ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1946.tb00091.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY.Life tables for the imago of Musca vicina and Calliphora erythrocephala were compiled from flies kept under controlled conditions. Musca were fed on diluted milk and Calliphora on 10% sugar solution and chicken liver.In Musca females are slightly longer lived than males and the contrary is true for Calliphora.The survivorship curves, and more strikingly the death eurves, exhibit a relatively high mortality during the early days of imaginal life. For the purpose of graduation, the life tables were broken up into two portions and the first one, containing the period of “premature imaginal mortality,” fitted by a fifth order parabola, and the second one by the Gompertz‐Makeham formula.For Musca, a complete life table, covering all stages of development, has been compiled and compared to the human life table including miscarriages. This comparison reveals a parallelism between portions of the survivorship curves representing respectively the periods of foetus—egg, infancy—larva, youth and puberty—pupa and young imago, adult man—

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1946.tb00092.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Two main conclusions may be deduced from the foregoing description:—(1) In Rh. sondaicus pm2of the permanent dentition, when unworn, may differ from pm3and pm4, as well as from the molars, in having the ectoloph and protoloph superficially separated and the anterior fossa opening in front between them. This at all events is the case in two youngish skulls, one without locality, the other from Lower Tenasserim. These may be set aside for the time being, pending the examination of additional skulls, if any, to prove that the newly erupted pm2is always so constructed.(2) In two fully adult, if not oldish, skulls from the Sanderbans, with pm2considerably worn, the condition above described persists, whereas in several skulls from the Sunda Islands, younger than the last, or about the same age, with pm2less or about equally worn, the ectoloph and protoloph are connected by a vertical crest which completely closes the anterior fossa in front. I provisionally attach racial significance to this difference and restore the name inermis for the now extinct Rhinoceros of the Sanderbans, restricting sondaicus in a racial sense to the form from the Sunda Island

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1946.tb00093.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1946.tb00094.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1946.tb00095.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1946.tb00096.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The nasal capsule comprises a small tectum nasi, a septum nasi that is ossified posteriorly, a flat cartilago alaris and a long slender cartilago obliqua. The crista intermedia and its laminae are absent.The nasal cavities consist of three chambers which have been termed the cavum principale, the intermediate chamber and the recessus lateralis. Communicating with the latter is the organ of Jacobson, into the floor of which Jacobson's gland opens. There is no ductus nasolacrimalis or glandula intermaxillaris.The cranial nerves are discussed in connection with the lateral wall of the neurocranium. It is observed that there is a well‐marked preoptic root, but no distinct pila metoptica, the side wall between the foramen opticum and the foramen prooticum representing a combination of the pila metoptica and the pila antotica. It is considered that a prefacial commissure is present.The skull is strongly ossified. The nasals, the fused frontoparietals, the pterygoids and the parasphenoid are large. A small foramen parietale occurs in the fused fronto‐parietals. The pterygoids do not encircle the median Eustaehian aperture, which in section is seen to penetrate the exoccipitale. The sphenethmoicl region is cartilaginous and unpaired. There is no separate supra‐ethmoid or prevomer. The palatines and quadratojugals are lacking. The quadrate region is anteriorly situated. An ossified processus basalis of the quadrate is recognized. The processus pterygoideus is confluent with neighbouring parts, but the processus oticus forms a lateral cartilaginous wall between the pars media plectri and the middle ear.The musculus levator mandibulae anterior seems to be present, as the whole levator muscle occurs laterally and posteriorly to the ramus mandibularis V. The musculus depressor mandibulae consists of superficial and deep sections. Some of the fibres of the latter originate on the hinder process of the pars media plectri and on the posterior extremity of the ceratohyale.The hyobranchial skeleton consists of two completely separated parts. The copula and the ceratohyale are ossified.The affinities of Hymenochirus are discussed and some neotenie features are pointe

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1946.tb00097.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1. There is a graded change in each dimension along a series of repeated structures. It is not usual to find any two consecutive members of the series absolutely identical in size and proportions.2. The “seriogressive” change is typically smoothly graded. There are rarely sharp “breaks” or sudden turning‐points in the series‐profiles of the various dimensions.3. The form of a profile for a particular dimension is usually quite characteristic and may show no very close correlation with that of the profiles for other dimensions, even of the same structure. Maxima, points of inflection, etc., of such profiles may be situated at different points in the series.4. The series‐profiles show a number of age‐differences. Sex differences are not marked in Lithobius.5. The differential variation between two dimensions in seriogression does not follow the simple allometry relation, as it often does between two dimensions of a structure in ontogeny. Along the limb, however, there is a gradient in the magnitude of the seriogressive increment which compares with the growth‐gradient along the limb.6. The smoothness of a series‐profile does not indicate that a simple mathematical formula will express its seriogressive change. Many factors may be involved. Polynomial expressions are usually required. The profiles for different dimensions, and even the different parts of one profile, may require polynomials of different power. The addition of one more determining factor has little effect on the form of a profile.7. Seriometric proportions may be determined by functional requirements and a smooth series‐profile may be a reflection of the way in which functional factors change along such a series. It is less probable that profiles are the incidental result of growth‐patterns involving smooth gradients in growth‐rates.8. A study of the seriometric features of repeated structures may help to understand their functions. Both seriometric and ontogenetic growth‐changes may help towards a functional solution of such problems as the homology between the various limb‐segments in d

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1946.tb00098.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1946.tb00099.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1946.tb00100.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY