ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000169098

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000169099

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000169100

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000169101

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

At the end of the 20th century, Hippocratic medicine – which developed at the crossroads between the occidental and oriental civilisations – acts as a link, a bridge and a symbol for the need to combine both the experience of traditional (Eastern) and the trends of modern (Western) medicine. Hippocratic medicine is one vital pathway to the proper study of the evolution of the medical art. Not only is it the beginning of the art and science of medicine, but modem medicine can still learn from the Hellenic medicine of ancient Greece. Hippocratic medicine is both an antidote to an overconcentration and overemphasis on medical technology and a stimulus to more humane technical achievements. Hippocratic bedside examination has not died, but is merely pushed aside temporarily by modern technology. The fact that ancient Hellenic medicine was based on the coexistence of both Asclepian (traditional) and Hippocratic (rational) medicine on the island of Kos reveals and symbolises the necessary coexistence and cooperation of both systems, a synthesis of their concepts being essential to solve the problems threatening the future of humankind. Hellenic medicine serves to highlight that the parallels between Asclepian and Hippocratic medicine are closer than medical historians usually realise, and that alternative medicine may function in a complementary way to conventional primary medical c

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000169102

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Hippocratic medicine based on rational thought and clinical observation was the first to develop the speciality of nephrology. Five centuries later, Aretaeus of Cappadocia incorporated in his writings the achievements of anatomy and physiology from the flourishing Alexandrian School of Medicine. His work comprises two books on acute and two books on chronic diseases and this classification is extended into the field of treatment. Nephrological diseases are examined according to the above division and healing methods include, in particular, herb therapy.

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000169103

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Hippocrates and the medical school of Kos were mainly concerned with the common elements of various diseases and the accurate description of symptoms and signs, as well as their prognostic implications. In contrast, the medical school of Knidos (in neighbouring Asia Minor) and its chief member Euryphon were interested in the systematic classification of diseases according to the systems involved. Galen mentions that Knidian physicians were familiar with four renal diseases, probably the same described in the book About Inner Sufferings, whose author is not known with certainty; most investigators attribute it to the Knidian school (5th century BC), while others consider it to be a Hippocratic work. Both theories are logical and possible, since Hippocrates himself was familiar with the work of the Knidian school and a rival of Euryphon. The first renal disease described in the book is nephrolithiasis with renal colic. Its description is considered a classic one and it is well known for its accuracy and clarity. The second disease corresponds to renal tuberculosis, while the remaining two are somewhat unclear; the third resembles either renal vein thrombosis or bilateral papillary necrosis. The fourth disease, described in the greatest detail of all, corresponds to a chronic suppurative renal infection or a sexually transmitted urethritis, complicated by renal involvement. Some statements concerning treatment follow; they consist of diet modification, physical exercise, ingestion of herbal extracts and surgery, as a last resort. It is therefore evident that Hippocrates is the father of clinical nephrology and that Hippocratic medicine lies at the root of the development of clinical nephrology.

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000169104

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Using medical manuscripts and texts from the Byzantine period (330-1453), this article describes various, to date little discussed, aspects of Byzantine nosology, public health and therapeutics. Many diseases in the Byzantine era were widespread and had a high morbidity such as respiratory diseases, various kinds of anaemia, pestilential diseases (e.g. quartan fever, plague, dysentery and cholera), parasitic diseases, orthopaedic, rheumatic and psychiatric disorders, trachoma and alcoholism. Other very serious and relatively frequent conditions included leprosy, mania, gout, cancerous tumours and ulcers. Important elements of nephrology and various renal diseases were described and investigated, such as acute and chronic renal failure, acute and chronic nephritis, pyelonephritis, necrotic renal diseases, crush syndrome, and ulcers of the kidneys, i.e. tuberculosis or renal tumours. The microhistology and physiology of the kidneys were first studied by Oribasius, who discerned the existence of the capillaries – τpiχoεiδη – some centuries before Malpighi. He also correctly described the blood circulation, general and pulmonary, as a precursor to Harvey. The first hospitals were organised during the Byzantine period, and the practice of Byzantine medical science and its social applications were regulated by a special medical legislation and deontology. Byzantine medicine was fruitfully connected with the Christian faith and developed the supreme model of the saints unmercenary – ávápγ&ypsilon;poi -physicians such as Cosmas and Damian (3rd century), Panteleemon (3rd-4th centuris) and the women physicians and miracle-worker saints, Zenais and Philonilla (1st century), the ‘friends of peace’, and Hermione (ls

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000169226

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Macroscopic examination of the urine has been used since time immemorial for the diagnosis and prognosis of nearly every disease. Although the great fathers of antiquity, such as Hippocrates and Galen, were involved in the practice, it reached its heights during the Middle Ages. This article divides the Middle Ages into three periods -early, middle and late – and studies the use of the method and the contributions of its particular practitioners in the eastern part of the former east Roman Empire (Byzantium). Uroscopy achieved there a more scientific status than in Western Europe, at least during the first two periods of the Middle Ages, and it also influenced heavily Arabic and Jewish medicine. However, Byzantine urosocopy was mainly based on ancient Greek knowledge and was open to progressive influences by medical progress in all its neighboring countrie

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000169105

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In the 6th-7th centuries AD, treatises on uroscopy were written by Theophilus, Magnus and the author of work transmitted through the ms. Parisinus gr. 2260, Stephanus of Athens. These works are the first to deal comprehensively with the problem of urines, uroscopy and their clinical role, so that a philological and content analysis and examination of their reciprocal relationships may clarify an important period in the birth and development of Byzantine uroscopy, which represents a significant epistemological passage in the medieval history of medicine (e.g. the positing of relationships between physical signs and systemic diseases).

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000169106

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger