ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00290.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The use of sterile, prepackaged enteral feeds has helped to reduce the risk of exogenous microbial contamination of enteral feeds but there is increasing evidence that endogenous contamination with bacteria from the patient's own flora may occur. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels and types of micro‐organisms present in residual feed in nutrient containers and giving sets when either 500 or 1000 ml prefilled, ready‐to‐hang nutrient containers were used to administer 1000 and 2000 ml quantities of feed to patients on hospital wards over 24 h using a single giving set over this period. Forty‐one adult patients were randomly allocated to receive either 1000 or 2000 ml of sterile undiluted, whole protein feed over 24 h from 1000 ml prefilled containers (Nutrison Steriflo, Cow and Gate Nutricia Ltd) or from 500 ml prefilled bottles (Osmolite, Abbott Laboratories Ltd). One giving set was used over 24 h for each patient. Samples of feed from the nutrient containers and the distal end of each giving set were sent for microbiological analysis immediately after removal from the patient. Control experiments demonstrated that there were no micro‐organisms in the unopened feed containers and that none was introduced during the feed sampling procedure. The percentage of days on which feed samples from the nutrient containers were contaminated was $lt; 10% for feeds administered at a rate of 1000 ml over 24 h and $lt; 23% for those administered at a rate of 2000 ml over 24 h irrespective of system, which may be attributed to increased handling of systems and reuse of the giving set. However, the percentage of days on which samples from the giving sets were contaminated was 43% for all systems. In fact, on an average of 33% of days it was found that the only feed sample that was contaminated was that collected from the giving set. Counts for these samples were $lt;103cfu/ml and the main bacteria isolated includedKlebsiellaspp.,Enterobacterspp.,Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalisandPseudomonas aeruginosa.These results further implicate retrograde spread of the patient's own flora as a possible source of microbial contamination of feed in the giving sets of enteral feedin

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00291.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

There is consensus among recent studies that adolescents' diets are nutritionally far from ideal. In an effort to increase understanding of the factors affecting food choice decisions in this age group, Ajzen's ‘Theory of Planned Behaviour’ was employed. Six hundred and seventy‐five adolescents, comprising both males and females, from two age groups and two types of school, completed a questionnaire which focused on intentions to eat three common foods at lunchtime. Attitudes and perceptions of control were the components of the model found to account for the most variance in intentions. The addition of a novel measure of friends' behaviour increased the model's explanatory power further. Significant gender and age differences in attitudes, beliefs, levels of dietary restraint and perceived social pressure were present; effects of social background and type of school upon these variables were mi

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00292.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A group of female teenage dieters was isolated from a larger national dietary survey of teenagers at 16–17 years of age. The dieting group included girls who both claimed to be dieting and who had energy intakes which were considered appropriate for weight loss, based on calculated reported energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate cut‐off points. The nutrient intakes and food choices of dieters (n= 204) were compared with a similar sample of non‐dieters (n= 226) from the same cohort group. The mean reported energy intake of the dieters was 1604 kcals/day compared to 2460 kcals/day amongst non‐dieters. The intakes of all the macronutrients in g/day were considerably lower amongst dieters, allowing for differences in region and social class, but when expressed as a percentage of energy intake, dieters had significantly lower intakes of fat and higher intakes of protein and intrinsic sugars, milk sugars and starch. No differences were seen in the percentage of energy provided by non‐milk extrinsic sugars between the two groups. The intake of all micronutrients was substantially lower amongst dieters, allowing for regional and social class differences, and more than twice as many dieters as non‐dieters failed to achieve the reference nutrient intake (RNI) for retinol equivalents, thiamin, riboflavin, folates, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, zinc, copper and selenium. Reported food intake data for the two groups suggest that dieters consumed smaller quantities of most foods, although intakes of items associated with dieting such as low calorie soft drinks, low fat spread, skimmed milk, cottage cheese, yoghurt, salad vegetables, fruit and fruit juice were consumed in equal or greater amounts by dieters. Teenage dieters should be encouraged to include more nutrient‐dense foods in their diets such as fortified breakfast cereals and low fat dairy products in order to obtain sufficient micronutrients from a lower c

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00293.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Dietary reference values for the different types of sugars have been set, partly based on the differences in cariogenicity between intrinsic and non‐milk extrinsic sugar. However little information is available about the usual intake of these different sugars in population groups in the UK. Using a large Scottish data base, and food frequency questionnaire information on usual dietary intake, the values for mean daily intakes of intrinsic, non‐milk extrinsic and milk sugars have been estimated by sex, age (range 25–64 years), special diet, smoking habit, body mass index and social class. The data are presented as g/day and as a percentage of total energy intake so that they may be viewed in context to the recommendations, particularly for non‐milk extrinsic sugar intake. The results illustrate that low total or non‐milk extrinsic sugar intakes are not necessarily associated with good health since men as a whole fail to meet the recommendation of less than 10% energy from non‐milk extrinsic sugar, while women as a whole do, and obesity is associated with low sugar intakes. This emphasizes the need to consider all the nutrients in a diet together, before assessing its likely

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00294.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of the study was to validate three techniques of dietary assessment (weighed records, PETRA records and diet histories) in post‐obese subjects and to compare validation by doubly labelled water with validation against urinary nitrogen excretion. Eleven successful slimmers (one male and 10 females) kept weighed diet records for 21 days using both traditional scales (weighed record, WR) and the PETRA system of recording weight and food description on cassette tape; the changeover was on Day 11. Subjects were weighed on Days 1 and 21. Two diet histories (DH) were taken by different dietitians, one before and one after the study (DHA, DHB). Energy (EI) and nitrogen (NI) intakes were calculated from food tables. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured by the doubly labelled water method. Five 24 h urine collections validated by PABACHEK were obtained to measure urine N; seven individual collections with para‐amino‐benzoic acid (PABA) recovery $lt; 85% were rejected. Multiple regression analysis of WR and PETRA intakes showed no effect of survey method or order of survey, but significantly higher intakes on Friday to Sunday; mean intakes were adjusted to allow for variation in days of the week covered. Mean ± SD intakes from WR (7.10 ± 2.52 MJ, 10.32 ± 3.72 g N) and PETRA (7.22 ± 2.87 MJ, 10.37 ± 3.85 g N) were not significantly different. DHA estimated mean intakes lower (6.45 ± 2.66 MJ, 10.1 ± 3.2 g N) and DHB higher (7.79 ± 2.42 MJ, 11.9 ± 4.3 g N) than weighed methods, but not significantly. Reported 21‐day EI was 76% of measured TEE and urine N was 115% of diet N compared with the expected values of 100% and 82% for valid diet records indicating under‐reporting. Weight change, mean ‐ 0.75 (0.2 to ‐ 2.2) kg, suggested dieting during the recording period. Within subjects all methods tended to give similar results suggesting that personal factors strongly

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00295.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Photographs are valuable aids in the estimation of food portion sizes and are easy to use in dietary surveys. As with other methods, employing photographs to estimate portion sizes consumed produces errors due to the method itself and errors from other sources such as poor recall of amounts actually eaten. This study was aimed at the first type of error and investigated errors due to the visual perception of food portions from food photographs in the absence of recall biases. Two hundred and seventy women were presented with various amounts of foods and asked to indicate the portion sizes using appropriate sets of photographs. The photographs showed three portion sizes (small, medium, large) for each of 45 foods commonly found in the French diet. The portions of real food estimated by subjects were prepared to the same weights as the portions photographed. Estimates of portion sizes were compared to the weighed amounts. They were found to be accurate within 25% in most cases. Except for three foods, errors on estimates were seen for one or more portions per food. Two patterns of errors were identified. For 22 foods, the small portion sizes were overestimated and the large portion sizes underestimated, but no error occurred with the medium portion. For 20 other foods, the three portion sizes were either all underestimated or all overestimated. The first pattern of error may be due to a general tendency to avoid extreme response categories, while the second pattern of error may be related to biased visual perception. In general, there was no obvious way to link the patterns of errors with the type or physical appearance of the foods. In conclusion, the photograph method is recommended for the assessment of portion sizes, provided that great care is taken to suggest the volume of the food portions in the photographs and in selecting a range of portions which encompasses the range of amounts of food actually consumed in the diet.

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00296.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

>A major programme has been undertaken to analyse the nutrient composition of a wide range of retail cuts of carcass meats, both in the raw and cooked states. Selected preliminary results for fat, moisture, protein and energy are presented here, together with comparisons with values reported inThe Composition of Foods.These results show that, in general, the fat content of carcass meat has fallen since the 1970s, with changes being most marked in pork.

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00297.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00298.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00299.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY