ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700010302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn view of the historic importance of smelter workers in the field of occupational medicine, it is surprising that until very recently little data was available on the mortality experience of these workers. The problem in most studies lies in identifying the smelter workers, because smelting, strictly speaking, refers to the melting of ores for the purposes of recovering metals, whereas smelters sometimes perform the operations of roasting, calcining, sintering, converting, and refining. These distinctions are not made in most mortality studies. Most mortality studies of smelter workers conducted to date have shown some excess in lung cancer. For lead, copper, cadmium, and nickel smelters a different etiologic agent has been proposed for each. These different explanations arise partly from different initial perspectives in conducting the studies.In this paper, data are presented on a current historical‐prospective study of males who worked a year or more during the period January 1, 1940 to December 31, 1964 at a copper smelter in Tacoma, Washington. This smelter (and refinery) handled a copper ore with a relatively high arsenic content and produced arsenic trioxide as a by‐product. Overall 97.2% of the original study population was traced through 1976. Of the 1,061 who were found to have died, death certificates were obtained for 1,018, or 96%. For all causes of death, the mortality rates in this cohort, expressed as a Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR), were 3.5% higher than that expected based on the United States white male mortality experience. A total of 104 respiratory system cancers were observed compared to 54.6 expected (SMR = 190.5, p<.05). Respiratory cancer rates were found to be elevated in both smokers and nonsmokers. Overall, a gradual rise in SMR's for respiratory cancer was observed with increasing duration of exposure but not with an increasing interval from onset of exposure. This observation is consistent with the notion that the effects of arsenic on cancer incidence disappear with time. This phenomenon has also been observed for cigarette smokers and chromate workers. Additional analyses are planned for the Tacoma cohort, which will examine mortality according to process as well as by exposure to arsenic and other contaminants.The importance of studies of workers at other kinds of smelters and refineries is stres

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700010303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper reviews the epidemiological features of the accidents and illnesses in smelters and foundries affiliated with Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social for the year 1977. The accident rate per 100 workers was 26, which was second to mining among all industries listed; this rate is almost double that for all factories as a whole, and the accidents tended to be more severe. In contrast, there was little reporting of occupational illnesses in smelters and foundries. There were only 29 illnesses with 20 resulting in permanent disability and one in death. The most common occupational illnesses were: acoustic trauma (50%), industrial bronchitis (20%), siderosis (10%), chemical and physical conjunctivitis (5%), and miscellaneous including poisonings (15%).

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700010304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article discusses the general processing of non‐ferrous ores by pyrometallurgical methods. A general description of the process flows are given for copper, lead, zinc, antimony, nickel, and cadmium. Also described, in the case of copper, are the new pyrometallurgical processes being utilized in the U.S. copper industr

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700010305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, under a cost‐sharing, cooperative research agreement with lead producers, is studying a process to eliminate sulfur oxide generation and to minimize lead emission in the production of lead. The new process consists of leaching lead sulfide concentrate with a ferric chloride‐sodium chloride solution to produce lead chloride, and fused‐salt electrolysis of lead chloride to produce lead metal and chlorine. The chlorine is used to regenerate ferric chloride in the leach solution.The study is being conducted in a process investigation unit which treats 750 lb of concentrate a day. This paper discusses the results of operation of the process investigation unit, data on lead monitoring, and the precautions employed to control lead levels in the workplace atmosphere. The monitoring data for the initial phase of the investigation show lead levels well within OSHA permissible exposure limits. Continued development is necessary before the process can be considered for implement

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700010306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrinciples of exposure control include: (1) exposure determination, (2) emission characterization, (3) control options development and analysis, (4) technical and economic feasibility evaluation, and (5) selection, implementation, and testing of the exposure control. New technologies that may reduce exposures are being developed in Europe and the United States. These include new approaches to pyrometallurgical smelting and the development of hydrometallurgical smelting technologies. However, for the time being, retrofit controls will be the primary means of exposure control in the domestic nonferrous smelter industry.

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700010307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA review of the health effects of cadmium is presented. Overexposure to cadmium produces numerous acute and chronic effects. Cases of acute poisoning resemble metalfume poisoning. The first and most distinctive indication of chronic effects is renal tubular dysfunction characterized by proteinuria. Other chronic effects include liver damage, emphysema, osteomalacia, neurological impairment, testicular, pancreatic, and adrenal damage, and anemia. Tumorigenic effects have been observed in animals, and excessive prostatic and lung cancer has been observed in worker studies. In vitro and in vivo mutagenic effects have been noted. Cadmium has been shown to cause hypertension in animals; however, it is unclear whether it is capable of causing similar effects in exposed human populations. Normal urinary excretion is less than 2 μg/day and correlates with exposure. Normal blood concentration is below 10 ng/gm of whole blood, and although levels are elevated in exposed groups, there is no apparent direct correlation. Hair values correlate well with exposure. Occupational and environmental standards are discussed

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700010308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA follow‐up study was conducted on 27 workers with a median of 25 years exposure to airborne cadmium. Two exposure groups had been selected a low exposure group of office, laboratory and supervisory personnel (n=11, average urinary cadmium 13.1 μg/1); and a high exposure group of production workers with long histories of work in areas with substantial airborne cadmium (n= 16, average urinary cadmium 45.7 μg/1). An estimate of each subject's time‐weighted‐average inhalation exposure to cadmium was calculated from personal sampling data (1973‐1976) and area sampling data (1943‐1976). Based on the findings of another study, the average inhalation exposures in each of the work areas were adjusted for use of personal protective masks (respirators). Comparison of kidney function status between the high and low exposure groups showed a significant reduction in creatinine clearance, and increased uric acid and β2microglobulin excretion by the high group. Significant renal effects were associated with estimated average inhalation exposures of 63 μg/m3over a 25 year period. The relationship between urinary cadmium excretion and cumulative exposure changed for higher exposures; this was consistent with the “critical concentration” model of cadmium's effe

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700010309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn vivo measurements of kidney and liver cadmium burdens were obtained in 82 industrially exposed workers and ten control subjects. Kidney cadmium levels ranged from 0.9 mg to 57 mg, and liver concentrations ranged from 0.8 ppm to 120 ppm for the industrial group. Comparison values for the control group were 0.4 mg to 11.8 mg for the kidney and 0.6 ppm to 7.9 ppm for the liver. A biphasic relationship between kidney Cd levels and liver Cd levels was observed. The kidney and liver Cd levels showed an increase until approximately a 40 ppm concentration was reached in the liver. Thereafter, the kidney levels decreased as the liver concentration continued to increase. The kidney cadmium level at which this change occurred was approximately 31 mg for the total kidney. Further estimates of the critical level, based on years of exposure and renal dysfunction (β2‐microglobulin, proteinuria), yielded estimates of 31 mg to 42 mg cadmium (300–400 μg/gm for the renal co

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700010310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSignificant concentrations of metals are found in the respirable particulate effluents associated with metallurgical smelters. In this investigation the effects of the metallic ions lead, cadmium, iron, mercury, aluminum, chromium, and nickel on various aspects of alveolar macrophage function were studied. The production of antibacterial substances (ie, reactive forms of oxygen) by these cells and oxygen consumption are very sensitive to the metals. Particle uptake displays moderate sensitivity, while lysosomal enzyme activity and membrane integrity are fairly resistant to metals. In addition, the effects of the organic solvents carbon tetrachloride, toluene, and xylene on alveolar macrophage function were tested. These solvents were found to inhibit oxygen consumption and the release of antibacterial substances while not greatly affecting membrane integrity. The results of these experiments indicate that some metals and some organic substances are toxic to alveolar macrophage function.

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700010311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY