摘要:

AbstractTwo direct branches of the brachiocephalic artery are frequently present in the dog. These are described in 33 dogs and their incidence recorded. One supplies the lower cervical trachea and esophagus and the other the thymus gland and sometimes the pericardium. Suggested names are “Tracheoesophageal” and “Thymopericardial” branches of the brachiocephalic. The embryology of the blood vessels of the esophagus is discussed and the identification of the tracheoesophageal with a secondary anastomotic vessel is considered most likely. Occasional branches from the brachiocephalic artery in man are reviewed. The Arteria Thyroidea Ima seems to bear the closest relationship to this vessel described in the dog. The value of this study in relation to heart‐lung preparations and to experimental surgery of the esophagus is

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091450102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractImmature, pregnant andpost partumrabbits were used to study the mechanical function of the uterotubal junction in the accumulation of the luminal fluid in the ligated uterine tube. Does were laparotomized at 10 hours, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 16 and 29 dayspost coitum.One uterine tube was ligated at the fimbriae and the uterotubal junction. The other tube was ligated at the fimbriae only. The animals were autopsied at 12, 24, 36 or 48 hours after ligation and the luminal fluid in the tubes was aspirated by a microsyringe and measured volumetrically. The rate of accumulation of luminal fluid was highest in the first 24 hours and declined thereafter. When both ends of the tube were ligated, the volume of accumulated fluid within 24 hours varied from 0.71 to 1.37 ml. Maximum output of fluid occurred one to three days after copulation. There was no characteristic change in the fluid volume throughout pregnancy. When the uterotubal junction was not ligated, the luminal fluid accumulated in all stages of pregnancy except at three and four dayspost coitum, then at the time at parturition. The first period coincided with the time when the embryos are transported through the uterotubal junction. Shortly before and shortly after parturition the uterotubal junction relaxed, presumably because of the hormonal environment. This is evidence that a reversal in the flow direction of the luminal fluid may take place during pregnancy. The ligature of the fimbriae had no harmful effect on the cleavage rate of embryos or rate of transport through the uterotubal junction. In the immature animal, the output of luminal fluid was less than the adult and the uterotubal junction is relatively relaxed.

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091450103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe innervation of some of the long bones of the extremities of the human was studied by methylene blue immersion. Small myelinated and amyelinated nerve fibers enter the numerous foramina of the epiphyseal and metaphyseal regions of long bones, traverse the thin cortex, and supply the interior of the bone. Small myelinated fibers wind about the trabeculae of the spongiosa or spread out on the undersurface of the articular cartilage. Small knob‐like terminations end in close relationship to the endosteum.Other myelinated nerve fibers have branched free fiber endings associated with the walls of intertrabecular marrow arterioles. Amyelinated nerve fibers are usually associated with vascular walls but may also be associated with the connective tissue of the intertrabecular fat or marrow.Numerous myelinated and amyelinated nerve fibers traverse the nutrient foramen and supply the bone marrow and endosteum of the shaft of the bone.While the Volkmann's canals of the shaft receive nerve fibers from the overlying periosteum, the disposition of these fibers in the shaft of the bone has not been determined.No nerve fibers or endings were ever seen between the lamellae in any location.No function can yet be attributed to any particular type of nerve fiber or nerve endin

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091450104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDevelopment of a characteristic localized dysplasia of the proximal tibial epiphysis, occurring in high incidence in offspring of manganese‐deficient rats, was studied. Young of female rats, maintained from weaning on a diet deficient in manganese, were compared with those of females receiving the same diet with manganese supplementation. Epiphyses were studied histologically and in alizarin‐stained specimens. In offspring of deficient females, the proximal tibial epiphyseal ossification center appeared at the normal time (10–12 days). Soon thereafter, abnormalities were observed; in particular, spicules of osseous and marrow tissue connecting the epiphysis to the metaphysis through the epiphyseal plate were seen. By 21 to 48 days of age, all of 19 deficient offspring showed marked abnormalities. In over 30%, the epiphysis seemed absent when viewed from the external aspect; when examined at the internal (split) surface, a tiny epiphysis was found recessed into a pocket‐like depression in the metaphysis and partially fused with it. Even when “pocketing” was incomplete, the epiphysis was small, misshapen, poorly vascularized, fragmented, and showed rarefaction. Bony spicules frequently perforated the narrowed plate. Abnormalities of the cartilage were often seen. Offspring of deficient mothers transferred to the manganese‐supplemented diet late in gestation also showed some defects of this epiphysis. Possible mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of this disorder are discussed, and a hypothesi

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091450105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn order to examine the glyceride content of whole mouse skin during the hair growth cycle, adult male C57Black mice (C57BL/6J) were plucked of hair in a region of the mid‐dorsum in order to initiate synchronous growth of new hair. Samples of whole skin were removed from each of three different mice on various days following plucking. Stages of the hair growth cycle were ascertained by examining microscopically a portion of each sample. The remaining piece of each sample, weighing approximately 225 mg, was minced, frozen with dry ice and weighed. Following this, each sample was ground in sand with a mortar and pestle and then extracted with ethanol‐ether, cleared by centrifugation and assayed for esterified fatty acids.This investigator found that during anagen the glyceride content of samples of whole mouse skin is nearly twice that found in telogen. It is possible that such cutaneous glycerides are major energy sources for the proliferation of hair, as well as for the development of the resting follile. On the other hand, the same factors which determine active hair proliferation may be responsible for glyceride accumulation under these conditions, and the two events otherwise could be unrela

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091450106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe spinal arachnoid villi have been studied in the monkey by the examination of serial sections of spinal nerve roots, particular attention being paid to the relations of the arachnoid to the dura mater and to the veins which are regularly applied to the emerging roots. Although the roots vary in their content of specialized arachnoid formations, in many, columns and clusters of arachnoidal cells occupy spaces between collagen bundles in the dura mater. In a few, leptomeningeal tissue extends completely through the dura. In approximately one of each six roots examined, arachnoidal tissue formed part of the wall of and projected into a vein associated with the root. This relationship to veins is considered an especially compelling point in dispelling the doubt which has been cast upon the conception of spinal arachnoid villi as specialized structures.

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091450107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractYoung adult mice of an albino stock (Taconic Swiss) were fed a hypolipotropic diet with a fat content (lard) of 28% and 8% protein (casien). The same diet containing betaine hydrochloride (2%) as a lipotropic supplement was fed to one‐half the mice.After seven weeks of restriction to these diets (with and without betaine supplementation) pronounced lesions had developed in the hearts. These lesions consisted of myocardial necrosis and thrombi within atrial lumina. The thrombi increased progressively in size, reaching critical and lethal dimensions for 75% of the animals by 13 weeks. Atrial dilatation, as a compensating mechanism, was a typical response. Small foci of myocardial necrosis with calcification and fibrosis were common in the ventricles. All mice surviving for longer than 13 weeks showed the myocardial changes ventricles. All mice surviving for longer than 13 weeks showed the myocardial changes and the thrombosis described above. Mural necrosis was observed in the intramyocardial branches of coronary arteries but thrombosis was infreqent within these vessels. There was extreme weight loss which paralleled the onset and increasing severity of the cardiac lesions. Betaine, as a dietary lipotrope, did not prevent or alter the cardiovascular lesion

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091450108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe development of cleft palate after x‐irradiation was studied in mice of the C57BL strain. Progress in palate development was evaluated with reference to chronological age, morphological rating and weight of the embryos. Movement of the palatine shelves from the sagittal to the horizontal plane was found to have been retarded by x‐irradition. Measurements of head and palate did not show any consistent disproportionality of palate growth in the x‐irradiated embryos except that which resulted from retardation of shelf movement.X‐irradiation affected A/Jax strain litters more severely than C57BL strain litters according to cleft palate frequency and average palate stage at eighteen and one‐third days postc

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091450109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the mammalian embryo, the articular end of a long bone consists of a mass of fetal cartilage which undergoes transformation into two types of tissue as the animal ages: The hyaline cartilage surface of the adjacent joint; and the bone of the ossific nucleus of the epiphysis. The junction of these two areas, the calcified zone (or basal layer) of the articular cartilage, was studied in the distal femur of 110 albino rabbits of various ages by: tritiated thymidine autoradiography; routine histologic staining and mitotic counts; special stain for glycogen; and special stain for calcium (murexide).In the immature rabbit (under two months) the cartilage cells are arranged in columns and there is evidence of active proliferation. In its most basal portion adjacent to the vascular tufts of the epiphyseal nucleus, the cells are hypertrophic and contain glycogen. The intervening matrix bars are calcified. It is apparent that, at this age,endochondralossification, indistinguishable from that at the epiphyseal plate, is occurring.In the older rabbit (age four months) proliferation, columniation, and glycogen content are minimal, and the basal layer of cartilage is diffusely calcified. Proliferation is intense in and about the capillary loops and a thin layer of bone surrounds the capillary.In the adult (over six months) rabbit, calcification and ossification predominate. No proliferative activity is noted. Apparently growth has ceased completely or is so slow as to be unmeasurable by available techniques.

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091450110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA series of 49 normal male and female adult hamsters, nearly equally divided as to sex and 37 pregnant animals received ethionine subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. Normal animals were given 1.0, 0.7 or 0.4 mg per gram of weight per day over a period of 4 to 14 days. Pregnant animals received either 1.0 or 0.7 mg, beginning at different intervals during gestation: from the third to sixth; on the eighth, of from the tenth to twelfth days, the course ranging from two and one‐half to 15 days. Normal females were more sensitive than males. Among the latter, the 1.0 mg dose produced degeneration of exocrine tissue in ten days with no deaths, while in normal females, 0.7 mg gave similar results with little mortality or liver pathology. In pregnant females, the drug had adverse effects, vaginal bleeding and high mortality resulting when administered on the eighth day or later. From 11 survivors, only two litters were obtained, no damage being found in either maternal or neonatal pancreases. Pregnant animals started on the third to sixth day with the 0.7 mg dose tolerated it well. However, all but one of 17 expected litters died long before birth. The pancreases from the new‐born were normal with only slight damage found in the maternal pancreas. The route of administration was of no conseque

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091450111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY