摘要:

There is considerable rhetoric and speculation about the impact of term limitation proposals on state legislatures, but little in the way of empirical analysis. In this paper we examine multi‐state data on legislators' backgrounds, and explore the potential impact of term limits on different groups. We are especially interested in the effect on cohorts categorized by gender, race, party, and leadership position. Using data that constitute a demographic snapshot from the late 1980s, we are able to demonstrate that if term limits were immediately imposed, they would affect male Republicans, and leaders and committee chairs more than rank‐and‐file. It does not appear that term limits would have a significant impact on the representation of African‐Am

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00317.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In both the popular media and academic literature, “terrorism” has no common‐sense meaning that distinguishes it from less heinous acts of politically‐motivated violence. This article develops separate definitions for political violence and terrorism, based on both an ethical and a pragmatic distinction‐the political accountability or political innocence of the victims. Because they focus on victims, either definition may apply to either revolutionary or state‐sponsored violence or terrorism. The definitions are tested by being applied to specific acts of violence, and to gray areas where the distinction between political violence and terrorism may be har

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00318.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Within the framework of affirmative action and the theory of representative bureaucracy with a focus on organizational barriers, this paper demonstrates the lack of significant success of women in attaining positions of authority (executive, administrative, managerial) in the federal civil service. The role of veterans' preference policies in limiting the access of women to federal public service management positions is shown. Assuming the continuation of a strong lobbying effect in support of the continuation of veterans' preference policies, recommendations are made to rectify the organizational barrier to women posed by veterans' preference policies through the adoption of a point system which would assign to qualified non‐veterans additional points based upon qualifications which exceed the minimu

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00319.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The subject of limited publication of judicial opinions has generated controversy among students and practitioners of the law. Originally this tool was perceived as a viable method for providing some relief to judges from the burden of increasing caseloads. Because of the lack of uniformity and subjectivity of the publication, distribution and citation rules in the federal appellate circuits, the limited publication scheme can have a detrimental effect on the perception of equity in the law, judicial accountability and responsibility and overall judicial fairness. The authors explore these problems by examining recent data on the federal courts of appeals and offer proposed modifications to the use of this popular judicial tool.

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00320.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Among some of the “entrepreneurial” efforts which cities are exploring to raise revenue is legalized gambling. California law permits a local option on the establishment of poker clubs, and in Los Angeles County, five cities now operate clubs which provide anywhere from 10 to 60 percent of their revenue. This paper explores several questions relating to this revenue in these cities, including its stability and growth, and whether the costs of increased crime outweigh the benefit of increased revenue. Data collected over a ten‐year period indicate that the revenue results are mixed but that the card clubs do not have any measurable impact on the rate of crime in the comm

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00321.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The January 1991 Persian Gulf War and U.S.‐led coalition's resort to overt military conflict against Iraq fueled the debate on the utility and relevance of the just war tradition. Assessing realities surrounding the war's circumstances, we show that a) some criteria of just war theory (jus ad bellum) cannot be easily or fully satisfied, b) new political realities and multinational strategic interests can be incorporated within just war doctrine without depriving the latter of its perennial norms, and c) although U.N. involvement was critical to satisfy the legitimate authority requirement of just war doctrine, sovereign states acted largely independently of U.N. supervision. Our analysis questions some of the moral and practical uncertainties of the just war tradition and encourages ways to reconcile this rich tradition with new political and legal realitie

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00322.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A survey was conducted of women and men in middle and upper level management positions in Alabama state government. This analysis probes their motivation for changing jobs as their careers developed. The results provide insights about recruitment and retention of public managers.

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00323.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

While attention has been given to national environmental policies and the global environmental condition by scholars, and there is ample research addressing public opinion and attitudes on environmental issues, little research has focused on environment issues in communities and, specifically, on the forces within the local policy setting that shape environmental policy. This paper, based on a study of cities and counties in Florida, explores two concerns: identifying the level of commitment to environmental protection in communities; and identifying forces associated with communities prioritizing environmental protection. The author finds evidence that counties afford a high level of prioritization to environmental protection. Florida's communities appear to define the issue narrowly along the lines of water resources. The findings have theoretical relevance, as it was found that socioeconomic and “social quality of life” indicators tend to explain community environmental orientations and prioritizat

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00324.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Over forty years of research into the authoritarian personality has largely revolved around the measuring instrument, i.e., scales. Taking Altemeyer's Right‐wing Authoritarianism scale (1988) as illustrative of the orthodox approach to studying authoritarianism, we subjected high scorers, in both the United States and Taiwan, to Q factor analysis. This analysis demonstrated a secondary viewpoint, unrelated to a conventional understanding of authoritarianism, that would have been obscured by scale measurement. However, we show this information to be available even to those who use psychometric methods to study the phenomeno

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00325.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

There is a reasonable degree of scholarly consensus that ideology, at least defined as self‐placement on the liberal‐conservative continuum, plays a significant role in mass voting behavior. By most accounts, ideological identification played a major role in the 1988 presidential election. In that contest, the Bush campaign successfully employed a strategy of defining Dukakis as a ‘liberal.’ However, the ‘L word’ was less prominent in the 1992 campaign. Does that mean that ideological self‐identification was less of a factor in determining peoples' voting behavior in 1992? Using our own survey data, as well as the 1988 National Election Study, we find that ideology had approximately the same impact in 1992 as it had in 1988. However, there is evidence that the American voting public moved slightly toward the liberal end of the ideological spectrum. Despite a very different electoral outcome, the patterns underlying the vote in the 1988 and 1992 elections are remar

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00326.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY