摘要:

AbstractThis paper summarizes major research achievements concerning the understanding and control of aggression and destructive violence, seen in the contexts of evolution (both biological and cultural) and systems theory. Agonistic behavior, defined as behavior functional in situations of conflict between species mates, most probably evolved out of the function of defensive behavior but has since acquired a variety of other adaptive functions as well as the potential for destructive dysfunction. Recent research demonstrates the importance of culture in regulating human agonistic behavior, directing it toward either useful functions or destructive violence. Among advanced industrial nations, the United States has the most severe problems with violence as measured by homicide and murder rates. Similar but more extreme variation can be found among tribal societies. It is through cultural change that the available scientific information concerning improved methods for directing agonistic behavior into positive and beneficial channels must be achieved. Therefore, major emphasis should be placed on research dealing with human cultural evolution. The science of bringing about desirable social change is still in its infancy.

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:1<1::AID-AB2480180102>3.0.CO;2-3

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn experiment tested whether the Taylor reaction time paradigm generates a valid measure of aggression when used in alcohol research and when identified confounding influences are controlled. The Alcohol group drank 1.2 ml of 100% alcohel/kg body weight and was compared with a Control group drinking the equivalent amount of tonic. Subjects were tested in an exact replica of Taylor's paradigm. Results indicated that intoxicated subjects were more aggressive both when provoked and when not provoked, which was interpreted as supportive of the validity of this procedure. Discussion was concentrated on the role of dose level and number of and form of available alternatives to behave in the test situation.

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:1<21::AID-AB2480180103>3.0.CO;2-S

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present study investigated the effect of threat of physical harm on the aggressive behavior of intoxicated and nonintoxicated subjects. Forty male undergraduates competed in a reaction time task in which they could deliver shock to an increasingly provocative opponent. In the threat condition, subjects could be hurt by the opponent (they wore a shock electrode), while in the no‐threat condition, they could not be hurt by the opponent (the electrode was removed prior to the competition). The results indicated that under conditions of low provocation, the intoxicated subjects behaved more aggressively than the nonintoxicated subjects in both the threatening and nonthreatening condition. However, under conditions of increasing provocation, only the intoxicated subjects in the threatening condition increased their shock setting

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:1<29::AID-AB2480180104>3.0.CO;2-1

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractResearch on the effects of violence depicted in films shown in movie theatres has been neglected, although there are reasons to believe such presentations may be particularly salient for the viewer. In the present study, adult movie‐goers attending commercial showings of a violent or non‐violent movie responded to a questionnaire consisting of two scales of the Buss‐Durkee aggression inventory, either before or after viewing the film. No sex differences in response were observed. The audience attending the violent film had significantly higher aggression scores than the audience attending the nonviolent film, both before and after viewing. Also, those attending the violent film showed a significant increase in aggression scores, while those at the non‐violent film did not. The results demonstrate that audiences who attend violent films have an initially higher level of aggressivity which is heightened after exposure to the violent film. Thus, in order to achieve ecological validity in research on film violence, the characteristics of the audience normally exposed to such films must be taken into consideration. The results also provide support for the hypothesis that attendance at a violent film promotes aggressive ten

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:1<37::AID-AB2480180105>3.0.CO;2-3

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe attacks by resident lactating Wistar rats on sexually naive conspecifics of both sexes were examined. Male and female intruders were equally attacked in terms of frequency and number of bites, but the topographies of biting seen in these encounters were different. Similarly to male‐male agonistic interactions, females were attacked in a fashion which avoided bites to the head and snout (“offensive” attack), whereas males were frequently bitten on such vulnerable regions (“defensive” attack). This dichotomy in bite pattern suggests that different motivations and functions underlay maternal aggression in these situations. The defensive attack on males may be a deterrent to infanticide since only male intruders counterattack lactating females and kill their pups. The attack on females may be concerned with resource co

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:1<47::AID-AB2480180106>3.0.CO;2-#

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe utility of the shock‐induced aggression paradigm has been questioned in recent years. Studies were reviewed that demonstrated similar effects of independent variables on shock‐induced, resident‐intruder, and home‐cage aggressive behavior. Correlations between naturally occurring aggression and shock‐induced aggression, studies showing the influence of naturally occurring agonistic experience on shock‐induced aggression, and the effects of shock‐induced aggressive experience on resident‐intruder behavior were also reviewed. It was argued that continued research into shock‐induced aggression and its relationship to other laboratory paradigms would be useful, and that abandonment of the paradigm at this time w

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:1<53::AID-AB2480180107>3.0.CO;2-7

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe brain dopaminergic system is involved in the process of long‐term selection for reduced aggressive reaction towards man in Norway rats. The dopamine levels in the striatum as well as the nucleus accumbens with the tuberculum olfactorium were significantly lower in domesticated rats than in their wild counterparts. A substantial decrease was found in homovanillic acid level in the n. accumbens and tuberculum olfactorium. Specific binding of [3H]spiperone which labels D‐2 dopamine receptors was higher in the mesolimbic structure of tame rats, whereas binding of [3H]SCH 23390 (D‐1 receptors) was unchanged in this area. No substantial differences were detected in D‐1 and D‐2 binding in striatum. Apomorphine (0.3 mg/kg) elicited less locomotion in tame animals, reflecting a decrease of sensitivity of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Tame rats showed fewer aggressive contacts in a foot‐shock test than wild rats and the D‐2 receptor antagonist sulpiride (25 mg/kg) significantly decreased the foot‐shock aggression only in wild rats. Therefore, domestication, which diminishes defensive behavior and emotional reactivity of animals, is associated with decreases of dopamine level in the striatum, changed metabolism of dopamine in mesolimbic system, and an alteration in density and senstivity o

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:1<65::AID-AB2480180108>3.0.CO;2-Y

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:1<73::AID-AB2480180109>3.0.CO;2-#

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:1<75::AID-AB2480180110>3.0.CO;2-J

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:1<76::AID-AB2480180111>3.0.CO;2-D

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY