摘要:

Energy and nutrient intakes were estimated in 136 7–8‐year‐old Scottish schoolchildren using the 7‐day weighed inventory method. The contribution of liquid milk was assessed by (a) expressing energy and nutrient intake from milk as a percentage of overall intakes; (b) comparing dietary intakes in children with different patterns of milk consumption and (c) investigating the relationships between milk drinking, anthropometry and growth. The average intake of milk in this study was 2.11 l per week and more full‐fat than semi‐skimmed milk was drunk. Milk contributed around 10% of energy, 13% fat, 30% vitamin A, 36% vitamin B12and 42% calcium to overall diets. Children with weekly milk intakes of more than 3 l had higher daily intakes of energy and certain micronutrients compared with children with weekly milk intakes of less than 1 l. The overall daily diets of children drinking semi‐skimmed milk at home were lower in percentage energy from fat than those of children drinking full‐fat milk at home. There was no significant relationship between the type or volume of milk drunk and either anthropometry or growth. It was concluded that (a) intakes of milk in excess of 3 l per week are beneficial in terms of increased micronutrient intakes and (b) the use of semi‐skimmed milk may help to decrease intakes of fat in this age group, yet have no adverse effects on anthro

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-277X.1996.00428.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The role of weekday lunches eaten by 136 7–8‐year‐old Scottish schoolchildren was investigated. Energy and nutrient intakes were estimated using the 7‐day weighed inventory method and the nutritional contribution of school, packed and home lunches was expressed as a percentage of mean daily intakes. Comparisons were made between the average school lunch and Caroline Walker Trust guidelines and between school, packed and home lunches. Weekday lunches contributed around one‐quarter to one‐third of daily energy intakes, the greatest contribution to energy and nutrient intakes coming from packed lunches. The nutrient profile of school meals was poor in relation to Caroline Walker Trust guidelines and poor compared with the nutrient profile of school lunches reported by Nelson&Paul in 1983. Children taking school meals regularly had lower daily intakes of percentage energy from carbohydrate and higher intakes of percentage energy from fat. The results from this paper suggest that changes in school meals are required in order to provide a model upon which schoolchildren can base their eati

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-277X.1996.00429.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The contribution of snacks to dietary intakes was investigated in a sample of 136 7–8‐year‐old children. Mean daily energy and nutrient intakes were estimated using the 7‐day weighed inventory method and the contribution of snacks was analysed separately. Snacks contributed 26% of energy intake and a large proportion of macronutrient intakes. The influence of a high intake of snacks on overall diet was investigated by classifying children as low or high snackers based on the proportion of daily energy intakes from snacks. There were no significant differences in anthropometry, and few significant differences in energy and nutrient intakes between children classified as ‘low’ and ‘high’ snackers. This was partly because ‘high’ snackers had a lower energy and macronutrient intake from meals, although this does not explain the lack of significant differences in micronutrient intakes between the snacking groups given that snacks were less nutrient dense than meals. It is concluded that snacks made an important contribution to energy and nutrient intakes in this sample but that further research is required to investigate how a high intake of snacks affects the quality

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-277X.1996.00430.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A questionnaire was used to investigate the schoolday and holiday breakfast habits of a group of 742 pupils (420 boys and 322 girls) aged between 9 and 13 years. The subjects attended four different schools in Madrid with populations of medium and medium–high socioeconomic level. Most pupils (53%) ate dairy products and cereals for breakfast and 10% also ate fruit: breakfasts that could be considered adequate or satisfactory. However, it was also observed that 17% of boys and 33% of girls took only dairy products at breakfast. In most cases (98%) this was limited to a glass of milk, an intake insufficient to start the day. Three per cent of boys and 5% of girls took no breakfast at all. Boys in general and the younger children of the sample spent more time at breakfast than girls or older children. They also included a wider variety of foods in their breakfasts. Most of the schoolchildren had breakfast at home (95%), either alone (42%) or with their brothers and sisters (43%). Only 25% had breakfast with their parents. Breakfast made a contribution of 15.6±0.4% to the recommended daily intake of energy. In 88% of cases, the contribution of breakfast was lower than 25% of total calories, the advisable level for this meal. During holidays the percentage of children who took no breakfast decreased to 2% of boys and 1% of girls. However, the differences observed between holidays and working days were not great. Perhaps the most important difference lies in the time spent eating breakfast, 10.8±0.3 minutes on schooldays and 20±0.6 minutes during holidays (P<0.001). The modification of dietary habits to increase the quantity and variety of foods consumed before starting daily activity probably has a positive impact on physical and intellectual performance. It would also help in the attainment of better nutritional status and better he

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-277X.1996.00434.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reports research showing that a modified version of Prochaska&DiClemente's (1982) stage model of behaviour change can account for dietary fat reduction in a sample of 133 young English adults. Prochaska&DiClemente's model posits five sequential stages through which people pass in the course of behaviour change. The current research developed a new, simplified staging questionnaire which successfully categorized respondents into groups whose dietary fat consumption differed as the model predicts—that is, those in later stages were consuming less dietary fat than those in earlier stages. The research focused on four social and psychological processes which Prochaska&DiClemente argue operate most powerfully at the four different stage transitions. Results showed that two of the processes (consciousness raising and self‐liberation) could, between them, distinguish all five stages from each other. The two processes had their decisive impact in the predicted order (i.e. consciousness raising discriminating between earlier stages and self‐liberation distinguishing between later stages) but they did not operate at the particular stage transitions reported in Prochaska and his colleagues’ own research. The other two processes (i.e. self re‐evaluation and helping relationships) did not discriminate between people at different stages. This suggests that Prochaska&DiClemente's findings cannot entirely be replicated in th

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-277X.1996.00439.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Eating patterns in the UK are changing, not least of these changes is the increase in food availability and choice outside the home. Eating outside the home is not a new phenomenon; limited data are available for adults and for the population as a whole, but no such data exist for children. Information on food choices and purchasing is valuable in identifying relevant targets for effective change. This paper reports the dietary intake and the percentage of total intake from home and away from home (identifying as outside sources, school meals, other homes, school tuck‐shops and shops or cafes for 379 11–12‐year‐old schoolchildren in 1990), as well as the nutrient density of intakes from each food source. Each child completed two 3‐day dietary records between January and July 1990, and was interviewed after each 3‐day record by one dietitian. The purpose of the interview was to verify and enlarge upon the information recorded in order to obtain a quantitative record of food intake and to determine the source of each food item. Food tables were used to calculate nutrient intake. Sources of food outside the home accounted for approximately 30% of their total energy intake. Food from home had the highest micronutrient density of all the sources. The nutrient density of school meals compared well with food from home; school meals were lower in non‐milk extrinsic sugars although higher in fat and lower in protein, non‐starch polysaccharides, iron and retinol equivalents. Foods purchased from shops/cafes or school tuck‐shops were of poor nutrient quality for all nutrients measured. Children from ‘low’ social groups had intakes of a lower nutrient density from home than children from ‘high’ social groups and also obtained a greater proportion of their total diet from shops or cafes. Although the popularity of the different food sources outside the home varied with gender and social group, the quality of intake obtained did not, suggesting that children followed peer group food preferences outside the home rather than f

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-277X.1996.00441.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This case study reports the progress of a 23‐year‐old woman with AIDS with inadequate food intake due to painful swallowing. Enteral nutritional support was provided for 118 days and a weight gain of 23.3 kg was achieved in 133 days. This demonstrates that enteral nutritional support can help to maintain nutritional status and facilitate weight gain in people with A

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-277X.1996.00432.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY