摘要:

The paper gives a brief review of what the new mechanics has done to explain the phenomenon of incoherent scattering. An expression is derived for the frequencies characteristic of three elastically bound masses vibrating in a straight line. This simple harmonic theory is used to assist in interpreting experimental results. The value of the stretching force of all single bonds is assumed to be the same. Double and triple bonds are taken as having a stretching force twice and three times respectively that of a single bond. The value of the stretching force of a single bond is deduced with the aid of the assumption that the frequency 300 mm−1arises from longitudinal oscillations of the form C–H. Spectrograms are given together with diagrams and measurements for two groups of substances: (1) ethylene glycol and five derivatives, (2) four nitriles and benzyl alcohol. Acetonitrile, phenylacetonitrile and benzyl alcohol have been studied by other authors. The rest are observed for the first time. With the aid of the simple harmonic oscillator theory previously mentioned some attempt is made to associate certain frequencies with definite bonds and structures.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr31-007

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1931

数据来源: NRC

摘要:

The investigations of the writer and his associates have shown that the responses of the organs of vision, hearing, touch, taste, temperature and pain, when stimulated, follow the same type of law, which states that some measure of the response is proportional to the logarithm of the intensity of stimulation. It has also been determined that the contraction of the muscles of the arm, the secretion of saliva, the learning process, the production of heat and the action currents in nerves, likewise conform to the same law. In every case the graphs obtained consist of two or more intersecting straight lines which indicate that, at intensities corresponding to the points of intersection, the response of the stimulated organ abruptly alters in magnitude. These changes in magnitude are due to an alteration of the balance between the reflex actions of inhibition and facilitation. Thus all the neural actions controlling the senses, muscles, glands, and probably the mental processes as well, have the same characteristic behavior.The Weber-Fechner law has also been investigated and found to be valid in the senses of vision and taste. In the senses of learning and touch the law does not hold, but a somewhat different law was discovered that does apply.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr31-008

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1931

数据来源: NRC

摘要:

The addition of bromine to lignin residues and compounds of related constitution has been studied in some detail. It has been found that this addition is not only a function of time, concentration, and bromine solvent, but also of the acidity of the reaction medium. Evidence has been obtained that renders it unlikely that di-isoeugenol and di-isosafrol are derivatives of cyclobutane.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr31-009

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1931

数据来源: NRC

摘要:

The rates of addition of hypochlorous and hypobromous acids to several unsaturated compounds, under the influence of various catalysts, have been studied.The addition of hypochlorous acid to allyl alcohol and dipropenyl glycol is catalysed by both hydrogen and chlorine ions, the catalytic effects of these ions, mole for mole, being equal. The effect of hydrogen and chlorine ions, when added together as hydrochloric acid, is not the sum of their separate effects but is proportional to their product, indicating undissociated hydrochloric acid as the real catalyst. The catalytic effect of varying amounts of added hydrochloric acid is approximately proportional to the square of the amount added, again indicating undissociated hydrochloric acid as the real catalyst.The addition of hypobromous acid to allyl alcohol is catalysed by hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids to about the same degree. This catalysis of hypobromous acid addition by hydrochloric acid provides further support for the hypothesis of undissociated hydrochloric acid as the real catalyst in the addition of hypochlorous acid.This catalytic effect of undissociated halogen acid on the addition of hypohalous acids is put forward as an explanation of the greater rates of addition of hypochlorous and hypobromous acids from chlorine and bromine water as compared with solutions of hypochlorous and hypobromous acids.The addition of hypobromous acid to fumaric acid is not catalysed by hydrobromic acid but, on the other hand, is considerably decreased. It is catalysed, however, by hydrochloric acid, although not nearly to the same degree as the addition to allyl alcohol. This difference in behavior between fumaric acid and allyl alcohol shows the necessity for studying the effect of hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids on the rate of addition of hypobromous acid to a wide variety of unsaturated compounds, before any general theory of aqueous halogenation applicable to all types of unsaturated compounds can be put forward. The possible influence of conjugation has, however, been pointed out.An attempt has been made to apply the theory of hypohalous acid addition catalysed by undissociated halogen acid to the aqueous halogenation of phenols. The reaction between hypobromous acid andm-nitrophenol has been shown to be catalysed by hydrochloric acid although not to the same extent as by hydrobromic acid. This indicates hypobromous acid addition, catalysed by undissociated hydrobromic acid, as one of the mechanisms involved in the aqueous bromination of phenols.It has been pointed out that a similar mechanism cannot be the fastest one in the aqueous chlorination of phenols, since it is in disagreement with kinetic data of Soper and Smith (21), showing chlorine to react faster than hypochlorous acid with phenols.It has been shown that resorcinol and phloroglucinol do not fall under the general classification proposed by Soper and Smith for phenols. Even here, however, the main reaction between chlorine water and the phenol seems to involve chlorine rather than hypochlorous acid.It has been suggested that several parallel mechanisms may be involved in the aqueous halogenation of phenols and the necessity for further work in this field has been emphasized.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr31-010

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1931

数据来源: NRC

摘要:

Determinations have been made of catalase, diastase and oxidase activity; rate of respiration; and content of chlorophyll, xanthophyll and carotin in the leaves of eight wheat varieties. With respect to their reactions to stem rust, these wheats vary from almost complete susceptibility in certain varieties to a high degree of resistance in others. Catalase activity increased as the plants approached maturity, whereas, diastatic activity decreased with increasing age. No significant differences were found in the oxidase activity or respiratory rate of the varieties. Little Club, and the varieties of thevulgaregroup proved to be relatively rich in chlorophyll and the carotinoids. It is suggested that photosynthetic processes may take place more rapidly in the cells of the varieties having a high content of these pigments, and thus furnish conditions suitable for the growth of the rust mycelium.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr31-011

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1931

数据来源: NRC

摘要:

A description of the male genitalia of the Pentatomidae is given, followed by a comparative study of these structures as found in Canadian species of this family. The development of our knowledge of the subject is indicated and the more important papers reviewed in the light of the author's findings. Each of the genital structures is discussed and described in turn. The act of copulation and the workings of the genital parts are described. Descriptions of a number of Canadian species of Pentatomidae are given in detail. A section is devoted to an explanation of the general line of development of the genital structures within the family.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr31-012

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1931

数据来源: NRC