ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:1<1::AID-AB2480210102>3.0.CO;2-3

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCross‐cultural and interdisciplinary agreement as to the universality of aggressive behavior and warfare is compatible with Jung's [(1959): “The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol 9, Part I, Para 3.” London: Routledge] theory of archetypes functioning as components of the human collective unconscious. Jungian formulations involve a phylogenetic view of psychic phenomena since archetypes are conceived as neuropsychic entities which evolved through natural selection. It is argued that the banding together of young males for the purpose of aggressive pursuits such as hunting, intergroup conflict, and warfare is a biologically transmitted propensity mediated by archetypal structures in the human brain‐psyche. Universally apparent patterns of affiliative and hostile behaviors are linked to Chance's [(1988): “Social Fabrics of the Mind.” London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]hedonic and agonic modes and seen as later ontological expressions of archetypal structures responsible in childhood for formation of bonds of attachment to familiars and avoidance and wariness of strangers. Erikson's [(1984): Yale Review 73(4): 481–486] concept of pseudospeciation is associated with Jung's concept of shadow projection to elucidate the phenomena of patriotism, xenophobia, national paranoia, Lorenz's [(1966): “On Aggression.” London: Methuen&Co.] “militant enthusiasm,” propaganda, and mobilization for war. Finally, it is argued that peace between nations can be promoted through conscious awareness of archetypally determined patterns of intergroup conflict and a collective resolve not to pseudospeciate our neighbors.

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:1<3::AID-AB2480210103>3.0.CO;2-V

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne way of identifying emotional behaviors across species, language, and cultures is to describe the “instrumental” effects of each particular behavior. Since aggression and defense may be instrumental they also represent coping behavior. The term coping is being used partly to indicate whether or not the behavior is successful and partly to describe how a situation is being handled (coping strategies). This review deals with how these behaviors are observed and quantified in humans and how they are linked to physiological changes. The internal state of the individual is decided by the expectancy of the outcome of a given situation, but each behavior strategy may have specific links to particular brain mechanisms and particular physiological effectors. © 1995 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:1<13::AID-AB2480210104>3.0.CO;2-Z

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhen confronted by an approaching threat stimulus (experimenter or laboratory rat), Swiss‐Webster mice show initial flight, followed by freezing and defensive vocalization and biting, the latter only when escape is blocked. These defense patterns resemble those of the wild rat, suggesting that mice of this strain do not show the reductions in flight and defensive threat/attack that are typical of laboratory rats. C57/BL/6N Sin strain mice showed fewer avoidances to an approaching predator, as well as reduced vocalization and defensive biting, a pattern more similar to that of laboratory rats. As with rats, female mice appeared to be more defensive to a predator. They showed greater reactivity to dorsal contact and more frequent defensive biting and jump attacks than males of the same strains. These patterns of defensive behaviors suggest that, although strain differences in defense are substantial, laboratory mice are suitable for, and may offer several advantages in, the study of the genetic, endocrine, and pharmacological basis of antipredator defense. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:1<21::AID-AB2480210105>3.0.CO;2-0

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis review outlines recent research on a subset of physiological responses in murine “victims” or aggression. In a typical resident‐intruder paradigm, the detailed study ofintrudershas revealed that exposure to conspecific attack (and related stimuli) is associated with two forms of analgesia which appear to be integral components of the murine defensive repertoire. In response to intense/enduring attack, intruder mice display a profound, long‐lasting and opioid‐mediated analgesia. This reaction is highly correlated with defensive immobility and may function to reduce involuntary cues to further attack. In contrast, the inhibition of pain reactivity in mice tested immediately upon the display of defeat is less intense, shorter‐lasting, non‐opioid in nature and may function to facilitate active defenses such as escape. As this form of pain inhibition is also evident in intruders exposed to the scent of an aggressive male conspecific, a possible anticipatory defensive function linked to mechanisms of anxiety has been proposed. This hypothesis is supported by 1) the prevention of defeat analgesia by a range of antianxiety drugs (benzodiazepines, 5‐hydroxytryptamine1A[5‐HT1A] receptor agonists, and 5‐HT3receptor antagonists) and 2) the effects of social defeat on behavior in the elevated plusmaze model of anxiety. These findings are discussed in relation to coping mechanisms in murine “victims” of aggression.

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:1<29::AID-AB2480210106>3.0.CO;2-A

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEffects of ritanserin on agonistic behavior of isolated mice exhibiting aggressive or nonaggressive behavioral strategies were studied in pair‐wise encounters with group‐housed opponents. An ethological approach to behavioral scoring is adopted, which allows for examination of the profiles of individual subjects. Although the data generally support the view that ritanser in has little effect on offense or defense in male mice, the stimulation of pre‐aggressive behavior (threats, alerts, tail rattles) was detected insomenonaggressive mice. © 1995 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:1<41::AID-AB2480210107>3.0.CO;2-T

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudies designed to determine the respective roles of substance P, excitatory amino acids, and enkephalins in amygdaloid modulation of defensive rage behavior in the cat are presented. The basic design of these studies involved three stages. In stage I, cannula electrodes for stimulation and drug infusion were implanted into medial hypothalamic or midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) sites from which defensive rage behavior could be elicited. Then, a stimulating electrode was implanted into a site within the medial, basal, or central nuclear complex from which modulation of the defensive rage response could be obtained. Amygdaloid modulation of defensive rage was determined in the following manner: it employed the paradigm of dual stimulation in which comparisons were made of response latencies between alternate trials of dual (i. e., amygdala = medial hypothalamus [or PAG]) and single stimulation of the hypothalamus or PAG alone. Thus, stage I established the baseline level ofmodulation (i. e., facilitation or suppression of defensive rage) in the predrug stimulation period. In stage II, a selective or nonselective receptor antagonist for a given transmitter system was administered either peripherally or intracerebrally at the defensive rage site, after which time the same dual stimulation paradigm was then repeated over the ensuing 180 min postinjection period in order to determine the effects of drug delivery upon amygdaloid modulation of defensive rage. Stage III of the study took place at the completion of the pharmacological testing phase. The retrograde axonal tracer, Fluoro‐Gold, was microinjected into the defensive rage site within the medial hypothalamus or PAG, and following a 6‐14 day survival period, animals were sacrificed and brains were processed for histological and immunocytochemical analyses for the neurotransmitters noted above. This procedure thus permitted identification of cells within the amygdala which were labeled retrogradely and which were also immunostained positively for substance P, excitatory amino acids, or enkephalin.For studies involving substance P, defensive rage was elicited from the medial hypothalamus and for studies examining the roles of excitatory amino acids and enkephalin, defensive rage was elicited from the PAG. In the first study, facilitation of hypothalamically elicited defensive rage was obtained with dual stimulation of the medial nucleus of the amygdala. In separate experiments, the selective NK1non‐peptide antagonist, CP 96,345, was administered both peripherally as well as intracerebrally into the hypothalamic defensive rage sites in doses of 0.5‐4.0 mg/kg (i. p.) and 0.5‐2.5 nmol (i. c.). Following drug delivery, the facilitatory effects of medial amygdaloid stimulation were blocked in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner in which the effects were noted as early as 5 min postinjection. The maximum drug dose (4.0 mg/kg) employed for peripheral administration resulted in a 42% reduction in the facilitatory effects of the medical amygdala (P<0.002). This drug, when microinjected directly into medial hypothalamic defensive rage sites at the maximum dose level of 2.5 nmol, resulted in an 84% reduction of the suppressive effects of amygdaloid stimulation (P<0.5) at 5 min postinjection. In the next study, an N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, DL‐α‐amino‐7‐phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP‐7), was administered either peripherally (0.1‐1.0 mg/kg) or intracerebrally (0.2 and 2.0 nmol) into PAG defensive rage sites. Facilitation of defensive rage behavior, which was observed following dual stimulation of the basal amygdala and PAG, was significantly reduced by either route of drug administration in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. At the maximum dose level of peripheral administration, AP‐7 reduced amygdaloid facilitation of defensive rage by 63% (P<0.001) for 60 min, postinjection. A smaller (i. e., 19%) but still significant (P<0.05) reduction in facilitation was obtained following intracerebral administration of the drug. In a third study, the non‐selective opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (27.5 nmol), infused directly into PAG defensive rage sites, totally blocked the suppressive effects of central amygdaloid stimulation for a period of 30 min (P<0.05) in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner.The anatomical phase of this study revealed the following relationships: 1) that large numbers of neurons projecting to the medial hypothalamus from the medial amygdala immunoreact positively for substance P; 2) that neurons projecting to the PAG from the basal complex of amygdala immunoreact positively for glutamate and aspartate; and 3) that neurons located within the central nucleus of the amygdala which project to the PAG immunoreact positively for met‐enkephalin. Collectively, these observations provide new evidence which characterizes the likely neurotransmitters linked with specific amygdaloid pathways subserving the mo

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:1<49::AID-AB2480210108>3.0.CO;2-2

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRats that receive nociceptive electric shock in an environment normally show the conditional fear‐induced defensive response of freezing when returned to that environment. If several electric shocks are given in a massed manner they will condition less freezing than the same shocks given in a distributed manner. If a single shock is given immediately after placement in the chamber it does not support any conditioning, although the same shock given after a brief delay does. Electrolytic lesions of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG), which damaged dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and lateral PAG, enhanced freezing under these conditions. Lesions of the ventral PAG, which caused extensive damage to the central gray below the aqueduct, reduced conditioning under the more optimal parameters (distributed or delayed shock). This was taken to indicate that both of these regions support different modes of defensive behavior and that when activated, the dorsolateral PAG inbits conditional fear‐induced defensive behavior. © 1995 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:1<63::AID-AB2480210109>3.0.CO;2-F

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMaternal aggression of lactating rats was used to induce acute social stress in a resident‐intruder paradigm. Behavioral and electrocardiographic responses of male intruders were simultaneously recorded. Cardiac electrical activity was measured by means of a telemetry system which ensured preservation of intruder's behavioral repertoire. Behavioral response to maternal attack was evaluated in terms of percent time spent in passive/submissive (p/s) and active/non‐submissive (a/ns) patterns. This allowed us to classify the intruders as submissive, non‐submissive, and intermediates. During the test, a significant decrease of average R‐R interval (R‐R) compared to baseline conditions and the occurrence of arrythmias of different nature were found. Ventricular arrhythmias, including premature ventricular beats and ventricular tachycardias, were present in all the intruders while R‐R fluctuations and II degree atrioventricular (A‐V) blocks only appeared in submissive and intermediate rats. Most ventricular arrhythmias occurred within the upper range of heart rate and were preceded by periods of low R‐R variability. These electrocardiographic events were temporally associated with a/ns behavioral patterns and were related to an increased prevalence of sympathetic activity. On the other hand, R‐R fluctuations and II degree A‐V blocks preceded by high R‐R variability were synchronized with p/s behavior and were ascribed to a predominant inhibitory effect of vagal activation which becomes more pronounced as the level of sympathetic activity increases.

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:1<79::AID-AB2480210110>3.0.CO;2-M

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:1<::AID-AB2480210101>3.0.CO;2-H

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY