Wolsey had built; that Henry VIII-and many a King since him-had sat where Sir Robert Robinson was sitting in the centre of High Table.There were speeches of course. Sir Robert recalled his early days as an organic chemist when he had to do his own combustions -on as much as a gram of material at a time. He pleased his audience and startled his colleagues by declaring that it would always be a subject for discussion at Oxford until it had a Chair of Analytical Chemistry. Sir Wallace Akers proposing the toast of “The Analytical Section of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,” recalled that he had been a demonstrator in the Christ Church College Laboratory (now closed) and taught analytical chemistry there in the days before elaborate apparatus and new techniques and statistics “had made it so difficult to do analytical chemistry at all.” After the reply by Prof.van Nieuwen-burg Dr. Lampitt Hon. Treasurer of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry proposed the health of “Our Guests from Abroad.” The Vice-president of the Analytical Section of T.U.P.A.C. Prof. I. M. Kolthoff of the University of Minnesota who is to most of us the very epitome of the spirit and aims of analytical chemistry replied to this toast with modesty and wit. So ended the official feasting; but many private and smaller parties on the following night marked the real end of this most successful Congress. What have the delegates carried away from the Oxford Congress? The recollections of papers and discussions of a very high standard; the realisation that there are analytical chemists in this country whose work is better known and appreciated abroad than here; happy memories of old and new friends and pleasant social occasions proper pride in our national achievement as instrument designers and manufacturers ; grati-tude to Mr.Chirnside and a host of unnamed helpers for the unremitting efforts that made event follow event without apparent organisation; . . . and for those foreign visitors and the many others who were making their first academic pilgrimage to Oxford relief at finding that learning and gracious living had survived the onslaught of local industrial-isation Chemistry of Carbon Compounds.Edited by E. H. Rodd. Volume I Part A. General Introduction and Aliphatic Compounds. Pp. xxi; 1-778. 140s. Volume I Part B. Aliphatic Compounds (continued). Pp. xvii; 779-1462. 115s. (Amsterdam Elsevier Publishing Co. Ltd. ; London Cleaver-Hume Press Ltd. 1951-52.) Dr. Rodd and his associates have undertaken the preparation of a modern comprehensive treatise on organic chemistry. That a real gap existed in the literature is undeniable. There are the indispensable encyclopaedias such as Beilstein ; excellent accounts of special topics and many popular single-volume textbooks intended primarily for undergraduates. But there is no up-to-date general book in the English language giving the vast factual basis of the science, presented systematically and in sufficient detail and expressed in modern terms.Richter's well-known book once stopped the gap; and Rodd is best regarded as Richter brought up to date and greatly widened. The compilation of a work on such a scale is now of course beyond the powers of individuals and the new book is the work of a considerable number of expert British authors. (There are twenty-three in Part A; thirteen in Part B). The whole is brought together under Dr. Rodd's editorship and he is sustained by a panel of distinguished advisers. The arrangement of a big work such as this is of prime importance. A general introduction is followed by sections dealing in detail with the various classes of organic compounds. The introduction deals with many broad topics which permeate the rest of the book such as physical properties, stereochemistry and reaction mechanisms.It occupies some 220 pages of the first part. In the main part of Volume I dealing systematically with aliphatic compounds the classification follows that of Richter so that for example, halogen derivatives will be found after the appropriate alcohols glycols and aldehydes; mercaptans follow the related alcohols and so on. The general arrangement of material is sensible rather than pedantically systematic for example cyclic anhydrides and imides will be found where they are wanted-under the parent acids-and not lost in the heterocyclic jungle. Another nice feature is to find the carbohydrates (treated as oxidation products of polyhydric alcohols) in Part B and proteins and enzymes included in the same Volume and thus accompanying the simple amino acids.Incidentally the treatment of these topics by J. K. N. Jones E. G. V. Percival K. Bailey and M. Stacey is just what is wanted for a book of this kind. The general level of the book is extremely high and it will undoubtedly be widely welcomed by organic chemists and their allies. These first two parts are full of facts clearly presented and sensibly interpreted and brought up to date by the inclusion of work published up to 1950. In general an admirable balance is kept between pioneering work of historical importance and the latest developments credit is given where credit is due which is not always true of modern textbooks. The general introduction although it contains some excellent sections (for example Braude on light absorption; Hey and Waters on free radicals) is on the short side and there is some lack of balance.For example there is a very detailed section on elementary analysis dealing almost entirely with micro- and semi-micro methods. But if the methods of organic chemistry are to be dealt with in the work then analysis should surely be balanced by descriptions in similar detail of the purification of organic compounds and other essential These are the first two milestones in a formidable journey techniques. At present however there are only five lines on fractional distillation and a paragraph on chromatography while other recent methods are not mentioned at all. When a book contains material published in very recent months errors are liable to slip in and the present work is not free from this trouble.A list of errata to Part A has been circulated with Part B. The reviewer also noticed the following minor mistakes:-Part A p. ix The reference to Wells’s article on crystallography should be to p. 64 not 48. Page 122 The first dissociation constant of fumaric acid is 9.3 x not x Page 1007 Cis-trans muconic acid is not unknown and indeed is described a few lines lower. The two volumes are excellently produced. The type is clear and pleasing; so are the formulae and figures. There is a good index to each book; a collective index is promised for Volume V. Advantageous prices will be offered for subsequent volumes if ordered before publication. This is a major contribution to the literature of chemistry.R. P. LINSTEAD Heterocyclic Compounds. Volume 3. Polycyclic Derivatives of Pyrrole; Polycyclic Systems with one Nitrogen Common to Both Rings; Pyrindine and Related Compounds. Edited by R. C. Elderfield. Pp. vi + 442. (New York John Wiley and Sons Inc.; London Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1952.) 96s. net. This volume consists of five chapters which deal in turn with the chemistry of indoles; isoindole; the chemistry of carbazole; pyrindine quinindine and related compounds; and bicyclic systems with a nitrogen atom common to both rings. Of these five chapters the first-dealing with the chemistry of indoles-is by far the largest and indeed occupies more than half the entire volume. It is a masterly survey of the chemistry of this fascinating substance and includes derivatives in the wider sense for example indolenines indolines oxindoles, indoxyls isatins dioxindoles and indigos.The reader will find a wealth of information digested and classified in 275 pages devoted to this subject. The reviewer has one minor criticism to make. The chemistry of natural products necessarily entails the use of many trivial (as opposed to systematic) names, and as the authors state many of these have “become firmly implanted in the literature.” Nevertheless their number should not be unnecessarily maintained or increased is there any good reason for retaining “methylketole” as a trivial name for 2-methylindole? Most readers will probably find that next in order of interest to the chapter on indoles come that on pyrindine quinindine and related compounds and that on bicyclic systems with a nitrogen atom common to both rings.This last chapter (the second largest in the book) necessarily contains a discussion of the structures present in various groups of alkaloids e.g. the tropane group and the cinchona alkaloids. The authors of the five chapters in this volume are to be congratulated on having clearly and ably presented the main features of an exceptionally interesting group of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds. Heterocyclic Compounds. Volume 4. Quinoline Isoquinoline and their Benzo Derivatives. Edited by R. C. Elderfield. Pp. vi + 674. (New York John Wiley and Sons Inc.; London Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1952.) 136s. net. Professor Elderfield is to be congratulated on the prompt appearance of Volume 4 of his valuable series.Despite his doubts on the matter the grouping in this book of articles on quinolines (by the Editor) isoquinolines (W. J. F. G. MANN [ 294 Gensler) acridines (A. Albert) phenanthridines and benzoquinolines (L. P. Walls) is highly successful. The treatment of the topics generally accords well with the aim of the series to deal in “principles,” and the stress laid on mechanism and interpre-tation in modem terms is admirable recalling the spirit of Sidgwick‘s Organic Chemistry of Nitrogen itself a pioneer on such lines. The relative lengths of the five chapters (343 147 73 61 and 37 pp. respectively) are reasonable and although conditioned by available facts, matched to the relative importances of their subjects.The five topics do not, of course lend themselves equally well to the treatment here aimed at chiefly because of plain lack of knowledge especially of quantitative knowledge. These difficulties apply as much to quinolines as to the other groups but such a wealth of general knowledge exists that the difficulty here is to compress the matter to reasonable dimensions. In this task Professor Elderfield succeeds admirably (though perhaps giving too much space to the cyanine dyes) and his is the best essay on quinoline chemistry available. In contrast the isoquinoline group is unique in the degree of its dependence for mere existence on alkaloid studies. Nevertheless Dr. Gensler has avoided the danger of compiling an alkaloid catalogue and revealed a ring-system interesting in its own right.Professor Albert and Dr. Walls write authoritatively on acridines and phenanthridines. Those familiar with the former’s recent outstanding monograph on the acridines will not be disappointed by his present shorter treatment of the topic. This chapter meets admirably the book’s purpose, but in addition to “principles” Professor Albert fits in a surprising amount of practical detail which unobtrusively gives the subject its true experimental savour. Sensible editing has sustained these authors in using the European numbering systems for acridine and phenanthridine. This superbly produced volume is strongly recommended to all organic chemists. It will prove useful to the undergraduate ideal for the student beginning research in these fields and stimulating to any whose zealous cultivation of one tree has obscured the heterocyclic wood.It is regrettable that some errors have escaped proof-reading and that the index though adequate is not exhaustive; but far more serious than these is the high price, which will inevitably restrict circulation. K. SCHOFIELD Quantitative Chemical Analysis. C. W. Foulk H. V. Moyer and W. M. MacNevin. Pp. ix + 484. (New York McGraw-Hill Book Coy. Inc.; London McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. 1952.) 42s. 6d. This book has been written for American college students who have had one year of general chemistry including qualitative analysis. The first 280 pages are devoted to the apparatus and operations used in gravimetric and volumetric analysis and to accounts of fundamental theory of precipitation, solubility and hydrolysis of salts complex formation redox potentials, potentiometric titrations electroanalysis and colorimetry.Each chapter contains a wealth of references to other books and to original papers (predomin-antly American) and many conclude with a set of problems answers being given to those of a numerical character. The last section of the book (155 pages) comprises 33 quantitative exercises on the calibration of weights and glassware the preparation and use of standard volumetric solutions for the determination of e.g. phosphorus iron lead, copper and arsenite and a variety of standard gravimetric determinations e.g. barium and sulphate as barium sulphate iron as oxide chloride as silver chloride and nickel as the dimethylglyoxime complex.Full analyses of limestone and of brass are described and physical methods include pH r 295 titrations the potentiometric determination of chloride and an example of the dead-stop end-point. This is a competent book not attempting too much and certainly achieving what it sets out to do. Unfortunately the wide range of gravimetric exercises and the insistence upon calibration of apparatus and points of technique raise it above the level of the usual English school textbook while the treatment of theory scarcely rises above that of our G.C.E. (ordinary to advanced level) so that it would not fit into the pattern of first-year university or technical school either. But teachers will certainly find it both useful and stimulating.H. IRVING An Introduction to Modern Thermodynamical Principles. A. R. Ubbelohde. Pp. vii + 185. (Oxford The Clarendon Press 1952.) Those who are familiar with the first edition of this book will recall that Professor Ubbelohde’s aim is to describe the formal applications of thermo-dynamic functions to the calculation of physico-chemical equilibria and to indicate the experimental methods of evaluation that are available. In particular he deals with the evaluation of the entropy and free energy functions from calorimetric data and the third law or by means of statistical thermo-dynamics using spectroscopic data to obtain the appropriate molecular energy levels. This procedure requires a knowledge of the Nernst heat theorem and of statistical theory and provides incidentally an excellent introduction to the statistical treatment of the solid state.In the second edition the author preserves his original plan but introduces some new developments that have assumed importance during the last fifteen years. In polymer chemistry for example certain physico-chemical properties, such as the entropy change on stretching rubber-like polymers can be interpreted in terms of the statistical distribution of molecular configurations. Advances have also been made in the thermodynamics of condensed phases and of continuous phase transitions. Professor Ubbelohde’s own researches during this period have been of outstanding interest and give a special value to his views on many aspects of thermodynamical theory. The chapters on melting and crystal structure and on lattice flaws in thermal equilibrium are marked by a clear and logical presentation which owes much to a first-hand acquaintance with the complex phenomena involved.Second Edition. 21s. net. D. M. NEWITT The Physical Chemistry of Surface Films. William D. Harkins. Pp. vii + 413. (New York Reinhold Publishing Corporation; London Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1952.) 80s. net. This record of his many and important contributions to surface chemistry was completed by the author shortly before his death. Four of the six chapters are based on articles which appeared previously in Jerome Alexander’s Colloid Chemistry; these include one by Verwey which summarises the work of the Dutch school on the action of ions on the electrical double layer and the stability of lyophobic colloids.Though rather egotistical (the author too often appears to claim the major credit for work largely done by others) the book is always interesting both on the experimental and theoretical sides and can be warmly recommended to all research workers and students with some grounding in surface chemistry. Harkins’ studies ranged over many topics among the most important were the standardisation of the drop-volume and ring methods for measuring surface tension the interpretation of surface and interfacial tension in terms of the orientation of molecules at interfaces studies on heat of 1 296 wetting on contact angles on the specific surface area of powders on the viscosity of insoluble monolayers and the influence of traces of ions on them.In the last five or six years of his life Harkins turned his attention to the constitution of soap solutions and the structure of the ionic micelle and to emulsion polymerisation; two new chapters describe his work on these subjects. He and Corrin developed a colorimetric method for determining the critical micellar concentration in solutions of soap-like substances and interpreted the X-ray evidence in favour of a spherical or cylindrical ionic micelle. Serious students of surface chemistry will be glad to have in one volume the substance of some two hundred papers by one who contributed very greatly to the advancement of this subject. Absorption and Extraction. T. K. Sherwood and R. L. Pigford. Second Pp. ix + 478. (New York McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.; Since the publication of the first edition by T.K. Sherwood in 1937 there has been a great increase in the volume of published work on the theoretical and practical aspects of diffusion. The incorporation of this later work has entailed the complete re-writing of the earlier text and the new edition is about twice the length of its predecessor. An apt commentary on the amount of recent published work is provided by the list of 518 references at the end of the book, compared with 200 in the 1937 edition. The scope of this book is much wider than is implied by its title. The main theme is the absorption of gases by liquids and the design of absorption equip-ment but other topics include the evaporation of liquids from flat surfaces, cylinders and spheres (including the evaporation of liquid drops) simultaneous heat and mass transfer humidification and de-humidification the theory of cooling towers the condensation of vapour mixed with gas and fog formation in condensers.The chapter on the theory of diffusion in gases has been completely rewritten and now treats the subject on a kinetic theory basis. This provides a better understanding of the mechanism of diffusion and leads on to a brief discussion of thermal diffusion and separation by gaseous effusion. It is followed by a chapter on eddy diffusion which summarises recent work on the theory of turbulence. The chapters dealing with the design and performance of absorption equip-ment follow the same general sequence as in the first edition but with much additional information.The chapters on absorption with chemical reaction and solvent extraction have also been brought up to date and there is an appendix dealing with the economic design of absorbers. This book serves a most useful purpose in presenting the theory and practice of diffusional operations and will be invaluable to students and research workers in this field. The main criticism is that many of the practical problems encountered in the design of absorption and extraction plant receive only a brief mention. W. S. NORMAN. William Daridson of Aberdeen The First British Professor of Chemistry. In this tercentenary memorial lecture delivered in Aberdeen in 1948 we have presented with all that fulness of historical knowledge and grace of expression which one associates with the name of the author a portrait of William Davidson an Aberdeenshire chemist against an interestingly sketched-in background of Paracelsian iatrochemistry.After graduating M.A. at Marischal College Aberdeen Davidson migrated to Pans where he spent a N. K. ADAM. Edition. London McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. 1952.) 64s. John Read. Pp. 32. (Aberdeen The University Press 1951.) 5s large part of his life; for as he himself records he regarded it as more desirable for him as a third son to live industriously and honestly among foreigners, than to live in poverty and degradation amongst his own countrymen and illustrious relatives. In 1647 Davidson was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry and Botany at the Jardin du Roi and in 1648 he began to lay open “the fount of botany and chemistry to aspirants to knowledge and learning.” In 1651, at a time of grave unrest and religious intolerance in France Davidson was forced to resign from his Chair and he went to Poland where he was appointed Keeper of the Royal Garden at Warsaw.Early in 1669 he returned to Paris and died soon after. Davidson was the author of several books especially Philosophia Pyrotechnica written for the convenience of his students. He gained a considerable reputation as a physician and played a worthy part in the advance-ment of seventeenth century science. ALEX. FINDLAY BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS RECEIVED BUT NOT REVIEWED Kingzett’s Chemical Encyclopaedia. Eighth Edition. Edited by Ralph K. Strong. Pp. xii + 1186. (London Baillikre Tindall and Cox 1952.) 70s.net. [Extract from foreword by Sir Robert Robinson “In my opinion this new edition more than maintains the fine traditions handed on by its predecessors and is clearly the result of the collaboration of experts in many departments of the subject. Every effort seems to have been made to bring it right up to date. The Editor and contributors may be sincerely congratulated on a near approach to the accomplishment of an almost impossible task.”] A Student’s Approach to The Theory and Practice of Vitreous Enamelling. J. H. Gray. Pp. 37. (London Industrial Newspapers Ltd. 1952.) 10s. 6d. [Extracts from preface and foreword “It is hoped that this present work will serve a useful purpose in bringing to students and others not familiar with the vitreous enamelling process some information on its basic principles and requirements.” “This handbook embraces the whole subject of enamelling as applied to sheet steel and cast iron.It will be welcomed by those interested in this industry as providing invaluable detailed information.”] Copies obtainable from the Secretaries of the Institute of Vitreous Enamellers c/o John Gardom and Co. Ripley nr. Derby. British Standards. 1121 Part 25 1952. Part 25: Vanadium in Ferro-Vanadium. Pp. 7. 2s. net. 1121 Part 26 1952. Part 26: Molybdenum in low Alloy Steels containing up to 0-5 per cent. Tungsten. Pp. 7. 2s. net. 1837 Part 2 1952. Methods for the Sampling of Ferrous Metals and Metallurgical Materials for Analysis. Part 2 Ferro-Alloys. Pp.10. 2s. 6d. net. 1900 1952. Secondary Reference Thermometers (Centigrade Scale). Pp. 13. 3s. net. Methods for the Analysis of Iron and Steel. Methods for the Analysis of Iron and Steel. E 298 LOCAL SECTION AFFAIRS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The opening meeting of the 1952-53 session was held on 24 October in Robert Gordon’s Technical College, Aberdeen jointly with the local members of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. Professor R. M. Barrer presided and introduced the speaker Dr. W. C. Price of King’s College London who gave a talk entitled “Applications of Spectroscopy to Chemical Problems.” The lecturer gave a comprehensive resume of the problems that can be tackled by means of emission and absorption spectroscopy mainly as a result of the improvements in instrumentation and particularly the development of photoelectric equipment.Dr. Price dealt rather more fully with the use of the infra-red spectrometer in organic chemical problems e.g. the nature of hydrogen bonding and rotational isomerism. A joint meeting was held with local members of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry in Robert Gordon’s Technical College Aberdeen, on 6 November 1952. Dr. W. T. H. Williamson presided and introduced the speaker Miss M. Olliver Chivers & Sons Ltd. Cambridge who gave a talk entitled “A Survey of Pectin Studies-Past and Present.” The lecturer gave a survey of the work done on the chemical constitution of the pectins followed by a description of the various enzymes which act on plant tissues etc.to form pectin and finished with a resume of some of the methods used to determine the strength of jellies formed with the aid of pectin. Bristol and District.-The opening meeting of the winter session on 1 October, at the Premier Hall Stroud was held jointly with the Plastics Institute. Dr. B. P. Ridge of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. spoke on “Textiles and the New Synthetic Fibres,” dealing with the chemical and physical characteristics of new fibres their manufacture and commercial significance and some typical applications. The lecturer illustrated his paper with lantern slides. Two other meetings during the month were held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Bristol University.On 2 October a paper entitled “Some Metallurgical Problems imposed by Stratosphere Flight” was read by Major P. L. Teed. After describing the structure and composition of the atmosphere up to stratospheric level Major Teed gave reasons why stratospheric flight is attractive. The lecturer also spoke about the chemical effects and the influence of temperature on the structure of aircraft particularly on the alloys in direct contact with the atmosphere. On 30 October at a joint meeting with the Food Group of the S.C.I. Dr. E. C. Bate-Smith of the Low Temperature Research Station Cambridge spoke on the “Work of the Food Investigation Organisation D.S.I.R.” The scope of the work at the various stations under the control of the organisation was described and details of some of the investigations now in hand were given.On 13 November in the Marlborough Room Grand Hotel Bristol the Annual Social Evening and Film Show was held. Mr. G. H. Moore presided, and the programme was similar to that of previous years. Dr. C. G. Lyons, in his last year of office as District Member of Council spoke of recent matters under consideration by the Council. During the discussion which followed, Mr. G. H. Moore Dr. A. Marsden and Mr. B. W. Minifie gave information relating to the publication of the Journal and of British Abstracts and proposals for a summer visit to Oxford. After the discussion five films were shown:-“The Microscope,” “Microscopy of Opaque Objects,” “Concrete,” “This is Salt” and “Man against Insect.” A vote of thanks was proposed by Dr.D, Woodcock to Messrs. J. S. Fry & Sons Ltd. for the loan of the projector and to Mr. Tugwell the projectionist. [ 299 CardB and District.-On 29 September a joint meeting was held with the South Wales Section of the S.C.I. at Newport Technical College when Dr. C. E. Morgan of Monsanto Chemicals Limited lectured on “Krilium.” The lecturer mentioned the early work by a former member of the Section, Dr Quastel on soil conditioners and stated that “Krilium” was developed after examining about a thousand compounds “taken off the shelf.” The value of this substance in keeping soil in a crumb condition suitable for the vigorous growth of plant life was ably explained and demonstrated with samples of soil and by means of a beautifully produced colour film.A lively discussion followed the lecture ranging from the effective life of “Krilium” to its effect on weed growth. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. Mastin and seconded by Mr. R. C. F. Stephens and the Chairman Mr. G. H. Macadam thanked Mr. L. McGraghan for working the film projector. On 17 October another meeting of the Section together with the South Wales Section of the S.C.I. took place at the University College Cardiff, when a discussion was held on the “Education and Training of Chemists.” Mr. .W. D. Williams was in the Chair and the discussion was led by Dr. D. P. Evans Principal of the Glamorgan Technical College Treforest. Dr. Evans said that he had little to quarrel with in the training given to research workers-academic or industrial-and teachers but stressed the importance of a liberal education which is so essential for a well-balanced outlook on life.In regard to part-time education Dr. Evans felt that the new syllabus for external London degrees was far too difficult for most students and thought that the best plan for them was to enter for National Certificates and then proceed to the Associateship which latter he said could be done in two years after taking the Higher National Certificate. A lively discussion followed. The difficulty of external London degrees was questioned by some members as was the suggestion that the Associateship Examination could be taken in two years after the Higher National Certificate. It was pointed out that some Universities provide courses in the humanities for science students and that in addition college societies help in this matter.Dublin and District.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department Trinity College Dublin on 15 October 1952; Mr. W. J. Stringer, Chairman presided and there was a good attendance of members and visitors. The Chairman extended a special welcome to the Swedish Minister to Ireland His Excellency Mr. F. Wennerberg who had accepted the Committee’s invitation to be present. Professor E. T. S. Walton gave a lecture entitled “Guest of the Nobel Foundation,” in which he described his experiences when he visited Sweden to receive the Nobel Prize awarded jointly to Sir John Cockroft and himself. He had the honour of being entertained to dinner by the President of Ireland before leaving for Sweden and he described the round of functions to which he was invited in Stockholm.These culminated in the presentation ceremony, at which the winners received their prizes from the hands of the King of Sweden. Professor Walton paid a high tribute to the hospitality he had received from his hosts and the kindness and help of the Irish Minister to Sweden. At the conclusion of the lecture the Swedish Minister on the invitation of the Chairman addressed the meeting. Having expressed his pleasure at being present the Minister went on to congratulate Professor Walton on his award and stated that while the decisions of the Foundation in the fields of Literature and Peace were sometimes disputed those made for Science were never questioned.The Chairman conveyed the thanks of those present to Professor Walton for his most interesting address and the meeting terminated. 300 Mr. John Andrews retiring Chairman has presented a typewriter to the Dublin and District Section for the use of the Honorary Secretary. Mr. Andrews expressed the wish that his gift should be regarded as a mark of appreciation of the happy associations he and Mrs. Andrews had enjoyed with the Section. The Chairman has conveyed the sincere thanks of the Section to Mr. Andrews for his gift. Dundee and District Section.-The opening meeting of the 1952-53 season was held on 17 October in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College, Dundee when Professor J. Norman Davidson F.R.S.E. delivered a lecture entitled “Biosynthetic Pathways.” Mr.Alexander Hood was in the chair. Professor Davidson gave a highly interesting review of purine metabolism and considered in turn the several different aspects of the biosynthesis of the nucleic acids-the biosynthesis of the purine ring system the origin of the sugar components and the biosynthesis of the nucleotide units. Recent work with isotopes administered to rats and pigeons was discussed and a dynamic picture of the chemical activities of the body was drawn. Professor George H. Bell F.R.S.E. proposed the vote of thanks to the speaker. The excellent lecture was enjoyed by a large audience of members and friends; it was a gratifying opening to the season’s programme. East Ang1ia.-Through the courtesy of the Directors of B.X.Plastics Ltd., a party of 30 including senior technical college and grammar school students, toured the company’s laboratories at the Research Station Lawford Place near Manningtree on 24 September. Senior members of the staff conducted them and explained much of the research work in progress on the preparation and application of plastic resins. The engineering shop where experimental plant is fashioned the chemical research laboratories the physical laboratories the pilot plant section and the plastics section where commercial methods of manipulating plastics are performed on a small scale were all visited in turn. These demonstrated the company’s many-sided interests and the breadth of the work undertaken by their research department. On the evening of 20 October Dr.A. E. A. Werner of the National Gallery addressed the Section on “The Scientific Examination of Paintings.” After describing the material structure of an oil painting Dr. Werner showed by means of lantern slides how both chemical and physical methods are used to detect restorations and fakes and outlined the technique by which pictures are preserved and cleaned. He concluded with an account of the methods by which the Vermeer forgeries were revealed. The audience included a number of the students and staff of the City Art College and members of the Castle Museum and the Norwich Art Circle. Leeds Area.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held at the University of Leeds on 28 October 1952. Under the Chairmanship of Mr.D. R. Sheard the films “Forward a Century” and “New Detergents” were shown by courtesy of the Petroleum Film Bureau. After a social interval the chair was taken by Professor E. G . Cox and Professor N. K. Adam lectured on “Detergent Action.” The lecture dealt with the action of a detergent in rolling up the dirt into separate globules which are easily shaken off the surface with the effect of foam in facilitating this emulsifica-tion process and with the complications which arise when the dirt contains polar substances. It was given in a delightful manner and enlivened by quotations from advertising matter put out by detergent manufacturers. The lecture was followed by a lively discussion in which many problems of interest were raised, particularly in connection with cloth-finishing and sewage treatment.A vote of thanks was moved by Mr. C. H. Manley on behalf of the Institute seconded by Mr. D. R. Sheard on behalf of the University Chemical Society and carried with acclamation. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the University of Leeds on 10 November 1952. The report and financial statement were adopted, and Dr. G. M. Bennett Vice-president welcomed personally those members who had been elected to the Fellowship and Associateship during the year. The Section expressed its pleasure at the election of Professor F. Challenger to the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. The Chairman Professor E. G . Cox announced that Dr. W. Cule Davies had been elected Chairman of the Section for the coming year.Mr. J. Barritt, Dr. R. L. Elliott Dr. R. P. Hullin and Mr. E. N. White were elected to the Committee and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey were re-elected honorary auditors. The Section then welcomed Professor 0. Bottema Rector iMagnificus of the Technological University of Delft who gave a most interesting account of “Higher Technological Education in the Netherlands.” Dr. G . M. Bennett presided and the lecture provoked a lengthy and spirited discussion. A fuller account will be published later in the Journal. A vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. G. Brearley and carried with acclamation. Liverpool and North-Western.-A large audience attended the opening meeting of the 1952-53 session on the occasion of the Chairman’s address at the University of Liverpool on 2 October.Mr. B. D. W. Luff the retiring Chairman said that his successor Dr. F. J. Smith being a former Hon. Secretary of the Section and head of the chemistry department of the Liverpool College of Technology needed no introduction. Dr. Smith’s subject was “Examiners and Examinees,” and he enthralled his listeners with a very critical well-phrased and entertaining analysis. At the conclusion of the lecture the audience showed its great appreciation with sustained and vigorous applause. A shortened form of the lecture will be published in the January issue of the Journal. On 9 October the Preston Sub-section had a well-attended first meeting of the session at the Town Hall Preston. Dr. Smith in the chair introduced Dr. G. H.Walker County Analyst for Lancashire who lectured on “The Work of a Public Analyst.” He dealt with the adulteration of foodstuffs the advent of the Food and Drugs Acts and the types of analysis carried out. It was interesting to learn that a large proportion of the work has to do with samples of milk ice cream and sausages. A discussion followed in which Dr. Smith and Messrs. W. N. Creasey E. Taylor B. C. James J. Ashley-Jones and E. Myer took part. The vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. C. D. Lafferty. Mr. A. B. Crowther has been appointed Preston representative to the Section Committee to replace Mr. A. Fairbairn who has left the Preston area. Finally our thanks are due to Mr. A. G. Jones of the Society of Chemical Industry who as this year’s Hon.Secretary of the Liverpool Joint Chemistry Committee has compiled the current Joint Programme of Meetings. Manchester and District.-It is now a well-established custom for this Section to hold certain of its meetings “out of town.” The venue for the meeting on 10 November was the Central Library Stockport where in spite of inclement weather there was a good attendance of members to hear a lecture by Dr. R. J. W. Reynolds on “The Influence of Chemical Structure on the Properties of Polymers”; Dr. M. Barak Chairman of the Section presided. Dr. Reynolds who is associate research manager in the Dyestuffs Division of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. gave a most interesting and informa-tive account with the obvious stamp of authority of the chemistry of high polymers.Of especial interest was the lecturer’s treatment of Polythene Nylon and Terylene. The lecture which was accompanied by illustrative slides and a large number of exhibits was followed by an interesting discussion at the conclusion of which Mr. H. Stevenson moved a warm vote of thanks to Dr. Reynolds. In connection with the Annual General Meeting on 22 January 1953 it is proposed to hold an exhibition in the College of Technology Manchester with the theme “Chemical Techniques and Instruments.” The exhibits will comprise modern instruments and apparatus covering a wide range of applications but attention will by no means be confined to the most elaborate equipment. Novelty in principle rather than achievement in complexity will be the keynote. This will not be a trade exhibition; the exhibits will be loaned from the laboratories of the University the College of Technology research associations and industrial organisations.It is intended that the exhibition shall be on view and adequately demonstrated to members and students of the Institute and other invited bodies in the evening. It is felt by the Section Committee that an exhibition of this nature should be extremely valuable both to students and to more mature chemists as affording an indication of the apparatus and techniques that are now at the disposal of the chemist working in a wide range of fields. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-The 1952-53 programme opened on 29 October 1952 with a very interesting talk given by Dr. A. Raistrick entitled “Caves and Potholes.” The lecture was well illustrated with lantern slides of some of the more famous caves and potholes in North York-shire.Following the discussion a vote of thanks was given by Dr. W. S. Patterson. The following evening 30 October 1952 a joint meeting with the Tees-side Section and the Newcastle upon Tyne Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held at The University South Road Durham when Professor E. D. Hughes F.R.S. delivered a lecture on “The Comparative Chemistry of Carbon and Silicon.” Professor Hughes compared and contrasted the mechanisms of reactions undergone by organic compounds with those of similar silicon compounds. The lecture which was well illustrated by lantern slides was given to a large and appreciative audience. The vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr.J. Hughes Chairman of the Tees-side Section. North Wales.-A meeting was held at Imperial Buildings Wrexham on 8 October. Professor H. D. Springall of the University College of North Staffordshire was prevented by sudden illness from delivering his intended lecture on “The Analytical Chemistry of Proteins and Amino Acids,” and Dr. P. H. Plesch of the same University College took his place at short notice. Dr. Plesch took as his subject “Ionic Polymerisation,” and gave an account of polymerisations at low temperature under the influence of inorganic catalysts. Shefiield South Yorkshire and North Midlands.-The first meeting in 1952 was held at the Royal Victoria Hotel Sheffield on 15 January when Mr. R. Belcher gave a lecture on “The Research Work of the School of Analytical Chemistry at Birmingham University.” Mr.Belcher who is Senior Lecturer in Analytical Chemistry at the University of Birmingham was until he moved there a very active member of our own Section; we were therefore, extremely pleased to welcome him as guest speaker on this occasion. Mr. H. C . Hillary the Section Chairman presided. The next meeting was the annual joint meeting with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association held at the Grand Hotel Sheffield on 12 February. Sir Charles Goodeve Director of the British Iron and Steel Research Associ-ation was the speaker on this occasion his subject being “Physical Chemistry t 303 in Steelmaking,” which was of very great interest to the large audience of chemists and metallurgists who attended.Mr. Hillary was again in the chair and a most cordial vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. A. S. C. Lawrence. The Annual General Meeting was held in the Mining Department Lecture Theatre of the Applied Science Department the University of Sheffield on 1 May. The following officers were elected for the 1952-53 Session:-Chairman Mr. H. C. Hillary (for a second year in this office); Descending Vice-chairman Mr. W. F. Andrews; Ascending Vice-chairman Dr. D. H. Peacock; Hon. Secretary-Treasurer Mr. K. C. Barraclough; Hon. Recorder, Mr. D. J. D. Unwin; Hon. Auditor Mr. E. J. Miles; Members of Committee, Messrs. E. D. Gilbert J. Hiles J. D. Hobson Dr. A. S. C. Lawrence Messrs. D. Mackay J. L. West E. J. Wiles and Dr. G. H. Willis.Dr. R. A. Mott the Joint District Member of Council for our own and the Hull and District Section continues to serve as an ex oficio member of the Section Committee. The retiring members of the Committee Messrs. L. W. Needham J. H. Oldfield and E. J. Underwood were most sincerely thanked by the Chairman for their past services. Following a lively discussion concerning the Section and its future programme the meeting closed with a film show. The 1952-53 session opened with a meeting held at the Royal Victoria Hotel Sheffield on 23 October when Mr. H. A. Turner Lecturer in Textile Chemistry at the University of Manchester gave a lecture on “The Dyeing and Printing of Textile Materials.” Mr. Turner’s excellent lecture was much enhanced by the very fine array of coloured textiles he brought with him as illustrations.Mr. Hillary was in the chair and Dr. Peacock proposed the vote of thanks. South Wales.-Meetings were held on 30 and 31 October in Aberystwyth and Swansea respectively. The first was held jointly with the College Chemical Society in the Edward Davies Chemical Laboratories University College of Wales Aberystwyth. Mr. A. J. S. Williams was in the chair. The second was held jointly with the Chemical Society and the College Chemical Society in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Swansea with Professor C. W. Shoppee as Chairman. At each meeting Dr. R. Spence head of the Chemistry Division Atomic Energy Research Establishment Harwell lectured on “Chemical Research at Harwell.” 27m CONFERENCE OF HON.SECRETARIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS The Conference was held at the Institute on 18 October 1952 at 10 a.m. The President occupied the Chair and was supported by Professor H. Burton, Vice-president as Chairman of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee Dr. C. W. Herd Vice-president as Chairman of the Publications Committee and Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones Hon. Treasurer. All but four of the Sections in Great Britain and Ireland were represented by their Hon. Secretaries. Mr. E. M. Joiner represented the Birmingham and Midlands Section Mr. R. B. Croad the Hull and District Section Mr. F. C. Hymas the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and Dr. L. H. N. Cooper the South-Western Counties Section. Development of Institute Publications.-The Chairman of the Publications Committee outlined the proposals now adopted by the Council for the future of Institute publications (see Journal 1952 V 259; VI 332).It was reported that arrangements had already been made to secure up-to-date information for a further issue of the Register of Fellows and Associates early in 1953. The decisions to change to a monthly Journal and to aim at the publication of six items per annum in the series of Lectures Monographs and Reports received the general approval of the Conference. r 304 It was recognised that these developments would provide greater oppor-tunities for Local Sections to report on their activities and to send forward lecture summaries and material for articles than had recently been possible. Not only would the Journal depend more largely than hitherto on such contributions but also a more frequent supply of scientific and professional news items from the various regions would now be desirable.The Conference welcomed these opportunities and asked that further guidance on what was needed should be given. It was agreed that a memorandum should be circulated from the office giving a revised schedule of dates for sending in copy for the Journal; and that the Publications Committee should be asked to bear in mind the programmes of Local Sections and give guidance in advance where possible, so that lecturers and others could be encouraged to prepare summaries and articles with a good prospect of their being published. On the other hand Hon. Secretaries undertook to inform the Committee in advance on any matters that appeared likely to be of general interest so that advice could be given on the form style and length of the proposed contribution.The hope was expressed that by a more frequent interchange of ideas between the Sections and the Publications Committee a progressive Journal more truly representative of the life of the Institute would emerge and be developed. The reappearance of Obituary Notices in the Journal was approved (cf. Journal 1952 111 154). It was realised that the form of the notes was open to criticism but it was pointed out that some restriction in length was imposed by the increasing number of notices that would need to be printed in future. There had been no decrease in the amount of information the notices contained, though the connecting phrases were now omitted.Where possible personal notes would be added but the Institute’s records were seldom sufficient to allow this to be done without outside assistance. It was hoped that friends and colleagues of deceased members would provide suitable information either to the Hon. Secretaries or to the Institute as early as possible so that a truer picture of the member’s life and work could be drawn in the limited space available. It was agreed that the realisation of the objects of a monthly Journal would be assisted by the reservation of space for correspondence and that through this medium suggestions for improvement of the Institute’s services might be forthcoming. There were many professional questions that needed ventilation from time to time and correspondence could be expected to help in creating a greater interest in professional affairs and in bringing to light questions on which informative articles might be prepared.Opportunities for correcting common misapprehensions about the work and attitude of the Institute might also arise. At present much of the Institute’s work tended to be regarded as common knowledge. It was pointed out that the interests of teachers had not received much consideration in the Journal and Hon. Secretaries were asked to enquire what kind of records and information would be useful to them and to inform the Institute of their conclusions which would also be of interest to the Education Committee. The Conference passed a vote of thanks to the Hon. Treasurer of the Institute for his sympathetic attitude to the proposals for the development of the Journal and other Institute publications and formally expressed its support of the policy now being adopted by the Council.Additional Annual Grants to Certain Sections.-This question (see Journal, 1952 111 153) was again raised by the Hon. Secretary of the Tees-side Section. The Hon. Treasurer of the Institute reported the conclusions reached by the Council on 17 October (Journal 1952 VI 331) and the Hon. Secretaries of the five Sections directly concerned individually expressed their appreciation of the decision. [ 305 Co-ordination of Local Section Rules.-As had been agreed at the 26th Conference a memorandum on this subject and a draft of “Common Objects and Rules of Local Sections” were submitted by the Secretary of the Institute.In these documents an attempt had been made to see how far the rules of Local Sections could be reduced to a body of common rules and what matters would remain to be dealt with by the special rules of each Section. The Secretary reported that although there were no differences in principle among the existing Section Rules variations in detail (largely numbers dates periods of time etc.) arose in more paragraphs than had been expected and it was therefore doubtful if codification on these lines would result in a worthwhile financial saving when the rules were printed. The situation could be improved by providing that the common rules should apply unless specifically modified by the special rules of any particular Section but if such modifications were extensive the advantages of having common rules would tend to be lost, Several Hon.Secretaries expressed the view that it was undesirable to have any scheme based on common rules and that the Sections would prefer to retain complete sets of Rules covering the whole of their interests. It was agreed however that Hon. Secretaries should have the opportunity of raising the matter with their Section Committees and that sufficient copies of the memorandum and draft common objects and rules would be made available to them on request for distribution to their Committees. The Secretary of the Institute undertook to prepare in the meantime a different type of document consisting of a single framework of Rules applicable to any Section with notes on how variations in existing sets of Rules might be incorporated.It was agreed that such a document would be useful to new Sections and to older Sections that were revising their Rules. National Certificates in Chemistry.-The Hon. Secretary of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section asked what steps could be taken to minimise the delay in (a) publishing the results of the examinations and (6) the distribution of certificates. It was pointed out that the rapid increase in the number of candidates for National Certificates was making it necessary to overhaul the machinery of administration. It was also explained that the exceptional circumstances which had caused undue delays in Scotland last year were not likely to arise in future The Secretary reported the steps that were being taken to speed up the operation of the National Certificate machinery and added that the Education Committee of the Institute had already examined this question and had made certain recommendations for the consideration of the Joint Committees.Fenowship Courses Branch E.-The Hon. Secretary of the Bristol and District Section brought to the notice of the Conference the inadequacy of training facilities in his area for Associates wishing to prepare for the Fellowship Examination in Branch E particularly in practical pharmacognosy ; colleges were naturally unwilling to provide suitable courses unless a sufficient number of students presented themselves to form a class of reasonable size. He asked what the conditions were in other areas and how such difficulties had been met.In the resulting discussion it was indicated that Associates aiming to become Fellows in this branch of work would be expected to get practical experience of the right type in their present employment but that consultation with the universities had frequently resulted in suitable courses being arranged. It was true nevertheless that these were generally day-time courses which graduates employed in industry could scarcely ever attend. On the other hand it was pointed out that the Branch E examination was primarily for those intending to become public analysts and was not regarded as necessarily appropriate for men engaged in the food industries. The whole question of the content of the Branch E examination was due to be re-examined with a view to bringing it more into line with the current scope of the work of public analysts.r 306 Registered Students in widely dispersed Sections.-The question of the extent to which a widespread Section could provide useful facilities to Registered Students and thus convince students of the advantages of registration was raised by the South-Western Counties Section. It was generally agreed that students in technical colleges following A.R.I.C. courses were usually well aware of these advantages and needed no special encouragement to become Registered Students. On the other hand the needs of university students were generally well catered for by the universities themselves and the main point was to make them aware at an early stage of the importance of the Institute as a professional body so that they would apply for corporate membership as soon as they were qualified to do so.One of the principal reasons for the appointment of Hon. Represen-tatives in universities was to promote this awareness but there was much that Local Sections could do to ensure that students in universities as well as technical colleges understood the aims and objects of the Institute and the advantages of professional solidarity. The President thanked the Hon. Secretaries for their attendance at the meeting and expressed his pleasure at having been able to preside over another of their Conferences. On the motion of Mr. W. A. Wightman a vote of thanks to the President for having honoured the meeting with his presence was carried with acclamation.SCIENTISTS IN CIVIL DEFENCE London Conference A conference on the place of the scientist in Civil Defence was held at the City of London School on 16 October under the joint auspices of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section of the Institute the Institute of Biology and the London and Home Counties branch of the Institute of Physics. Dr. C. W. Herd was in the Chair and representative speakers of the Civil Defence authorities took part. The point of view of the physicist was put forward by Professor W. V. Mayneord while various aspects of chemical and biological warfare were dealt with by Professor H. N. Rydon. Sir John Hodsoll C.B. Director General of Civil Defence spoke on the subject of reconnaissance and outlined the proposed Civil Defence organisation and the place in it of the Technical Reconnaissance Officer.Sir Charles Ellis, F.R.S. Senior Scientific Adviser London Region emphasised the value of the scientist in operational research. Dr. E. T. Paris C.B. Chief Scientific Adviser to the Home Office outlined the regional and corps organisation and spoke officially of the recruitment of T.R.O’s. The ensuing discussion revealed the widespread desire of scientists for information on what was expected of them and for an assurance that conditions of recruitment and training would be developed on such lines as to enable their services to be used to the best advantage. Since the meeting a detailed report of the conference prepared by Mr. J. W. Martin M.B.E.of the Scientific Adviser’s Branch of the Home Office has appeared in Nature (6 December p. 957) and Dr. Paris has agreed to consider, in consultation with the three Institutes. the problems emerging from the discussion. r 307 Regional Scientific Advisers The organisation of Regional Scientific Advisers for Civil Defence has now been virtually completed by the Home Office. In each of the eleven Civil Defence Regions in England and Wales a group of scientists has been appointed, while the Scottish Home Department has also made a number of appointments. The Government of Northern Ireland proposes to act similarly. Scientific Advisers serve in an honorary capacity in time of peace and are accredited to the staff of the Chief Scientific Adviser of the Home Office.They also give their advice and assistance independently to the Civil Defence authorities in their own regions. In addition the Regional Scientific Advisers are establishing and supervising courses of instruction for the officers of Technical Reconnaissance Units at the Universities particularly in the physics of atomic warfare and the chemistry of war gases. The full list of Regional Scientific Advisers is given below; two vacancies remain to be filled-one in the South-Western Region created by the death of Professor F. H. Newman of Exeter and the other in the London Region, through the appointment of Dr. Rydon to a Professorship in Manchester. Eastern Region (Cambridge). Senior Scientific Adviser Dr. B. C. Saunders (Fellow); Scientijic Advisers Mr.E. S. Shire and Dr. E. N. Fox. London Region. Senior ScientiJic Adviser Sir Charles Ellis F.R.S.; Scient@c Advisers Professor W. V. Mayneord and another to be appointed. Midland Region (Birmingham). Senior Scientific Adviser Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. (Fellow); Scientific Advisers Professor P. B. Moon F.R.S. and Professor J. R. Squire. North-Eastem Region (Leeds). Senior Scientific Adviser Professor F. W. Spiers; Scientific Advisers Professor W. Bradley (Fellow) and Professor W. Sucksmith F.R.S. Senior Scientific Adviser Professor L. F. Bates F.R.S.; Scientijic Advisers Dr. D. 0. Jordan (Fellow) and Professor L. Hunter (Fellow). North-Western Region (Manchester). Senior Scientific Adviser Professor E. R. H. Jones F.R.S. (Fellow); Scientific Advisers Dr.G. D. Rochester and Professor C. E. H. Bawn F.R.S. Northem Region (Newcastle upon Tyne). Senior Scientific Adviser Professor W. E. Curtis F.R.S.; Scientific Advisers Professor G. R. Clemo F.R.S. (Fellow) and Dr. G. H. Christie (Fellow). South-Eastern Region (Tunbridge Wells). Senior Scientific Adviser Brigadier R. A. Bagnold C.B.E. F.R.S.; Scientific Advisers Professor D. H. Hey (Fellow) and Dr. F. C. Champion. South-Western Region (Bristol). Senior Scientific Adviser Professor W. E. Garner C.B.E. F.R.S. (Fellow); ScientiJic Advisers Professor S. H. Piper, D.S.O. and another to be appointed. Southern Region (Reading). Senior Scientific Adviser Dr. H. W. Thompson, F.R.S.; ScientiJic Advisers Professor R. W. Ditchburn and Professor A. N. Black. Wales (Cardiff).Senior Scientijic Adviser Professor W. N. Thomas C.B.E.; ScientiJc Advisers Professor F. Llewellyn Jones and Dr. S. T. Bowden (Fellow). Scotland. Senior Scientific Adviser Sir Edward Appleton G.B.E. K.C.B., F.R.S.; ScisntiJic Advisers Professor N. Feather F.R.S. Professor J. W. Cook, F.R.S. (Fe//ow) Professor R. V. Jones C.B. C.B.E. and Professor D. H. Everett. North Midland Region (Nottingham) SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT EDUCATION Loughborough College.-On 30 October in reply to a question by Mr. W. Wells the Minister of Education explained that as from 1 September the Engineering and Science Departments of Loughborough College ceased to be maintained by the Leicestershire local education authority and became a separate establishment known as the Institute of Technology Loughborough College.The Institute is now controlled by an independent governing body and receives direct grant from the Ministry. Science and Mathematics Teachers.-Mr. Aubrey asked the Minister of Education on 23 October how many secondary grammar schools are short of their establishment of science teachers. Mr. M. MacPherson asked further in view of the Government’s proposals for the expansion of higher technological education what steps were to be taken in order to ensure that enough science and mathematics teachers of the requisite quality are available in the schools to train prospective students. Miss Horsbrugh in the course of her reply said that the main reason for the shortage was that the total demand for qualified scientists in all fields is greater than the supply.The number of graduates in these subjects completing courses of professional training as teachers who have obtained or are seeking posts in maintained schools amounts to 543 this year as compared with 418 last year [see page 341 “Shortage of Science Teachers,” for the examination of the present position by the Joint Four Secondary Association]. Mr. Aubrey’s suggestion that the shortage of science teachers was partly due to the fact that in industry a considerably higher salary was offered and that the salary factor should be further considered received no direct comment. Technical College Grants.-On 30 October in reply to questions by Mr. W. Wells and Mr. Ellis Smith the Minister of Education referred to the arrange-ments for increased grants to some technical colleges in respect of advanced technological work set out in circular 255.To the suggestion that important engineering centres such as Newcastle and Glasgow should receive special consideration Miss Horsbrugh replied that each college would be dealt with on its merits as information about the particular advanced courses that were being arranged came to hand. Grants to Scottish Universities.-Mr Grimond on 30 October asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer why the grants to Scottish Universities are smaller per student than those to the English Universities. Mr. Grimond further said that the grants in England are double those in Scotland and that the numbers attending Scottish Universities are declining. The Financial Secretary to the Treasury Mr.John Boyd-Carpenter in his reply noted that the assessment of grants depended not only on the teaching facilities provided but also on the research work carried out which bears no direct relation to the numbers of students. He further noticed that whereas Scotland has only 10.5 per cent. of the population of Great Britain it received in the last year 15.6 per cent. of the recurrent grants from the University Grants Committee. NUCLEAR RESEARCH Several of the factors influencing co-operation between H. M. Govern-ment and the United States Government in the exchange of information on nuclear research were discussed on 28 October. In the North Atlantic Treaty provision was made for the fullest possible co-operation and exchange of information on all matters of joint defence interest and Mr.Attlee asked whether when the presidential elections were over a new approach to the t 309 United States might be made; the Prime Minister made it clear that this was the Government’s intent ion. On 27 October Mr. Perkins asked the Minister of Fuel and Power if the advisability of restricting capital expenditure on hydro-electric schemes had been considered in view of the potential future developments of electric power from nuclear sources. To this Mr. Geoffrey. Lloyd replied that plants using nuclear energy would doubtless in future provide additional base load power stations, but that as hydro-electric schemes are complementary to base load stations, there appears no reason for restricting them on account of the potentialities of nuclear power.Mr. G. R. Strauss asked the Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Works on 21 October why H.M. Government had refused to take part in the establishment of the laboratory in Geneva to be set up at the initiative of U.N.E.S.C.O. for the combined research by Western European scientists into nuclear problems. Mr. Molson replied that the Government are in full sympathy with the objectives of the interim inter-governmental Council of Western European Powers and United Kingdom scientists have taken part in their discussions. The Government had not yet decided whether to take part in any scheme for a laboratory. SCIENTIFIC MANPOWER D.S.I.R. Economies.-On 28 October Mr. Molson replying to Sir W. Wakefield and others said that the utmost care was being taken to ensure that the necessary economies would not have any adverse effect on the progress of scientific research.To the view that the encouragement of private industrial research was more profitable than Government-sponsored research Mr. Molson pointed out that the D.S.I.R. co-operates extremely closely with industry and private scientists and that the present system was one in which public enterprise and private enterprise worked extremely amicably together. Similarly basic research for the aircraft industry including research on jet engines had been done in Government Departments and the utmost use had been made of it by the aircraft industry. No major plan of activity of the D.S.I.R. had been eliminated but there had been a reduction in the total numbers of staff for which provision had been made.The effects of this decision had been to halt planned recruitment and to cancel a large number of outstanding vacancies for staff thus necessitating a re-allocation of scientific manpower between the various establishments. These decisions had been communicated to the Advisory Council and the re-allocations of the total resources within the provision available were made with their knowledge. The net total estimate for the Department in 1952-53 was €5,390,950, Scientists in the Armed Forces.-On 29 October the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Defence stated that the services were making every effort to induce science and engineering graduates leaving universities to take permanent or short-service commissions and that reliance was being increasingly placed on technical cadet schemes within the services.Special arrangements are made each year to ensure the best possible use by the services of science and engineering graduates who become available for call-up under the National Service Acts. Long-term plans involved the whole question of the national needs for scientific manpower of which the requirements of the forces form only a part NATIONAL CERTIFICATES lN CHEMISTRY 1951-52 ENGLAND AND WALES Seven colleges in England and Wales submitted candidates for the first time in the Senior Grade and eight colleges in the Advanced Grade. The number of entries received in the Senior Grade was 1,336 of whom 763 passed compared with 1,164 entries in 1951 of whom 644 passed.In the Advanced Grade there were 630 candidates of whom 395 passed. In 1951 there were 495 candidates of whom 320 passed. Of the 630 candidates, 495 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate and of the 395 successful candidates 307 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. This year there was a record number of candidates for the National Certificates in Chemistry and the Assessors were greatly impressed by the valuable work which is being done throughout the country under this scheme. In order to bring the technical colleges more directly into touch with the administration of National Certificates it has been agreed that one representa-tive of the Association of Technical Institutions and one joint representative of the Association of Principals of Technical Institutions and the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions should be added to the Joint Committee, which consists at present solely of representatives of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and of the Ministry of Education.This change in the constitution of the Joint Committee will become effective at the next meeting. SCOTLAND There were 205 entries in the Senior Grade of whom 135 passed. The corresponding figures for 1951 were 200 and 136. In the Advanced Grade 154 candidates entered and 95 passed. Entries in 1951 numbered 137 of whom 79 passed. The standard of the question papers was on the whole very even. The papers in all branches of chemistry afford evidence that careful and funda-mentally sound instruction has been given in all schools.NORTHERN IRELAND The establishment of National Certificates in Northern Ireland is com-paratively recent. The number of entries is still small but of the 15 candidates who entered this year for the Ordinary National Certificate 6 were successful. In addition one out of two candidates obtained the Higher National Certificate EXAMINATIONS SEPTEMBER 1952 ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT OF THE BOARD OF EXAMLNERS Examinations were held as follows :- Entered Passed For the Associateship. Examiners Professor D. H. Hey Professor H. J. Emelkus and Dr. D. J. G. Ives. The examination was held at the University of London, South Kensington at the University of Birmingham and at the Royal Technical College Glasgow theoretical papers being taken also at various local centres in thc periods 8 to 1 3 September and 15 to 18 September 1952.For the Fellowship. The examinations were held at the University of London, South Kensington at the Postgraduate Medical School of London (Branch D.l) and (Branch F) at the University College of Wales Aberystwyth in the week beginning 15 September 1952. Branch D. 1 Clinical Chemistry. Examiner Professor E. J. King. and Drugs and of Water. Examiners Dr. D. C. Garratt and Dr. H. E. Archer. Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food Branch F Agricultural Chemistry. Examiner Mr. R. 0. Davies. Bmnch H Analytical Chemistry. Examiners Mr. R. C. Chirnside and Dr. J. Haslam. 165 49" 2 2 8 5 t 1 1 1 1 177 58 - -- -* Some candidates completed their examinations by satisfying the Examiners in those parts in which they had previously failed and some failed in part only of the examination.t Two candidates completed the examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts in which they had previously failed and one candidate failed in part only of the examination EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP MONDAY 8 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer FIVE questions ONLY.] 1. What are the essential features of the Lewis-Langmuir concept of the 2. Give a concise comparative account of the chemistry of EITHER (a) the chemical bond? How has this concept been developed subsequently? alkali metals OR (b) copper silver and gold. 3. Describe the commercial preparation and applications of the following :-titanium dioxide metallic calcium hydrazine sulphate potassium ferricyanide.4. Survey briefly the chemistry of EITHER (a) the carbonyls OR (6) the hydrides. 5. Enumerate the chief physicochemical methods which are used in quanti-tative analysis. Give a critical discussion of the applications of ONE method. 6. Give a comparative account of the chemistry of the oxides and oxyacids of the halogens. 7. Write concise explanatory notes on TWO of the following:-(a) the magnetic properties of inorganic compounds; (6) liquid ammonia as an ionising solvent; (c) intermetallic compounds ; (d) radioactive isotopes as tracers. 2 to 5p.m. [Answer FOUR questions ONLY.] 1. (a) A saturated solution of silver nitrite contains 3.40 g and 13.63 g of solute per lo00 g of water at 20" and 60" C.respectively. Calculate the mean heat of solution of the salt over this temperature range. R = 1.986 cal mole-' deg.-l (b) When a ferric salt solution is shaken with metallic silver equilibrium is established and is defined by the constant where the symbols in brackets (braces) represent activities at 25" C. Given that the standard potential of the silver/silver ion electrode is 0.799 volt cal-culate the standard potential of the ferrous-ferric electrode both at the same temperature. 1 cal = 4.185 joules. 1 Faraday = 96,500 coulombs. 2. Tables of the standard free energies of formation of compounds may be found in many reference books. Give an account of the uses to which the data in such tables may be put and summarise the methods by which they are obtained.3. Write an essay on EITHER (a) the adsorption of gases and vapours on solids OR (b) electrical phenomena at interfaces. r 313 4. Explain and comment upon TWO of the following statements:-(a) In discussing electrolytes particularly those in solvents of low dielectric constant clear distinction must be made between complete ionisation and complete dissociation. (b) Homogeneous first-order gas reactions often show an increase in reaction order at sufficiently low pressures. (c) In ordinary chemical reactions the principle of conservation of mass is not infringed to any significant extent but this is not necessarily true of reactions involving atomic nuclei. 5. Show how the cryoscopic and ebullioscopic constants of a solvent are related to the latent heats of fusion and evaporation respectively of the solvent.Without describing any experimental technique give a survey of the relative merits and demerits of the cryoscopic and ebullioscopic methods of determining molecular weights making some use in your discussion of the relationships derived in the first part of the question. 6. The dipole moment of the HC1 molecule is 1.04 x lo-'* e.s.u. and the internuclear distance of the atoms in this molecule is 1.28 x lo-* cm. Outline methods which have been used to obtain these results. What information do they give about the nature of the chemical bond in the molecule of HCl? 7. What electrodes are available for the determination of the pH of a solution ? Mention briefly their relative advantages and disadvantages.Select ONE of them for detailed discussion giving any theoretical explanation which mav be necessary and describing how the electrode is constructed and used. TUESDAY 9 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer FOUR questions ONLY]. 1. Outline the methods available for the preparation of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and review their chemical properties. 2. Discuss with the aid of examples the nature and the theoretical inter-pretation of the addition reactions of (a) propylene (b) ethyl crotonate and (c) butadiene. 3. Write notes on FOUR of the following:-(a) exhaustive methylation, (b) the reduction of ketones (c) the preparation and constitution of azoxy compounds (d) the Beckmann rearrangement (e) the Reformatski reaction. 4. Outline in each case ONE method for the conversion of benzoic acid into (a) benzaldehyde (b) .benzoic anhydride (c) benzoyl peroxide and (d) phenyl-acetic acid.Give an account of the properties reactions and uses of benzoyl peroxide. 5. Describe methods for the preparation of 1 :2- 1 :3- and 1 :4- diketones and show how these compounds may be utilised for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. 6. Give a brief review of the chemistry of TWO of the following:-(a) equilenin (b) Vitamin A (c) tryptophan (d) cocaine. 7. Write an essay on EITHER The uses of acetylene in the production of organic compounds OR Modern developments in the technique of the isolation and purification of organic compounds. r 314 2 to 3.30p.m. [The use of dictionaries is allowed.] FRENCH Translate into English :-L’interprktation de la thkorie de la surtension de R.Audubert par les courbes knergie-distance des complexes electrode-ion sec et electrode-ion solvat6 s’est montrke trks fkconde et a permis d’expliquer et de faire rentrer dans le cadre de la theorie des faits nombreux qui semblaient s’en karter. Cette thkorie a maintenant requ un assez grand nombre de verifications pour que l’on puisse se pr6occuper de determiner expkrimentalement les caractkristiques des courbes knergie-distance. I1 est en effet possible de connaitre la disposition relative de ces deux courbes et le rapport de leurs parametres en les identifiant avec des paraboles au voisinage de la position d‘knergie minima du complexe qu’elles reprksentent. GERMAN Translate into English :-Beim Verfolgen einer zufalligen Fkobachtung die ich bei Arbeiten uber Phosphorverbindungen machte kam ich zur Auffindung einer neuen Reaktion, welche die leichte Einfuhrung des Phosphorrestes in eine grosse Anzahl von organischen Verbindungen ermoglicht.Die neuen Verbindungen bilden sich, wenn man Unterphosphorige Saure primare Amine und Ketone oder Aldehyde aufeinander einwirken lasst. Man kann die drei Komponenten zusammen-bringen und stehen lassen oder erwarmen oder zunachst das unterphosphorig-saure Salz des Amins herstellen und dieses mit dem Keton bzw.Aldehyd in Reaktion bringen. Im Falle des Einsatzes eines Aldehyds ist es mitunter auch zweckmassig zunachst die Schiffsche Base n i t dem Amin herzustellen und dann auf diese Unterphosphorige Saure einwirken zu lassen.Praparativ am leichtesten sind die Verbindungen der Ketone zuganglich ; besonders Aceton eignet sich sehr gut. Practical First Group WEDNESDAY 10 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. [Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of your experiments as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State your final conclusions clearly.]* 1. The solution (A) contains cupric sulphate and sulphuric acid. Determine the copper volumetrically and the sulphate gravimetrically by the methods prescribed.? Express your results in terms of grams of Cu and SO per litre of solution. 2. Identify the single substance (B). [(B) = EITHER copper silico-fluoride OR cryolite.] * This note was repeated on each of the seven following papers.-f Not reproduced. r 315 THURSDAY 11 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 3. The solution (C) contains a cobalt salt. Determine the cobalt volu-metrically by the method prescribed.? Express your result in terms of grams of Co per litre of solution. 4. Analyse qualitatively the mixture @) which contains six radicals. [(D) = EITHER lead sulphate aluminium sulphate calcium phosphate and nickel oxide OR lead sulphate zinc sulphate magnesium phosphate and cobalt oxide]. t Not reproduced. FRIDAY 12 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the single substance (E). [(E) = EITHER propionanilide OR p-chloroacetanilide]. 2. Report quantitatively and qualitatively on the mixture (F) which is the product obtained on the attempted reduction of a dinitrobenzene with am-monium sulphide.[(F) = a mixture of rn-dinitrobenzene m-nitroaniline and sulphur]. [This exercise may be completed tomorrow]. SATURDAY 13 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 3. Make a complete analysis of the mixture (G). [(G) = sodium citrate and sodium p-hydroxybenzoate]. Practical Second Group MONDAY 15 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. The solution (H) contains sodium chloride and sulphuric acid. Determine the chloride volumetrically and the sulphate gravimetrically by the methods prescribed.f Express your results in terms of grams of C1 and SO4 per litre of solution. [(J) = EITHER manganese chromate OR lead chromate]. 2. Identify the single substance (J). t Not reproduced. TUESDAY 16 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 3. The solution (K) contains a nickel salt. Determine the nickel volu-metrically by the method prescribed. Express your results in terms of grams of Ni per litre of solution 4. Analyse qualitatively the mixture (L) which contains six radicals. [(L) = EITHER magnesium arsenate zinc carbonate and sodium fluoride OR cadmium carbonate calcium borate and sodium fluoride]. WEDNESDAY 17 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Identify the single substance (M). [(M) = EITHER sulphanilamide OR toluene p-sulp honamide 1. 2. Report quantitatively and qualitatively on the mixture (N) which is the product obtained on the attempted conversion of an aromatic amine into the corresponding phenol by boiling an aqueous solution of the diazonium sulphate.[(N) = a mixture of p-toluidine p-cresol and toluene]. [This exercise may be completed tomorrow.] THURSDAY 18 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 3. Make a complete analysis of the mixture (0). [(0) = ammonium salicylate and succinimide]. EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP BRANCH D.l CLINICAL CHEMISTRY MONDAY 15 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. GENERAL BIOCHEMI~TRY [Answer THREE questions ONLY.] 1. Give a brief account of the chemistry and physiology of om of the following groups of hormones :-androgenic oestrogenic progestational adreno-cortical. 2. Discuss modern views on fat metabolism with particular reference to the problem of absorption. 3. Discuss the classification of proteins in relation to their physical and Give an account of some modern techniques for the chemical properties.separation and characterisation of proteins. 4. Discuss the role of phosphate esters in carbohydrate metabolism. [ 317 2 to 5 p.m. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY [Answer THREE queStiOtlS ONLY.] 1. State how the determination of the steroid hormones and their meta-bolites in body fluids and excreta can be of value in clinical endocrinology. 2. Write an account of the Van Slyke urea clearance test effective renal plasma flow maximum tubular reabsorption and glomerular filtration rate. Discuss their use in the assessment of renal condition. 3. Discuss the factors involved in the control of glucose in the blood. Describe the glucose tolerance test and the insulin-glucose tolerance test and their use in the study of disease.4. Write a short essay on inborn errors of metabolism mentioning recent work in this field. TUESDAY 16 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (ANALYTICAL) [Answer THREE questions ONLY]. 1. Describe a method for the determination of each of the following and discuss sources of error :-blood uric acid blood urea plasma bilirubin serum calcium. Illustrate your answers with chemical formulae where possible. 2. Discuss methods for the determination of blood sugar. 3. Discuss with examples drawn from determinations with which you are particularly familiar the need for adequate studies of normal values in the application of chemical findings in diagnosis. 4. You are asked by one of your clinical colleagues to devise a method for determining in blood and urine a new chemotherapeutic substance X, which contains an easily recognisable functional group (e.g.a primary aromatic amino group). State how you would proceed with this problem. WEDNESDAY TO SATURDAY 17 ro 20 SEPTEMBER 1952: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day 1. Carry out a glucose tolerance test on patient (A). Blood samples, urine and reagents are provided. Comment on your results. 2. Determine urea clearance on patient (B). Blood and urine samples are provided. Candidates must prepare their own reagents. Discuss briefly normal and abnormal findings in this test 3. Samples of serum are provided from patients (C) and (D) who are sus-pected to be suffering from some hepatic complaint. Determine alkaline phosphatase thymol turbidity and bilirubin on these sera and comment on your results.Reagents are provided. 4. Determine potassium in the blood serum (E) provided using the method of Abul-Fadl. Details and reagents are provided. 5. Isolate creatinine or a derivative from the urine (F) provided. 6. Purify the picric acid provided. Using this and the creatinine derivative isolated in exercise 5 determine the creatinine and creatine in urine (G). 7. Determine barbiturates in the specimen of stomach contents (H) stating the method which you use. BRANCH E THE CHEMISTRY INCLUDING MICROSCOPY OF FOOD AND DRUGS AND OF WATER MONDAY 15 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 to 11.30 a.m. 1. Discuss critically the use of synthetic chemicals in food during processing How in your opinion should such additions be controlled by law ? or storage.2. Write an essay on the determination of mercury in pharmaceutical preparations. 3. Outline briefly and discuss the specific value of each of the analytical tests yau employ in the examination of flour. 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer THREE questions ONLY.] 1. How would you determine the amount of alcohol present in a sample What relation might the figure have to the patient’s blood alcohol? Of what value are blood and urine alcohol determinations in the diagnosis of urine? of drunkenness ? 2. Write an account of the pharmacology of (a) quinine (6) quinidine. 3. Define with examples (a) mydriatic (b) diaphoretic (c) anti-coagulant, and (d) anti-histamine drugs. 4. What drugs may influence the absorption of calcium from the intestine? Give an account of the pharmacology and therapeutic use of ONE of them.r 319 2 to 5p.m. 1. Describe the main provisions of the standards in any legal enactment in force controlling the composition of products containing meat or fish. 2. What information can be obtained on the source and purity of a drinking water from a microscopical examination of the organic particulate matter present ? 3. Describe the preparation of dried milk. Discuss the spoilage of this product and methods of assessment of any deterioration. 4. Write an essay on one of the following subjects :-(a) The use of chromatography in food analysis; (b) The Karl Fischer reagent for determination of water ; (c) Determination of traces of arsenic by other than classical methods.5. What analytical criteria are required to evaluate spices? Outline briefly the analytical procedure of the tests discussed. TUESDAY 16 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the bacteriological condition of the sample of well water. [The results may be presented on Friday.] 2. Report on the sample of pork sausages on the Food and Drugs Certificate provided. WEDNESDAY 17 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Continue yesterday’s exercise 1. 3. Report on the suitability of the sample of fondant for confectionery purposes. 4. The gin is an informal sample taken under the Food and Drugs Act. From your analysis decide what further action is necessary. THURSDAY 18 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Continue exercise 1. 5. Report on the specimen of palm-kernel oil.6. Determine as far as possible what ingredients have been used in the curry powder. [ 320 FRIDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Complete exercise 1. 7. Make a careful determination of the ascorbic acid content (mg/100 ml) of the sample of concentrated orange juice. 8. Report on the sample of Paraffin Emulsion of which complaint has been made by a user that it was “too strong.” SATURDAY 20 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify by microscopical examination the three powders (A) (B) and (0. Sketch describe and name the structures seen. 2. The urine @) was removed post mortem from a man who died in coma, following the taking of a narcotic. Identify the poison and determine the concentration present. 3. Make a qualitative analysis of the sample of human urine (E) and report on the presence of any constituents that might be caused by disease.4. Identify the drug in the tablet (F). BRANCH F AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY MONDAY 15 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer FOUR questions ONLY.] 1. Summarise the results of recent investigations into the fixation of phosphate in soils. How can methods of soil amelioration influence this fixation? 2. Briefly indicate present views regarding the structure and properties of the clay complex. 3. Discuss the significance of potassium as a plant nutrient and the circum-stances that determine the need for potassium fertilisers. 4. Give an account of work with which you are familiar dealing with the chemical composition and nutritive value of herbage plants.5. Briefly discuss present knowledge regarding the metabolism and utilisation of carbohydrates in plants and animals. 6. Describe the chemical reactions that OCCUT during the ensilage of fodder crops and indicate how nutrient losses may be minimised 2 to 5 p.m. [Atzswer FOUR questions ONLY.] 1. Explain the importance of soil acidity in relation to plant growth with particular reference to the availability of trace elements. 2. Indicate the main changes that occur during the composting of plant and animal residues and briefly discuss the chemical nature of the products. 3. Outline the methods commonly employed to determine the mineral requirements of plants and point out their advantages and disadvantages. 4. Explain the meaning of the terms “coefficient of digestibility” and “net energy value” when applied to animal feeding stuffs.Discuss the causes of the heat increment of a feeding stuff and the circumstances that influence it. 5. Briefly state what you know about the Occurrence and nature of vitamins D2 and D,. Discuss their physiological significance in the nutrition of farm animals. 6. Explain the relationship that exists between the activities of the rumen micro-organisms and the nutrition of farm animals. Show what bearing this relationship may have on the interpretation of the chemical analysis of feeding stuffs. TUESDAY AND WEDNESDAY 16 and 17 SEPTEMBER 1952: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day 1. Determine (a) the exchangeable calcium and (b) the exchangeable Give your opinion as to the needs of this soil for lime and/or potassium under potassium in the soil sample (A).the agricultural conditions with which you are familiar. 2. Analyse the feeding stuff (B) and report on its value as a concentrate for milk production. [These exercises may be completed on Thursday.] THURSDAY AND FRIDAY 18 and 19 SEPTEMBER 1952: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day Complete exercises 1 and 2. 3. Determine (a) the fat (b) the lactose and (c) the casein content of the sample (C) of unsweetened condensed milk. 4. Identify the main constituents in the mixed fertiliser @) and carry out a complete analysis. [ 322 BRANCH H GENERAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY MONDAY 15 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer FOUR questions ONLY .] 1. Give an account of recent developments in the application of chromato-graphy to inorganic analysis.2. Discuss critically the methods which are available for the determination of nitrogen in organic substances. 3. Describe recent developments in acid-base titrations in non-aqueous media. 4. Outline the general scheme you would adopt in determining the nature and constitution of an unknown pure organic substance. 5. Outline a method for the complete analysis of an alloy containing major amounts of iron cobalt and nickel with manganese as a minor constituent. 6. Indicate briefly how you would carry out FOUR of the following deter-(a) ethyl iodide in ethyl bromide; (b) ethyl alcohol in ethylene glycol monoethyl ether; (c) small amounts of a sulphonated secondary alcohol in water; (d) water in liquid ammonia ; (e) o-tolyl ester in tritolyl phosphate; (f) thiourea in urea; (g) dibutyl phthalate in butyl alcohol.minations :-2 to 5 p.m. [Answer FOUR questions ONLY .] 1. Discuss critically the use of azeotropic distillation methods in organic analysis. 2. Discuss the methods available for the separation and determination of Describe briefly how you would determine sodium and potassium in a soda-lime lithium sodium and potassium. glass containing approximately 15 per cent. Na,O and 0.2 per cent. K,O. 3. Discuss the uses of ion exchange resins in analytical chemistry and give two specific examples of their application. 4. Write an essay on the electrolytic separation of metals including the use for this purpose of graded cathode potential and of the mercury cathode.[ 323 5. Write an essay on the use of ethylenediamine tetracetic acid and its salts in analysis. 6. Write a critical review of the analytihl chemistry of fluorine. Outline briefly how you would determine fluorine in :-(a) fluorapatite, (b) polytetrafluorethylene and (c) a natural water. TUESDAY 16 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Report qualitatively on the substances (A) and (B). [(A) = tellurium, (€3) = thiourea]. [This exercise must be completed by noon.] 2. Determine the silica the alumina and iron oxide and the calcium oxide in the sample of soda-lime glass (C). [This exercise may be continued on the following days.] WEDNESDAY 17 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Continue yesterday’s exercise 2. 3. Examine and report on the rubber bonding agent (D).[@) = hexamet h ylene di-ism y ana te 1. THURSDAY 18 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. ro 5 p.m. 4. Make an analysis of the sample of soap (E). [This exercise may be continued tomorrow.] FRIDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1952 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Complete exercises 2 and 4. REPORT OF THE EXAMINERS Examination for the Associateship Inorganic Chemistry The average standard reached in the written paper was about the same as in recent examinations. The least satisfactory answers were those to Q. 1 2 and 3. The developments arising from the Lewis-Langmuir concept of the chemical bond include the wave-mechanical treatment of valency and answers to the first question should have given a brief qualitative description of at least s and p orbitals and of the idea of bond formation by the overlapping of orbitals.In Q. 2 many candidates again failed to give a comparative account of the chemistry of the elements in question. In answering such a question it [ 324 is not sufficient to write down all the facts a good deal of credit is given for the arrangement of such an answer and for the emphasis on points of similarity and difference. The answers to Q. 3 which was the only one in the paper calling for straightforward book-work were disappointing. Many novel ways of preparing titanium dioxide calcium and hydrazine sulphate were suggested ! The quality of the practical work in inorganic chemistry was somewhat below average. This was particularly true of the qualitative analysis of the single substances and mixtures. Many reports were spoiled by the inclusion of absent radicals and it should be realised that candidates who report these light-heartedly incur a penalty.More attention should also be paid to the orderly presentation of results. This is essential when as quite often happens, the candidate’s calculation is in error. Physical Chemistry The standard of answers showed considerable improvement but there were too many candidates who were very far from passing. The first question received few and disappointing answers. Sign conventions in the electrochemical problem seemed to mislead rather than help. The second question was poorly done; many answers whether because of mis-reading or misunderstanding dealt with heats of formation. Many good essays some excellent were written on adsorption but few on electrical phenomena at interfaces.Q. 4 was generally satisfactorily answered except for the first section; this seems to suggest some narrowness of knowledge in the physical chemistry of electrolytic solutions. Many candidates dealt adequately with the first part of Q. 5 a standard theorem but none gave anything approaching a satisfactory answer to the second part. Since many students must have carried out molecular weight determinations by both these methods in the laboratory it seems that they can have given them little thought and cannot have found them very interesting. Q. 6 was clearly beyond the scope of most candidates. The last question, however received many good answers but too many candidates showed considerable misunderstanding.The calomel electrode listed indiscriminately with the hydrogen quinhydrone and other electrodes seemed to be regarded as reversible to hydrogen ions; the inside of the glass electrode was a mystery and sign conventions again proved a poor substitute for clear thought-to name only a few of the defects of the weaker answers. Although the results as a whole were better than in recent examinations, many candidates did not make the best use of their knowledge because they were lacking in accuracy and clearness of expression; on this occasion these defects were shown up by contrast with the few whose performances in this paper were in the first class. Organic Chemistry The work in the organic paper was very uneven in character. The most popular questions (Q.1 3 and 5 ) were reasonably well done whereas the answers to the question on the addition reactions of propylene ethyl crotonate and butadiene were almost uniformly of very poor quality. Very few candidates were aware of any differences between the properties of the carbon-carbon double bond in propylene and those of the carbon-carbon double bond in ethyl crotonate. The nature of the chemical reactions of the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons was not fully appreciated by many candidates and the mistaken belief that a hydrocarbon RR’ can be prepared by means of the reaction RMgBr + R’OH -+ RR’ + MgBrOH was almost universal. Few candi-dates had any knowledge of azoxybenzene and the answers on exhaustive methylation found many attempting to apply the process to ring systems not in the fully reduced state while others devoted their answers to the methylation [ 325 of carbohydrates.Other common mistakes were the description of benzoyl peroxide as an unstable liquid and the application of the Reformatski reaction to a- and 8-halogeno-acids. The essays on the chemistry of acetylene were almost equally divided between those which were based on the work of Reppe and those which were based on the more classical chemistry of this hydro-carbon there were very few balanced reviews of the subject as a whole. The identification of substance (E) (p-chloroacetanilide or propionanilide) proved to be beyond the capacity of many candidates but substance (M) (sulphanilamide or p-toluenesulphonamide) appeared to present less difficulty.The mixtures (F) and (N) were treated with competence by most candidates, although many failed to report the presence of sulphur or toluene. The analyses of the mixtures (G) and (0) were unsatisfactory and few candidates realised that a “complete analysis” should include at least a rough estimate of relative proportions. Examination for the Fellowship Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water The answers to the theoretical questions although they showed that candidates had given thought to the problems now besetting the public analyst and hence presumably likely to be set as examination questions also showed that many of the basic requirements of the laboratory had scantier consideration. This indicates continued reliance on books rather than the necessary experience; thus there was a distinct difference in standard between successful and unsuccessful candidates in the theoretical papers.The practical work was somewhat better although it was a shock to find that many candidates had little or no practical experience of water bacteriology. That this work is going elsewhere than to public analysts’ laboratories and hence experience is unobtainable is no explanation; bacteriological results cannot be assessed adequately without practical experience in this field. The analysis of the sausage was generally well done but candidates showed inexperience in writing certificates thereby undoing the satisfactory practical work. The fondant was of foreign origin and contained a mixture of p-chlorbenzoic and benzoic acids; failure to detect the former was excusable but the missing of both preservatives by some candidates was more serious.Distillation of the gin for spirit strength was unnecessary and showed that some candidates had little experience of this important analytical technique. Little difficulty was experienced in showing that the sample labelled Palm Kernel Oil contained none; it consisted entirely of refined hardened palm oil. The examination of the curry powder containing ten ingredients was a difficult exercise but the findings were generally poor and much guesswork was evident. The need for particular accuracy in the determination of ascorbic acid was stressed and it was disappointing therefore that only one candidate standardised the ascorbic acid before using it to find the strength of the dye solution.The sample labelled Paraffin Emulsion was in fact Paraffin Emulsion with phenol-phthalein; this exercise was well done by all candidates. Candidates were “metal conscious” in almost everything and it must have been disappointing that the examiners failed to set an exercise in this subject. In Therapeutics Pharmacology and Microscopy the theoretical paper was moderately well done but it was surprising that only two candidates chose the question on alcohol determination. In the practical part of the examination the powders were appropriately identified by most of the candidates. The methods of examination of the urine in a case of narcotic poisoning and the figures given for the concentration present were good The routine examination of the urine in Q.3 showed that most candidates had had little experience in this exercise. In the identification of the tablet there was little systematic approach to the problem and although the results were mostly correct there was very little written record to show by what means the final answer had been obtained. PASS LIST EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP Alner Henry Giveen Hamilton Battersea Polytechnic London. Ball John Walter Henry Municipal Technical College Hull. Bourne Derek City College of Technology Liverpool. Bradfield Edward Guy Harris Institute Preston. Brown John Royal Technical College Salford. Buckley Francis James College of Technology Manchester; Harris Institute, Preston; Technical College Bridgend.Carter Harry Municipal Technical College Hull. Chadwick Arthur Royal Technical College Salford. Chapman Edmund David B.Sc. (Lond.) South-East Essex Technical College, Charles Henry Owen Wigan and District Mining and Technical College Wigan. Exley James Anthony Municipal Technical College Hull. Ferguson Ian Royal Technical College Glasgow ; Technical College Paisley. Fewster John Noel Constantine Technical College Middlesbrough. Fielding Peter Derek College of Technology Leeds. Finnecy Edward Ernest South-East Essex Technical College Dagenham. Firth Frank Oxtoby Technical College Bradford. Gray Joseph Wylie Royal Technical College Glasgow. Heath Peter B.Sc. (Lond.) Norwood Technical College London. Hobbis Ronald Seymour College of Technology Birmingham.Hulme Alan Frederick Royal Technical College Salford. Ingham Donald Victor Municipal Technical College Halifax. Kay Geoffrey Municipal Technical College Bolton; Municipal College, Ken- Robert Technical College Paisley. Livermore Leonard Albert Lancaster and Morecambe Technical College, Martin Henry Anthony South-West Essex Technical College Walthamstow. Martin Jack City College of Technology Liverpool. Meadows George Swithin Harris Institute Preston. Meyer Harvey Charles William B.Sc. (Lond.) Acton Technical College, Musgrave Norman Stanley Lancaster and Morecambe Technical College, Nicolson Ronald Samuel Royal Technical College Glasgow. Nunn Dennis Michael B.Sc. (Lond.) Technical College Bradford. Padmore George Robert Alfred University College Hull; Harris Institute, Preston.Palmer John Graham Horace Merchant Venturers Technical College (now College of Technology) Bristol; Municipal Technical College Bolton; Municipal College Burnley. Parry Edgar Denbighshire Technical College Wrexham. Philip Maxwell Charles Royal Technical College Glasgow. Robertson Michael William Municipal Technical College Hull. Robinson William Royal Technical College Salford. Dagenham. Burnley. Lancaster. London. Lancaster . r 327 Scott Peter Royal Technical College Salford. Sharp David Reginald William B.Sc. (Lond.) The Polytechnic Regent Street, Shelton-Jones Eric Battersea Polytechnic London. Shoop Basil Queen Mary College London; The Polytechnic Regent Street, London. Slack John George Technical College Chesterfield; Nottingham and District Technical College Nottingham.Stuckey John Edward College of Technology Birmingham. Tarbet George Wilfred Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle upon Tyne. Thompson John Grant City Technical College Liverpool; Royal Technical College Salford. Thomson Colin Henry Northern Polytechnic London. Ward Donald Leslie Municipal Technical College Bolton; Municipal College, Burnley . Waterhouse Alan Sydney B.Sc. (Lond.) Merchant Venturers Technical College (now College of Technology) Bristol; Birkbeck College London. Wright John Falcon College of Technology Birmingham. London. EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHW Branch D. 1 Clinical Chemistry. Hackett Walter Robert. Whitehead Thomas Patterson. Arnot Roger B.Sc. (Lond.).Blunt Ronald B.Sc. (Lond.). Boswall Desmond Arthur. Robson John Norman B.Sc. (Lond.). Williams Emrys Islwyn B.Sc. (Lond.). Paul Harry B.Sc. (Lond.) M.Sc. (McGill). Andrew Thomas Ralph B.Sc. (Lond.). Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. Branch F Agricultural Chemistry. Branch H Analytical Chemistry INSTITUTE AFFAIRS FORTHCOMING EXAMINATIONS An Examination for the Associateship will be held during the period Wednesday 8 April to Saturday 18 April 1953. Theoretical papers In London Leeds and Newcastle and if required in certain other centres on Monday and Tuesday 13 and 14 April. Practical exercises In London and Leeds on Wednesday to Saturday 8 to 11 April; and in London and Newcastle on Wednesday to Saturday 15 to 18 April, inclusive.Candidates will be asked to state their preference as to centre for their theoretical papers and for their practical exercises but no guarantee is given that their wishes can be met. Candidates who have not yet been accepted for examination should obtain from the Assistant Registrar without delay the prescribed Application Form, so as to allow ample time to secure thereon the necessary signatures certifying that they have complied with the Regulations concerning their courses of training. The completed Application Form must reach the Institute not later than Monday 5 January 1953. No application in respect of the April Examina-tion will be considered if received later than that date. Entry Forms will be sent as soon as they are ready to all candidates who have been accepted already and to those whose applications are received as above and accepted.The last date for the receipt of Entry Forms will be Monday 2 February, 1953 after which no Entry will be accepted. NOMINATION OF GENERAL MEMBERS OF COUNCIL In accordance with the provisions of By-law 23 (c) the following General Members of Council are due to retire at the Annual General Meeting on 24 April, 1953 and are ineligible for reelection in that capacity or for election as District Members of Council :-Hubert Thomas Stanley Britton DSc. D.I.C. Arnold Trevor Green O.B.E. D.Sc. F.Inst.P. M.I.Cliem.E. Hon. Herbert Henry Hodgson M.A. BSc. Ph.D. Harry Munroe Napier Hetherington Irving M.A. D.Phil. L.R.A.M. Hugh Brian Nisbet Ph.D. DSc. A.H.-W.C.F.Inst.Pet. M.Inst.F., Ernest Harry Rodd DSc. A.C.G.I. D.I.C. Percy Frederick Ronald Venables BSc. Ph.D. Dip.Ed. iM. Inst.Gas E. F. R.S. E, Seven General Members of Council are therefore to be elected at the Annual General Meeting in 1953 to fill the vacancies thus caused and to serve until the Annual General Meeting 1956. The Council will in due course make nomina-tions for this purpose under By-law 25 ( d ) . Other nominations under By-law 26, are now invited and must be delivered at the Institute not later than 1 February, 1953. [By-law 26 reads as follows:-26 (1) Any ten corporate members not being Members of the Council, may nominate an eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council but no corporate member shall concur in nominating more than one such Fellow at any particular election (2) Any nomination made under this By-law .. . shall be in the following “We the undersigned being corporate members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry do hereby certify that A.B. of (registered address) a Fellow of this Institute is in our estimation a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more corporate members and shall be accompanied by a statement by the candidate that he is willing to accept such nomination.] In considering the making of nominations under By-law 26 corporate members may wish to be reminded that-(a) Nominations for District Members of Council were invited in Journal, 1952 V 257 and the notice included a complete list of present District Members of Council showing which were ineligible for re-election.As this part of the Journal (Part VI) will have gone to press before the closing date (8 December) for receipt of such nominations publication of the list of nominees will be deferred to Part I 1953 to be issued about the middle of January. It will be understood however that any Fellow who has been nominated for election as a District Member is ineligible for nomination as a General Member of Council. (6) Present General Members of Council who are due to continue in that capacity after the Annual General Meeting 1953 are as follows:-Until the A.G.M.1954 Mr. A. L. Bacharach Dr. Norman Booth Professor C. W. Davies Dr. C. E. Dent Dr Frank Roffey Dr. Charles Simons Mr. George Taylor. Until the A.G.M. 1955 Professor Frederick Challenger Mr. G. H. Moore, Mr. W. A. C. Newman Dr. B. C. Saunders Dr. H. C. Smith Mr. E. J. Vaughan, Dr. K. A. Williams. (c) It will be for the Council to make nominations in due course under By-law 22 to fill vacancies among Officers that will occur at the Annual General Meeting 1953 through the retirement of the following who are ineligible for reelection to the specified offices:-form :-President : Vice-Presidents : Herbert William Cremer C.B.E. MSc. M.I.Chem.E. M.Inst.F. George Macdonald Bennett C.B. M.A. Sc.D. F.R.S. Harold Burton Ph.D.DSc. Clifford Walter Herd BSc. Ph. D. At the A.G.M. 1953 Professor J. W. Cook will be succeeded as Vice-President ex oficio by Mr. H. W. Cremer. The following Vice-presidents are due to continue in that office until the A.G.M. 1954 Dr. Harry Baines, Sir Harry Jephcott Professor Sir Robert Robinson. ORGANISATION AND FINANCE Proposed New Local Sections.-At their meeting on 17 October the Council accepted a formal petition for the constitution of a new Local Section to serve the area of the Dominion of Ceylon and approved the draft Rules of the Section submitted by the acting Hon. Secretary Dr. A. Sundralingham subject to minor verbal amendments. The Council also approved subject to verbal alterations an amended draft of the provisional Rules of the Eastern India Section which had been resubmitted by the acting Hon.Secretary Mr. K. B. Sen. A petition for th establishment of this Local Section had previously been accepted and it now remains for the provisional Committee to proceed to the election of the Officers and a substantive Committee and to inaugurate the activities of the Section. Local Section Rules.-The Council has approved proposals for amending the Rules of the Bristol and District Section and of the Cape Section. Anniversary Meetings 1953.-In accordance with the established practice of holding the Anniversary Meetings of the Institute alternately in London and outside the Meetings in 1953 will be held in London and it has been decided that they shall take place on Friday 24 April and Saturday 25 April.The 75th Annual General Meeting will be held in the morning of 24 April and will be followed by the Address of the retiring President Mr. H. W. Cremer C.B.E. The Annual Dinner and Dance will take place at Grosvenor House Park Lane, on the evening of Saturday 25 April. Particulars of other events will be announced in due course. Arrangements are in the hands of the Anniversary Meetings Organising Committee and it has now been agreed that for these and future Anniversary Meetings in London the Committee shall include in addition to the Officers of the Institute the Chairman and Hon. Secretary of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section or alternative representatives nominated by that Committee. Anniversary Meetings 1954.-The Council has accepted an invitation from the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and the East Anglia Section to hold these Meetings in Cambridge in 1954 subject to facilities being available at appropriate dates in April of that year.Cambridge lies within the area of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section but the Meetings in 1954 will be regarded as being in the category of Anniversary Meetings outside London. Fellowship Examination Fees.-The Council has accepted a recommendation of the Finance and House Committee that candidates who are required to complete part of the examination for the Fellowship should normally be required to pay the full examination fee of ten guineas but that candidates for the examination in Branch E who are required to repeat only therapeutics, pharmacology and microscopy should be allowed to pay a reduced fee of five guineas.Applications for Additional Grants by Certain Local Sections.-At the 26th Conference of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections held on 17 April it had been recommended that consideration be given to providing additional annual grants to five Sections whose needs were regarded as exceptional. On a report by the Finance and House Committee which had examined the basis of the claims of the specified Sections the Council concluded with regret that increased annual grants could not properly be provided for any of these Sections at the present time but that as a special measure the five Sections should be excused repayment of the reserves deposited with them some years ago. It was believed that the' sums involved should be sufficient to relieve immediate financial difficulties and an assurance was given that the whole question of grants to Local Sections would be sympathetically reviewed as soon as the financial position of the Institute warranted such action.Appointments and Economic Status Matters.-Although no meetings of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee had been held during the summer recess the Council received an interim statement on the more important matters that had been dealt with by the Officers in the intervening period. These covered a wide range but did not raise any new matters of principle requiring special consideration by the Council. [ 331 PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE An account of the recommendations of the Publications Committee concerning intermittent publications accepted by the Council at its meeting on 18 July was published recently (Journal 1952 V 259).Since then the Committee has devoted its attention mainly to the future of the Journal and the series of Lectures Monographs and Reports and its detailed recommendations on policy content and style were approved by the Council on 17 October. They will take effect in January 1953, In 1949 consideration was given to the proposal that the Journal should be issued monthly. Although it was then agreed that a monthly Journal would be far more useful to members and students than a publication with only six issues per year the plan had to be abandoned owing to the fact that the paper supply position made it impracticable.Paper supply now raises no special problems, while the cost of paper has begun to decrease; it thus seemed an opportune moment for reconsidering the plan. The first and major recommendation therefore was that the Journal should be published monthly beginning in January 1953 and that it should appear at about the middle of each successive month. This will enable the Journal to be kept far more up-to-date than has been possible hitherto e.g. many news items and other announcements though they would have been of interest to members, have had to be omitted because inadequate notice had been given. A number of recommendations about format layout and content were made the Committee having in mind the desirability of enhancing the appearance and dignity of the Journal as well as its usefulness.To this end a simpler design of cover has been adopted for 1953 and the size has been increased slightly to just less than standard Royal Octavo (about 93 in. x 6 in.). This in turn has led to the decision to modify the title-page so that it can include the list of principal contents. At the same time it has been decided to change from Times Roman type to Baskerville which was considered to be more suitable for the larger page and also more elegant and legible for the kind of material that is printed in the Journal. The other main consideration in the choice of type was the need for economy, in view of the fact that just over one-third of a million copies of the various issues of the Journal (including the Annual Report of the Council) and of Lectures Monographs and Reports are expected to be printed in the course of 1953.This consideration has prevented the use of some of the modern more open types employed in countries where paper consumption is of minor importance. It has also been decided to transfer page numbers to the top of the page and to incorporate running headlines to minimise the need for referring back to the list of contents. The annual subscription rate for nonmembers will be raised from 21s. to ~ O S . while the cost of single copies is being reduced from 5s. to 3s. 6d. In the main it is the intention to retain the character of the Journal as far as possible though Summaries of Lectures and some other matter hitherto printed in smaller type will in future be printed in the larger type used for special articles.Obituary notices are to be maintained. Further it is hoped that members will take advantage of the oppor-tunity to raise questions of professional interest in the pages that will in future be reserved for Correspondence possibly with some editorial comment when appropriate. Through the correspondence section it is hoped that it will be possible to improve further the services provided for members and to answer some of their hitherto unspoken questions. It is clear also that a monthly Journal will provide greater opportunities for the publication of special articles of professional interest and that it will be possible to devote more space annually to items of interest to Local Sections. 332 Some of the implications and possibilities of the new monthly Journal have since been discussed at the 27th Conference of Hon.Secretaries of Local Sections a report of which will be found on p. 304. The Publications Committee has also considered the series of Lectures, Monographs and Reports and it has been decided that in future years the Institute shall aim at publishing six items in this series per annum printed in a style uniform with that of the Journal. The principle of distinctive colours for the covers of Institute Publications is to be preserved the present green being retained for the Journal while grey is being adopted for Lectures Monographs and Reports in future. The question of subscription rates for non-members has yet to be decided. The Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections have already expressed their support of the policy now being adopted by the Council in these matters and it is hoped that as a result of these decisions the Institute’s regular publications can be made of increasing value to all sections of the profession not forgetting the special needs of younger members and of the large body of Registered Students.RESIDENTIAL CLUBS FUND Following the adoption by a Special General Meeting of the Institute (on 2 September) of a resolution for winding up the Residential Clubs Fund the Residential Clubs Fund Committee held its final meeting on 13 October and submitted its concluding report to the Council. Before the Special General Meeting all contributors to the Fund had their attention drawn to the winding-up proposal and after that meeting those who had completed Deeds of Covenant were notified that their liability for further contributions under such Deeds had ceased.Letters were also sent to all who had lent money to the Fund stating that the money would be returned to them in full on a prescribed date unless they wished any part of their loans to be retained by the Fund as donations. A sum of 297 had been received in this way and the balance of the loans had since been repaid to the lenders. The Committee reported that following these transactions the assets of the Residential Clubs Fund amounted to not less than E2,900 the exact figure depending on the outcome of the settlement of certain claims with the Inland Revenue. Of this amount a sum of 21,OOO was represented by a loan to Crossways Trust Ltd.in respect of a right (not at present exercised) to nominate and maintain a resident in Hurst Grange. The Council accepted a recommendation of the Committee that the cost of arranging the Special General Meeting on 2 September be borne from Institute funds and that no other charge be made on the Residential Clubs Fund except for the small sums owing for legal advice and other services connected directly with the winding up of the Fund. It was left to the Chairman to report to the Council the precise value of the assets of the Fund as soon as this had been determined so that the Council might authorise the transfer of these assets to the Benevolent Fund in accordance with the resolution of the Special General Meeting. The Council endorsed the Committee’s expression of thanks to Dr.Ellingham for the valuable services he had rendered in connection with the establishment and operation of the Fund and as a representative of the Committee in its dealings with Crossways Trust and other organisations for the care of old people. The Council also expressed cordial thanks to Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones, who had been Chairman of the Committee during the whole of its existence and had devoted much time and energy to all aspects of its work. It was generally agreed that although the original objects of the Fund had not been realised the work of the Committee had not by any means been wasted as the experiment had provided valuable experience and had furnished useful 333 information about the needs of old people which it was hoped would be met to some extent in the future through the Benevolent Fund.It was then resolved that the Residential Clubs Fund Committee be discharged and the thanks of the Council were accorded to all who had participated in its work since its inception under a resolution of the 71st Annual General Meeting on 29 April 1949. At the subsequent meeting of the Benevolent Fund Committee it was agreed to accept obligations arising from the transfer to the Fund of the assets of the Residential Clubs Fund. It had been reported that the Governors of Crossways Trust Ltd. had indicated their willingness to consider an application from the Benevolent Fund for membership of the Trust and the Council formally approved the submission of such application and the nomination of the Chairman and Hon.Secretary of the Fund as representatives of the Committee. The Council also endorsed the Committee's recommendations that sponsorship of the loan of E1,OOO to Crossways Trust in respect of the right to nominate one person for residence in Hurst Grange be formally made over to the Benevolent Fund and that additional loans of f 2 W be offered to Crossways Trust with the object of securing rights of nomination to two places in Ridgemead or a similar home for elderly persons requiring a greater degree of care and attention. EXTERNAL RELATIONS Films in the Teaching of Chemistry.-The Council has appointed Dr. Harry Baines in addition to Professor H. Burton as a representative of the Institute on the Joint Coordinating Committee on Films as Aids in the Teaching of Chemistry (cf.Journal 1952 IV 223-4). Mr. J. Stewart Cook Secretary of the Scientific Film Association is the Convener of the Joint Coordinating Committee. Darlington Technical College.-Dr. A. R. Martin has been nominated as a representative of the Institute on the Governing Body of the College. The Rag Flock and Other Filling Materials Act 1951.-Observations on certain provisions of the Act were submitted by the Institute to the Minister of Local Government and Planning in August 1951 and representations on matters arising from the Regulations made under the Act were forwarded to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government on behalf of the Joint Com-mittee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists on 10 January 1952.It had then been stated that the Minister proposed to review the whole question of the analytical work required by the Act and the'Regulations when the Act had been in operation for about six months. In accordance with this proposal representatives of the Joint Committee were invited to discuss relevant matters with officials of the Ministry on 28 October, At this meeting questions were raised about the entrustment of certain chemical tests designed for the protection of the public to prescribed analysts who did not necessarily hold the qualifications required of a public analyst and who appeared in some instances to be connected with the trade. It was recognised however that at least one of the tests was of a mechanical nature and involved the use of specialised equipment that was not normally available to public analysts.Questions about scales of fees were also raised. Various suggestions for modification of the Regulations were put forward by representa-tives of the Joint Committee and these are being considered by the Ministry. 334 PERSONAL NOTES Sir Wallace Akers C.B.E. F.R.S. Fellow has been appointed a member of the Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Professor H. Berry Fellow Dean of the School of Pharmacy University of London has been appointed a member of the Governing Body of the Institute ~~ of Education. Dr. E. A. R. Braude Fellow has been appointed Reader in Organic Chemistry at the Imperial College of Science and Technology. Professor W.F. Chubb Fellow has left King Fuad 1 University Cairo and has taken up a consultative appointment with D. P. Fisher Ltd. Wellington, New Zealand. Professor J. Norman Davidson Fellow has been elected Secretary to Ordinary Meetings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for 1952-53. Dr. G. E. Gale Fellow of the Royal Naval Scientific Service is with the Government of India on loan from the Admiralty as scientific adviser to the Indian Navy. Mr. G. G. Halliday Fellow has taken up his duties as works manager, T. and H. Smith Ltd. Blandfield Chemical Works Edinburgh. Dr. Tom Heap Fellow Principal of the Luton and South Bedfordshire College of Further Education has been appointed Principal of Derby Technical College. Professor J. W. McBain F.R.S. Fellow is now in the U S A .as adviser to the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington. Mr. Raymond Mallinder Fellow has been appointed Public Analyst to the West Riding of Yorkshire. Mr. L. S. Mumford Fellow has been appointed to the new post of Develop-ment Controller Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. and is now responsible for both the home and overseas sides of the work. Principal H. B. Nisbet Fellow has been elected to the Council of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for 1952-53. Mr. C. V. Oliver Fellow has recently been appointed a Justice of the Peace for the County of Kent. Dr. L. N. Owen Fellow has had the title of reader conferred upon him in respect of the post held by him a t the Imperial College of Science and Technology. Mr. E. T. Pickering Fellow has been appointed Area Chief Chemist West Midlands Gas Board.Mr. A. J. Radford Fellow senior analyst of Laporte Chemicals Luton has been appointed Government Chemist for Mauritius. Professor G. V. Raynor Fellow has been elected a vice-president of the Institute of Metals. Mr. T. F. E. Rhead Fellow has retired from the West Midlands Gas Board, to which he has been scientific adviser since the industry’s nationalisation. Mr. J. F. Ronca O.B.E. Associate technical adviser and director of George Wilson Gas Meters Coventry has received the Insignia Award in Technology (Chemical Industries) of the City and Guilds’ Institute. Dr. W. D. Scott Fellow has been appointed assistant to the chairman of Monsanto Chemicals Ltd. with particular responsibility for the co-ordination of the Company’s activities in the Commonwealth.Sir Arthur J. G. Smout Fellow a director of Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited has received the Insignia Award in Technology (Chemical Industries) of the City and Guilds Institute. Dr. D. T. A. Townend C.B.E. Fellow has been awarded the Melchett Medal in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the science of combustion particularly in the field of higher hydrocarbons. 335 Mr. P. A. H. Sperring Associate.-We are pleased to hear that Mr. Peter Sperring who has unfortunately become a poliomyelitis patient is making steady progress and that a complete recovery though it may take a long time, is in sight for him. The good wishes of the Institute go out to Mr. Sperring at Rush Green Hospital Romford. REGISTER OF FELLOWS AND ASSOCIATES 1950 Corrigenda and Addenda Some errors and omissions have been brought to the notice of the Institute, and the following corrections are published for the information of members.Changes of address occupation or other particulars which were not duly reported before 31 August 1950 or which have occurred since that date, cannot be included in this or any subsequent list of corrections. P.15. AUSTIN D. L. for Works Analyst read Assistant Works Analyst. P.33. Fur BETTERIDGE Alan Ronald Arthur read BETTRIDGE Alan Ronald P.221. JUDD A. E. addF. 1946. P.318. PLATT B. C. fur T. N. Wordsworth 5940 read Weybridge 3846. P.389. STOYLE Captain J. A. R. fur Assistant Government Chemist read Government Chemist. P.408. For TOWER Glynn Spencer read TOWER Glynn Spencer.Arthur. OTHER NOTES AND ANNOUNCEMENTS SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES Acton Technical College Post-graduate Courses.-A course of 11 lectures on Some Modern Physico-Chemical Methods and Their Application in Chemistry will be held in the Department of Chemistry and Biology on Fridays at 7.30 p.m. commencing 16 January 1953. The course will comprise 4 lectures on Emission Spectroscopy 4 lectures on Absorption Spectrophotometry and 3 lectures on X-ray Analysis. It will be suitable particularly for industrial chemists research workers and others engaged in industry. Fee for the course 30s. Forms of application may be obtained from The Principal Acton Technical College High Street Acton W.3. Chelsea Polytechnic.-The second series of advanced lectures on special aspects of Dairy Technology will be given in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre at 7.15 p.m.on Tuesdays from 3 to 24 February 1953 inclusive. The lectures will be designed to provide up-to-date information for persons holding managerial or executive posts in the dairy industry for dairy laboratory workers, food chemists public health officers public analysts and others of professional standing interested in milk. Cost of admission 7s. 6d. Payment may be made at the Polytechnic on the first attendance subject to places being available. The special lectures on Biochemistry will be continued in the Spring Term, 1953. Group I11 (digestion and metabolism of proteins and amino-acids) and Group IV (digestion and metabolism of lipids and sterols) will be given from 12 January to 16 March inclusive.The lectures five in each Group will be given on Monday evenings from 7.15 to 8.30 p.m. Fee for each Group of lectures 10s. Application for enrolment should be made to the Secretary Chelsea Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3 Leicester College of Technology and Commerce School of Chemistry.-Refresher courses on Special Techniques in Analytical Chemistry have been arranged for January 1953. (1) A one-day course of instruction will be held on Friday 9 January on the use and applications of the Spekker Absorptiometer Electrodeposition, Polarography Conductivity and Potentiometry. This is being arranged for teachers in technical colleges and schools. Fee 21s. (2) A post-graduate refresher course for chemists in industry will be held on 12 successive Saturday mornings commencing 17 January 1953.There will be lecture demonstrations followed by practical periods. Only 10 students can be accepted for the initial course and applicants should have obtained a B.Sc. special chemistry degree or the A.R.I.C. Fee for the course 63s. For either course apply to the Registrar Leicester Colleges of Art and Technology The Newarke Leicester. Manchester Municipal College of Technology.-A course of 11 post advanced lectures on Recent Advances in Inorganic Chemistry will be given on Tuesdays at 7 p.m. commencing 6 January 1953 in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre the University of Manchester. The lectures will be followed by discussion. This course is the first part of a series of about 20 lectures which will be continued during the session 1953-54.The fee for the first part is 45s. Enrol-ment forms can be obtained from the Registrar The College of Technology, Manchester 1. International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry.-Under the auspices of the Swedish National Committee for Chemistry the XI11 International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry will be held in conjunction with the XVII Conference of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry from 29 July to 7 August 1953. The Congress will comprise a physical chemistry section and a symposium on the chemistry of wood and wood constituents both in Stockholm from 29 July to 4 August and a symposium on macromolecules in Uppsala from 5 to 7 August. The physical chemistry section has provisionally been divided into the following groups-chemical thermodynamics and thermochemistry; electro-chemistry; surface chemistry and colloid chemistry; chemical kinetics; other fields of physical chemistry.The Symposium will be divided into three groups:-(l) Structural chemistry of wood components viz. fatty acids carbohydrates terpenoids lignin, phenolic compounds and alkaloids; (2) Chemistry of cellulose and hemicellulose, and the structure of native and regenerated cellulosic fibres. Pulps their bleaching and refining and their properties in relation to paper-making and the manufacture of derivatives; (3) Discussions on the chemistry of lignh its behaviour in the pulping processes and its utilisation. The Symposium on Macromolecules in Uppsala will deal with experimental methods for investigation of macromolecules in solution together with the macromolecular properties of proteins and polyelectrolytes.Short papers of maximum duration 15 minutes are cordially invited. Excursions to industries and laboratories will be arranged together with social events and trips to places of interest and there will be a special ladies’ programme. Further details of these events will be issued shortly. All correspondence should be addressed to XI11 International Congress 0f Pure and Applied Chemistry Stockholm 70 Sweden. [ 337 O.C.C.A. Conference 1953.-The Oil and Colour Chemists’ Associatiotr will hold its next conference at Eastbourne from 2 to 6 June 1953. The general title of the papers will be “The Optical Properties of Films of Surface Coating Materials.” The technical sessions will be held on the mornings of 3 4 and 5 June.Accommodation is available in the Grand Hotel and the Burlington Hotel. Non-Members of the Association can obtain forms of application for accom-modation from the General Secretary The Oil and Colour Chemists’ Associa-tion Memorial Hall Farringdon Street London E.C.4. Applications must be made by 1 January 1953. The Textile Institute.-The 38th annual conference of the Textile Institute is to be held at Llandudno from 25 to 30 May 1953. The theme of the conference will be the structural design and testing for specific purposes of fibres yarns and fabrics. There will be accommodation for about 500. Booking forms will be available early in the New Year.Copies of the regulations governing the election of Fellows and Associates are available from the General Secretary 10 Blackfriars Street Manchester 3. RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS AND OTHER AWARDS City and Guilds of London Institute Insignia Award.-This new award for training in industry is intended to be a mark of distinction for those who have combined with a sound practical training an adequate knowledge of the fundamental scientific principles of their industry and who possess a capacity for leadership and administration. It is hoped that the institution of the Insignia Award in Technology will encourage those who have completed a course of training in some branch of industry to extend their studies to its broader problems and to widen their knowledge of the scientific principles on which their industry is based.It is also believed that it will encourage students to take full advantage of the facilities provided in industry and technical colleges and will lead to the recognition of the value of practical training and experience as basic require-ments. The standard of the Insignia Award will be well above that of any existing Full Technological Certificate in the main branches of the chemical, constructional electrical mechanical and textile industries. The co-operation of industry will be sought in judging the eligibility of candidates so that the recipients will be recognised as being both trained and qualified to occupy posts of technical and executive responsibility in their special class of work.At the Yearly Meeting on 3 November presided over by H.R.H. The Duke of Edinburgh 11 Foundation Awards were made to inaugurate the scheme. Among the recipients were Mr. J. F. Ronca O.B.E. and Sir Arthur J. G. Smout (see page 335). Copies of the general regulations notes for the guidance of candidates and application forms for the registration of candidates will be sent on receipt of a stamped addressed foolscap envelope by the Director Department of Tech-nology (LA.) 31 Brechin Place South Kensington S.W.7. Leverhulme Research Fellowships.-The Leverhulme Fellowships and Grants are intended for senior workers who are prevented by routine duties or pressure of other work from carrying out research. They are limited to British-born subjects normally resident in the United Kingdom.The Trustees are also prepared to consider applications from groups of workers engaged upon co-operative programmes of research particularly those engaged upon long-distance programmes. The duration of the awards will not normally extend i 338 over more than two years or less than three months from 1 September 1953, and the amount will depend on the nature of the research and the circumstances of the applicant. Forms of application may be obtained from the Secretary Miss M. Branney, Leverhulme Research Fellowships 3-5 Salisbury Square London E.C.4 and must be returned on or before 31 December 1952. National Research Council of Canada Post-Doctorate Fellowships.-The National Research Council will award for 1953-54 approximately 25 post-doctorate fellowships for research in pure chemistry tenable in the Council Laboratories at Ottawa.Applicants should be not more than 35 years of age and should possess a Ph.D. degree from a recognised university or expect to obtain such a degree before the end of this session. Successful applicants must meet all Canadian immigration requirements. The stipend is 3,000 dollars per annum for single fellows and 3,500 dollars per annum for male married fellows. The award is tax free and payments are made twice monthly; grants in aid of travelling expenses will also be made including return passage. Fellowships are tenable for one year with a possible renewal for a second year. Applications must be made on a special form obtainable from the Chief Scientific Liaison Officer National Research Council of Canada Africa House, Kingsway W.C.2.They should be received in Ottawa together with supporting documents not later than 15 February 1953. The appointments may be taken up by arrangement at any time within the year in which the award is made but preferably in September or October. RECENT PUBLICATIONS Anglo-American Council on Productivity Final Report .-The Council held the fifth and last joint session of the U.S. and U.K. Sections in May 1952, and details of the operations and methods of the Council and the results achieved are set out in its final report. The report states that one of the most important benefits of the Council’s work lies in the improvement of the climate of opinion about productivity. However a number of team reports have yet to be published so that the full effects of the Council’s work have yet to be seen.The activities of the U.K. section are to be taken over by the British Productivity Council while the formation of a similar organisation in the U.S.A. is also being considered. Experience has shown that the work of the committee charged with the promotion of plant visits was the most profitable and special emphasis has been laid on the task of disseminating the reports of the various industrial and specialist teams. Already more than half a million of these reports have been distributed. An attempt is made to assess the benefit that has been derived from the scheme which cost more than E800,000 of which rather more than f300,000 represents sterling expenditure.“In those industries investigated it has been found impossible to discriminate clearly between action taken as a result of a productivity team’s visit and what has happened as part of normal development in the postwar period. It should not therefore be assumed that all the developments referred to have taken place as a direct result of the team reports . . . . The developments which are taking place are however generally in line with the recommendations contained in the reports.” It is considered that the reports have directed the attention of industry as a whole especially the medium-sized and smaller firms to the advantages of adopting new techniques and have stimulated developments generally. Copies of the report may be obtained from the Anglo-American Council on Productivity at 21 Tothill Street London S.W.l price 3s.6d. post free Careers for Men and Women.-A revised edition of pamphlet No. 37 (Science) has been published by the Ministry of Labour and National Service, and is available from H.M. Stationery Office or through any bookseller. The pamphlet is divided into six sections-general; physics; chemistry; biology; geology; metallurgy. The fields of employment for the scientist-teaching, industry and Government service-are dealt with in some detail. The rest of the publication covers the six subjects listed and refers to pre-entry qualifications, training and professional particulars. IAESTE Fifth Annual Report.-The International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience was founded in 1948 by member committees representing Belgium Denmark Finland France Great Britain, the Netherlands Norway Sweden and Switzerland.More recent members are Austria Germany Israel Spain the U.S.A. Iceland Italy and Yugoslavia. The number of students sent abroad during the summer vacation in 1952 was 3,493 over 1,OOO more than in 1951. The Association is supported by a number of industries and commercial undertakings and exchanges are arranged by finding suitable students for each of the offers made. The aim of the Association is to be self-supporting without setting up a large international office and it has succeeded in exchanging more than 3,000 students in 1952 on an international income of only L462 together with a small subsidy from UNESCO. In the past year 488 students drawn from most British universities and colleges were sent abroad and in return 602 foreign students were placed in industrial and commercial companies in this country for experience during the summer vacation.The General Secretary of the Association is Mr. J. Newby Imperial College, South Kensington London S.W.7. Instruments and Accessories for Radio-Isotope Applications.-The Scientific Instrument Manufacturers’ Association in collaboration with the Atomic Energy Research Establishment Harwell have produced a new edition of their popular brochure on radio-isotope applications edited by D. Taylor and A. G. Peacock. Details are given of the various detector-elements and associated apparatus used for radioactive assay and radiation monitoring together with the names and addresses of manufacturers.The brochure is arranged so that all items of equipment necessary for the common methods of assay etc. appear under a single heading though individual items may be mentioned under several headings. In addition a list is given of more special equipment and accessories which may be needed as desirable adjuncts in some investigations. Copies of the brochure are available free of charge on application to the Secretary S.I.M.A. 20 Queen Anne Street London W.l. MISCELLANEOUS Aberdeen The New Chemistry Department.-The New Chemistry Depart-ment in the University of Aberdeen was opened on 17 September by Sir Robert Robinson F.R.S. This marks a very real step forward in the provision made for chemical teaching and research in the North-East of Scotland.The new building contains four floors devoted to chemistry and one to soil science and agricultural biochemistry. The building is constructed in the form of a cross, and is excellently appointed in teaching and research laboratories lecture theatres library stores and workshops. The University thus enters the second half of the century with provision for chemical science that should be equal to the growing status and importance of the chemical profession. The new building was begun in January 1949 though it had been first considered thirty years earlier. The department has now been removed from Marischal College to its new site adjacent to King’s College in Old Aberdeen where it is also proposed eventually to rehouse other science departments.[ 340 City and Guilds of London Institute.-An Exhibition entitled “Training for Industry” was held in connection with the Yearly Meeting from 4 to 14 November 1952 at the Goldsmiths’ Hall. The Exhibition presented the work of the Department of Technology students’ work from the City and Guilds of London Art School and exhibits (including working models and scientific equipment) from the City and Guilds College. National Institute of Adult Education.-The Institute in co-operation with the Association of Technical Institutions and the Association of Principals of Technical Institutions proposes to set up an independent commission of enquiry to investigate the desirable relationship between vocational and non-vocational studies in the education of technologists.There is a growing realisation in industry that non-vocational studies must play an important part in the training of technologists for management. Some of the main problems appear to be training in the fluent communication of scientific knowledge and finding and training teachers to present vocational studies against the back-ground of the political social and cultural aspects of western civilisation. This enquiry particularly concerns the major technical colleges but the investigations will be carried far beyond these institutions e.g. the industrial training colleges and short course residential colleges maintained by Local Education Authorities and other bodies for conducting studies in management. Courses of a vocational character in professional groups are also being provided to an ever greater extent by the extra-mural departments of the universities while the scope and content of internal courses are everywhere being debated.Ramsay Chemical Dinner and Dance.-This function held annually in Glasgow in honour of the memory of Sir William Ramsay has been arranged for Friday 13 March 1953 at “The Marlborough,” Langside Glasgow. Sir Edward Appleton G.B.E. K.C.B. F.R.S. has agreed to act as Chairman. Ramsay Centenary Appeal.-An appeal for &100,000 has been launched jointly by University College London and the Ramsay Memorial Fellowships Trust. It is intended to devote €75,000 to the building of an additional storey to the Chemistry Laboratories there while the remaining €25,000 will be used to provide more British Ramsay Memorial Fellowships the number of which has been halved during the last 30 years.Despite the existence of other scholarships to-day the large number of suitable British applicants for Ramsay Fellowships fully justifies the proposed increase in the number of awards. Science Museum Mining Collection.-The Mining Collection at the Science Museum was re-opened in much enlarged form on 18 November. The basic conception of the design of the new Mining Collection which occupies an area of 9,000 square feet has been to give the visitor the impression of being underground in the actual workings of a mine where can be seen the methods employed in the “getting” of minerals. Various sub-sections adjacent to the “mine workings” illustrate the historical development of the many ancillary services which are essential in mining and which have played such an important part in the safety and social progress of the miner.The development and building of this collection has only been made possible by the kindness and generosity of the many manufacturers of mining equipment, who have provided not only full-sized equipment but also many fine models and financial aid. Shortage of Science Teachers.-The Joint Four Secondary Association has recently sent a questionnaire to members of the Headmasters’ and Head-mistresses’ Associations. From the returns it transpired that at the beginning of the September term there were 49 unfilled vacancies for science and mathe-matics teachers in boys’ and mixed grammar schools and 116 in girls’ grammar schools.Science and mathematics appointments for September amounted to 341 989 of which 420 went to men and women with 1st and 2nd Class Honours Degrees and 74 to non-graduates. Of this total 396 teachers were taking up their first post; 156 of these had a 1st or 2nd Class Honours Degree i.e. 39 per cent. against the estimated pre-war 55 per cent. Returns from training departments of the universities show that there were 251 students with Honours degrees in science and mathematics. Of these only 4 were physicists and only 11 chemists. Three departments had no women students with Honours degrees in science. One college chemistry department stated that only one-the weakest-of their 22 honours graduates in chemistry intended to teach.The shortage affected girls’ grammar schools far more than boys’ and several instances were given in the returns where no applications had been received for vacancies on the science and mathematics side; one girls’ grammar school had been without a chemistry mistress for two years while others had been forced to make unsatisfactory arrangements for to keep science in the curriculum. In one school the laboratory assistant; in another they were taught by neighbouring boys’ school on his half holiday. part-time appointments girls were coached by a the science master of a ~~ ~~~ ~ OBITUARY NOTES Bernard Cracroft Aston. Ed. Horley Grammar School and Boys’ High School, Christchurch N.Z. and University of Otago 1892-96. Analyst to Milbury Lime and Cement Co.1896-99; then Chemist Agricultural Department New Zealand Government; afterwards Chief Chemist 1903-36. F.R.S.N.Z. 1919. C.B.E. 1949. (F. 1909). D. 31.5.51 aged 79. George Alec Awcock. B. 28.5.1900. Ed. Whitgift Middle School and Finsbury Technical College 1917-18 and 1919-22. A.C.G.F.C. Served in R.A.F. 191 8-1919. Research and shift chemist British Celanese Ltd. 1923-27 when he left to be Spinning Superintendent with Canadian Celanese Ltd. Drummond-ville. Later F.C.I.C. (A. 1921 F. 1944). D. 22.12.51. Robert Bickerstaffe. B. 1 1.7.1887. Ed. Accrington Technical School and Faculty of Technology Manchester. Chemist at H.M. Factory Gretna to early 1919 when he became chief chemist and process manager Greenwich Inlaid Linoleum Co. establishing laboratories and process control there and at Kirkcaldy works of Michael Nairn & Co.Ltd. 1923-27. Co-ordinated scientific work of branches overseas. Moved to Congoleum-Nairn Inc., Kearny New Jersey as assistant general superintendent 1927. Returned this country 1936. Became Senior Production Officer Ministry of Aircraft Production. (A. 1918 F. 1927). D. 5.9.50. Frederick Hartridge Branson. B. 30.1 1.1886. Ed. Rugby School and University of Leeds 1905-10. Qualified chemist and druggist 1909. Analytical works chemist and managing director Reynolds and Branson Ltd. Associated with Dr. Harry Ingle of Leeds during first world war in the synthetic production of drugs previously made in Germany. Chair-man and managing director of the firm after his father’s death in 1933. Chief interests golf motoring and viola in early days; passionately fond of country life.( A . 1917.) 0.10.2.52. George Bernard Brook. B. 28.1.1874. Chief chemist The British Aluminium Company Ltd. Kinlochleven and Lochaber. Elected F.R.S.E. 1937. Chief chemist and metallurgist to the Royal Ordnance Factory Radway Green, Crewe 1940-43. Metallurgical manager D. F. Taylor & Company New Hall Works Birmingham and associated companies 1943-45. Latterly metallurgical consultant. (F. 1919.) 0. 1.6.51. Also work on alloys and glass. 1 342 James Bruce. B. Feb. 1871. Ed. Royal College of Science 1891-95. B.Sc., A.R.C.S. afterwards research assistant. Ph.D. (Munich). Part-time lecturer, Newcastle-under-Lyme 1897-8. Lecturer Huddersfield Technical College, 1899 later head of chemistry department.( A . 1897 F. 1901.) D. 5.1.52. William George Campbell. B. 30.3.1900. Ed. Perth Academy and Universities of St. Andrews and Wisconsin (Commonwealth Fund Fellowship) B.Sc. M.S. Junior Scientific Officer D.S.I.R. 1927; S.O. 1928. In charge of chemical section Forest Products Research Lab. 1930 onwards. S.S.O. 1936 rising to S.P.S.O. Several papers in J.S.C.I. Biochem. J. etc. on wood chemistry. Leading authority on many aspects of wood chemistry and technology e.g. fundamental chemistry of wood components; attack by fungi and insects; interaction of wood and metals; mechanism of adhesion in glued joints; funda-mental work on urea-formaldehyde resin glues. Howard Alfred Caulkin. B. 14.4.1882. Ed. King Edward’s High School and University of Birmingham 1905-7.B.Sc. (Lond.). Analytical chemist 1903-9 with I. Vaughan Hughes Birmingham; then with Midland Railway Co. as senior assistant chemist until 1920. Moved to the general consulting practice of Messrs. Southall Bros. & Barclay Ltd. Birmingham as chief analyst till 1935. (A. 1908 F. 1911.) Albert Edward Caunce. B. 21.12.1893. Ed. Oakes Institute Walton and University of Liverpool 19 10-14. Leblanc Medallist Muspratt Scholar and Fellowship 1914. Army 1914-16 then sent to F. W. Berk and Co., Morriston 191 6-20. Study and practice of leather chemistry University of Leeds 1920-21. Appointed director of research for the Scottish Leather Manufacturers carrying out research and consultant work particularly chrome tanning at the Royal Technical College Glasgow 1921-23; then similar work at Battersea Polytechnic 1923-25 as senior assistant to the director of the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association.Many papers on fundamental leather chemistry. Works manager W. & J. Martin tanners, Glasgow 1925. Director of the firm 1947 to time of death. For a period chairman Leather Producers’ Association and member Leather Trades Employers’ Consultative Committee. Able negotiator on labour relations within the tanning industry. Keenly active churchman interested in sport and music and sometime President Glasgow Grand Opera Society. (A. 1917, F. 1924.) D. 21.4.52. William Beverley Cayley-Mann (William Mann). B. 20.6.1878. Ed. Park House School Gravesend and Dartford Grammar School. Studied at Isleworth, Hull Technical East London Technical and Goldsmiths Technical Colleges, 1897-1906.Science Master Organised Science School Hull; then Technical College Southend-on-Sea; later Roan School Greenwich. Sole proprietor, Mann’s Air and Gas Compressor Co. 1911 onwards later Mann Brothers. Changed name by deed poll 1935. Had commercial interests on the continent, including attar of rose industry in Bulgaria. Director of various companies. ( A . 1919.) D. 20.2.52. John Edward Christopher. B. 21.9.1880. Ed. Wigan High School Wigan Training and Technical College (Gold Medal) and Manchester College of Technology 1897-1900. Lecturer Wigan Mining and Technical College 15 years. Assistant then manager of coking plant Wigan Coal and Iron Co. 18 years. Manager and colliery chemist Risehow Colliery Coking and By-Products Co.Ltd. and research chemist for United Steel Co. Papers on coke oven working and benzole recovery; Christopher and Byron Coke-Oven Practice; joint author Modern Coking Practice. Held several patents. Member of Council Coke Oven Managers Association. (F. 1929.) D. 11.10.51. [ 343 1 Retired 1936. ( A . 1938.) D. 24.1 1.51. D. 25.8.51. M.Sc William Samuel Clark 11. 3.6.1892. Trained at West Ham Technical CoUege 1907-1 3 and East Ham Technical College 191 3-14. Assistant chemist Anglo-Continental Guano Works Ltd. 1910-15. Gas Corps (R.E.) in France 1915, recalled 1916. Section sub-manager Ministry of Munitions 1916-18. O.B.E. 1920. Chief chemist Anglo-Continental Guano Works Ltd. (later Fisons, Ltd.) 1922 to retirement.Acknowledged expert on artificial fertilisers. (A. 1928 F. 1931.) Frank Cobgridge. Ed. University College London 1892-96. B.Sc. and research. 1897 at Experimental White Lead Works Clichy Paris. Chemist and works manager to Gutta Percha Corporation 1897-1 901. Then assistant works manager Magnesia Syndicate Ltd. ; afterwards managing director Batchelor Robinson and Co. Ltd. Llanelly becoming director and joint general manager. (A. 1897 F. 1901.) D. 30.4.52 aged 79. Henry Edward Cox. B. 1892. Ed. Preparatory School in Beccles and St. Paul’s School. Assistant to City Analyst Sheffield 191 1. Assistant to Public Analyst for Monmouthshire at Newport Mon. 1917. Ph.D. (Lond.) 1921. Moved to London and established practice of Hehner and Cox 1923.Public Analyst for Hampstead 1925 and for County of Cornwall and Isles of Scilly shortly afterwards. D.Sc. (Lond.) 1934. Many papers on analytical chemistry, mainly in Analyst; contributed to Encyclopaedia Britannica; author of The Chemical Analysis of Foods (4 editions); revised Wynter Blyth Foods their Composition and Analysis. Three times Vice-Pres. SOC. of Public Analysts; Member of Council Chem. SOC.; Chairman Food Group S.C.I. Churchman, and actively interested in Boys’ Clubs. (A. 1916 F. 1919; Council 1933-36, 1937-40; Examiner 1936-47. Member of numerous special committees.) D. 21.11.51 following a road accident. Harold Thomas Cranfield. B. 7.7.1884. Ed. King Edward VI School, Chelmsford and County Technical Laboratories Chelmsford. Assistant lecturer and assistant analyst there 1904-10.Assistant lecturer later lecturer, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College 1910-22; head of chemistry dept. 1922-24. Deputy Official Agricultural Analyst Counties of Notts and Linsey. Papers mainly in Analyst and J. Agric. Sci. Advisory chemist for the Midland Province 1924-46. Then Provincial Chemist in charge of soils and nutrition for East Midland Province National Agricultural Advisory Service. O.B.E. 1950. (F. 1947.) D. 27.8.51. Harold Roy Crumpler. B. 9.5.24. Ed. Chislehurst-Sidcup County School and Imperial College London 1941-44. B.Sc. A.R.C.S. Research chemist, Mitcham Works Ltd. 1944-47. After a period of illness he joined the medical unit at University College Hospital Medical School. Henry Drysdale Dakin. B.12.3.1880. Ed. Merchant Taylors’ School Leeds Grammar School Bradford Technical College and Leeds Boys’ Modern School. Yorkshire College Leeds 1898-1901. Pupil and later assistant to City and County Analyst Leeds 4 years. Also studied at Heidelberg and the Lister Institute. Joined Dr. Christian Herter in a private laboratory for medical and biological chemistry research in New York. After Herter’s death Dakin remained in charge. During 1914-18 war worked in a research unit at Compiegne on antiseptic treatment of wounds ; devised stabilised hypochlorite solution still known in surgery as “Dakin’s solution.” Then went to Dardanelles on the Aquitania in which was his device to produce hypochlorite solution by electrolysis of sea-water (still in use in 1946). F.R.S.1917 Davy Medal 1941. Brilliant contributor to the new science of biochemistry. Played a leading part in the treatment of pernicious anaemia. D.Sc. LL.D. (Leeds), Hon. Ph.D. (Heid.) Hon. D.Sc. (Yale) Officier Lkgion de 1’Honneur. (A. 1901, F. 1904.) D. 4.12.51. (A. 1946.) D. 27.8.51. D. 10.2.52. For scientific work see J.C.S. 1952 3319-3324. [ 344 Thomas Rayner Dawson. B. 28.11.1889. Ed. Leeds Central High School and University of Leeds 1908-13. Analyst West Riding of Yorks Rivers Board, 1914-15. Analyst and plant chemist Messrs. Brotherton 1915-16. Research chemist British Dyestuffs Corporation 1917-21. Research chemist later head of Intelligence Division Research Association of British Rubber Manu-facturers. (A. 1921 F. 1925.) D. 16.12.51. Leonard Dobbin.B. 30.7.1858. Ed. Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Queen’s College Belfast and Royal College of Chemistry (under Edward Frankland). Afterwards at Wurzburg under Wislicenus Ph.D. there 1880. Assistant to Crum Brown at Edinburgh 1880 becoming reader in chemistry, retiring 1924. Main interest at first organic chemistry later history of chemistry. Organised the Alembic Club many of whose famous Reprints edited or trans-lated by him. Elected F.R.S.E. 1881 on Council 1904-7 and 1913-6 curator 1934-9 vice-president 193942. Served on Pharmaceutical Society’s Board of Examiners for Scotland during 1899-1 91 8. Associated with establishment of B.Sc. in Pharmacy (Glasgow). Conducted “Student’s Corner” in Chemist and Druggist for 38 years. Joint author Salts and their Reactions-a book used for 50 years; translated Ladenburg’s Lectures on the History of the Development of Chemistry 1900 and Collected Papers of C.W. Scheele 1931 (from Swedish and German originals); Occasional Fragments of ChemicaZ History 1942 (for private circulation). (A. 1880 F. 1885; Council 1924-27; first Vice-Chairman Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section.) D. 3.3.52. See Journal, 1952 11 102 125. William Donovan. Ed. Thames New Zealand and at Otago School of Mines and Auckland University College. Assistant Dominion Laboratory 1905; Dominion Analyst 1930 also Director Dominion Laboratory and Chief Gas Examiner. Retired 1941 after 35+ years of Government service. Chief interests mining and fuel problems. Foundation Member N.Z.I.C. and Hon. Fellow 1946.F.R.S.N.Z. 1938. Study-tours in England and Germany (1926) and Canada (1928). Numerous scientific papers. (F. 1926.) D. 4.12.50 aged 71. William Joseph Elford. B. 4.1.1900. Ed. Malmesbury Secondary School and University of Bristol. Soap research fellow (C. Thomas Ltd.) and Colston research fellow. Ph.D. (Bris.). National Institute for Medical Research 1925 onwards. Prepared graded collodion (“Gradocol”) membranes and worked out methods of ultrafiltration. Inverted capillary tube method in centrifugation analysis; studies of density of virus particles; bacteriophages and aerial disin-fection; discovered filamental nature of recently isolated strains of influenza virus 1949. F.R.S. 1950. (A. 1924.) 0.14.2.52. Leonard Gowen Gabriel. B. 13.8.1900. Ed. Archbishop Tenison’s Grammar School and East London College 1917-20.Assistant to Dr. 0. Oberlander, consulting chemist 1920-25. Assistant later chief chemist and afterwards technical director Colas Products Ltd. until his death. Papers and patents, mainly dealing with bitumen emulsions. (A. 1935 F. 1939.) D. 28.2.52. Sydney Hill. B. 26.9.23. Ed. Holt High School Liverpool and University of Liverpool 1940-43. B.Sc. Ph.D. Analytical and research chemist Peter Spence & Sons Ltd. Widnes. (A. 1944.) D. 27.11.51 in a street accident. Archibald Robert Jamieson. B. 3.10.1 898. Ed. Glebe High School Renfrew. Military Service Royal Naval Division; with B.E.F. in Egypt Eastern Mediterranean Greece Gallipoli Balkans France and Belgium; then student at Paisley Technical College Royal Technical College Glasgow and University of Glasgow 1919-23.Hon. Pres. Alchemists’ Club. Chemist with MacFie & Sons Ltd. Sugar Refineries Liverpool. 1926 entered City Analyst’s Dept., 1 345 Glasgow; appointed City Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst 1945. Member of the Incorporation of Bonnetmakers and Dyers of Glasgow. Former Pres. Scottish Section S.P.A. (A. 1924 F. 1930; Council 1950-51; former chairman Glasgow and West of Scotland Section.) D. 26.1.52. Alfred Francis Joseph. B. 9.5.1881. Trained at Birkbeck Institution (now Birkbeck College) and at Royal College of Science. B.Sc. A.R.C.S. 1904. D.Sc. 1916. Professor of Chemistry Ceylon Medical College 1908. Acting Registrar 1915-17. Special duty with Ministry of Munitions 1917-19. Fellow, Royal Empire Society 191 6 onwards.Government Chemist Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1920-29. Deputy Director Imperial Bureau of Soil Science 1929-31. Papers on analytical subjects and soil chemistry in Analyst J. C.S. J.S.C.I., Z . Phys. Chem. J. Agr. Sci. Cairo Scient. J. Soil Sci. Trans. Ceramic SOC. and Proc. Internat. SOC. Soil Sci. Ordained priest in the Anglican Ministry 1933, admitted to Society of St. John Evangelist 1937. (F. 1916.) D. 5.10.51. Robert Ferris Lyle. B. 1875. Ed. Greenock Academy and Royal Technical College Glasgow. Early experience with the firm of John Walker & Co., Greenock sugar refiners later entering the Westburn Sugar Refineries Ltd., Greenock where he remained till the time of his retirement in 1942 having filled the posts successively of chemist chief chemist and manager.(A. 1897, F. 1902.) D. 15.8.51. William Donaldson Mackenzie. B. 12.3.06. Ed. Allan Glen’s School and University of Glasgow 1925-29. Assistant chemist J. G. Stein & Co. Bonny-bridge Scotland 1929-30. Technical overseas representative 1930-33. British B.O.R.D. Oil Ltd. 1933-34. Chemist Accrington Brick and Tile Co. 1934-36. Tinode Brick and Tile Co. Dublin for a short period then general manager, James Dougall & Sons Ltd. Bonnybridge to 1948. Latterly managing director, Coronet Brick Co. Ltd. Burton-on-Trent. (A. 1932.) D. 19.2.52. Edward Alexander Mann. B. 11.8.1874. Ed. Privately and at University of Melbourne 1892-95. Assistant in Customs Laboratory Melbourne and assistant to Chief Inspector of Explosives 1890-95.Government Analyst and Chief Inspector of Explosives Western Australia 1895. Member Western Australian Royal Commission on Ventilation and Sanitation of Mines 1904-5. Pure Foods Advisory Committee Perth 1910. Left government service 1922 and practised as consultant in Perth Australia. Radio news commentator 193 1 onwards under the title of “The Watchman.” (F. 1914.) D. 14.11.51. Robert Duncan Masson. Ed. Edinburgh University and Heriot-Watt College. Principal assistant to J. Falconer King City Analyst Edinburgh 1899-191 1. Chief chemist R. Silcock & Sons Liverpool (fertilisers feeding stuffs and oils). With Anderson Wright & Co. Calcutta 1919. In Peru 1923 becoming managing director of the Campaiiia Industrial Anglo-Perunana Ltda. General Manager Oil and Byproducts Industries of Turkey Ltd.Izmir 1935. Was in Smyrna during the last war then moved to Belfast afterwards living in retirement in Peru. Alfred Mead. B. 6.2.09. Ed. Bishop Wordsworth’s School Salisbury and University of Bristol 1927-31. Ph.D. (Bris.) 1934. Technical assistant, Patents Dept. Imperial Chemical Industries (General Chemicals) Ltd. till 1946, when he moved to Dunlop Rubber Co. Ltd. Birmingham. (A. 1946.) D. 12.2.52. Gordon Peace. B. 5.8.1890. Ed. Privately and Alleyn’s College Dulwich; Sir John Cass Technical Institute 1910-11. Four years assistant to W. C. Young in consulting practice and 3 years works chemist Cotton Powder Co., (A. 1908 F. 1912.) D. 28.1.52 aged 71. 346 Faversham. From 1914 assistant chemical inspector Indian Ordnance.1918 joined D. Waldie & Co. manufacturing chemists Konnagar and Cawnpore, becoming manager at each. 1921 chief chemist British India Corporation, Cawnpore. Chief Inspector of Explosives India 1934. O.B.E. 1944. Chief interest astronomy. (F. 1926.) D. 9.1.52. Reginald George Jeffreys Phillips. B. 1.10.10. Ed. Merchant Taylors’ School, Liverpool and University of Liverpool 1929-32. Analytical chemist Lever Bros. Ltd. Port Sunlight 1934. Assistant to chief chemist British Oil and Cake Mills (Union Oil and Cake Mills Branch) Silvertown. Transferred Avonmouth Branch 1951 expecting to become chief chemist and refinery manager in February 1952. (A. 1940.) 0.22.1.52. Appadvedula Lakshmi Sundara Rao. B. 15.1.16. Ed. High School Madras and University of Andhra.D.Sc. 1943. Technical chemist Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Delhi 1940-44 then junior research officer. Afterwards research officer Central Leather Research Institute 1948. Several research papers mainly in Indian journals. Studied leather chemistry at University of Leeds 1949-50. (A. 1947.) 0. 18.9.51. Henry Stanley Raper. B. 5.3.1882. Trained at Bradford Technical College and Yorkshire College Leeds. Akroyd Scholar 1902 University Scholar 1903. 1851 Exhibitioner (1904) and studied at the Lister Institute and the University of Strasbourg. Qualified M.B. Ch.B. 1910 then lecturer in pathological chemistry University of Toronto. Professor of Physiology and Biochemistry, k d s 1913. Served in R.A.M.C. later in command of anti-gas establishment.Lt. Col. R.E. C.B.E. Professor of Physiology Manchester 1923. Helped to found a department for clinical investigation in Manchester Royal Infirmary. F.R.S. 1929. Medical Research Council 1933-39. F.R.C.P. 1938. Dean of Medical School and Professor of Chemical Physiology Manchester 1946. (A. 1903 F. 1918. Examiner 1925-29.) D. 12.12.51. Archibald Rayner. B. 3.8.1 890. Ed. Tollington Schools Muswell Hill and University College London 1907-10. Assistant chemist Price’s Patent Candle Co. 1911-23. Moved to Hillcrest Oil Co. as technical manager and chief chemist. Analytical and consulting chemist in Manchester 1925 onwards. (A. 1912 F. 1915.) William James Sanderson. B. 10.10.1896. Ed. Ashton-under-Lyne Secondary School and University of Manchester 1914-16 1919-20.Chemist Chance and Hunt (High Explosives) 1916-18. May 1918 joined Special Brigade R.E.; gas casualty. B.Sc. Nov. 1918 M.Sc. 1920. (Papers in J.S.C.Z. and J.C.S.). Later research chemist Co-operative Wholesale Society Ltd. (A. 1920.) D. 29.4.50. Douglas Frank Twiss. B. 19.2.1883. Ed. King Edward’s Grammar School, Birmingham and University of Birmingham 1899-1 904. Priestley research scholar under P. F. Frankland. Lecturer Municipal Technical School, Birmingham 1904. D.Sc. (Birm.). Chief chemist Dunlop Rubber Co. Ltd. Produced first foamed latex sponge rubber. Colwyn Gold Medal Institution of the Rubber Industry 1934. (A. 1905 F. 1908; Council 1922-25 27-30, 37-40). D. 23.5.51. Eric Edmund Watson. Trained at University College Liverpool and Clausthal, Freiberg and Aix-la-Chapelle.With Rhodesia Broken Hill Co. Ltd. Rhodesia 1914; returned this country and lived at Hammersmith and Golden Green. (A. 1891 F. 1894.) D. 21.3.52. D. 24.10.51 aged 82. 347 EmiIe Alphonse Werner. B. June 1864. Ed. privately at Rathmines Dublin, then College St. Martin Amiens. Became assistant to Professor Emerson Reynolds Trinity College Dublin 1884; assistant lecturer 1887 and later lecturer. Appointed to the Chair of Applied Chemistry 1907 (vacant for more than 30 years). University Chair of Chemistry 1928 to his retirement in 1946. Hon. D.Sc. (Dublin) 1914. Published papers in J.C.S.; author of The Chemistry of Urea 1922. Elected M.R.I.A. and served for many years on the scientific committee of the Royal Dublin Society. Philatelist traveller and mountaineer.(F. 1888; Council 1909-10.) D. 18.3.51. Frank Ramsay Weston. B. 6.1.02. Ed. Manor House School Clapham, and City of London School; Royal College of Science 1920-23. 1923-26 Gas Research Fellow at Imperial College under Professor Bone. Ph.D. Lecturer in general chemistry at Regent Street Polytechnic 1923-29. Joined the Gas, Light and Coke Company as a research chemist 1926 carrying out large-scale plant research on coal carbonisation. After the war he transferred to gas production and became Station Engineer Bow Common Station North Thames Gas Board. Published papers in Proc. Roy. SOC. and new editions of Detection of the more Common Classes of Carbon Compounds. (A. 1924 F. 1929.) D. 20.11.51. Charles Reginald Wiikins. B. 22.7.1878.Ed. Mercers School Birkbeck College and Northern Polytechnic Institute. B.Sc. 191 1. 1896-98 pupil in laboratory of Odhams Chemical Manure Co. 1898-1912 Junior Analyst with Redwood and de Hailes. 1912 to retirement control chemist Co-operative Wholesale Society Ltd. (A. 1917.) D. 3 1.1.51. Walter Collingwood Williams. B. 27.3.1863. Ed. in Hackney Rudgwick and Croydon and at University School Hastings; later Mason College Birmingham. B.Sc. (Lond.) 1882. Assistant at Clifton College 1883-84 then returned to Mason College with a Tangye Scholarship. Private assistant to Professor Campbell Brown of University College Liverpool 1886-87 then assistant analyst County of Lancaster 5 ) years. Later Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst for Liverpool and the county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness Blackpool and Bootle.Afterwards Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst for Lancashire until 1926. (F. 1893.) D. 4.4.51. THE REGISTER Bracketed letters indicate Local Sections. NEW FELLOWS For key we page 350 Banerjee Hirendra Kumar D.Sc. (Dacca). (OG) Mehrotra Ram Charan M.Sc. D.Phil. (OE) Sarma Padubidri Subraya M.Sc. (Madras), Guha Sisir Kumar RSc. (Calcutta) D.Sc. (P) Burger Francis Joseph Peter Julius Ph.D. (Allahabad) Ph.D. (Lond.). (Berlin). (Dacca). Ph.D. (Wisconsin). ASSOCIATES ELECTED Battersby Albert B.Sc. (Lond.). Hancock Douglas Charles B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Haynes Leonard John B.Sc. Ph.D. (Cantab.), Hills. Walter Hvde. M.B.E T.D. M.A. -~ (Cantab.). Jones David Aubrey B.Sc.(Wales). .) Kiang Ai Kim B.Sc. (Lond.). Ph.D. (Cantab.). Kuner Frederick B.Sc P h D (Lond.). Laved Joseph Miundle,’ B.Sc.,’Ph.D. (Glas.). Lister Bryan Alfred Jack M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). A.R.C.S D.I.C. TO THE FELLOWSHIP (OD) Rajagopalan Ramachandra Ayyar B.Sc. (Rangoo;) Ph.P. (Bombay) A.1.i.s~. (OD) Rama Char Tirumale Lakshminara-simhachar,’B.Sc. (Mysore) M.Sc. Ph.D. (Dacca) A.1nst P A.M.1.Chem.E. (OE) Ratnagiriswkan. AiaGapuram Natesa M.A. (Madras). (P) Tull Alan Gilbert F.R.P.S. (0) T&eIl Leslie Wilter Mably B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Wales). (T) Williams Vernon Harcourt MSc. Wales). (P) Willmot; Wilfrid Eric B.&. (Lond.). [ 348 RE-ELECTED ASSOClAm (P) Wood. Charles Goldstraw. M.Sc. Tech. . , (Manc.). NEW ASSOCIATES (P) Addicott Harold Frank Simpson B.Sc.(P) Lanham Albert Frank BSc. (Lond.). (Lond.). (E) Lawrence John Arthui B.Sc. (Wales). (K) Allan George Graham B.Sc. (Glas.) Lawson George A.R.T.C. (P) Leonard Laurence Anthony B.Sc. (Lond.). (OB) Antonis Arnold B.Sc. (Witwatersrand). (0) Lloyd Jgmes Elgie B.Sc.Tdh. (Manc.). Baker John Stanley A.A.C.K. (0) Lloyd Kenneth A& B.Sc. (Liverpool). (T) Rates James Arthur Raymond BSc. (Wales). (P) McCarthy Michael BSc. (Manc.). Bathirunathan Nadarajah B.Sc. (Ceylon). (J) Maclean Peter MacFarlane A.H.-W.C. (P) Beedham Robert Bertram B.Sc. (Lond.). (K) McLure,’ Elizabeth Campbtell B.Sc. (Glas.). (S) Betterton Albert James B.A. (Oxon.). A.R.T.C. (B) Brennan Desmond B.Sc. (Belfast). (0) Macphail Alexander Colquhoun Barr, (K) Brittle Henry John Stewart B.Sc.(Glas.). A.R.T.C. (0) Brown Joseph B.Sc. (Lond.). (J) Macrae Roger A.H.-W.C. (P) Butler Edward Joseph B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). (P) Margolis David Saul BSc. (Lond.). (K) Cairns James Neillie B.Sc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. (C) Carpmail Reginald Nicklin B.Sc. (Lond.). (A) Mills Colin Frederick B.Sc. (Reading), Chatterjee Sambaran BSc. (Patna) M.Sc. M.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Chayen Ralph B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. (OF) Modi ’ Darius TehrnLras B.Sc. (Bombay), (P) Chenley Richard Brian B.Sc. (Lond.). B.Pharm. (Lond.). (E) Cockcroft William Edwin Lawson B.Sc. (P) Morgan Cyril Alfred B.A. (Oxon.). (C) Cook Charles William BSc. (Lond.). (H) Nix Norman BSc. (Notts.). (B) Corry Hazel Barbara B.Sc. (Belfast). (P) Padday John Frank B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.), (X) Cracknell John Richard B.A.(Oxon.). D.I.C. (P) Crane Cyril Walter M.B. B.S. B.Sc. (Lond.). Paul Madhusudan B.Sc. (Calcutta) M.%. (F) Crowley. Kathleen Mary B.Sc. (N.U.I.). (Benares). (PI Currell Marshall Geoffrey B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Pettett Stephen George Thomas B.Sc. (PI Davies James Francis B.Sc. (St. Andrews). (Lond.). (E) Dawkins Clive William Charles B.Sc. (Lond.). (T) Ellis. Gwynn Pennant B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (J) Reynolds John A.H.-W.C. (E) Evans Eustace Anthony B.Sc. (Lond.) (P) Ridge John William B.Sc. (Lond.). A.R.C.S. (P) Rudman Peter B.Sc. (Lond.). Cp) Facey Francis Samuel BSc. (Lond.). (P) Sellwood Eric Herbert Brodie B.Pharm. (M) Fewster Peter Robson. (Lond.) Ph.C. (J) Flint George Russell Dobson A H -W C. (P) Sherwood $hilip Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Frekh Anthony Marshall B.&.{Land:). (P) Slater Charles Albert B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. (Q) Garde. Gangadhar Moreshwar B.Sc. (P) Slough Warwick B.Sc (Lond.) (OE) Suryaiaman Mkruthuvakudu ’ Gopalasastri, (B) Gillespie William Kenneth B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). M.Sc. (Madras). (OF) Godden Edwin Percy B.Pharm. (Lond.). (P) Taylor Alan Wormald MSc. (Manc.). ( G ) Gorrod Alan Robert Noel BSc. (Bris.) (E) Thorn& Colin Reginaid B.Sc. (Wales). (P) Harborne Michael Ralph M.A. (Cantab.). (E) Thomas Kenneth David’Gwyn B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Harrison Douglas B.Sc. (Lond.). (Q) Thompson. Colin B.Sc. (Manc.). (J) Hochstrasser Robin Main A.H.-W.C. (P) Watkins Ronald Alan B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Horne Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Watson Sidney Alec BSc. (Lond.). ( C ) Kapel Martin BSc. (Birm.) (H) Webb David Frederick B.Sc.(Lond.). (OD) Kapur Narinder Singh M.Sc.Hons. (P) Whitehouse Michael Wellesley B.A. (Oxon,.) (Punjab). (X) Wickham-Jones Charles M.A B.Sc. D.Phl. (Q) Kemp Stephen Denman M.A. (Cantab.). (Oxon. ). (P) Kennedy John Robert Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). (E) Williams Evan Hywel BSc. (Wales). (OD) Krishna Holla Janardhan Venkata (U) Wood Geoffrcy William B.Sc. Ph.D. B.ScITech. (Mysore) M.Sc.Tech. (Born (Manc.). bay) D.Phil. (Zurich). (X) Wood James B Sc (Lond.). (P) Kureshy Md. .Vazir Ahmed B.A. (Osmania) (P) Wooldridge Kenneth Robert Harry B.*. M.Sc. (Aligarh). (Lond.) A.R.C.S. (P) Kyte. Colin Trevor B.Sc. (Lond.). Ziboh Christopher Onuora. (K) Lambie Douglas Armstrong B.Sc.Tech. (Glas.). (P) Millie Pkter Alexandbr B.Sc. (Lond.). (Calcutta).(S) Mishra Lakshmi Kant M A . (Patna). (Wales). (P) Nayyar,’Mrs. Mohini M.Sc. (Punjab). Raw Cecil John Gough B.Sc. (Natal). (Bombay) M.Sc. (Benares). DEATHS Fellows (P) Philipp Ellinger Dr. Phil. (Greifswald) (P) Alan Roy King A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Died 22 Dr.Med. (Heid.). Died 12 September Septembei 1952 aged 42. A. 1946. 1952 aged 65. F. 1946. (P) Geoffrey Lailey McCarter. Died 18 June, (P) Frank Brooks Gatehouse. Died 25 October 1952 aged 52 A. 1924. 1952 aged73 A 1919 F 1948 (P) James H h t e r Mc’Kee M.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). (C) James Sokden Jennings M&. Ph.D.’(Birm.). Died 11 September 1952 aged 33. Died November 1951 aged 54. A. 1936 A . 1943. F. 1940. (P) Kenneth MacKenzie M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), (E) William Jacob Jones M.Sc. (Wales) D.Sc. Ph.D. (Aberd.).Died 8 October 1952, (Manc.) F.1nst.P. Died 14 October aged 50. A. 1946. 1952 aged 66. F. 1920. (T) Frederic Eric Tomkinson M.A. B.Sc. Died 8 July 1952 aged Associates 48. A. 1943. (Q) (HI Edward William Wheatley. Died 6 Octobel. (K) Charles Graham’ Hutchinson B.Sc.‘(hnd.). (c) Thomas MerfYn WYnneg B.A. (Oxon.). Dip.Ed. (Liv.). Roberf Edward Forbester M.*. @unelm.). A. 1918. Died 9 June 1951 aged 61 A 1918 1952 aged 35. A. 1951. Died 13 May. 1952 aged 63. Died 6 April 1952 aged 32. A . 1942. I 349 LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections are glad t o welcome members of other Sections to their meetings and social functions except when Members travelling abroad who desire introductions where there are Local Sections or Honorary numbers are restricted as for works visits.Corresponding Secretaries of the Institute are advised to notify the Secretary of the Institute. Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: Belfast and District: Birmingham and Midlands: Bristol and District: Cardiff and District: Cumberland and District: Dublin and District: Dundec and District: East Anglia: East Midlands : Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Glasgow and West of Scotland: Huddersfield : Hull and District: Leeds Area: Liverpool and North-Western: London: Manchester and District: Mid-Southem Counties: Newcastle upon Tyne and North-North Wales: Shefield South Yorkshire and South Wales: South-Western Counties: East Coast: North Midlands: (WW) Stirlingshire and District: (X) Tees-side : Hon.Secretaries. H. G. M. Hardie Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 21 Braeside Avenue, C. S. McDowell B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Belmont Milebush Carrick-S. A. Ray B.Sc. F.R.I.C. c/o British Titan Products Co. Ltd., B. W. Minifie F.R.I.C. 8 Oakenhill Road Brislington Bristol 4. W. T. Roberts B.Sc. A.R.I.C. 52 Butleigh Avenue Cardiff. K. A. Swinburn B.Sc A.R.I.C. c/o Ministry of Supply Chemical Inspectorate Windscale Works Sellafield Cumberland. H. D. Thornton B.Sc. A.R.C.Sc.J. F.R.I.C. City Laboratory, Municipal Buildings Castle Street Dublin. J. B. Wilson B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. The Corner 7e Commercial Street Dundee. John Williams B.Sc Ph.D. F.R.I.C 28 Corder Road Ipswich, Suffolk. J. W. Murfin B.Sc. F.R.I.C 8 MustersCrexent West Bridgford. Nottingharn. J. K. Grant. B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C.Department of Biochemistry, University of Edinburgh Teviot Place Edinburgh 8. W. G. D. Wright A.R.T.C. F.R.I.C. c/o Messrs. James Macneill & Sioan Ltd. 38 French Street Glasgow S.E. A. K. Dunn B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Sandbeds Honley Nr. Huddersfield. M. D. Rogan. F.R.I.C. British Cocoa Mills (Hull) Ltd Hull. W. A. Wightman M.A. F.R.I.C. The University Leeds 2. J. Ashley-Jones A.R.I.C. c / o J. Bibby & Sons Ltd. Great F. C. Hymas M.Sc. F.R.I.C. Spratt's Patent Ltd. Morris Road, A. Ormrod B.Sc.Tech. A.R.I.C. Hardman & Holden Ltd. A. G. Hill. F.R.I.C. 19 Moorland Crescent Upton. Lytchett J. Gibson M.Sc Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Chemistry Department The N. F. Rapps B.Sc. A.R.I.C Analytical Department Monsanto K. C. Rarraclough B.Sc. F.R.I.C. The Brown Firth Research E.E. Ayling M.Sc. F.R.I.C. University College Singleton Park, E. R. Braithwaite B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Research Department Acheson F. S . Fowkes. B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 28 Learmonth Street, H. W. B. Reed B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 72 Oxbridge Avenue, A berdeen. fergus. 72-73. High Street Birmingham 4. Howard Street Liverpool 3. London E.14. Manox House Miles Platting Manchester 10. Minster Dorset. Technical College Sunderland Co. Durham. Chemicals Ltd. Ruabon Wrexham Denbighshire. Laboratories Princess Street Sheffield 4. Swansea. Colloids Ltd. Prince Rock Plymouth. Falkirk Stirlingshire. Stockton-on-Tees Co. Durham. (OA) Malaya: (OBI Cape of Good Hope: (OC) New Zealand: (OD) Bangalore: (OE) Madras: (OF) Western India : (m) Northern India: C.L. Chia M.Sc A.R.I.C. Department of Chemistry Outram H. W. Schirach. B.Sc. F.R.I.C. P.O. Box 1065 Cape Town, N. H. Law M.Sc. A.N.Z.I.C. F.R.I.C. Dominion Laboratory, T. L. Rarna Char B.Sc. M.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Indian Institute K. V. Sundaram Ayyar M.Sc F.R.I.C 3 Jagadiswara Street, Professor S. M. Mehta B.A. M.S+ A.R.I.C. Institute of Science, K. B. L. Mathur D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Department of Chemistry, Road Singapore 3. South Africa. Sydney Street West Wellington C.I. New Zealand. of Science Bangalore 3 India. T'Nagar. Madras 17 Madras India. Mayo Road Bombay 1 India. The University Delhl 8 Incha. [ 350 PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE LECTURES MONOGRAPHS AND REPORTS **“Some Applications of Acetylenic Compounds in Organic Synthesis.” A. W. Johnson B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. (1948.) 3s. net. +“The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act and Some Analytical Implications.” George Taylor F.R.I.C. (1948.) 3s. net. “Chemical Ciphering A Universal Code as an Aid to Chemical Systematics.” M. Gordon M.Sc. A.R.I.C. C. E. Kendall B.Sc. A.R.I.C. and W. H. T. Davison B.A. (1948.) 4s. net. Proceedings of a Co1loqui:m on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed. Published jointly by The Irish Chemical Association and The Royal Institute of Chemistry. (1948.) 5s. net. “The Chemical Research Laboratory. Teddinnton.” R. P. Linstead C.B.E., D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1948.) 3s; net. -“The New Fluorocarbon Chemistry.” M. Stacey Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1948.) 3s. net. Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives.” (1948.) 7s. 6d. net. C. J. T. Cronshaw B.Sc. D.Sc. F.R.I.C., M.I.Chem.E. F.T.I. (1949 No. 1.) 3s. net. ft“Percy Faraday Frankland.” L. H. Lampitt D.Sc. M.I.Chem.E. F.R.I.C. (1949 No. 2.) 3s. net. “Anaesthetics.” H. B. Nisbet Ph.D. D.Sc. A.H.-W.C. F.R.I.C. F.R.S.E. (1949 No. 3.) 3s. net. Report of a Conference on “The Origins and Prevention of Laboratory Accidents.” (1949 No. 4.) 5s. 6d. net. “The Function of the Expert Witness in Litigation.” Lionel Heald K.C. “The Protection of Chemical Inventions.” J. G. Fife M.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C., F.C.I.P.A. (1949 No. 5.) 3s. net. Report of a Symposium on “Laboratory Lay-out and Construction.” (1949, No. 6.) 4s. 6d. net. “The Development of Chemical Processes.” F. Roffey B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. 1949 No. 7.) 3s. net. Report of a Symposium on “The Hydrogen Bond.” L. Hunter Ph.D. D.Sc., F.R.I.C. W. C. Price Ph.D. Sc.D. F.R.I.C. and A. R. Martin PbD. D.Sc., F.R.I.C. (1950 No. 1.) 3s. net. “Modern Methods of Organic Solvent Manufacture.” J. L. Edgar B.Sc. Ph.D., A.R.C.S. D.I.C. F.R.I.C. (1950 No. 2.) 3s. net. **“The Synthesis of Purine Nucleotides.” James Baddiley M.Sc. Ph.D. “The Synthesis of some Natural Products by the use of Acetylenic Precursors.” R. A. Raphael B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. A.R.I.C. (1950 No. 3.) 4s. net. Report of a Symposium on “Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries.” (1950 Special Report.) ‘,Is. net. Report of a Symposium on Microbalances.” (1950 No. 4.) 5s. net. Report of a Symposium on “Standardisation in the Chemical Field.” (1950, No. 5.) 3s. 6d. net. “Statistical Methods with special reference to Analytical Chemistry.” D. R. Read B.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.I.S. (1951 No. 1.) 4s. 6d. net. Edward A. O’Neal. (‘1951 No. 2.) Lord McGowan K.B.E. D.C.L. LL.D. (1951 No. 3.) 3s. net. tt“Biologica1 Aspects of Proteins in the light of recent Chemical Studies.” R. L. M. Synge B.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1952 No. 1.) 4s. net. “Studies in the Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis.” Vincent C. Barry D.Sc., M.R.I.A. F.I.C.I. F.R.I.C. (1952 No. 2.) 3s. net. “The Production of Sulphuric Acid from Calcium Sulphate.” W. L. Bedwell, B.Sc. Ph.D. (1952 No. 3.) Lectures Monographs and Reports 1949 Nos. 1-7 (see list above). 20s. a set. REGISTER OF FELLOWS AND ASSOCIATES 1950. 10s. net. REGULATIONS FOR THE ADMISSION OF STUDENTS ASSOCIATES AND FELLOWS. Gratis. JOURNAL. Six parts annually. 5s. each 21s. per annum. §“Through Chemistry-Adornment.” t“0rganisation for Development in a Chemical Company.” §‘‘One Hundred Years of Chemistry.” 3s. 6d. net. 5s. net. * Streatfeild Memorial Lecture. 0 Dalton Lecture. TGluckstein Memorial Lecture. t f P. F. Frankland Memorial Lecture. + Meldola Medal Lecture. [ 351

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JI9527600277

出版商:RSC    

年代:1952

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

INDEX 1952 Figures in italics refer to pages in the Supplement (Annual Report of the Council, I95 I). Figures in bold type indicate special articles or entries of particular importance. Aberdeen University of Chemistry Dept., 340 Abstracts Bureau of 43 Accounts Annual (1952) 27 142 Activities of Local Sections (see Local Administration of the Institute 4 148 Alcohol “Tests for Drunkenness,” 261 “American Chemical Profession The,” 53 Analytical Chemistry lnternational Congress on 106 170 287 Symposium on 106 171 Anglo-American Council on Productivity, 109 339 Anniversary Meetings of the Institute 37, 139 220 331 Announcements Other Notes and 42, 106 170 224 263,. 336 Annual General Meeting 142 Appointments and Economic Status Com-mittee 221 331 Aslib 172 18 1 229 Auditors Election of 150 Auditors Report of 27 Beilby Memorial Fund and Awards Sir Benevolent Fund 17 40 144 Biochemists Hospital 221 Book Reviews 16 73 133 196 248 293 Books and Pamphlets Received 23 79, Boots Booklovers’ Library 44 British Association of Chemists 267 British Standards Institution 41 105 By-Laws The New I Cawston Miss I.Presentation to 102 Chemical Council 39 109 261 Chemical Engineering Research 43 174 Chemical Engineering Technicians 105 Chemical Society 173 226 269 Chemical Works Safety Rules for use in, Chemist and His Work The 183,240,281 “Chemist as Patent Agent The,” 281 Chemist How to become a 12 260 Chemistry Careers in 12 260 City and Guilds Institute Insignia Award, Civil Defence Regional Scientific Advisers Civil Defence Scientists and 10 34 137, Clinical Chemistry Lecture-Demonstra-Section Affairs).George 13 101 147 166,256 136,202,253 298 80 191 338 for 35 137 308 188 307 tion Course 37 224 Collett R. L. Dinner to 39 “Colonial Chemical Service The,” 183 Committees Constitution of 176 Commonwealth Chemical Institutes 106, Conferences and Symposia 42 106 170, Conferences of Hon. Secretaries of Local Council Committees of the 176 Council Constitution of the 39 175 Council Membership and Nomination of the 175 257 329 Courses and Conferences Scientific 42, 106 170 224 266 336 Dalton Lecture 1953 261 Deaths 45 11 1 174 231 276 349 Directory of Independent Consultants I I District Members of the Council Nomi-Editorial 1 113 179 233 277 Education Committee 168 236 Errata 45 167 280 Examination Fees 33 1 Examinations 6 88 21 1 312 Examinations in India 105 Examinations Notices of 36 99 219” Examinations Papers and Reports 88,, Examinations Pass Lists 98 217 327 Exhibitions 170 172 226 268 269 290, 227 226 267 337 Sections 153 304 nation of 104 257 330 256 329 211 313 341 Festival of Britain Lectures 10 Films Scientific 169 174 223 Financial Statements (195 l) 16 27 Frankland Sir Edward Medal and Prize, Frankland P.F. Memorial Lecture 169 Gassing Casualties Labels for 107 Graduate Scientists (Training Awards), Heavy Chemicals (Productivity Team) 109 Hodsman Memorial Fund 268 Honorary Fellows of the Institute I 36, 52 116 145 Honours 38 167 House of Lords Debates on Science 169, 207 IAESTE Fifth Annual Report 340 India Institute Affairs in 105 101 256 108 268 [ 352 India Institution of Chemists 261 Insignia Award 338 Institute Affairs 36 99 166 219 256 329 Institute Organisation 39 104 168 220, 257.330 International Chemical Meetings 40 106, Ireland The Institute of Chemistry of 226 170 173 267,269,287 337 Joint Committees Representatives of the Joint Council of Professional Scientists, Joint Four Employment Committee, Journal Development of the 260,304,332 Journal Subject-matter of the 2 11, Institute on 40 311 10 13 41 London 261 304 332 King George VI 99 145 Lantern Slides 261 Lava1 University Quebec 262 Lectures Lnstitute I0 Lectures Monographs and Reports 22, 260 332 Lectures Summaries of :-Applications of Polarisation Micro-The Chemistry and Uses of Mustard, Crystals as Sorbents 129 Fundamental Problems in the Manu-facture of the Lead-Acid Accumu-lator 127 Generation of Power from Turf 71 Radiation and Light Sources for the Chemist 69 Recent Advances in Chemical Crystallo-graphy 68 Some new and simple Techniques for the Application of Fluorescence Microscopy 12 Some of the Principles of Quantitative Microscopical Analysis 1 1 Stereochemical Aspects of Organic Reaction Mechanisms 13 Symposium on Chemical Microscopy, I 1 Terrestrial Distribution of the Elements, 65 Ultramicroanalysis Past Present and Future 194 “Library and Information Services,” 179 Library Facilities 179 228 269 Local Section Affairs 24 80 155 204, 254 299 Local Sections :-Activities of (see Local Section Affairs) Appointments and Retirements of Hon.Boundary 104 scopy in Chemical Practice 12 131 Secretaries of 3 104 165 220 Local Sections-continued Conferences of Hon. Secretaries of, Formation of New 3 330 Grants to 153 331 List of 47 112 178 232 350 Meetings of (1951) 22 Membership of 21 Officers’ Handbook 146 165 Reserves 104 331 Rules of 153 306 331 3 153 304 Management Training in 108 341 Medals and Prizes for Award Institute (1952) 100 101 256-7 Meldola Medal 13 100 147 256 Members’ Room The 1 Membership and Studentship 5 Membership 50 Years of 38 102 Mining and Metallurgical Congress Em-National Certificates in Chemistry 22, Notes and Announcements Other 42, Notes Personal 38 101 167 219 262, Notices General 46 Obituary 20 260 Obituary Notes 270 342 Officers and Members of the Council, Oficial Chemical Appointments 259 Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association, Oldest Member Death of 102 Overseas Science Students Association, Parliament Science in 33 138 169 309 Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, Poisons List and Rules Revision of 263 Presidential Address 117 Prizes and Awards-Miscellaneous 44, 108 173 226 268 338 Profession of Chemistry The 12 259 “Public Analyst The,” 240 Public Analysts Fees for Part-time 107 Publications List of Institute 48 351 Publications Policy 103 259 332 Queen Elizabeth 11 Frontispiece 99 113, “Ramsay and the Profession of Chem-Ramsay Centenary Appeal 341 Ramsay Centenary Exhibition 269 Ramsay Chemical Dinner and Dance 341 Recognised Colleges 6 40 pire 172 36 147 168 233 311 106 170 224 263 336 335 149 175 266 338 269 13 109 145, istry,” 277 [ 353 Register of Fellows and Associates 11, 259.336 Register The 44 110 174 230 276 348 Remuneration Statistics 9 Report of the Council (1 95 l) Supplement, Representatives of the Institute on Representatives of the Institute Honorary, Representatives of the Institute on Other Research Fellowships Studentships etc., Residential Clubs Fund 19 221 260 333 Road Accidents Relation of Alcohol to, 145 Joint Committees 40 311 in Universities etc. 40, Bodies 9 10 13 14 40, 42 109 173 226 268 338 26 1 Safety Rules (see Chemical Works Safety “Safety The Chemist’s Responsibility,” Scholarships and Grants 42 108 226 Science and Industry Debate on 207 Science in Parliament 33 138 169 207, Science Museum Library Photocopy Rules for use in) 189 309 Service 228 269 Science Teachers Shortage of in Schools, 222 309 341 Scientific Courses and Conferences 42, Scientific Film Association 44 223 Scientific Film Association International, Scientists and Civil Defence 10 34 137, “Secretary and Registrar The,” 49 148 “Seventy-Five Years,” 113 South African Chemical Institute 106, Southern Rhodesia Hon.Corresponding Status Professional and Economic 221 Streatfeild Memorial Lectures 169 Summaries of Lectures (see Lectures, 106 170 224 266 336 174 188 307 227 Secretary for 104 Summaries of) Technical Information Services 180 Technological Education 87 233 341 Terms of Engagement of Chemists 9 Theses for Higher Degrees Index to 172 “Ubiquitous Chemist The,” 2 Universities Grants to 138 Warning Notice 105 “Worthy Ends and Expectations,” 117 [ 354

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JI9527600352

出版商:RSC    

年代:1952

数据来源: RSC