ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUntil the late 1980s, epidemiologists in general did notindividuallynotify subjects of the results of epidemiological studies. Now that they are beginning to do so, the question arises of how best to notify those involved. In general, the methods, the processes and the policies related to effectively communicating risks to workers have not been thoroughly examined in the scientific literature. This is especially true in situations where workers have already experienced the exposures that led to increased risks for disease.The recent increasing numbers of notifications have raised several methodologic issues, which are examined in terms of: (1) the content of notification, (2) the process of notification, and (3) the evaluation of the impact and effectiveness of notification. Too often in the discussions concerning notification, attention is paid to the content but the process and evaluation are rarely considered. The potential impact and effectiveness of notification have been raised as reasons for or against notification, but rarely has there been a concerted effort to evaluate a notification in this regard. This workshop was designed to address all these issues. The ultimate goal is to improve communications for workers. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe methodological choices being made in current worker notification programs are influenced in both obvious and subtle ways by certain ground‐breaking notifications carried out during the 1970s and 1980s. A lore has built up concerning these cases. Their names are heavy with implied meaning. As worker notification gains in acceptance and frequency, some of those newly interested in the area will be unfamiliar with these early cases, their significance, and their lessons. To help provide a context for these proceedings, six landmark worker notifications are briefly described here. Different cases might have been chosen; more cases might have been added. However, these six give a flavor of the struggles, trials, triumphs, and insights that have marked worker notification's passage through recent history. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough the potential for early detection of disease has been of central importance in the evolution of worker notification policy and practice, it is not the only positive outcome of medical intervention. The provider‐patient encounter also creates an important opportunity for patient‐centered risk communication that may result in workplace modifications as well as lifestyle changes to reduce the likelihood of subsequent illness and injury—both work and nonwork related. At the same time, it may signal the beginning of a series of social, legal, and political actions that may have positive or negative consequences for notified workers.This article identifies several important roles for members of the medical community relating to worker and community notification programs and explores the readiness of health care professionals in assuming these roles. It is suggested that health care providers lack both the training and sociopolitical sensitivity needed for meaningful participation in the notification process. This article addresses possible short‐term and long‐term approaches to enhancing the readiness of health care providers and suggests that effective intervention with notified workers requires a willingness to step beyond the confines of the medical model. © 1993 Wiley

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrior to notifying workers of risk exposure, employers should first consider and weigh the psychological, physiological, and social costs as well as the potential negative impact on labor‐management relations, community resources, and the costs of false negatives and false positives. Only if the contributions of notification override and outweigh the composite costs should employers feel compelled to notify workers. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis presentation offers historical and sociolinguistic perspectives regarding the origins of the language used by African‐Americans. U.S. descendants of slaves of West and Niger Congo African origin should not be thought of as native speakers of English. To the extent that they have lived in de jure or de facto social isolation from Euro‐American English‐speaking persons, they have retained a West and Niger Congo African thought process or substratum in the phonology and morphosyntax of their speech. Their mother tongue has been described by several African‐American linguists, psychologists, and ethnologists as Ebonics. In a sense, Ebonics refers to the paralinguistic verbal and non‐verbal sounds, cues, and gestures that are systematically used in the process of communication by many African‐Americans.As one consequence of historical social isolation, African‐Americans invariably score poorly on nationally standardized scales of “Standard American” English competence. Therefore, worker notification intended for African‐Americans, especially among the blue‐ and no‐collar levels, that does not contain an Afro‐centric perspective will likely not prove successful. The linguistic factors, which can severely impede or tremendously enhance the effectiveness of worker notification to these groups, are therefore vital and should not be ignored. Worker notification targeted for limited English‐speaking or unlettered populations should include the development of materials and presentations in the language or primary medium best understood by the audience. Based upon research findings on the psycholinguistics of learning modal preference, the development of notification materials that target a learning channel that is audio oral or aural‐oral is pro

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article argues that broad recognition of the ethical basis for society's decisions about the reduction of the risks of workers, including notification, has been, is, and will be a more persuasive method of establishing programs implementing the rights to know and act in controlling the industrial vector in human disease than sheer power politics. If the argument is correct, then attention needs to be focused on the nature of the ethics of choice. The moral dialectic in the history of science and medicine is traced to the metaphysically assumed values of open and closed models of knowledge and action that determine how we weigh genetic and environmental factors in the process of choosing who shall live and who shall die of disease, with strong industrially generated vectors. The author suggests that we escape from the concepts of the closed systems of the past, whose grammar reflects values repugnant to the empowerment of those notified of risk, to open systems that enhance community‐ecologic values of life and freedom. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe objectives of notification are to inform individuals of research results so that they can make informed choices regarding health care and risk reduction behaviors, and to inform workers and employers of results and recommendations in order to take actions to improve workplace health and safety. Many questions confront researchers or public health workers engaged in notification efforts. Who should be notified? What information should be included in notification materials? When should notification occur? How and where should notification take place? What is the socioeconomic context in which notification is occurring? This article presents a public health worker's perspective on these issues. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article defines communication science and then briefly describes three research areas relevant to worker notifications: (1) receiving of notification messages, (2) reading and understanding of notification messages, and (3) influences or effects of notification messages on workers. Next, the article focuses on the reading and legibility research relevant to worker notifications and then provides 16 guidelines for drafting worker notifications. Finally, the article suggests evaluating draft notifications by using one or more of the following: skilled editorial reviews, readability scoring, Cloze techniques, signal stopping techniques, in‐depth personal interviews, focus groups, and usability testing. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article summarizes discussions held during the workshop on the issue of the content of worker notification messages and related topics. The workshop itself involved a number of sessions where participants formed small groups. This article represents a distillation of the summary reports by the rapporteurs from each group. It is not intended as a complete review of this issue. Rather, it presents some of the concerns that arose during freewheeling discussions, with the idea that the points raised may help others to think about some of the issues involved. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY