ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Urinary tract infections are one of the most common bacterial infections in women and present, most frequently, as acute uncomplicated infections. In non-pregnant women there is limited morbidity. The syndrome of acute uncomplicated urinary infection is usually diagnosed on a clinical basis, although a urine culture growing ≥102colony forming units/ml uropathogens is now accepted for microbiologic diagnosis. This has been more clearly defined in the revised Infectious Diseases Society of America/Food and Drug Administration guidelines. Optimal duration of treatment for acute uncomplicated urinary infection with quinolone antimicrobials appears to be 3 days. Single-dose therapy with quinolone antimicrobials has an unacceptable failure rate forStaphylococcus saprophyticusinfection. Postmenopausal women do not respond as well to therapy of any duration as premenopausal women and the optimal duration of therapy is uncertain.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Bacteriuria is more common in females than males except in the first year of life. There is an association between circumcision status and the risk of febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) in male infants. Most UTIs in men are complicated and relate to a combination of two factors: disturbed urodynamics and invasive ability of uropathogens. A significant number of men experience UTI in association with bacterial invasion of the prostate, the seminal vesicles and the epididymis (male adnexitis). In these men, to eradicate bacteriuria antibacterial agents with adequate pharmacokinetic properties have to be used for a sufficient length of time. Non-specific urethritis, including non-gonococcal and postgonococcal urethritis, in about 50% of cases is caused byChlamydia trachomatisand in about 5–10% of cases, by other agents such asUreaplasma urealyticumandTrichomonas vaginalis.Examining the first-voided urine from men is as sensitive as testing a urethral swab forC. trachomatis.For chlamydial genital infections, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, erythromycin and the newer macrolides are suitable drugs. Azithromycin, prescribed as single-dose therapy is equivalent to 7-day course. Approximately 1% of men presenting with non-specific urethritis develop sexually-acquired reactive arthritis, one-third of these acquiring Reiter's syndrome. Studies have identified chlamydial elementary bodies in joint material in some of these patients. Placebo-controlled treatment studies have demonstrated diminished duration of active arthritis in the treatment group.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The best news from the treatment perspective is the high efficacy of a single oral dose of 1 g azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated genital infections caused byChlamydia trachomatis, which is probably the most common bacterial sexually transmitted pathogen. Also, a 2g single dose of metronidazole appears to be as effective as a 7-day course to cure bacterial vaginosis. Intrapartum vaginal chlorhexidine flushings result in a reduction of the mother-to-child transmission of group B streptococci, and antibiotics in women with preterm labour or preterm, premature rupture of membranes, seem to improve the neonatal outcome. The risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) associated with an intrauterine device correlates strongly to the insertion process and the background of sexually transmitted diseases. New diagnostic techniques for PID, including transvaginal sonography and radionuclide scintigraphy, need further evaluation.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The HIV epidemic has brought renewed interest to sexually transmitted diseases. This attention has focused in particular on the diseases characterized by genital ulcers that are common in the developing world — chancroid and syphilis — because of the evidence that they both facilitate HIV transmission. Both diseases have been characterized in the past decade by resurgences in the industrialized world, particularly in the USA. The frequent association of chancroid and syphilis with HIV infection has created diagnostic dilemmas for syphilis and therapeutic dilemmas for both. Research into the prevention and control of both diseases is urgently needed in both the industrialized and developing worlds.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The past year has seen many developments in our understanding of the clinical patterns of genital herpes, including asymptomatic carriage and transmission. These issues raise concerns about transmission and contribute significantly to the psychosocial impact of this disease. Management strategies are rapidly changing as we enter the era of possible vaccine intervention. Management during pregnancy continues to raise controversies, stimulating the Infectious Diseases Society of America to publish official recommendations. New data, however, show us that health care providers are doing a relatively poor job of giving appropriate care and emotional support to patients in need. Similarly, human papilloma virus infections can also be missed on a clinical basis. Infection may be multifocal nature and even oral. Psychosocial impact can be severe with this incurable virus. Its correlation with cervical and vulvar neoplasia becomes more evident, while management strategies address only the majority of clinical warts leaving much to be desired.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases in developing countries is complicated by a number of factors. High prevalence rates, inadequate diagnostic and treatment facilities, frequent resistance to less expensive antibiotics, associations both epidemiologically and clinically with the HIV pandemic, and a variety of social, behavioural and economic factors act as constraints to effective control.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The literature published at the beginning of the 1990s has reflected major developments in our understanding of the role of behavioral factors in the epidemiology and control of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). First, the importance of overlap and interactions among sexual, substance use, and health behaviors; and among these behaviors and STDs, became clear. Second, for the first time, the prevalence and distribution of sexual behaviors in western European and North American populations were described. Third, the need to distinguish between population and individual level paradigms in the study of transmission dynamics and prevention of STDs was recognized. Finally, the approaches to the development and evaluation of behavioral interventions have also become increasingly more sophisticated.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

HIV infection and AIDS continues to undergo dramatic demographic changes over the past two years. Women, especially those from minority groups, represent the fastest growing group with AIDS. Moreover, in 1992, 39% of women diagnosed with clinical AIDS were infected through heterosexual intercourse. The new AIDS surveillance definition, effective from January 1 1993, includes both a staging and a disease classification system. Three clinical conditions were added to the list of AIDS-defining conditions: pulmonary tuberculosis, recurrent pneumonia and invasive cervical carcinoma. Moreover, AIDS is now defined as a CD+ lymphocyte count below 200×106/l. Internationally, the AIDS epidemic continues to ravage sub-Saharan Africa and is spreading rapidly through southern and southeastern Asia. In a recent report from Northern Thailand, seroprevalence was 12% in a group of young men (ages 19 to 23) chosen by lottery for military service. Clearly, more effective plans for prevention and resources to implement those plans are needed.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID