ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1995.tb00569.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1995.tb00570.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBackground:There are no published New Zealand (NZ) studies on alcohol drinking and total mortality, despite its importance to alcohol health policy.Aims:To estimate the proportion of NZ deaths caused or prevented by alcohol drinking.Methods:The proportion of current alcohol drinkers from recent NZ surveys, and pooled relative risks from a review of the international literature on alcohol and mortality, were used to calculate disease‐specific population attributable risks. The number of deaths caused (or prevented) by alcohol were calculated for 1987 New Zealand deaths. Person‐years of life lost (or saved) were calculated using recent NZ life tables.Results:The association between alcohol and total mortality was related to age. Alcohol was estimated to have caused 3.0% of all deaths among 0–14 year olds and 20.1% of deaths among 15–34 year olds, mostly from road injuries. In contrast, alcohol was estimated to have prevented 0.5% of all deaths among 35–64 year olds and 3.4% of deaths among>65 year olds due to its protective effect against coronary heart disease. For all age groups, alcohol was estimated to have prevented 1.5% of deaths. However, the number of person‐years of life lost among ages less than 35 years was greater than those saved in the older age groups, so that alcohol was estimated to have caused the loss of 9525 person‐years of life for all ages combined.Conclusions:The adverse effects of alcohol on total mortality are confined to age groups less than 35 years. Public health policy to minimise deaths from alcohol should be concentrated

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1995.tb00571.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBackground:Smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke are inadvisable for adults with asthma.Aims:To determine the smoking prevalence and daily smoking rate of asthmatics and compare smoking‐related beliefs and behaviours among smokers with and without asthma. To compare beliefs of asthmatics about passive smoking and asthma, how many are exposed at home and what they do when they are exposed, with people who do not have asthma.Methods:A representative population survey of 3019 South Australian adults aged 15 years and older interviewed in their own homes in late 11992.Results:Twenty‐eight per cent of asthmatics were smokers; mean daily smoking rate was 17.6. Asthmatics had similar patterns of smoking, readiness to quit and quit attempt histories as people without asthma. More than 40% of smokers with asthma did not perceive that smoking had greatly affected their health, over half did not believe they were at risk in future and two‐thirds did not think future health problems would be serious. Among non‐smokers, despite being more convinced of the effects of passive smoking on asthma, and being more concerned about exposure, those with asthma were no more likely to take protective action in response to actual or imminent exposure than those without asthma. One in ten non‐smokers with asthma were exposed to smoking at home.Conclusions:The smoking habits of adults with asthma are cause for concern, with many asthmatic smokers perceiving they are not personally at risk from their smoking. Health education principles should be used by health professionals caring for asthmatic smokers to guide the selection and delivery of smoking cessation strategies. Prevailing restrictions on indoor smoking play an important role in protecting the respiratory health of non‐smokers

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1995.tb00572.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBackground:Conventional methods of quantifying heart rate variability using summary statistics have shown that decreased variability is associated with increased mortality in heart failure. However, many patients with heart failure have arrhythmias which make the ‘raw’ heart rate variability data less suitable for the use of summary statistical measures.Aims:To examine the clinical potential of a new measure of heart rate variability data, presented by the Poincare plot pattern, as an adjunct to the summary statistical measures of R‐R intervalMethods:We used the Poincaré plot pattern to display beat‐to‐beat heart rate variability data from a group of 23 patients with heart failure and compared them with data collected from 20 healthy age‐matched control subjects. The data, which consisted of 2000 consecutive R‐R intervals, were gathered over 20–40 minutes while the subjects rested supine in a quiet darkened room.Results:The morphological classification scheme proposed reflected the functional status of patients in heart failure. There was a significant difference (chi‐square = 27.5, df = 6, ρ<0.0001) in the different pattern types between patients with NYHA Class I and II compared to patients with NYHA Class III and IV. All healthy subjects displayed a ‘cluster’ type of pattern characterised by normally distributed data. Sixteen of the 23 patients in heart failure also produced data which were normally distributed but the remaining seven produced data which required careful filtering to make them suitable for analysis using summary statistics, but which could be analysed by the Poincare plot.Conclusions:The Poincaréot pattern is a semi‐quantitative tool which can be applied to the analysis of R‐R interval data. It has potential advantages in that it allows assessment of data which are grossly non‐Gaussian in distribution, and is a simple and easily implemented method which can be used in a clinical setting to augment the standard electrocardiogram to provide ‘

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1995.tb00573.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBackground:Aboriginals have higher hospitalisation and mortality rates and die, on average, about 15 years earlier than non‐Aboriginals in Western Australia (WA).Aims:To investigate Aboriginal morbidity and mortality rates in WA in comparison with the rest of the population, with particular reference to the ages of 50 to 65 years.Methods:Mortality rates from 1983–1989 inclusive for Aboriginals and non‐Aboriginals in WA were compared. Major causes of Aboriginal mortality in males and females were matched to the ages at which similar rates from the same causes occurred in non‐Aboriginals. Rate ratios (Aboriginahnon‐Aboriginal) for causes of death at ages 60–64 years were determined. Hospitalisation rates for Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal people aged 50–64 years in WA in 1988 were used to estimate hospitalisation rate ratios.Results:Hospitalisation rates in WA were much higher among 50 to 64 year old Aboriginals than non‐Aboriginals for most diseases, particularly for infectious and parasitic diseases, and injury and poisoning. Admissions for circulatory diseases were double to four times as frequent among Aboriginals. The main causes of deaths in Aboriginal males were circulatory diseases, injury and poisoning, respiratory diseases, neoplasms, and digestive diseases; in Aboriginal females the main causes of deaths were circulatory diseases, neoplasms, diabetes, respiratory diseases, and injury and poisoning. Except for neoplasms, deaths from these causes occurred among 50–54 year old Aboriginals at rates that were experienced by non‐Aboriginal people ten to 30 years later in life. These results underline special needs of the Aboriginal population that have not been adequately met by

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1995.tb00574.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBackground:Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic abnormalities are common in symptomatic bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients but the incidence of occult gastrointestinal disease in these patients is unknown.Aims:To examine the role of screening upper GI endoscopy before and after BMT.Methods:Endoscopy was performed routinely on allogeneic (n = 24) and autologous (n = 17) BMT patients before transplant and at 30 and 120 days after transplant.Results:Twenty‐one of 41 patients (51%) had an endoscopic abnormality on one or more occasions which necessitated a change in treatment. These abnormalities were present in ten of 41 (24%) pre‐transplant endoscopies, ten of 32 (31%) endoscopies at day 30 after BMT, and in seven of 22 (32%) day 120 endoscopies. Abnormalities included mucosal erosions or ulcers (n = 22 endoscopies), infections (n = 5) or previously undiagnosed GI graft‐versus‐host disease (n = 3). Mucosal erosions or ulcers were present in eight of 28 endoscopies despite regular anti ulcer drug therapy.Conclusions:Screening upper GI endoscopy before and after BMT is generally safe and detects a high yield of significant GI abnormalities. However, it remains to be demonstrated that treatment of these lesions will improve the clinical outcome in BMT recipients without GI s

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1995.tb00575.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1995.tb00576.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1995.tb00577.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1995.tb00578.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY