摘要:

Summary.The following species are described as new to science:—Notiphilides dissimilis, Schendylurus montivagus, Schendylurus peruanus, Nyctunguis weyrauchi, Diplethmus pulchellus, Prionothalthybius grandis, Schizoribautia peruana titicacae, Atethobius (Vulcanbius) weyrauchi,Lamyctes neotropicus.A re–description in detail is given ofSchizoribautia seydi(Ribaut, 1923) from new material. New records arc given for Peru ofSchizoribautia peruanaVerhoeff, 1951,Lamyctes pacificusSilvestri, 1899 andLamyctes cuzcotesChamberlin, 1944, in some instances with short descriptions amplifying the original one. An incidental record of the synanthropic speciesLamyctinus coeculusBrolemann from Venezuela is given. A revision and re‐grouping of the genera related toNotiphilidesis given, together with some account of the observed variation of some of the morphological characters used for specific determination in that genus and some observations on the biology of species of the genusNotiphilides. Keporya mirandaChamberlin, 1941 is shown to be a synonym ofNotiphilides maximilliani(Humb. et Sauss., 1870).In the second half of the paper a preliminary list is given of all the known species and subspecies of chilopods found in Peru, amounting to some seventy‐four forms in all. This list includes some names that are to appear in a forthcoming publication by Chamberlin on the chilopods of Chile. Discussing the zoogeographical relationships of this fauna it is suggested that the chilopods follow a well marked differentiation into three groupings following those of the marked geographical and vegetational divisions; these are (a) those of the desert and subdesert coastal region; (b) those of the montaña; (c) those of the sierra. It is shown that in some genera, especially those of the montaña, species replacement by altitude takes place and that this accounts for the large number of endemic forms. Three faunal elements each with a different history are shown to occur:—1An early indigenous element, perhaps Mesozoic, which may have partly arisen in the northern hemisphere but which is quite likely to be heterogenous in make‐up, the members of which are often found distributed, either in identical forms or closely related species, over the Pacific Islands and sometimes in the continental masses of the southern hemisphere. Possible reasons for this distribution are discussed.2A small faunal element which is in process of some diffusion northwards using mostly, so far as the evidence we have at present indicates, the tropical rain forest.3A well marked post–Tertiary element. originating in the northern hemisphere and in process of extending its range southwards using, for the most part, the Central American pine–cedar forest. This element is composed mostly of lithobiomorphs with a few species

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1955.tb00612.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1Simultaneous recordings were made of the feeding activities of the Wood Mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) and the Bank Vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) in response to day‐lengths of sixteen, twelve, and eight hours respectively.2The results are compared for amount of activity spent in feeding, pattern of distribution of activity during the daily cycle, nocturnal preference, and feeding behaviour.3The rhythms of both species are readily modifiable according to day‐lengths and seem to vary in pattern as a function of their specific nocturnal preferenda and food habits.4The amount of activity outside the nest decreased considerably when food storing became a part of the species behaviour but was otherwise more or less constant.5Wood mice began storing food when the day‐length was decreased from sixteen to twelve hours and bank voles when it was decreased from twelve to eight hours. The corresponding reductions in amount of activity (mean number of active periods per diel cycle) were of the same relative proportion for each species.6Progressive decreases in day‐length produced parallel changes in nocturnal preference between the two species.7The results of other studies of activity rhythms in closely related species are compared with the data from the present investigation and certain theoretical discrepancies noted.8It is suggested that the role of activity rhythms in the community relations of the wood mouse and bank vole is an extremely critical one and that it is an important feature of any competition betwe

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1955.tb00613.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1May to September observations on a colony of c. 400Phoca vitulinain Shetland. The limiting factors of the habitat are described.2Daily 8 a.m. counts showed that numbers hauled out depended chiefly on swell or human disturbance (both erratic), to a lesser degree on the state of the tide and little, if at all, on rain and sun.3Relations with other species include: practically no overlap withHalichoerus grypus, indications that sea‐birds may be taken as food, and man as a long‐established enemy, mainly in the pupping season, when almost an entire generation may be wiped out.4In May and early June there was a great deal of play, apparently sexual, with “pairs” rolling together in the water. First pups appeared on June 14th when the play period ceased. The pupping season extended over three weeks.5Breeding behaviour proved largely aquatic. Pups may be born on tidal rocks or apparently even in the water. They found great difficulty in landing at first and spent most of their time at sea. Mothers guarded them closely for about three weeks and suckled them either in the shallows or ashore. Lactation lasted four weeks.6After the pups became independent, adults began to moult. Sexual play was not resumed and no coition was seen during this post‐pupping season.7Of the seals present at the beginning of the seasonc.15 per cent were yearlings and possibly only 70 per cent. were adult. The number of pups born was c. 18 per cent of the total population. Comparisons are made with a colony

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1955.tb00614.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1955.tb00615.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1955.tb00616.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1A comparative account is given of the respiratory adaptations of the larvae and pupae of the family Psephenidae.2The structure of the spiracles of the larvae of the Eulichidae is described.3The structure and function of a simple but previously unknown respiratory adaptation, the spiracular brush, are described.4An account is given of the evolution of the cribriform type of spiracle from the biforous.5The methods of attachment of Psephenid pupae to the larval cuticle and to the substrate are noted.6Abdominal gin‐traps in the pupa of one of the Eubriinae and in the larva of the same species are described. The protective devices called gin‐traps have not previously been recorded in insect larvae.7Instances in the Psephenidae of the mimicry of the larva by the pupa of the same species are noted. These appear to be the first recorded instances of mimicry amongst aquatic insects.8A key to the immature stages of the subfamilies of the Psephenidae is given.9Afropsephenium terricolaPaulian is shown not to belong to the Psephenidae or the superfamily Dryopoidea.10A new definition of the family Dryopidae is given.11It is shown that the larvae of the aquatic Dryopidae are terrestrial and not aquatic, and that this group and the Hydraenidae are apparently the only exceptions among insects to the rule that if the adults are aquatic the larvae are also aquatic but terrestrial adults may have aquatic lar

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1955.tb00617.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1The British species of the genusVeigaiaare redescribed. A key is given for the identification of the females.2Veigaia bovvieri(Bed.), both sexes, andVeigaia serrataWillm., females only, are recorded for the first time from Britain.3Veigaia herculeana(Bed.) 1904 is considered to be a synonym ofVeigaia kochi(Trägärdh) 1901.Veigaia kochiWillm., 1936 non Trägärdh, 1901 is considered a synonym ofVeigaia nemorensis(C. L. Koch), 1839.4A discussion is given on the classification of the Veigaiaidae (syn. Gamasolaelaptidae). The writer has united the families Veigaiaidae and Gamasolaelaptidae since he considers the genusGamasolaelaelaptidaeto be closely related toVeigaiaandCyrthydrolaelaps.The generaEuryparasitusOudms. andHalolaelapsBed., previously included in the Gamasolaelaptidae, are transferred to the Rhodacari

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1955.tb00618.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ssmmary.A new machairodont,Therailurus piveteaui, is described.The specimens from Sterkfontein described by Broom (1937) asMegantereon barlowiare discussed, and it is concluded that reference to the genusMeganttreonis incorrect. A new specimen from the same deposit appears to belong to the same species as Broom's specimens and shows many similarities toTherailurus piveteaui.It is concluded that all belong to a second species ofTherailurus, which thus becomesTherailurus barlowi(Broom). On the basis of the new material an amplified description ofTherailurus barlowiis given.A mandibular fragment from Swartkrans is described. Its similarities toT. piveteauiandT. barlowiindicate that it represents another species of the same genus.A new species ofMegantereon, M. eurynodon, from the Kromdraai deposit is described.Two incompletely identified mandibular fragments from the Swartkrans deposit are described: of these one is referred to the Nimravidae, and the other to the Machairodontinae. The latter may possibly be a species ofMegantereon.Fragmentary lower carnassials from Kromdraai are also described: these may possibly belong to a species ofEpimachairodus.A list of all the known fossil machairodonts from the Transvaal deposits is given, and the implications as to the dating of the deposits are discussed. It is concluded that the material does not provide any basis for an accurate dating of the deposits, but supports the view that they are not all strictly contemporaneous. The affinities of the fauna are considered to be with South East Asia, rather than Europe.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1955.tb00619.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary1A collection of gomphodont cynodonts obtained from the Manda Beds (Middle Trias) of the Ruhuhu valley in Tanganyika has been prepared. Two new forms,Cricodon metabolusandAleodon brachyrhamphus, have been described, the former from an imperfect skeleton and the latter from a skull.2The postcanine teeth ofTrirachodon angustifronsParrington have been shown to differ sufficiently from the South African species of that genus to merit transfer to a new genusScalenodon.A growth series of this form consisting of nine upper jaws and six dentaries has been described together with some postcranial elements.3Two postcanine teeth in an isolated maxilla have been shown to resemble those ofGomphodontosuchus brasiliensisvon Huene from the Rio do Rasto Series of Brazil, and similarly the postcanine teeth ofScalenodon angustifronshave been shown to resemble those of the Brazilian formTraversodon stahleckerivon Huene, also from the Rio do Rasto Series. It has been concluded that the Triassic cynodonts of the Ruhuhu valley compare more closely with those of the Brazilian Rio do Rasto Series than with those of South African deposits.4It has been shown that there is evidence that the incisors and canines ofScalenodon angustifronsare replaced at least twice and consequently the dental succession of this advanced cynodont cannot be considered as mammalian. The replacement of the incisors appears to be alternate or “distichic”.5It has been shown that the ninth upper postcanine teeth ofCricodon metabolus, which are of the shearing type, ere undergoing replacement by gomphodont teeth; that the ninth and tenth upper postcanines are apparently also being replaced in two specimens ofScalenodon angustifrons; and that the sixth upper postcanine ofDiademodonsp. indet. is undergoing replacement. It is concluded that the use of the terms “premolar” and “molar” is unjustified in gomphodont cynodonts. No evidence has been found of replacement of posterior postcanine in any mandible.6The available evidence supports the conclusion of earlier workers that the localities from which the material was collected are of Middle T

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1955.tb00620.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryBoth bisexual and hermaphrodite reproduction occurs in the Notostraca. The form of the gonads is described and the cytological cycle of ovaries and testes reported briefly.The most successful chromosome counts were made on the early spermatid nuclei, seen abundantly in smears of nearly mature tests. These counts were confirmed by chromosomes found in the testis lobes and ovaries of other animals.An account of copulation is given and methods of fertilization are discussed.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1955.tb00621.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY