摘要:

Summary:Essential hypertension—The starting point for improved drug treatment.Hypertension is a common disease and plays an important role as a potentially remediable contributor to cardiovascular causes of death in the community. In moderate to severe hypertension recent treatment has improved morbidity and mortality substantially, but it is disappointing that despite this myocardial infarction still stands as an important cause of death. In this regard it is encouraging that beta adrenergic blockade may be useful not only in lowering blood pressure, but also possibly in reducing independently the risk of myocardial infarction and/or sudden death in some patients. In mild hypertension the number of patients is large and the possible beneficial effect of treatment less well‐established, so that there is a clear need for further research in order to define patients at relatively high risk in this gr

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1976.tb03326.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:Haemolysis in liver disease: Relationship to erythrocyte membrane function, serum bilirubin concentration and plasma electrolyte disturbances.

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1976.tb03282.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:The pharmacokinetic characteristics of beta‐receptor antagonists in man—Similarities and differences of clinical relevance.The aliphatic partial structure common to the beta‐receptor antagonists leads to similar products of their biotransformation. The main qualitative and quantitative differences of the metabolism of the compounds of this class, however, rest in the nature of their aromatic or heterocyclic substituents.The physico‐chemical properties of the beta‐blockers appear to be predominantly responsible for the extent of metabolic degradation and for the distribution in the body, especially for the binding to proteins. As a consequence of their different biological disposition the clinically relevant systemic bioavailabilities of the various beta‐blockers from oral doses differ drastically.Practolol maintains an extreme position among all other compounds: It is most hydrophilic, it is not bound to proteins, it is metabolized least, but cleared renally in unchanged form to 85% of the dose. Despite its extremely high systemic bioavailability, relatively high daily doses were required for therapy. The receptor sensitivity for practolol has been rated 2 to 3 powers of 10 lower than of propranolol.Comparative pharmacokinetic assessment of beta‐receptor antagonists requires quantitative analytical data in clinically representative groups of patients. This has been demonstrated by respective studies with oxprenolol. The intra‐and inter‐individual systemic bioavailability, the differential analysis of plasma and erythrocytes, the multiexponential elimination kinetics, and their possible dependence on the dose have been studied as clinically relevant pharmacokinetic characteristics.The continuing attempt of the pharmaceutical industry to optimize the properties of beta‐blockers also has taken advantage of the slow release principle in oral dosage forms as shown by the example of oxprenolol.The beta‐receptor antagonists belong to one of the youngest classes of pharmaceuticals. Pharmacokinetic and metabolic data for the different representatives of this class have been generated in different laboratories with different approaches and different techniques. Therefore, full comparative documentatio

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1976.tb03327.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in patients with acute viral hepatitis.

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1976.tb03283.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1976.tb04381.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:The use of high calcium dialysate in the treatment of renal osteomalacia.

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1976.tb03284.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:Pharmacodynamic studies on the antihypertensive effectiveness of beta‐blocking drugs.Beta‐adrenoceptor antagonists are effective antihypertensive agents in the majority of patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Their antipressor activity is greater on systolic than diastolic pressure and greatest during dynamic exertion. Their circulatory effects are maximum within 1–2 hours of ingestion and the antipressor effects of a single dose are detectable for over eight hours. Both the immediate and long‐term blood pressure lowering effects of these drugs are dose related. The reduction in exercise systolic pressure is related to the logarithm of the dose of each drug; the reductions in pressure at rest follow no simple mathematical function. There is wide individual variation in the plasma concentrations achieved after a given oral dose, although the averaged values follow a linear regression. There are wide discrepancies between plasma concentration profile and magnitude and duration of antihypertensive activity; blood pressure lowering activity persists for significantly longer than the drug is detectable in plasma. The antihypertensive effects of the beta‐blocking drugs are enhanced during chronic administration without habituation. Their effects are specific but independent of the immediate presence of the drug, i.e. blood pressure lowering activity persists after clearance of the drug from the body. The ancillary pharmacological properties of these drugs neither augment nor detract from their antihypertensive potency, although the possession of intrinsic vasodilator activity enhances reduction in the blood pressure standing at rest. Beta‐blocking drugs add a new dimension to antihypertensive treatment in their specific potential to reduce the coronary consequences of

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1976.tb03328.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:Regional differences in lactate concentration in experimental myocardial infarction.

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1976.tb03285.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1976.tb04383.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:Blood pressure variability in patients on beta‐blockers.The direct arterial blood pressure was monitored over 24 hours in unrestricted untreated patients in order to obtain the average pressure and standard deviation over 24 hours. The standard deviation was taken as the index of variability of pressure. In eight subjects the study was repeated three months after commencement of treatment with a beta‐adrenergic blocking agent (tolamolol, 300 mg/day). In these subjects tolamolol resulted in a fall in mean blood pressure from 107 to 92 mmHg (P<0.05) and a fall in heart rate from 82 to 70 beats per minute (P ≤ 0.01). The variability in blood pressure, however, was unaffected by trea

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1976.tb03329.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY