摘要:

SUMMARYSequence data show that the immunoglobulins evolved from two sets of paralogous genes: a gene set coding for the V regions and another for the different C regions.A comparison of sequences from these two gene sets shows homology between the V and C sets of genes: this homology is only significant when VHis compared with Cμ1, Cμ2 and Cγ1. There is a close agreement between our data drawn from sequence comparisons and the data of Poljaket al.(1974) drawn from crystallographic data.This finding is in agreement with the results of the phylogenetic trees of the C and V gene sets: they suggest that the VHsubgroups and the first constant domain of the heavy chains are the most ancient. Moreover homology between the red blood cell glycophorin and Cμ2 suggests that immunoglobulins could have a common origin with some membrane prote

ISSN:1744-3121    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-313X.1976.tb00551.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYHaemagglutination inhibition experiments were carried out with anti‐P1, anti‐Pkand anti‐P sera in an attempt to increase understanding of the chemical, genetical and serological relationships within the P system. The test‐substances comprised a glycoprotein with human blood group P1and Pkactivity isolated from sheep hydatid cyst fluid, fragments isolated from the partial acid hydrolysis products of the P1Pkactive glycoprotein, glycolipids, monosaccharides and di‐ and oligosaccharides of known structure. The trisaccharide αGal(1→4)βGal(1→4)GlcNAc isolated from the glycoprotein hydrolysis products, and earlier established as the P1determinant (Coryet al., 1974), was the only low molecular weight compound that gave strong inhibition with human, rabbit and goat anti‐P1sera. A disaccharide αGal(1→4)Gal, also isolated from the glycoprotein hydrolysis products, failed to react with anti‐P1reagents but inhibited human anti‐Pksera as strongly as the trisaccharide. The glycolipid αGal(1→4)βGal(1→4)Glc‐Cer (ceramide trihexoside) and other oligosaccharides containing αGal(1→4)Gal at the non‐reducing terminal were also strong inhibitors of anti‐Pksera. Oligosaccharides with terminal α‐galactosyl residues joined in other positional linkages gave definite, although less strong, inhibition. The inhibition results suggest a close structural relationship between the P1and Pkdeterminants and indicate that the specificity of anti‐Pksera is less closely delineated than that of anti‐P1. Human anti‐P sera differed markedly from anti‐P1and anti‐Pkand were not inhibited by any of the compounds containing α‐galactosyl residues. The glycolipid βGalNAc(1→3)αGal(1→4)βGal(1→4)Glc‐Cer (globoside) strongly inhibited the anti‐P sera.The inhibition of anti‐Pkand anti‐P sera by ceramide trihexoside and globoside, respectively, confirms the observations of Naiki&Marcus (1974) and supports their conclusions that Pkis the precursor of P. The genetic relationship of the P1antigen to P and Pkis not clear but biosynthetic pathways are discussed that might expla

ISSN:1744-3121    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-313X.1976.tb00552.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe effect of antibiotics on lymphocyte HL‐A antigensin vitrois of variable character. All antibiotics under examination suppressed the absorption capacity of HL‐A antigens after 2 hr of lymphocyte treatment at 37°C. Ceporin and Kanamytrex inhibited even the cytotoxic reactivity of H1‐A antigens after 15–30 min of lymphocyte treatment. Chloramphenicol, aureomycin, streptomycin and oleandomycin, on the contrary, increased the specific cytotoxic reactivity of HL‐A antigens after 15–30 min, after 1 hr they were ineffective for HL‐A antigens, and after two or more hours they produced polyreactivity. Penicillin and erythromycin produced polyreactivity after only 15–30 min. The results show that for the follow‐up of the drug effect on HL‐A antigens the absorption test rather than the cytotoxicity test is of importance. The suppressed absorption capacity of HL‐A antigens caused by the action of antibiotics proves their inactivation effect on the lymphocytes. The possibility of an analogous effect of antibiotics on lymphocyte HL‐A antigens, even after administration t

ISSN:1744-3121    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-313X.1976.tb00553.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYH‐2Kkand H‐2Ddmolecules were specifically purified from a radioiodinated H‐2apreparation obtained by papain digestion of spleen cell membranes of A/J strain mice. The molecules were isolated by binding to H‐2 alloantisera of the corresponding private specificity followed by precipitation with rabbit anti‐mouse IgG antiserum. The specifically precipitated radioiodinated H‐2Kkand H‐2Ddmolecules were dissociated by acid treatment into large and small components of about 37,000 and 11,000 daltons respectively. These were separated by gel filtration at acid pH or by gel isoelectric focusing in the presence of 6 M urea. Each component separated by gel filtration of the acid‐dissociated H‐2 molecules showed a high degree of size homogeneity as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Upon gel isoelectric focusing, however, the small components showed two peaks of radioactivity closely located together at pH 7–8, both of which had a restricted pH range, while the large components gave one peak of a relatively wide pH range of pH 5–6. The H‐2Kkand H‐2Ddmolecules gave essentially the same pattern in terms of the numbers and the positions of the radioactivity bands. Under the iodination conditions used the large components of H‐2Kkmolecules contained more radioactivity than the small components, while the reverse was true in case of H‐2Ddmolecules. Such a difference was also found with H‐2Kkand H‐2Ddmolecules isolated by use of alloantisera of the respective public specificity. The assay of binding of the isolated components with H‐2 alloantisera of defined specificity revealed that the large components retain most of the allospecificities of the parental H‐2 molecules. No H‐2 allospecificities were found on the small components. The small components showed extensive binding with rabbit antiserum against mouse β2‐microglobin. The same antiserum did not show any binding with the large components. On the other hand, both of the components did bind with rabbit antise

ISSN:1744-3121    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-313X.1976.tb00554.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYIn the previous report, strain differences of inbred rats were investigated in the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). A low‐responder strain (Fischer rats) produced only IgM antibody, but other high‐responder strains switched over from IgM to IgG antibody to SRBC. Pretreatment with incomplete Freund's adjuvant made Fischer rats a high‐responder. These results seemed to indicate that there are malfunctions of macrophages, together with T cells, in Fischer rat strain.In this report, strain differences in the phagocytic activity of macrophages were examined using radiolabelled SRBC. High uptake of SRBC by the spleen in the low responder rats, and vice versa, was confirmed in various experimental conditions. Genetic analyses were made of the specific spleen uptake of the radiolabelled SRBC in backcrossed rats. The result clearly showed that the degree of spleen uptake of the radiolabelled SRBC is genetically determined by a single gene and this property itself has a close negative correlation with the ability of each rat to produce haemolysin against SRBC.These results strongly suggest that the Ir‐SRBC gene exerts its effect, at least in part, via macrophages.The relationship between the function of the macrophage and the antibody response is di

ISSN:1744-3121    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-313X.1976.tb00555.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe Ag‐B allotype, mixed lymphocyte reactivity (MLR) and the immune response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) were assayed in male rats from the F2 hybrid and two back‐cross generations of the F344 and DA strains in order to investigate the structure of the rat major histocompatibility complex. No disparity between Ag‐B type and mixed lymphocyte reactivity was found in 263 animals. The immune response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) was closely linked to the Ag‐B locus, and both antibody production and the delayed hypersensitivity response were under polygenic control. These results suggest that the genetic loci which determine these responses in the rat are closely linked and that recombinational events between the Ag‐B and MLR loci are i

ISSN:1744-3121    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-313X.1976.tb00556.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book Review in This ArticleThymus Factors in Immunity, Edited by HermanFriedmanBlood Groups in Man, By R. R. Raceand RuthSangerInvestigation and Stimulation of Immunity in Cancer Patients, Edited by G. MathéR. WeinerTissue Specificity and Autoimmunity, S. Shulman,Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics(Edited by A. Kleinzeller, G. F. Springerand H. G. Wittmann.

ISSN:1744-3121    

DOI:10.1111/j.1744-313X.1976.tb00557.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY